CN110869204B - 侧窗层压汽车玻璃 - Google Patents

侧窗层压汽车玻璃 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN110869204B
CN110869204B CN201880044310.XA CN201880044310A CN110869204B CN 110869204 B CN110869204 B CN 110869204B CN 201880044310 A CN201880044310 A CN 201880044310A CN 110869204 B CN110869204 B CN 110869204B
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
sheet
glass
thin
glazing
sheets
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CN201880044310.XA
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English (en)
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CN110869204A (zh
Inventor
R·洛索特
S·卓格曼
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AGC Glass Europe SA
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AGC Glass Europe SA
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种可电加热的层压汽车玻璃件，包括弯曲的并且钢化的外玻璃片材和也钢化的薄玻璃内部片材，这些片材通过热塑性间层片材接合，所述玻璃件被配置为接收机械移动和/或紧固装置，并且外部片材的一部分没有被薄内部片材覆盖，并且所述玻璃件被紧固在没有被薄片材覆盖的区中，所述玻璃件包括至少一个可电加热区，所述至少一个可电加热区包括：(i)基本上透明的导电涂层以及(ii)隔开的母线，所述母线适于在所述基本上透明的导电涂层上供应电压。根据本发明，所述隔开的母线被放置在所述外部片材的未被所述薄内部片材覆盖的部分中。

Description

侧窗层压汽车玻璃
本发明涉及侧窗层压汽车玻璃件。更具体地，本发明涉及一种加热涂布的薄侧窗汽车玻璃。
侧窗常规地由相对厚的单片玻璃片材组成。然而，对于它们最先进的型号，制造商可能愿意提供具有最佳可用特性的玻璃件。这些玻璃件尤其是具有防侵入和消音特性、不导热特性以及当今越来越多的加热涂布特性等的玻璃件。实际上，为了获得这种玻璃件，必须使用层压产品。
在可加热玻璃面板包括导电涂层的情况下，电流通过例如基本上彼此平行的金属母线被带到导电涂层。在这种特定情况下，母线之间沿着其全长的距离保持基本上相同。因此，沿着这些母线的长度的电流路径的电阻是基本上相同的。当使此类玻璃面板经受给定电压时，产生的热量的量在用该导电涂层覆盖的玻璃面板的整个表面上将是基本上均匀的。
在基本上不规则形状的侧窗光学玻璃可加热的玻璃面板的情况下，例如在汽车、铁路或航空领域、更具体地侧窗中有应用的玻璃面板，可以使用在沿着其长度的至少一部分处分岔的隔开的母线。因此，在母线之间的距离变化，并且因此电流路径的电阻也变化。因此，当使此类玻璃面板经受给定电压时，产生的热量的量将沿着母线的长度而变化，从而产生可能损坏或破坏导电涂层的局部区域过热的风险。此外，当此类可加热的玻璃面板用于除雾或除冰目的时，某些区域可能比其他区域更迅速地除雾或除冰。这可能产生对于观察者透过这样的玻璃面板观察的可见度的问题。另一方面，玻璃面板的某些区域可能受到的热量的量太低。因此，除雾或除冰将在很长时间后发生。
