US3781524A - Edge improvement for window with electrically conductive layer - Google Patents

Edge improvement for window with electrically conductive layer Download PDF

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Publication number
US3781524A
US3781524A US00268827A US3781524DA US3781524A US 3781524 A US3781524 A US 3781524A US 00268827 A US00268827 A US 00268827A US 3781524D A US3781524D A US 3781524DA US 3781524 A US3781524 A US 3781524A
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United States
Prior art keywords
bonded
interlayer
conductive layer
carrier film
electrically conductive
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US00268827A
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English (en)
Inventor
B Levin
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Sierracin Corp
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Sierracin Corp
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Assigned to CALIFORNIA FEDERAL BANK reassignment CALIFORNIA FEDERAL BANK SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SIERRACIN CORPORATION, A DE CORP.
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Assigned to SHAWMUT CAPITAL CORPORATION reassignment SHAWMUT CAPITAL CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF SECURITY INTEREST Assignors: BARCLAYS BUSINESS CREDIT, INC.
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/84—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields
    • H05B3/86—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields the heating conductors being embedded in the transparent or reflecting material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • B32B17/10183—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer being not continuous, e.g. in edge regions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10293—Edge features, e.g. inserts or holes
    • B32B17/10302—Edge sealing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10761—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2367/00—Polyesters, e.g. PET, i.e. polyethylene terephthalate
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings

