US3729795A - Method for forming metal wheels - Google Patents

Method for forming metal wheels Download PDF

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Publication number
US3729795A
US3729795A US00144155A US3729795DA US3729795A US 3729795 A US3729795 A US 3729795A US 00144155 A US00144155 A US 00144155A US 3729795D A US3729795D A US 3729795DA US 3729795 A US3729795 A US 3729795A
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United States
Prior art keywords
spider
dies
workpiece
rim
plastic deformation
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US00144155A
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English (en)
Inventor
R Roper
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Wallace Expanding Machines Inc
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Wallace Expanding Machines Inc
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D53/00—Making other particular articles
    • B21D53/26—Making other particular articles wheels or the like
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49481—Wheel making
    • Y10T29/49492—Land wheel
    • Y10T29/49496—Disc type wheel
    • Y10T29/49499—Assembling wheel disc to rim
    • Y10T29/49501—Assembling wheel disc to rim with disc shaping
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49481—Wheel making
    • Y10T29/49492—Land wheel
    • Y10T29/49524—Rim making
    • Y10T29/49529—Die-press shaping

Definitions

  • a spider extending across the workpiece is axially,
  • the rim is axially loaded in lieu of being radially loaded so as to plastically deform the rim.
  • the spider is also plastically deformed so as to reclassify or coin the spindle mounting hole of the spider into near perfect relation with the wheel axis.
  • the thickness of the rim may be controlled throughout the rim length. For example, it may be desirable to increase the thickness in high stress areas while decreasing the thickness in low stress areas. This thickness control will allow the use of relative thinner sheet material. The resulting material savings will provide a very significant cost savings.
  • One embodiment of the present invention is a method of forming a wheel rim and spider assembly comprising the steps of: enclosing a continuous annular metal wheel assembly workpiece with outer dies complementary to a final radial form of the rim; contacting the rim edges of said workpiece with annular stuffing ledges on inner dies; exerting columnar force axially against said edges with said inner dies to cause plastic deformation of said workpiece; axially loading said inner dies against said spider to cause plastic deformation of said spider subsequent to said contacting step but during said plastic deformation of said workpiece; and, holding a center rod centrally with respect to said edges and axially through said spider during said axial loading step defining a hole therethrough as said spider plastically deforms and is repacked around said rod.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is an apparatus comprising a pair of coaxial generally conical dies pointing toward one another, first means for moving said dies together whereby said dies may be seated with the opposite ends of an annular workpiece, having a spider in engagement with the inner surface of the workpiece, a plurality of outer dies arranged in a pattern coaxial with said generally conical dies, means for moving said outer dies together wherein the inner surface of said outer dies engage the outer surface of said workpiece and cooperate with said genrally conical dies to form the workpiece, said generally conical dies being provided with mutually facing stuffing ledges which cooperate with said outer dies to stufi the material of the workpiece between said outer dies and said generally conical dies wherein the improvement comprises: said generally conical dies have mutually facing surfaces with one of said facing surfaces having a rod projecting therefrom centrally of said stuffing ledges and concentric with said conical dies toward the other of said facing surfaces, said rod being positioned to extend axially through said
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved method and apparatus for forming a wheel.
  • FIG. 1 is a fragmentary vertical section through a wheel assembly forming apparatus embodying the present invention with the dies shown in the completely open position.
  • FIG. 2 is the same view as FIG. 1 only showing the outer dies in the closed position.
  • FIG. 3 is the same view as FIG. 2 only showing the conical dies in the partially closed position.
  • FIG. 4 is the same view as FIG. 3 only showing the conical dies in the completely closed position.
