US3754278A - Thermal printing system - Google Patents

Thermal printing system Download PDF

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Publication number
US3754278A
US3754278A US00203647A US3754278DA US3754278A US 3754278 A US3754278 A US 3754278A US 00203647 A US00203647 A US 00203647A US 3754278D A US3754278D A US 3754278DA US 3754278 A US3754278 A US 3754278A
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segments
characters
data
print head
thermal printing
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US00203647A
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English (en)
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H Borden
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American Microsystems Holding Corp
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American Microsystems Holding Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/315—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of heat to a heat sensitive printing or impression-transfer material
    • B41J2/32—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of heat to a heat sensitive printing or impression-transfer material using thermal heads
    • B41J2/345—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of heat to a heat sensitive printing or impression-transfer material using thermal heads characterised by the arrangement of resistors or conductors

Definitions

  • a thermal printer for electronic calculators or other computing devices comprises a multi-layer print head with a metallized layer on one outer surface formed as a series of master characters each comprised of a plurality of segments which are electrical resistance elements that extend between end contacts. These contacts are connected to an intermediate or buried metallized layer within theceramic body which in turn provides for interconnections with another metallization layer including input ground and driver lead contact pads formed on the other outer surface of the ceramic body.
  • a logic control sub-system for the printer re- 'ceives signals from a driver output such as a calculator computing circuit and thereby controls the electrical energy furnished to the various character segments on the print head to heat them and produce the appropriate printout when the print head is in contact with heat sensitive paper.
  • This sub-system stores the information received from the driver output and then utilizes the stored information in a multiplexing or time sharing arrangement to energize sequentially groups of preselected segment portions of all the master characters during a series of separate consecutive time periods of the print cycle.
  • This invention relates to a thermal printing system for electronic computing measuring or recording apparatus such as electronic calculators.
  • One general object of the present invention is to overcome the disadvantages of mechanical printers by providing a thermal printer for electronic calculators or computing devices that is completely noiseless and will produce a printed readout on heat sensitive paper with a high degree of speed and clarity.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a thermal printing device for electronic calculators and the like that is relatively small, compact and particularly well adapted for ease and economy of manufacture.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to provide a thermal printing device for electronic calculators and the like that is highly compatible for use with electronic calculators utilizing integrated circuit semiconductor devices for its computing or arithmetic logic circuitry.
  • Another object of my invention is to provide a thermal print head having resistance type segmented elements forming master characters which when selectively energized will heat up evenly and then dissipate their heat rapidly so that a minimum amount of time is required between print cycles and the printout copy will be clear and distinct.
  • Yet another object of my invention is to provide a print head constructed as a composite multi-laycr ce. ramic and metal structure with internal connections that are reliable and durable.
  • the data handling and multiplexing or logic and control sub-system in the form of semiconductor integrated circuitry, includes logic circuitry that decodes data from a driving source such as a calculator output, stores the decoded ,data and then furnishes it to a power control subembodiment of my invention described herein the print head is a laminated structure comprised of a top meta]- lized layer formed on a ceramic plate as a series of segmented master characters arranged in a horizontal row, each character having seven segments or heater elements including a committed decimal point as an eight heater element.
  • the print head structure includes internal and bottom metallized layers in the form of conductive paths which are connected with the character segments of the ,top metallized layers. Ceramic layers between the metallized layers afford complete environmental protection for the interconnections and a base for a series of bonding pads so that the print head can be readily connected directly to leads from the logic and control sub-system.
  • the eight segments or heater elements for each master character are divided into two 4-element sections, and these sections are connected to form four segment groups which are energized on a time sequential basis by means of the logic and control sub-system.
  • time sharing for energizing the master characters on the print head is accomplished by electrically paralleling the power drivers of a single character to other master characters causing the supply terminals of thesecharacters to be energized in time sequence.
  • This clustering of time shared character groups enables the number i of required power drivers to be kept to a minimum and permits optimization of the time sharing sequence so that it can be made compatible with the print head structure.
  • the time sharing and sequential energizing of character segment groups also controls the heat flow to and dissipation from the character segments so that clear, distinct thermal print copy is obtained.
  • FIG. 1 is a view in perspective showing an electronic calculator with a thermal printer embodying the principles of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a view in side elevation of the calculator of FIG. 1 with portions broken away;
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged plan view of my multilayer thermal printer package with portions broken away to show the various layers;
  • FIG. 4 is an enlarged fragmentary and exploded view in perspective showing a portion of the thermal printer package of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a further enlarged fragmentary view in section of the thermal printer package
  • FIG. 6 is an enlarged fragmentary view showing a single character of my thermal printer with its electrical connections
  • FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic electrical representation of the single character of FIG. 6 as'seen from its underside.
  • FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing the logic and'control sub-system for my thermal printer according to the present invention.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show a typical electronic calculator 10 as it appears when utilizing a thermal printing systemembodying the principles of the present invention.
  • the system includes a print head 12 located within the calculator housing 14 which is attached thereto by a support member 16 having a high thermal conductivity, such as a rigid and fairly thick piece of metal.
  • This support member may be generally U-shaped so that its ends 18 can be fixed to the sides of the calculator frame or housing, thereby enabling it to serve as a heat sink or heat dissipator for the print head.
  • One surface of the print head 12 is located adjacent to a platen 20 that is movable as by a solenoid 22 to a position against the printer surface.
  • a roll of heat sensitive paper 24 is also mounted rearwardly in the calculator housing and its free end 24a extends upwardly between one surface of the print head and the platen.
  • Some suitable means (not shown) are provided for advancing the paper in increments after each printing cycle.
  • Such mechanical features as the platen and its control, the paper advancing means and other standard calculator mechanisms are well known to those skilled in the calculator art and therefore are shown only schematically and will not be described in detail here.
  • the print head 12 is connected, as by a multi-lead flat cable 26 to a logic and control subsystem 28 situated within the calculator housing.
  • This printer sub-system is connected to the calculator logic circuitry 30 which receives inputs from the keyboard 32 or input control and produces output data in the conventional manner. This general arrangement is shown schematically in FIG. 2.
  • the print head 12 as shown in the enlarged view of FIG. 3 is a multilayered package with a generally rectangular shape comprising a dielectric layer 34 or plate made from a material such as a suitable ceramic having a smooth planar surface on its upper side. Formed on this ceramic surface from a layer of electrically conductive material are a series of spaced apart multisegment master characters 36 arranged in horizontal alignment. Selective heating of different combinations of segments of these master characters will form different numerical figures. Thus, when the print head surface is adjacent the heat-sensitive paper 24 and pressed against it the heated character segments will print the proper figures.
  • a second dielectric plate 38 is located beneath the upper layer or plate 34 and these two plates are held together as a unitary laminated structure by some suitable means.
  • the master characters 36 are preferably portions of a metallized layer formed by masking and vapor deposition steps in the conventional manner. It should be apparent that any desired number of characters may be used although generally an eight character display or printout is preferred for calculators. Between the master char acters including the ends of the character row are period or decimal point symbols 40 and at one end of the row is a minus sign 42.
  • a buried metallization layer formed as a multiplicity of conductive bars or paths 44 and 46 which provide for interconnection of ground lines for all of the various segments of the master characters 36.
  • a series of transverse conductive members called vias" 48 extend through the upper dielectric plate 34 and interconnect the ends of each of the character segments at various points with certain of the conductive bars 44 and 46.
  • On the bottom surface of the lower dielectric plate 38 is a third or lower metallized layer formed in a different predetermined pattern of spaced apart conductive bars or paths 52 and 54.
  • Another series of vias 48 extend transversely through the upper and lower plates to interconnect the master character segments with bars 52 forming driver lines.
  • each master character 36 is formed from a portion of the upper metallized layer in a configuration resembling a figure eight. As shown best in FIG. 6, each character has an enlarged free end portion 60 located on one side to which one contact or via 48 is connected at a point designated by the number 62. This end portion continues upwardly to form a segment f, then over along a segment a and then downwardly along a segment b" to form the upper half of the character.
  • the lower half of each master character is formed by four connected segments 0, d, e and g arranged in generally a rectangular configuration. A series of six other contact points or vias" are provided at the ends of the various connected vertical and horizontal segments forming the character.
  • a via 64 occurs at the junction of segments f and a; via 66 is at the junction of segments a and b; via 68 at the junction of b and 0; via 70 at the junction of c and d,- via 72 at the junction of d and e; and via 74 at the junction of e and g.
  • On one side of each master character is a period symbol 40 formed by a segment having two contact points 76 and 78 and on the opposite side is another period symbol with contact points 80 and 82 which may also be connected to the contact points 84 and 86 of the horizontal minus sign symbol 42 at one end of the row of characters.
  • each decimal point has essentially an H-shaped configuration which provides the necessary conductive paths between its connections 76 and 78. When printed the II- shape becomes essentially a solid dot.
  • each of the segments or resistances a g are connected to either one of two ground leads 88 and 90.
  • the opposite end of each segment or resistance is connected by appropriate leads to one of four drive line lower leads designated 92, 94, 96 and 98.
  • a separate drive line 100 is provided for the minus sign 42 and the ninth decimal 40.
  • the interconnecting lead 46 of the intermediate metallized layer connects the ground contact points 64 and 72 on each character and the lead 44 interconnects contacts 68 and 82. Still another portion of the lead 44 interconnects the ground lead 90 with contacts 78, 82 and 86.
  • the temperature reaction in the directly connected segment e is approximatelynine times that in the other segments c,'d and g and although these latter segments will conduct some current it will not be enough to cause their temperature to increase above the threshold level (e.g. 250C) that is required to produce a printout on heat sensitive paper.
  • the threshold level e.g. 250C
  • the metallic character segments on the print head 12 be sized in width and thickness so as to heat rapidly to the temperature level required for printing on sensitive paper. Yet, it is desirable to accomplish the heating with a minimum of power. 1 have found that forming the master characters from nichrome (80% Cr, Ni) having a thickness of around 0.0002 inches provides satisfactory results. During the brief time period of a print cycle these metallic characters on the upper dielectric plate of ceramic material lose relatively little heat by conduction and therefore the printed symbols produced on heat sensitive paper are clear and distinct. Yet, when the cycle is complete, the heat in the metal charaeters'dissipates with sufficient rapidity so that only a short cooling period is required between print cycles. The heat dissipation may be further enhanced by the heat sink. mounting bar 16 which conducts excess heat from the printhead to the chassis or housing of the supporting structure.