用层压玻璃件代替单片玻璃件(比如传统上用于侧窗或后窗的单片玻璃件)引起寻求具有相对较小厚度的多个玻璃片材的组件。这些玻璃件主要由具有大约5mm的厚度的韧化玻璃片材形成。以层压组件替换这些单片片材引起了具有大体小于3.5mm的厚度的玻璃片材的使用。当层压组件包括热塑性间层片材时，这种减小就更有必要了，热塑性间层增加组件的厚度，并且在这种替换构思中提出的问题之一是还与同一模型中的单片玻璃的选项并行地提供层压选项，而不改变这些玻璃件集成在其中的元件，特别是可移动侧窗的滑轨。
如今，汽车制造商越来越需要更轻的玻璃件。玻璃件的重量方面的减小是形成它们的玻璃片材的厚度方面的减小的效果。选择较轻的玻璃件不会改变关于这些玻璃件的质量的要求，无论这些要求是否与机械强度有关还是与光学质量以及如今的加热特性有关。
在层压玻璃中使用薄玻璃或超薄玻璃(<1mm)、特别是作为内玻璃来生产可加热的涂布层压侧窗，对于汽车制造商来说对特别是减轻玻璃的重量有意义。这种重量减轻会降低汽车的能耗，但也将汽车的重心向下移动，因此汽车稳定性更好且驾驶行为更好。然而，通过使用不对称玻璃来生产可加热的涂布侧窗会引起(多个)母线的位置问题。
事实上，如果需要加热的涂布层压侧窗，使用母线供应电流来加热涂层是有问题的。考虑到内部玻璃片材的厚度薄，尤其是当超薄玻璃用作例如内部玻璃片材(厚度小于1mm)时，由于(多个)母线的厚度，母线的使用导致层压问题。事实上，由于母线的存在，层压体中可能出现气泡，并且由于厚度薄而可能发生超薄玻璃的变形，导致层压体分层或窗户破裂。
因此，小厚度的侧窗层压玻璃件的形成引起了如上所述的一些问题，特别是当玻璃件必须被加热和弯曲时。
因此，本发明提出了上述问题(即用于将电流供应到可加热的涂布层压不对称侧窗中的母线的使用以及相应的位置)的解决方案。
因此，本发明涉及一种可电加热的层压汽车玻璃件，包括弯曲的并且钢化的外玻璃片材和同样钢化的薄玻璃内部片材，这些片材通过热塑性间层片材接合，所述玻璃件被配置为接收机械移动和/或紧固装置，并且外部片材的一部分没有被薄内部片材覆盖，并且所述玻璃件被紧固在没有被薄片材覆盖的区中，所述玻璃件包括至少一个可电加热区，所述至少一个可电加热区包括：
i)基本上透明的导电涂层，
ii)隔开的母线，所述母线适于在所述基本上透明的导电涂层上供应电压，
其特征在于，隔开的母线被放置在外部片材的未被薄内部片材覆盖的部分中。
通过将隔开的母线放置在外部片材的未被薄内部片材覆盖的部分中，限制甚至避免了由于(多个)母线的厚度与内玻璃片材的厚度相当而放置(多个)母线的情况下的分层或形成气泡的问题。
另外，小厚度的层压玻璃件的形成、特别是加热的涂布玻璃的形成引起了一些问题，特别是当玻璃件必须被弯曲时。
包括热处理的技术(无论这是对小厚度的玻璃片材的弯曲操作还是韧化操作)可能施加特殊的措施来确保保持令人满意的特性，特别是光学特性还有机械特性。例如，当玻璃片材较薄时，片材的热韧化是更加精细得多的操作。弯曲片材，特别是同时弯曲两个片材，还会引起特定的问题，特别是当两个片材具有不同的厚度时。
本发明的目的是能够获得厚度小的可加热的侧窗层压与弯曲玻璃件，所述玻璃件还具有汽车制造商所要求的所有机械特性或光学特性和可加热特性，特别是满足这个领域的标准。必须实现所设定的目的，而不必进行昂贵的处理或产量不足的处理。
现有技术包括专门用于生产弯曲的可加热层压玻璃件、特别是用于汽车的可加热侧窗玻璃)的大量技术。在最广泛的技术中，用于向加热的涂层供应电流的母线被放置在层压玻璃内。在最广泛的技术中，从叠置的面板片材开始，母线被夹在两个玻璃片材之间，并且弯曲操作同时在两个片材上进行。在这些技术中，所使用的传统方法努力尽可能确保在弯曲操作期间，两个叠置的片材处于尽可能相似的条件下。
考虑到在这些技术中遇到的困难，包括弯曲设有通过母线供应电流的加热涂层的两个不对称片材，或者也为了最小化生产成本，从现有技术中也已知其他技术，特别是其中两个片材单独弯曲和/或母线被放置在层压玻璃内在左边缘和右边缘上或者放置在两个片材层压件中玻璃的上部部分和底部部分上的那些技术。这种类型的操作并非没有困难。片材的配对经常显示，所获得的形状并不严格相同，并且在使用薄或超薄玻璃的情况下，由于母线的厚度会出现玻璃变形，并且这在组装期间并最终对这些玻璃件的光学和物理特性造成问题。
本发明提出了一种用于汽车的可加热的涂布弯曲层压侧窗玻璃以其生产方法。