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 55 of FIG. 4 and viewed in the direction of the arrows.
  • FIG. 6 is an enlarged fragmentary view of the dies.
  • FIG. 7 is the same view as FIG. 6 only with less detail and with an alternate center pilot rod shown.
  • the apparatus has a pair of horizontally opposed coaxial conical dies 21 and 22 movably mounted to engage and form a wheel 25 having a rim 26 with edges 27 and a spider 28 integrally joined to and extending across the rim.
  • the center of the spider is provided with opening 29 with a plurality of lug receiving bosses 30 positioned equidistant around hole 29.
  • a wheel such as wheel 25 may be found on various vehicles such as automobiles and trucks.
  • a pair of outer dies 23 and 24 are arranged in a pattern coaxial with the generally conical dies and may be moved to engage the outer surface of the rim so as to cooperate with the conical dies 21 and 22 to final form the wheel.
  • the top outer die 23 is vertically movable to and from the bottom die 24 which is mounted to a lower die retainer 34 fixedly secured to a support wall 33.
  • Bottom die 24 does not move since retainer 34 and support wall 33 are fixedly secured to the bottom wall 31 (FIG. 5) of the apparatus.
  • a plurality of upstanding members 32 secure wall 33 and retainer 34 to wall 31.
  • the apparatus disclosed herein is utilized to final form the wheel after the spider has been attached to the rim.
  • a variety of methods, such as welding or riveting, may be utilized to attach the spider to the rim.
  • the wheel is inserted by a loading device to be described later in this specification so as to rest upon the bottom outer die 24 as shown in FIG. I.
  • the top outer die 23 is then moved vertically downward to engage the wheel as shown in FIG. 2.
  • the pair of conical dies 21 and 22 are moved toward the wheel in order that the stuffing ledges 52 and 53 (FIG. 6) of each die 21 and 22 will engage the edges 27 of the rim 26 as shown in FIG. 3.
  • Ledges 52 and 53 extend around the dies 21 and 22 and contact the rim edges completely around the circumference of the wheel.
  • the mutually facing stuffing ledges 52 and 53 cooperate with the outer dies 23 and 24 to stuff the material of the rim between the outer dies and the generally conical dies as the conical dies are moved to the most inward position as shown in FIG. 4.
  • the assembled wheel with spider is an annular workpiece which is final formed to the desired shape and configuration by the apparatus disclosed herein.
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 5-5 of FIG. 4 viewed in the direction of the arrows.
  • a hydraulic cylinder motor 37 is mounted to the top wall 38 which is secured to the vertical walls of the apparatus.
  • the piston rod 39 of the hydraulic cylinder motor is movable vertically therefrom and has a bottom end secured to the upper die retainer 35 which carries the top outer die 23.
  • Retainer 35 is vertically movable within a pair of guides 36 positioned on either side of the retainer.
  • the upper retainer 35 and top die 23 may be moved to and from wheel 25.
  • a number of different structures may be utilized to mount the vertically movable retainer 35.
  • the retainer may have ribs which project into grooves formed in guides 36 or guides 36 may have ribs which project into complementary sized grooves provided in the retainer.
  • a spring loaded rod 66 is slidable within hole 67 of die 23 and will move downwardly under the force of a spring means (not shown) thereby engaging the wheel and forcing the wheel from the die.
  • a rod 44 is provided which will project from hole 45 of die 24 so as to free the final formed wheel from the bottom outer die 24.
  • Rod 44 is moved upwardly by activating lever 48 operated by unloader 56.
  • Lever 48 is pivotally mounted v to a bracket 49 secured to wall 33.
  • a spring 54 normally urges end 68 of lever 48 in the most downward position. End 68 receives a rod 46 slidable in hole 47 of retainer 34. Rods 44 and 46 are aligned and are in contact. A third rod 55 is slidable in retainer 34 and abuts the opposite end of lever 48. The top end of rod 55 projects through the top of retainer 34 and is depressed by pad 64 when unloader 56 pivots in the direction of arrow 59. Downward movement of rod 55 forces lever 48 to pivot thereby moving rods 46 and 44 upwardly and freeing the final formed wheel from the bottom die. A pair of contact pads 42 and 43 are provided on retainers 34 and 35 with pads 43 being provided with holes to receive rod 55.
  • Loader 62 has an arm which may be pivoted in the direction of arrow 63 so as to load the assembled wheel into the apparatus.