  • the logic and control sub-system 28 which multiplexes the data to be represented by the printout so that during each print cycle four separate groups of character segments are heated in a time-sharing sequential manner instead of all characters being heated simultaneously.
  • the block 30 represents a typical driving or computing system such as a calculator, minicomputer, counter or electronic measuring system.
  • the outputs of this block are provided in some coded format such as binary coded decimal (BCD) and they are transmitted through a plurality of lines (e.g. 4) represented by the lead 102 in a bit parallel, character serial format.
  • BCD binary coded decimal
  • input signals are received from the driving system 30 through leads 102 and are entered into a decoder 104 of the logic sub-system.
  • These input BCD signals appear on the output terminals of the decoder as decoded seven segment signals.
  • the outputs from the driving system represent a series of numerals that are to be printed out.
  • the decoder takes this data in BCD form and produces seven outputs designated by letters e, d, c, f, a, b and g that represent the numerals to be printed as combinations of the various character segments that will form these numerals.
  • An additional output lead DP from the decoder provides decimal point information. Now, for each of the decoder outputs there are two 1 shift registers.
  • the sub-system includes 16 shift registers, designated SR1 to SR16 and these are arranged in four banks designated A, B, C and D. All of the decoder outputs are connected to these shift registers. For example, the output efrom the decoder is connected in parallel to the shift registers SR1 and SR5 of banks A and B; the output d is connected to the shift registers SR2 and SR6, and so forth, as shown.
  • Each of the shift registers has storage capacity for four bits of information, and therefore the pair of registers SR1 and SR5 will hold the information relating to the segment e for a total of eight characters. As the printing. system described herein is intended for printing eight characters requiring 64 bits of information, it follows that the shift registers (SR1 to SR16) combined will hold the character and decimal point information for-an entire eight character word.
  • the logic'sub-system further includes a clock generator 106 of the conventional type that produces clock pulses for operating the shift registers and other elements.
  • the clock generator output is supplied to the following components connected in parallel: a divide by four 4) counter 108; a clock inhibit 110; a divide by eight 8) counter 112; and an adjustable exposure timer 114.
  • the 8 counter is also connected to an input lead 116 that provides an asynchronous start pulse from the driving system.
  • the output from the 1 8 counter 112 is supplied by a lead 118 to both the clock inhibit 110 and the exposure timer 114, and an output lead 120 from the clock inhibit l 10 is connected to the 4 counter 108.
  • the latter has two output leads 122 and 124 that supply input enables to the system, the former being connected to the shift registers of banks A and C in parallel and the latter being connected to the shift registers of banks B and D in parallel.
  • the exposure timer 114 supplies output enables to the four shift registers in each of the banks are thus enabled by one of the pulses from the exposure timer.
  • This shift register outputs designated as leads 134, 136,
  • each lead being supplied to one triac in a bank of 16 triacs designated by the block 146.
  • the triac bank is connected to an electrical power source 148 (e.g. 110 volt AC) which is connected to all of the triacs in parallel, so that when each triac is energized it furnishes power to the print head.
  • the 16 leads from the triacs of the bank 146 are connected to the 16 bonding pads 56 for the drivers of the print head 12. Thus, as power is supplied to each bonding pad it is conducted through the conductive portions 52 of the lower metallized layer, through the dielectric plates 38 and 34 and ultimately to the various segments of the characters 36 on the top face of the print head.
  • Coded output signals (e.g. four line BCD) received from the driving system are decoded in the decoder and decoded seven segment signals in serial form for all the master characters 36 and the decimal point now appear on the decoder output leads e, d, c, f, a, b and g and DP. With each clock pulse this output data from the decoder is placed in storage in the shift registers SR1 to SR16.
  • the SR1 receives the data for the segment e, SR2 for the segment d, SR3 for segment c, SR4 for segment f, SR9 for segment a, SR10 for segment b, SRll for segment 3 and SR12 for the segment DP.
  • On clock pulse No. l SR's l, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11 and 12 receive data for the first SR store position and the received data represents one character of the printout.
  • another set of pulses are provided from the decoder 104 to the shift registers which receive it and also shift the data of the first clock pulse to the second position.
  • the clock inhibit component 110 functionsto assure that the shift register input enable signals from the -i 4 counter 108 are only activated coincident with the availability of the input data.
  • the appearance of the asynchronous input pulse in lead 116 "ands" with a clock pulse to advance the divide by eight counter 112. This removes the clock inhibit command 110 from the input enable 4 counter 108 and starts the loading of the first of eight characters in the appropriate shift registers.
  • the next asynchronous pulse will load the shift registers for character 2 and the eighth asynchronous pulse will load character eight as described.
  • the "clock inhibit" disables the shift register inputs, holding the information for printout.
  • the operation of the thermal print head requires electrical driving in four successive time intervals for the eight characters of printout. in each of these time intervals sixteen electrical signals are utilized to heat the particular segments of the characters being printed. These sixteen signals are obtained by sampling the cutputs of all four registers of the SR's 1, 2, 3 and 4 during the first time interval of the print cycle.
  • the length of each time interval generally comprises a large multiplicity of clock pulses so that its duration may be of the order of 0.05 seconds.
  • the exposure timer 114 is used to control the on initiate or print start and the on duration.
  • the latter which is essentially a simple counter means has an adjustable setting so as to provide control of the printing time and hence the printing contrast or density, which may vary for different types of thermal print paper.