为了形成这些小厚度的层压玻璃件，本发明作为其原理之一提出将不同厚度的两个玻璃片材组装起来，这两个玻璃片材在组装前也具有不同的形状，其中先前弯曲的最厚的片材主要决定组件的最终形状。换句话说，在用于组装两个片材从而产生最终层压玻璃的操作中，最薄的片材经历变形操作，变形操作基本上将最薄的片材模制成较厚的片材的形状。在这个操作中，厚片材也可能在其形状上经历一些修改，但是这是非常有限的并且被充分减小，使得最终的层压玻璃的形状可以与厚片材在其组装之前的形状相类似。
为了达到这个结果，需要的是两个片材的机械弯曲强度特征足够不同。片材的厚度主要决定弯曲行为。为了使较厚的片材能够强制实行其形状，其厚度是较薄片材的几倍。根据本发明，厚度的比率是至少7:1、优选地5:1。这个比率越大，这个层压玻璃的曲线就越接近较厚片材的曲线。
对于技术的选择，特别是对于厚度不大于先前单片玻璃件的厚度的玻璃件的生产，根据本发明的层压玻璃件的厚度实质上至多大约5mm，即包括热塑性间层片材的厚度。
使用的热塑性片材是传统片材。因此，这主要涉及厚度为0.38mm或0.76mm的可在市场上买到的聚乙烯醇缩丁醛片材(PVB)。根据本发明的玻璃件的形成不要求特定的厚度。几种片材的组合也是可能的。然而，实际上，最常见的选择将是使用可用的片材，可能地在这些片材使用这个领域已知的做法已经经历了拉伸操作之后。实际上，优选的是使用厚度不大于0.8mm的间层片材，而无论这个片材的性质如何。
根据本发明的一个实施例，热塑性片材与外部玻璃片材同延。
基于以上内容，在根据本发明的玻璃件中，两个玻璃片材的组合厚度有利地不超过5mm(没有PVB)。
作为上述条件的结果，在组装过程中必须经历显著变形的第二玻璃片材必需相对薄。它越薄，成形就越容易。
为了受益于与厚度方面的减小相关的优点，优选的是选择厚度至多等于0.8mm、优选地至多等于0.6mm的第二片材。薄至0.4的片材也非常适合于根据本发明的产品。
然而，在层压结构的最厚片材的情况下，其厚度仍然有限，以便不会损害减轻组件的重量的益处。这个片材的厚度优选地不超过4mm、特别优选地不超过3.2mm、更特别优选地不超过2.1mm。对于具有最小厚度的层压玻璃件，“厚”片材可以薄至1.6mm或甚至更小，特别地为1.2mm。
除了片材的厚度之外，在组装前它们的形状方面的差异也是提供随时间推移质量方面将是稳定的玻璃件的决定因素。引入片材中的应力实际上必须保持在层压玻璃件能够承受而没有随后更改的风险或不损害玻璃件的特性(特别是机械特性)的限度内。
这在设有母线以使电流通过被设置在玻璃片材之一的表面上的导电涂层的玻璃的情况下尤其如此。
组装条件方面的限制也可以被表达为与以被强制实行在玻璃件上的曲率相关。考虑到片材的厚度而强制实行的曲率的意义形成了在根据本发明的玻璃件的生产中应当优选遵守的条件的另一方法。
有利地，第一片材的大曲率不得具有小于1m、优选地不小于1.5m的半径。在主曲率方向的垂直方向上限定的小曲率不得具有小于5m的、优选地不小于5m的半径。
此外，可能的曲率考虑了第二片材能够承受的变形。如果这个第二片材不是平面的，而是其本身最初是弯曲的，则最终的曲率可以更容易地成形，并且第二片材的所得变形保持受限。对于根据本发明的玻璃件，第二片材的最小曲率半径R2与第一片材的最小曲率半径R1之比有利地使得R2/R1>2、优选地R2/R1>10。在优选的情况下，当第二片材是平面的时，所述比率是无限大。
关于片材的机械强度，还必须考虑可能源自片材的边缘的易碎性。已知如果不采取措施来稳定玻璃片材的边缘处的微裂纹，则这些微裂纹会产生断裂。用于减少或消除现有技术的单片片材中的这些裂纹的最常用方法是对边缘进行仔细的“研磨”。因为它们的易碎性，最薄片材的边缘的研磨是精细操作。如果研磨不能进行或不能足以保护片材、特别是薄片材，则通过将压缩应力引入到片材的边缘中，可以有利地实现或完成对断裂开始的预防。
在现有技术的单片且因此相对厚的玻璃件的情况下，预防从边缘开始的断裂主要通过热韧化操作来实现。
薄片材的热韧化是困难的操作。热惯性被减小，使得难以在片材块中保持足够的温度。当这种热韧化对于薄片材来说是过于精细的操作时，特别是第二片材的韧化有利地使用传统技术以化学方式进行。在这些技术中，目的是用更大体积的元素(比如钾)代替比如钠的成分。
组装片材的技术必须包括施加到其间已经放置了热塑性间层片材的叠置片材上的压力、以及温度方面的增加，以引起热塑性片材粘附到两个玻璃片材上。为了确保三个叠置元件之间接触，有利的是在两个玻璃片材之间施加真空，使得外部压力被均匀地施加在这两个玻璃片材的整个表面上。