Definitions

  • An electrically heatable window has a pair of outboard glass plys sandwiching a pair of transparent plastic interlayers which in turn sandwich a plastic ply or carrier film on which has been deposited an electrically conductive metal coating.
  • Conductive bus bars contact edge portions of the conductive layer for applying a heating current.
  • the conductive layer is applied to a large sheet of the carrier film which is subsequently cut to be coextensive with the glass plys.
  • the edge portions of the cut plastic ply have the conductive layer removed, preferably by abrasion, so that the edges of the plastic carrier film ply are bonded to the adjacent interlayer. This minimizes electrical hazards and protects the conductive layer from environmental attack.
  • a window having a glass ply, a transparent plastic carrier film, a transparent conductive coating on one face of the carrier film, and a transparent plastic interlayer bonding the glass ply to the face of the carrier film having the conductive coating thereon.
  • the conductive coating is removed from the edges of the carrier film before bonding the interlayer thereto.
  • FIG. 1 is a front view of a typical electrically heatable window constructed according to principles of this invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a fragmentary cross section of an edge portion of the window of FIG. 1.
  • FIG 1 illustrates in front view a typical curved windshield for an automobile constructed according to principles of this invention.
  • the windshield comprises a laminated glass panel 10 of the generally familiar character with means for electrically heating the windshield embedded in the plastic interlayer between two face sheets of glass.
  • An electrically conductive bus bar 11 is provided along the bottom edge of the windshield and has a terminal 12 extending beyond the edge of the windshield for making electrical contact.
  • a bus bar 13 along the upper edge of the windshield.
  • a connecting bus bar 14 extends along one side edge of the windshield to a second terminal 16.
  • the center area 17 of the windshield is provided with a transparent electrically conductive layer between the sheets of glass.
  • a narrow cut or scribe 18 is provided near the side edge of the windshield through the electrically conductive layer to provide electrical isolation of the central region 17 from the side portion 14 of the bus bar.
  • Another. electrical isolation line is formed along the other side edge, although this is not necessary in all cases.
  • the central region is, therefore, the only region electrically heated when current is passed between the bus bars 11 and 13.
  • the scribe lines 18 are extremely shallow, barely going through the thin conductive layer and not going through the plastic carrier film substrate (hereinafter described) on which the layer is deposited.
  • FIG. 2 is a fragmentary cross section of the edge portion of the windshield showing several layers involved in the lamination of this product.
  • the inner and outer faces of the windshield are formed of a first glass ply 21 adjacent one face and a second glass ply 22 adjacent the other face. In a typical embodiment these glass plys are about zinch thick.
  • a transparent plastic interlayer 23 is bonded to the first glass ply 21. This interlayer is typically polyvinyl butyral about 0.015 inch thick.
  • a similar transparent interlayer 24 is bonded to the other glass ply 22.
  • the electrically conductive portion of the heatable windshield is bonded between the two interlayers.
  • Zone of the bus bars 11 can be seen overlying the thin metal film 27.
  • a bus bar is typically athin copper foil which during the course of laminating imbeds slightlyin the polyvinyl butyral interlayer 23.
  • a conductive adhesive may be employed between the bus-bar 11 and the conductive film 27 to assure uniform continuous electrical contact.
  • a suitable bus bar arrangement is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,612,745. It should be recognized that the cross section illustrated in FIG. 2 is not drawn to scale and that the metal layer 27 is almost vanishingly thin if seen in cross section. I
  • the two glass plys 21- and 22, the two interlayers 23 and 24 and the carrier film 26 are coextensive and each extends clear to the edge of the windshield.
  • the electrically conductive metal layer 27 terminates some distance from the edge of the windshield. This distance may, for eample, be /(1 to 1% inch, or even greater, being limited only by the requirement that the electrically conductive coating be in electrical contact with the bus bar over a substantial portion of the bus bar area.
  • the conductive layer may be removed throughout the area between the isolation lines l8.and the edge of the window.
  • the carrier film is made in large sheets which may, for example, be long rolls of plastic film which are continuously metalized in a vacuum chamber 7 so that substantially'th e entire area of one side of the film is coated with an electrically conductive coating. Thereafter the carrier film is cut to a size and shape corresponding to thesize and shape of the glass plys between which it isto be laminated. In this state the conductive metal film is coterminous with the carrier film. As pointed out hereinabove it has been found that it is undesirable to have the electrically conductive film adjacent the edge of the windshield. Therefore, in practice of this invention the electrically conductive coating is removed from the entire periphery of the carrier film before it is bonded to the interlayer.
  • a broad variety of techniques have been found suitable f0! removing the conductive layer from the edge portions of the plastic carrier film.
  • this layer is removed by a technique that abrades the surface of the plastic carrier film thereby giving it some roughness.
  • Suitable techniques include rubbing it with fine sandpaper or similar abrasive, wire brushing, rubbing with a conventional rotating drafting eraser, rubbing with a stiff-bristled rotating brush, sandblasting and the like.
  • Suitable technique involves rubbing with a stiffbristled brush immediately outside the edges of a central mask that keeps particles off of the conductive coating that remains. Any removed particles can be readily sucked or blown away to keep them off of the masked central conductive area.
  • etching can be usedaround the edges, however, this may pose cleaning problems before the window is used.
  • Relatively weak etching reagents are suitable because of the extreme thinness of the metal coatings on the carrier film.
  • An almost universally useful'etching technique involves running a moistened cotton swab over the edge portions where it is desired to remove the metal coating.
  • the swab can, for example, be moistened with a mixture of equal parts of one normal hydrochloric acid and one normal nitric acid. If desired a second swab moistened with distilled water can be used to remove any salts left on the surface.
  • Many other etchants will be apparent for various conductive metal coatings.
  • the process for making the windshield thus involves forming the glass plys 21 and 22 to the desired size and shape. Cutting the interlayers 23 and 24 to a conforming size and shape and cutting the previously vacuum metallized carrier film to a conforming size and shape.
  • the bus bars are then placed on one face of one of the interlayers and conductive adhesive applied if desired. It is often convenient to lightly tack the bus bars in place on the interlayer adhesively or with gentle heat- After the edge portions of the electrically conductive layer have been removed from the carrier film, either of two courses may be taken. According to one technique one or both of the two interlayers and the plastic ply with the conductive coating thereon are laminated together in what may be known as a prelaminate.
  • This prelaminate subassembly is then fitted between glass plys and the entire assembly laminated at elevated temperature and pressure according to conventional glass laminating techniques.
  • the two glass plys, two interlayers and carrier film are all assembled in one operation and laminated according to conventional technique without going through the prelaminating step.
  • the plastic ply and interlayers are at least coextensive with the glass ply and may actually extend a small distance beyond the edges of the glass in the course of manufacturing. Such protruding edges would typically be trimmed off before the windshield is used.
  • either interlayer or the plastic ply is set back from the edge of the glass by any appreciable amount, there is a high risk of cracking the glass during the laminating process.
  • trim the carrier film to an extent smaller than the glass plys for limiting the approach of the conductive coating to the edge of the laminated windshield.
  • Another benefit lies in the enhanced bond between the interlayer and the carrier film in the region where the conductive coating is removed.
  • the interface where the conductive coating is present is inherently somewhat weaker than a similar interface without the conductive coating.
  • a stronger bond is obtained around the periphery of the window. This yields a significantly better product, since spontaneous window delamination and failure initiate in the edge portions.
  • the mechanical action of abrading the surface of the carrier film is an additional benefit since the slight roughness introduced further enhances the bond between the plastic ply and the interlayer.
  • the carrier film having a conductive layer thereon is sandwiched between two interlayers which are in turn sandwiched between sheets of glass.
  • Principles of this invention are applicable to other arrangements such as, for example, laminated windows wherein polycarbonate or methyl methacrylate transparent plastics are substituted for the glass plys.
  • a rigid glass ply may be used with a single interlayer and the carrier film on which the conductive metal film is deposited.
  • the carrier film can serve as one face of the window, Many other variations in the detailed design of a window with an electrically conductive layer therein will be apparent to one skilled in the art.
  • An electrically heatable window comprising seriatim:
  • an electrically conductive transparent layer having its side edges spaced inwardly from side edges of the glass ply and having edge portions in electrical contact with the bus bars and the balance bonded to the interlayer;
  • a relatively higher melting transparent plastic carrier film co-extensive with the glass ply having edge portions bonded to the interlayer and the balance bonded to the electrically conductive layer, and wherein the portion of the transparent carrier film bonded to the electrically conductive layer is relatively smooth and the edge portions bonded to the interlayer are relatively rough.
  • An electrically heatable window as defined in claim 1 further comprising a second transparent plastic interlayer bonded to the face of the carrier film opposite from the electrically conductive layer;