  • the exposure timer may also be made operative in response to a thermal sensor (not shown) that measures the overall temperature of the print head.
  • a thermal sensor not shown
  • the sensor will signal the exposure timer and cause it to reduce the length of exposure time during the print cycle.
  • the sixteen print control signals obtained from the logic sub-system 28 are used to turn on the sixteen triacs in the bank 146 and thereby deliver power to the print head in the following manner.
  • the exposure timer enables the outputs of SR's 5, 6, 7 and 8.
  • the 16 signals from these SRs are then used to drive the same set of 16 triacs to activate the segments e, d, c andf on the characters 5, 6, 7 and 8.
  • SRs 9, 10, 11 and 12 and 13, 14, 15 and 16 are enabled successively to activate the triacs and heat the segments a, b, g and DP in one half of the eight characters in the third interval and the other four characters in the fourth time interval.
  • the total print time for the eight characters printed in the four successive intervals may be of the order of [/5 of a second.
  • the SR's are cleared and system is ready to accept the next data from the driving system for the next eight character word.
  • the entire circuitry for controlling the triacs which is designated by the numeral in FIG. 8 can be formed as a single integrated circuit semiconductor device, such as an MOS (metal-oxide-silicon) device.
  • MOS metal-oxide-silicon
  • the logic accomplishes a multiplexing or time. sharing of power applied to the print head which has several advantages. For one thing the number of driving leads required on the print head is limited to 16 rather than 64 if time sharing of the triacs was not used. This greatly simplifies the construction and operation of the print head, thereby decreasing its ultimate cost while increasing its reliability and life. Another advantageous result derived from my time sharing arrangement is that a more even surge of heat is applied to the characters of the print head and more distinct and well defined print copy is obtained on the heat sensitive paper. Moreover, the problem of dissipating residual heat is reduced because the heat applied is distributed both with respect to time and area.
  • a thermal printing system for producing a printed record of a data output from an electronic measuring or computing apparatus, said system comprising:
  • a print head including a planar member of electrically non-conductive material, a series of master characters formed from a layer of electrically conductive material on the upper surface of said planar member, each said master character being comprised of a plurality of segments capable of forming human readable characters when viewed in preselected segment combinations, contact terminals at the ends of said segments for each of said master characters, interconnect means on and within said print head for conducting electrical current to each of said character segments; and
  • planar member comprises an upper ceramic plate and a lower, ceramic plate; said master characters are formed from a top metallized layer on the surface of said upper ceramic plate; and said interconnect means ,includes an.
  • intermediate metallized layer between said ceramic plates forming conductive paths arranged in a predetermined manner, a lower metallized layer on the bottom surface of said lower ceramic plate forming a plurality of conductive paths terminating in bonding pads, and a multiplicity of connector means extending through said upper and lower ceramic plates for interconnecting the contact terminals of the segments of said master characters.
  • said intermediate metallized layer is formed to provide conductive paths that interconnect one terminal of each segment for all of the master characters with four separate ground paths, said lower metallized layer including four bonding pads connected to said ground paths of said intermediate metallized layer and sixteen bonding pads for driven inputs connected through both said ceramic plates to the ungrounded ends of master characters on said top metallized layer.
  • each said master character has generally, a figure eight configuration comprised of I seven connected segments of substantially equal width and thickness including two pairs of substantially vertical segments and three spaced apart top, bottom and middle horizontal segments, one of said vertical segments including an enlarged end portion spaced from the junction of said middle horizontal segment and an adjacent vertical segment.
  • said logic and control means comprises: means for receiving and decoding data from said apparatus;
  • said storage means comprises a pair of shift registers for each character segment and capable of storing data for that segment for each of the master characters on the print head.
  • said output enabling means comprises an exposure timer including means for increasing and decreasing the length of time during which said switch means are operative to cause heating current to flow from said power means.
  • the thermal printing system as described in claim 7 including clock means for enabling said shift registers to shift and store data from-said decoding means and counter means for shiftingthe data received from one group of shift registers to another group so that a pluralit y of data storage means can be loaded and thereafter sampled sequentially.
  • a thermal printing system for producing a printed record of a data output from an electronic measuring or computing apparatus, said system comprising:
  • a print head including an upper planar member of electrically non-conductive material, a series of master characters formed from a top metallized layer on said upper planar member, each said master character being comprised of a plurality of seven segments capable of forming human readable characters when viewed in preselected segment combinations,-contact means atthe ends of said segments for each of said master characters, means on said print head for conducting electrical current to each of said character'segments; logic and control sub-system including decoder means for receiving and decoding data from said electrical apparatus representing a group of characters to be printed out, said decoder means having at least seven output leads for producing encoded data representing the'use of each segment for each of the characters to be printed, storage means for receiving and storing the encoded segment data for each character to be printed, means for extracting the stored segment data from said storage means in groups of segments for a plurality of characters and means for energizing said print head to print said groups of segments in a time sequential manner until all of the characters have been printed in one cycle.
  • the thermal printing system as described in claim 12 including an eighth lead from said decoder means representing a decimal point.
  • said storage means comprises a pair of: shift registers for each of the characters to be printed, clock means for controlling the shifting of segment data into