根据传统的实施技术，真空可以在气密性柔性材料包封中获得，玻璃的元件的组件被定位在所述包封中。在这种情况下，压力通过所讨论的包封来施加。同样以已知的方式，也可以布置环来仅覆盖玻璃的周边。
无论使用什么方法来确保要层压的组件上的压力，这个压力必须足以使两个玻璃片材彼此牢固地压靠，同时热塑性片材在它们之间。
当片材如此彼此压靠时，使温度达到使热塑性材料为通过与玻璃接触而粘附的水平。温度保持有限，以便不导致热塑性材料过度软化。在聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(其构成最常见的热塑性材料)的情况下，温度在大约100℃至120℃。
在通过热塑性片材使玻璃片材粘合的步骤之后，层压玻璃通常不够透明。随后的处理包括穿过处于比之前为了粘附而施加的更高压力和更高温度下的烘箱。例如，在聚乙烯醇缩丁醛间层的情况下，达到的温度增加到约140℃。
根据本发明的层压玻璃件的生产方法可以应用于通常用于形成汽车玻璃件的所有玻璃。这些是透明玻璃，但也可以是有色玻璃，即透光率非常低的玻璃，比如被称为“隐私”玻璃的玻璃。
层压结构中使用的玻璃要么相同，要么不同。如引言中所指示的，所考虑的技术的优点是提供配对片材的可能性，在传统的同时弯曲技术中，这些片材不会容易地产生可以完全叠置的形状。
根据本发明，也可以用功能层覆盖两个片材中的一个或另一个、或者覆盖两个片材。这些通常是搪瓷层，例如用于遮蔽不美观的元件，比如用于固定这些玻璃件的胶水珠。最重要的是，这些是为玻璃提供红外反射特性以确保车辆内部的热舒适性的功能层。
选择性反射红外线的层系统已知在处于大约650℃-700℃的、弯曲所需温度下相对易碎。根据本发明的玻璃件的潜在优点是允许获得弯曲玻璃件，而层系统所应用于的片材不经受这些升高的温度。为此，选择将层系统应用于薄层，薄层优选地仅通过组装的过程期间进行的变形而弯曲。
根据本发明的玻璃件可以此外包括间层部件，所述间层部件包括另外已知的功能元件。例如，这些间层部件是这样的间层，所述间层包括光伏电池或被电控制以更改光透射特征的元件：电致变色元件、悬浮颗粒……。
其他功能也与间层的性质相关联。特别地，可以通过集成具有吸声特性的间层来配置玻璃件。这些间层特别地可以利用它们对这种吸声的贡献来至少补偿玻璃片材的厚度的减小的一部分。
根据本发明的实施例，根据本发明的层压汽车玻璃件包括弯曲的并且热钢化的外部玻璃片材和化学钢化的超薄玻璃内部片材，这些片材通过热塑性间层片材接合，其中，所述玻璃件被配置为接收机械移动和/或紧固装置，并且外部片材的一部分没有被薄内部片材覆盖，并且玻璃件被紧固在没有被薄片材覆盖的区中。
通过其组成，根据本发明的玻璃件可以提供层压玻璃件的优势同时特别地保证了钢化的单片玻璃件的必需的机械强度。
所述组件的两个片材在其结构方面非常不同。弯曲的外部片材是足够厚的，使得当连接到薄的内部片材时，它将其形状强加在后者上。将其钢化或半钢化是为了提供所需的强度。在标准条件下，钢化玻璃具有约60MPa的瞬时挠曲强度；半钢化玻璃的瞬时挠曲强度仅为约40MPa。
将弯曲的片材连接到不弯曲的或其曲率不明显的片材受多种条件影响，这些条件尤其依赖于它们各自的特性、它们开始的厚度。在“轻质”层压玻璃件的情况中，这些条件尤其在于2012年6月18日提交的专利申请PCT/EP2012/061557中进行了详细描述，所述专利申请通过援引并入本文。此外，无论玻璃件是否是轻质玻璃件，这些条件在下文中被详细描述。
如果这些接合的片材的曲率明显，则弯曲的片材的厚度与不弯曲的片材的厚度的比率优选必须是至少7/1、有利地至少5/1。尽管此比率不存在上限，然而与玻璃件的总厚度以及与每个片材的厚度相关的实际条件产生实际上不超过12/1的比率。
随着强加在薄片材(薄片材在装配之前是基本平坦的)上的曲率半径减小，厚度比率有利地增大。
前述PCT专利申请特别提到如下事实，即，当将薄片材接合到厚的片材时，在薄片材中引发的表面应力一般必须不超过约50MPa。承受的应力取决于曲率并且随曲率半径的减小而增大。所讨论的申请通过示例的方式给出对取决于此曲率半径的不同厚度引发的应力。
对于制造商不试图为其减小玻璃件重量的型号，根据本发明的厚片材的厚度可以高达5mm或更大。