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US00268827A 1972-07-03 1972-07-03 Edge improvement for window with electrically conductive layer Expired - Lifetime US3781524A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US26882772A 1972-07-03 1972-07-03

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US3781524A true US3781524A (en) 1973-12-25

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US (1) US3781524A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS4958110A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3892947A (en) * 1974-02-27 1975-07-01 Donnelly Mirrors Inc Electrically heated panel with anti-shock conductive strips
US3895218A (en) * 1974-05-02 1975-07-15 Asg Ind Inc Electric heater plate and terminal thereof
US3928748A (en) * 1973-10-31 1975-12-23 Saint Gobain Combined window heater and antenna
US4016645A (en) * 1974-05-02 1977-04-12 Asg Industries, Inc. Electric heater plate and terminal thereof
US4396826A (en) * 1981-08-13 1983-08-02 Ppg Industries, Inc. Lightweight heated plastic window element with unique bus bar system
US4443691A (en) * 1979-09-08 1984-04-17 Saint-Gobain Vitrage Electrically heated window
USRE32218E (en) * 1979-09-12 1986-07-29 Verienigte Glaswerke GmbH Automotive windshield
US4820902A (en) * 1987-12-28 1989-04-11 Ppg Industries, Inc. Bus bar arrangement for an electrically heated transparency
EP0353142A1 (fr) * 1988-07-27 1990-01-31 Saint-Gobain Vitrage International Vitrage chauffant comprenant une couche mince électro-conductrice déposée sur un substrat en verre, associé à des clinquants métalliques comme moyens d'alimentation électrique
US4940884A (en) * 1987-12-28 1990-07-10 Ppg Industries, Inc. Dual bus bar arrangement for an electrically heatable transparency
US5083009A (en) * 1989-06-16 1992-01-21 Carl Reiser Fog-resistant mirror assembly
US6398899B1 (en) * 1997-01-23 2002-06-04 Shoritsu Plastics Ind. Co., Ltd. Method for manufacture of EMI shielding
US20030146199A1 (en) * 2002-02-01 2003-08-07 Jean-Marc Sol Heatable vehicle windshield with bus bars including braided and printed portions
US20040016738A1 (en) * 2002-07-24 2004-01-29 Bartrug Bruce A. Edge sealing of a laminated transparency
US20110174796A1 (en) * 2010-01-21 2011-07-21 Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. Vehicles Including Rear Defroster Assemblies with Protective Barriers
US20110198334A1 (en) * 2010-02-17 2011-08-18 Saint - Gobain Glass France Method for obtaining a heated glazing
US9157703B2 (en) 2011-04-01 2015-10-13 Am General Llc Transparent Armor Structure