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3810192A (en) * 1972-06-29 1974-05-07 Copal Co Ltd Thermosensitive line printer
US3848720A (en) * 1973-03-05 1974-11-19 Contex Calculators As Pressure spring for a thermoprinter
US3905462A (en) * 1973-02-27 1975-09-16 Olympia Werke Ag Multielectrode electrographic printing device
US3907090A (en) * 1974-02-19 1975-09-23 Computer Devices Inc Printer and pressure assembly therefor
US3913091A (en) * 1972-12-19 1975-10-14 Suwa Seikosha Kk Thermal sensitive printing head
US3934695A (en) * 1974-09-23 1976-01-27 Hewlett-Packard Company Method and apparatus for enhancing and maintaining character quality in thermal printers
US3949402A (en) * 1973-11-20 1976-04-06 Honeywell Inc. Analog and digital recording apparatus
US4013159A (en) * 1974-05-30 1977-03-22 Copal Company Limited Printer having a limited movement platen and/or printing head and independent supports therefor
US4113391A (en) * 1975-10-27 1978-09-12 Kabushiki Kaisha Suwa Seikosha Method for controlling voltage and providing temperature compensation in a thermal printer
FR2392822A1 (fr) * 1977-06-01 1978-12-29 Eurofarad Plaque d'impression thermique par points
US4143382A (en) * 1976-03-16 1979-03-06 Robert Bosch Gmbh Battery operated electronic alphanumeric permanent recording instrument, such as recording pocket calculator
US4841120A (en) * 1986-09-12 1989-06-20 Sony Corporation Thermal head