对于薄片材，对其厚度的选择以其匹配厚片材的曲率的能力为条件。薄片材的厚度越小，就能够继续用具有更大半径或曲率的形状就复杂。此片材的厚度有利地是至多1mm、优选至多0.8mm。生产薄至0.1mm的片材是可能的，然而为了实施容易的目的，片材优选具有至少0.2mm的厚度。
将厚度非常小的玻璃片材成形是精细的过程并且造成关于可重现性的问题。只要层压玻璃件的最终曲率是由厚片材所强加的曲率，薄片材在组装之前具有曲率既不是必需的也不是有利的。
组装条件方面的限制也可以表达为与基于其厚度和形状(外部玻璃片材的底部部分没有被超薄内部玻璃片材覆盖)而被强加在设有两个不对称玻璃片材的可加热的涂布侧窗上的母线的存在相关。
根据本发明，母线被放置在玻璃的外部玻璃片材的未被内部薄玻璃片材覆盖的底部部分上。
优选地，母线被放置在玻璃的外部玻璃片材的没有被内部薄玻璃片材覆盖的下部部分上，在与薄或超薄内部玻璃片材的下边缘的限度内。
优选地，加热的涂层被设置在层压玻璃的面2上。根据本发明，母线和所有导电连接元件沿着下边缘布置。母线和连接元件之间的距离沿着下边缘延伸，小于10cm，优选地小于5cm。电流通过去涂层设计进行引导。母线的长度取决于导电涂层的设计，特别是取决于要接触的段的数量和宽度，并且在各个情况下可以由本领域技术人员适当选择。术语典型条形母线的“长度”是指其较长的尺寸，沿着所述尺寸通常与涂层的不同段接触。根据本发明的一个实施例，沿着外玻璃的下边缘延伸的母线由几个片(+和-)制成，并且被PET层覆盖/保护以避免湿气渗透。PET优选地利用EVA、COP或PVB固定在玻璃上。
根据本发明，母线沿着相同部分的长度位于玻璃的外部玻璃片材的没有被内部薄玻璃板覆盖的下部部分上，在与玻璃面板的薄或超薄内部玻璃片材的下边缘的限度内；这可以有助于掩蔽这些母线不被看到，例如通过用搪瓷或其他掩蔽剂覆盖这些母线，或通过布置这些母线在使用中被隐藏，例如被车辆的车体的一部分隐藏。
当在隔开的母线上施加电压时产生的热量在玻璃面板的整个表面上可以基本上相同。这可以例如通过以下方式进行评估：比较玻璃面板的一个5cm2面积处的平均温度并将其与玻璃面板的另一个隔开的5cm2面积处的平均温度比较，特别地当玻璃面板已经被加热持续足够的时间长度以使其达到稳定的温度或与其环境平衡的温度时。在一个实施例中，因此，玻璃面板可以被基本上均匀地除冰或除雾。
有利地，导电路径的至少一部分基本上从玻璃面板的下边缘延伸到玻璃面板的上边缘。在这个实施例中，热量可以基本上同时在玻璃面板的上边缘和下边缘处产生，从而在玻璃面板的这两个边缘处提供均匀的加热。
优选地，可以用导电涂层基本上覆盖玻璃面板；例如，可以用涂层覆盖玻璃面板的至少60％、70％、75％、80％、85％、90％或95％。这可以提供具有在每个区中基本上相同、优选地在玻璃的整个可见表面上基本上相同的光学特性(例如反射、反射颜色、总可见光透射率、总能量透射率)的玻璃面板。
优选地，玻璃面板包括多于两个可电加热区，例如3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、12、15、20、30个或更多个区。
布置可电加热区的导电路径以在导电涂层内沿其长度改变方向至少一次以便自身对折，可以使得导电路径的长度能够独立于玻璃面板的尺寸、形状或配置来设计。这可以允许在玻璃面板的不同部分处选择导电路径的电阻，而不直接限制于玻璃面板在所讨论部分处的高度、形状或配置。在一些实施例中，这可以用于在玻璃面板的整个表面上实现基本上均匀的加热，特别是在每个导电可加热区上施加基本相同的电压的情况下。可电加热区的导电路径可以以环、u形环、s形环或蛇状环的形式配置，所述导电路径在导电涂层内沿其长度改变方向至少一次以便自身对折。
优选地，玻璃面板包括至少两个可电加热区，其中导电路径沿着其长度在导电涂层内改变方向至少一次，以便自身对折。在一些实施例中，在这两个可电加热区处、优选地在所有可电加热区处，导电路径的长度基本上相同。
特别是当通过第一和第二母线在玻璃面板的涂层上施加电压时，并且在玻璃面板已经达到稳定或与达到其周围环境(环境处于室温)平衡的条件之后，玻璃面板的至少两个相邻的可电加热区上、更优选地玻璃面板的所有可电加热区上的温度变化可以小于15℃、优选地小于12℃、10℃、8℃、5℃或2℃。在玻璃面板的特定实施例中，一旦达到平衡条件，所有电加热区上的平均温度为约40℃。