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5118717A (ja) * 1974-08-07 1976-02-14 Dainippon Printing Co Ltd Awasegarasuyochukanmakuno seizoho
JPS5277122A (en) * 1975-12-24 1977-06-29 Central Glass Co Ltd Production of laminated transparent laminated plate
JPS628859U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1985-07-02 1987-01-20

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS452300Y1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1965-11-26 1970-01-30

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3928748A (en) * 1973-10-31 1975-12-23 Saint Gobain Combined window heater and antenna
US3892947A (en) * 1974-02-27 1975-07-01 Donnelly Mirrors Inc Electrically heated panel with anti-shock conductive strips
US3895218A (en) * 1974-05-02 1975-07-15 Asg Ind Inc Electric heater plate and terminal thereof
US4016645A (en) * 1974-05-02 1977-04-12 Asg Industries, Inc. Electric heater plate and terminal thereof
US4443691A (en) * 1979-09-08 1984-04-17 Saint-Gobain Vitrage Electrically heated window
USRE32218E (en) * 1979-09-12 1986-07-29 Verienigte Glaswerke GmbH Automotive windshield
US4396826A (en) * 1981-08-13 1983-08-02 Ppg Industries, Inc. Lightweight heated plastic window element with unique bus bar system
US4820902A (en) * 1987-12-28 1989-04-11 Ppg Industries, Inc. Bus bar arrangement for an electrically heated transparency
US4940884A (en) * 1987-12-28 1990-07-10 Ppg Industries, Inc. Dual bus bar arrangement for an electrically heatable transparency
EP0353142A1 (fr) * 1988-07-27 1990-01-31 Saint-Gobain Vitrage International Vitrage chauffant comprenant une couche mince électro-conductrice déposée sur un substrat en verre, associé à des clinquants métalliques comme moyens d'alimentation électrique
FR2634755A1 (fr) * 1988-07-27 1990-02-02 Saint Gobain Vitrage Alimentation electrique de couches minces electro-conductrices deposees sur un substrat en verre
US5347106A (en) * 1989-06-16 1994-09-13 Reiser Carl A Fog-resisant mirror assembly
US5083009A (en) * 1989-06-16 1992-01-21 Carl Reiser Fog-resistant mirror assembly
US6398899B1 (en) * 1997-01-23 2002-06-04 Shoritsu Plastics Ind. Co., Ltd. Method for manufacture of EMI shielding
US20030146199A1 (en) * 2002-02-01 2003-08-07 Jean-Marc Sol Heatable vehicle windshield with bus bars including braided and printed portions
US6870134B2 (en) * 2002-02-01 2005-03-22 Centre Luxembourgeois De Recherches Pour Le Verre Et La Ceramique S.A. (C.R.V.C.) Heatable vehicle windshield with bus bars including braided and printed portions
US20040016738A1 (en) * 2002-07-24 2004-01-29 Bartrug Bruce A. Edge sealing of a laminated transparency
US6791065B2 (en) * 2002-07-24 2004-09-14 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Edge sealing of a laminated transparency
US20110174796A1 (en) * 2010-01-21 2011-07-21 Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. Vehicles Including Rear Defroster Assemblies with Protective Barriers
US8324532B2 (en) 2010-01-21 2012-12-04 Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. Vehicles including rear defroster assemblies with protective barriers
US20110198334A1 (en) * 2010-02-17 2011-08-18 Saint - Gobain Glass France Method for obtaining a heated glazing
CN102278043A (zh) * 2010-02-17 2011-12-14 法国圣-戈班玻璃公司 制备加热的玻璃窗的方法
US8946597B2 (en) * 2010-02-17 2015-02-03 Saint-Gobain Glass France Method for obtaining a heated glazing
CN102278043B (zh) * 2010-02-17 2015-04-01 法国圣-戈班玻璃公司 制备加热的玻璃窗的方法以及由此制得的加热的玻璃窗
US9157703B2 (en) 2011-04-01 2015-10-13 Am General Llc Transparent Armor Structure

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Publication number Publication date
JPS4958110A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-06-05

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