  • the un-loader 56 is similar in design and construction to loader 62 and thus the following description of unloader 56 will apply equally to loader 62.
  • a hydraulic cylinder motor 60 is mounted to bracket 65 secured to member 32 of the apparatus.
  • the piston rod 61 of hydraulic cylinder motor 60 is pivotally connected to an arm 58 which in turn is pivotally mounted to the apparatus.
  • a gripping device 57 is provided at the end of the arm 58 to engage the final formed wheels when the arm is pivoted in the direction of arrow 59 by extending rod 61.
  • the loader and unloader may be sequenced with the movement of the dies thereby providing for completely automatic operation.
  • Dies 21 and 22 are secured respectively to press rams 50 and 75 by fastening devices 69 and 70.
  • the fastening devices are threaded bolts with the head 71 of fastener 70 projecting from die 22 and into hole 73 (FIG. 6) of die 21 when the dies are in the completely closed position.
  • the head of fastener 69 is recessed so as to allow head 71 to enter hole 73.
  • Dies 21 and 22 have mutually facing surfaces which are complementary in size and configuration. Head 71 projects through the mutually facing surfaces and is positioned centrally with respect to stuffing ledges 52 and 53 being concentric therewith.
  • the opening 29 of spider web 28 will be positioned centrally and concentrically with respect to the rim.
  • opening 29 is smaller than head 71, then a portion of the spider surrounding the head will be pushed to the left as viewed in FIG. 4 thereby forming a flanged portion 74 (FIG. 6).
  • the chamfered portion 72 of fastener 70 when inserted through the spider will form a slight countersink around the center spider opening.
  • FIG. 7 shows such a wheel which has a flat portion 74' around the spindle hole.
  • the pilot rod 70 of desired finished diameter is entered through a slightly oversized pre-pierced hole in the spider. Shoulder 72' of rod 70' coins a depression in the spider around the pilot 71 extended through the hole in the spider thereby packing the metal around pilot 71 and establishing an accurate hole size concentric with the wheel rim axis.
  • Automotive wheel assemblies typically have a plurality of lug receiving bosses spaced equidistant around the center spider opening. These bosses receive the lugs fixedly projecting from the wheel of the vehicle wheel hub with hexagonally shaped nuts being provided to secure the spider to the lugs.
  • the mounting bosses of spider 28 are located at position 89 (FIG. 6) being spaced equidistant around opening 29.
  • a plurality of seat forming bosses 89 are provided on die 22 being spaced equidistant around axis 84.
  • the spider is depressed forming a mounting ridge 92 which extends around opening 29. Ridge 92 is formed by protrusion 81 of die 21 being received in groove 80 of die 22.
  • the innermost portion or vertex of groove 80 defines a plane 83 which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 84 extending centrally through dies 21 and 22 and wheel 25.
  • Plane 83 is parallel with ledges 52 and 53.
  • Surface 82 of ridge 92 adjacent to the vertex of groove 80 forms a mounting surface parallel with plane 83 which abuts against the exterior surface of the hub receiving wheel 25.
  • Bosses 89 each have a surface 90 nearest die 21 defining the plane 91 parallel with plane 83, perpendicular to axis 84 and parallel to stuffing ledges 52 and 53.
  • Dies 21 and 22 are horizontally movable by a pair of hydraulic cylinder motors.
  • Press rams 50 and 75 (FIG. 1) have cylindrical rod portions which are integrally joined to piston heads 76. Hydraulic pressure is applied to the back surface (not shown) of piston heads 76 to move the cylindrical portions inward. By placing a negative hydraulic pressure on the back surface of the piston, the rod portions may be moved outwardly.
  • Each rod portion is surrounded by a locking ring.
  • Locking ring 40 surrounds the cylindrical rod portion attached to die 21 whereas locking ring 41 surrounds the cylindrical rod portion attached to die 22.
  • Each locking ring is horizontally slidable being mounted to guides 93 which are similar to guides 36 previously described and shown in FIG. 5.
  • Locking ring 41 will now be described it being understood that a similar description applies to locking ring 40.
  • Locking ring 41 has a cylindrical ring 94 fixedly attached thereto by fastening devices 96.
  • the innermost side 95 of ring 94 is tapered so as to provide a camming surface when contacting tapered sides 97 of retainers 34 and 35.
  • piston 76 is moved to the left as viewed in FIGS. 1 through 5