可替代地，玻璃面板可以限定为具有优选的可电加热区。优选的可电加热区的导电路径的长度可以不同于玻璃面板的另一个可电加热区的导电路径的长度，使得如果需要的话，这个优选区可以比另一可加热区被加热得更快。
一个或多个可电加热区可以包括不同的母线对。如在此使用的表述“不同的母线对”是指母线仅用于单个可电加热区。可替代地，可以适配一个或多个母线以便用于多于一个可电加热区。
当在使用中的母线之间施加电压时，每一个母线的极性可以保持相同。因此，在使用中，每个导电路径中的电流流动的方向可以是恒定的。优选地，导电路径具有固定的配置，也就是说，导电路径的配置在玻璃的加热循环期间不改变或变化。优选地，同时将电压施加到所有母线上，以便有助于玻璃面板的迅速且均匀的加热。
可电加热区可以由一个或多个基本上绝缘的区边界界定。如在此使用的表述“基本上绝缘”指的是比涂层导电更差或者是基本上不传导电流的区边界。
可以通过在导电涂层上以图案方式施涂比涂层导电更差的材料来提供区边界。优选地，区边界由玻璃面板的一个或多个未涂布的部分提供。该一个或多个未涂布的部分可以具有电阻，使得当在母线之间施加电压时，基本上没有电流流过，并且因此可以是基本上不导电的。一个或多个未涂布的部分可以通过以下方式提供：在沉积导电层之前将掩蔽剂以图案模式施加在基底上并且随后去除用涂层覆盖的掩蔽剂。可替代地，可以通过在沉积之后去除导电涂层来提供一个或多个未涂布的部分。有利地，涂层可以用激光、例如激光二极管去除。这些区边界可以是肉眼基本上看不到的，特别是在通过激光去除涂层的一部分而形成时。有利地，区边界的宽度小于150μm、优选地小于100μm、更优选地小于50μm、最优选地小于10μm。区边界可以将一个可电加热区与另一个可电加热区划界或基本上划界。为了避免电流高度聚集在非导电区附近，通过使用平滑的形状(如曲线或圆形)来设计这些区可能是有利的。
这些母线可以通过沉积贵金属膏，例如银膏或通过沉积金属带而形成。
布置有待是太阳能控制涂层的导电涂层可以使防止太阳能过度穿过玻璃的功能能够与玻璃面板的可加热性组合。术语“太阳能控制”在此指的是涂层，所述涂层增加基底的选择性，即，增加通过基底透射的入射可见光与通过基底透射的入射太阳能的比率。可替代地，导电涂层可以是低发射率涂层。
导电涂层可以通过真空沉积技术、例如通过磁控溅射来沉积，或者例如通过化学气相沉积来热解地形成。优选地将涂层施加在基底的整个表面上或在表面的大部分上。
在本发明的优选的实施例中，涂层膜包括至少一个金属红外反射层。涂层膜可以包括如下一系列层：介质层/银/介质层或介质层/银/介质层/银/介质层。这些介质层可以包括例如氧化锡、氧化锌、氮化硅、氧化钛、氧化铝或其一种或多种的混合物。
导电涂层优选地具有低于100欧姆/平方、优选地低于25欧姆/平方(例如0.1、0.5、1.3、2.2、3.0、15或20欧姆/平方)的电阻。
在根据本发明的玻璃面板中，基底可以是玻璃，例如平坦片材玻璃、钠钙玻璃或浮法玻璃片材，特别是旨在随后用作建筑或车辆玻璃面板或者被结合在建筑或车辆玻璃面板中的玻璃片材。在已将涂层沉积到其表面的至少一部分上之前或之后，它可以经历热韧化处理、化学钢化处理处或弯曲处理。可替代地，基底可以是刚性或柔性的塑料片材材料，其可以同样地旨在随后用作建筑或车辆玻璃面板或者被结合在建筑或车辆玻璃面板中。
可以将导电性涂层直接提供在基底的表面处，可替代地，它可以通过膜、例如被结合在玻璃面板中的PET或其他塑料片材材料来进行。
本发明特别地适用于基本上不规则形状的玻璃面板，即，具有由所述玻璃面板的下边缘形成的并且通过与侧边缘相切形成的锐角α的玻璃面板，特别地其中α是小于或等于60°、55°、45°、40°、35°、30°、25°、20°或15°，甚至更特别地，其中第一和第二母线沿着那些边缘或与那些边缘相邻定位。在本发明的一个实施例中，玻璃面板的至少一个边缘可以是基本上弯曲的。
玻璃面板可以是车辆或火车的侧窗、飞机的挡风玻璃或具有在航海领域中的应用的玻璃面板。
玻璃面板可以被适配为在母线上施加在10与100伏特之间、优选地在14与50伏特之间的电压。对于汽车应用，施加32伏特、更优选地36伏特、最优选地42伏特的电压。可替代地，玻璃面板可以被适配为在母线上施加在10与14伏特之间、例如约12伏特的电压。由可电加热区产生的热量优选地包括在250与2000瓦特/平方米之间。