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2035908B (en) * 1978-11-20 1983-02-09 Dynamics Res Corp Electrostatic print head and method of fabrication
DE29504159U1 (de) * 1995-03-10 1995-06-22 Alfred Härtl Elektronik-Entwicklungen, 92242 Hirschau Gerät zum Behandeln von wiederaufladbaren Batterien

Citations (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2977415A (en) * 1960-04-21 1961-03-28 Goodyear Aircraft Corp Portable printing communicator
US3409902A (en) * 1966-05-27 1968-11-05 Texas Instruments Inc High speed thermal printer
US3453648A (en) * 1967-08-29 1969-07-01 Milgo Electronic Corp Thermal printing device
US3567904A (en) * 1967-12-05 1971-03-02 Henning Gunnar Carlsen Thermoprinting devices

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2977415A (en) * 1960-04-21 1961-03-28 Goodyear Aircraft Corp Portable printing communicator
US3409902A (en) * 1966-05-27 1968-11-05 Texas Instruments Inc High speed thermal printer
US3453648A (en) * 1967-08-29 1969-07-01 Milgo Electronic Corp Thermal printing device
US3567904A (en) * 1967-12-05 1971-03-02 Henning Gunnar Carlsen Thermoprinting devices

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3810192A (en) * 1972-06-29 1974-05-07 Copal Co Ltd Thermosensitive line printer
US3913091A (en) * 1972-12-19 1975-10-14 Suwa Seikosha Kk Thermal sensitive printing head
US3905462A (en) * 1973-02-27 1975-09-16 Olympia Werke Ag Multielectrode electrographic printing device
US3848720A (en) * 1973-03-05 1974-11-19 Contex Calculators As Pressure spring for a thermoprinter
US3949402A (en) * 1973-11-20 1976-04-06 Honeywell Inc. Analog and digital recording apparatus
US3907090A (en) * 1974-02-19 1975-09-23 Computer Devices Inc Printer and pressure assembly therefor
US4013159A (en) * 1974-05-30 1977-03-22 Copal Company Limited Printer having a limited movement platen and/or printing head and independent supports therefor
US3934695A (en) * 1974-09-23 1976-01-27 Hewlett-Packard Company Method and apparatus for enhancing and maintaining character quality in thermal printers
US4113391A (en) * 1975-10-27 1978-09-12 Kabushiki Kaisha Suwa Seikosha Method for controlling voltage and providing temperature compensation in a thermal printer
US4143382A (en) * 1976-03-16 1979-03-06 Robert Bosch Gmbh Battery operated electronic alphanumeric permanent recording instrument, such as recording pocket calculator
FR2392822A1 (fr) * 1977-06-01 1978-12-29 Eurofarad Plaque d'impression thermique par points
US4841120A (en) * 1986-09-12 1989-06-20 Sony Corporation Thermal head

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GB1372742A (en) 1974-11-06
IT952953B (it) 1973-07-30
JPS4865848A (it) 1973-09-10

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