在提供了多于一对隔开的母线的实施例中，玻璃面板可以被适配为在每对母线上施加相同或基本上相同的电压。
特别地，在玻璃面板以单片形式提供的情况下，导电涂层可以部分或完全地覆盖有附加的外涂层(其优选地是基本上不导电的)，例如漆。这可以防止导电涂层是暴露的涂层，并且可以用于：
◆在导电涂层与其环境之间提供电绝缘；和/或
◆保护导电涂层免受磨损；和/或
◆减少导电涂层和/或区边界积聚污垢和/或变得难以清洁的趋势。
为了给予这些片材机械强度，强度(至少对于薄片材)尤其允许它们经历组装过程所需要的弯曲，而没有受到超过可承受应力的风险，通过钢化这些片材有利地增加了这些应力的阈值。
根据本发明的一个实施例，特别是出于成本的原因，利用生产过程中达到的温度，对外部玻璃片材进行热钢化。通过快速冷却片材的面、通过向它们鼓吹室温下的空气来获得热钢化。片材的表面首先冷却而其本体更缓慢地冷却下来。此操作是这样的操作：取决于此操作的实现的条件，所述操作引起厚片材为钢化的或半钢化的状态。对于非常薄的片材，在强制冷却过程中在表面与块体之间的温度梯度经常是不够陡峭的，无法实现所追求的应力水平。对于以上给出的原因，薄片材优选是化学钢化的。这种钢化允许甚至具有小厚度的片材获得所追求的应力。在用于这种处理的常规条件下(尤其通过在片材的表面上将钠离子交换为钾离子)进行化学钢化。
根据本发明的安排，其中仅将厚片材固定且任选地机械加工，防止了由于层压以及薄片材的存在导致的困难。玻璃件在其非层压部分表现得像单片玻璃件并且在其他地方保留可以用层压玻璃件获得的所有的功能。
层压组件，其中这些玻璃片材之一的边缘从其他片材的边缘稍微往回推移，也是现有技术中已知的。例如在设想使用未覆盖的边缘经由片材粘性结合玻璃件时使用这种布置。如先前的情况，所描述的这些布置不包括使用在本发明的条件下组装的片材。根据本发明的玻璃件的部分层压结构允许将玻璃件固定，即使这需要将这个玻璃件机械加工，例如加工旨在与机械装置相互作用的孔。相对于玻璃件的总面积此非层压部分的尺寸可以是相对有限的。没必要(或甚至不希望)使这部分延伸到生产用于固定厚片材的装置实际所需的程度之外。实际上，非层压部分优选代表不大于厚片材的面积的20％，特别优选此不大于面积的10％。
然而，为了允许将玻璃件的固定装置适合地布置，非层压面积将是一定的大小。它优选是最大片材的面积的至少0.5％，更经常地此面积的至少1％。
在某些方面中，没有经历除了用于将这些片材连接到其间层之外的热处理的片材在根据本发明的玻璃件中的存在使得更容易插入提供附加功能性的装置。在对高温敏感的装置的情况下尤其如此。以常规方式进行组装操作并且所达到的温度不高于允许间层片材粘性结合所需要的温度。这些温度通常是约120℃-130℃，并且通常不超过150℃。
在这些条件下，可能使用薄片材作为载体，尤其薄热敏感层。这是例如低发射性层的情况，所述层包含反射IR的金属层。通过真空阴极溅射来沉积所讨论的这些层。在这些工艺的实施中，如果片材如此薄使得在沉积过程中其本身不能保证其平面性，可以将所述片材放置在较厚的片材上，较厚的片材的唯一功能是支持薄片材。
在热处理中，比如弯曲/钢化的处理中，温度达到高达约650℃-700℃。在这些温度下，必须通过特别的系统来保护有时候难以生产的金属层(尤其基于银的层)。将所讨论的这些层施用到先前弯曲的玻璃片材引起了其他的问题(尤其是关于这些涂层的均匀性)，这样使得一般优选将这些层施用于平坦的片材，并且因此使这些层经受用于将玻璃片材成形所施加的热学条件。然而，这样的处理会显著改变这些层的特性，并且所述层系统必须具有非常特别的结构以防止这些改变。相比之下，将对热相对敏感的层施用到未经受这些处理的根据本发明的片材，防止了这些层的任何改变。
实际上，如果希望使用这种层，这两种解决方案都是可能的。这些层在厚片材上(或更精确地说在后者的然后被层压的(即，与间层接触的)部分上)并且在这种情况中它们被接受这些弯曲/钢化的操作，或者这些层在薄片材上在后者的与间层接触的那个面上。

Claims (13)

1.一种可电加热的层压汽车玻璃件，包括弯曲的并且钢化的外玻璃片材和也钢化的薄玻璃内部片材，这些片材通过热塑性间层片材接合，所述玻璃件被配置为接收机械移动和/或紧固装置，并且所述外部片材的一部分没有被所述薄内部片材覆盖，并且所述玻璃件被紧固在没有被所述薄片材覆盖的区中，
所述玻璃件包括至少一个可电加热区，所述可电加热区包括：
iii)基本上透明的导电涂层，
iv)隔开的母线，所述母线适于在所述基本上透明的导电涂层上供应电压，
其特征在于，所述隔开的母线被放置在所述外部片材的未被所述薄内部片材覆盖的部分中，其中所述隔开的母线被放置在玻璃件的外部玻璃片材的没有被内部薄玻璃片材覆盖的下部部分上，在与薄或超薄内部玻璃片材的下边缘的限度内。
2.根据权利要求1所述的玻璃件，其特征在于，所述导电涂层具有限定在所述母线之间的导电路径，其中，在所述可电加热区中的至少一个处，所述导电路径沿着其长度在所述导电涂层内改变方向至少一次，以便自身对折。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的玻璃件，其特征在于，所述外部片材具有不大于5mm的厚度。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的玻璃件，其特征在于，所述薄内部片材的厚度不大于1mm。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的玻璃件，其特征在于，所述薄玻璃内部片材的厚度不小于0.2mm。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的玻璃件，其特征在于，所述薄玻璃内部片材在其接合到所述弯曲的外部玻璃片材之前没有明显的曲率。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的玻璃件，其特征在于，所述薄玻璃内部片材被化学钢化。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的玻璃件，其特征在于，所述薄玻璃内部片材在其朝向所述间层片材的面上涂布有一组具有不导热特性的功能层。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的玻璃件，其特征在于，所述片材不重叠的部分代表不大于所述外部片材的面积的20％。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的玻璃件，其特征在于，所述片材不重叠的部分代表至少所述外部片材的面积的0.5％。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的玻璃件，其特征在于，所述外部片材在所述非层压部分中包括孔，所述孔被配置为接收用于紧固/移动所述玻璃件的装置。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的玻璃件，其特征在于，所述玻璃件形成可移动侧窗。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的玻璃件，其特征在于，所述玻璃件是需要所述玻璃件被加工的附加元件的载体。
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CN1672465A (zh) * 2002-07-24 2005-09-21 Ppg工业俄亥俄公司 消除具有导电件的可加热透明体的母线端部上的热点
CN104582954A (zh) * 2012-08-21 2015-04-29 旭硝子欧洲玻璃公司 机动车辆的玻璃窗单元
FR3012073A1 (fr) * 2013-10-23 2015-04-24 Saint Gobain Vitrage feuillete asymetrique

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US11648751B2 (en) 2023-05-16
EP3625050A1 (en) 2020-03-25
CN110869204A (zh) 2020-03-06

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