  • the innermost surface 99 of the piston will contact ring 41, forcing the locking ring to move in the direction of arrow 98.
  • the tapered side 95 of ring 94 will contact tapered side 97 of the closed retainer 35 and retainer 34 thereby together with locking ring 40 cooperatively locking dies 23 and 24 together.
  • a ring 100 mounted to ram will contact surface 102 of cutout portion 101 of ring 41 thereby moving the locking ring in a direction opposite of arrow 98 and thereby unlocking retainers 34 and 35.
  • Die 23 may then be moved upwardly. The locking rings lock dies 23 and 24 together when dies 23 and 24 close but before dies 21 and 22 engage the wheel.
  • Dies 21 and 22 are arranged so as to provide for the regeneration and plasticization of the wheel rim and spider assembly.
  • the distance (FIG. 4) between the stuffing ledges 52 and 53 in the completely closed position is less than the axial length of the workpiece which of course is the assembled wheel prior to final forming.
  • the plastic deformation of the spider occurs subsequent to the contacting of the rim edges by the stuffing ledges but occurs during the plastic deformation of the rim.
  • the distance between the stuffing ledges 85 is shown in FIG. 4 with the dies in the completely closed position whereas the axial length of the workpiece prior to deformation is shown as distance 86 in FIG. 3.
  • the rim thickness 87 (FIG. 3) of the rim prior to final forming is less than the distance 88 (FIG. 4) between the outer and inner dies when the dies are in the completely closed position.
  • the axial length of the wheel is decreased with the thickness of the rim being increased during the final forming operation.
  • the plasticization of the rim and spider prevents the springback problem discussed in the section entitled Description of the Prior Art.
  • the application of the stuffing ledge likewise perfects the lateral tolerance for the mounting flanges of the tire.
  • the work for regeneratirig the rim and spider is accomplished solely by the driving force of dies 21 and 22 with the outer dies 23 and 24 providing a fixed precision retainer during the forming operation.
  • the method of forming the wheel rim through the utilization of apparatus 20 provides for enclosing the continuous annular metal workpiece with the pair of outer dies complementary to the final radial form of the rim.
  • the rim edges are contacted with the annular stuffing ledges of the conical dies and then columnar force is exerted axially against the edges with the inner dies to cause plastic deformation of the workpiece.
  • the mutually facing surfaces of the conical dies axially load the spider to cause plastic deformation of the spider in desired local areas subsequent to the contacting step but during the plastic deformation of the rim.
  • a center rod or head 71 is held centrally with respect to the stuffing ledges so as to project axially through the spider during the axial loading step defining a hole therethrough as the spider plastically deforms and repacks areound the spider.
  • the outer dies are held apart from the conical dies a distance greater than the thickness of the workpiece when the dies are in the completely closed position.
  • the stuffing ledges are held apart a distance less than the axial length of the workpiece when the dies are in the completely closed position.
  • a ridge is formed around the center hole receiving head 71 during the plastic deformation of the spider so as to define a seating plane 33 perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 84 and parallel to the rim edges.
  • the stepped and tapered cross section of the rim as shown in FIG. 1 provides for the burnishing of the rim edges when the conical dies are moved inwardly.
  • the parallel mounting pads are formed into the spider equidistant from the outer dies during the plastic deformation of the spider with the pads being perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the rim.
  • a continuous annular metal rim Prior to inserting the assembled wheel into the apparatus 20, a continuous annular metal rim is formed with a spider being secured interiorly to and radially across the rim.
  • a method of forming a wheel assembly having a rim and spider comprising the steps of:
  • a method of forming a wheel rim with spider comprising the steps of:

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)
US00144155A 1971-05-17 1971-05-17 Method for forming metal wheels Expired - Lifetime US3729795A (en)

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US14415571A 1971-05-17 1971-05-17

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US (1) US3729795A (de)
BE (1) BE783607A (de)
CA (1) CA952697A (de)
DE (1) DE2224109A1 (de)
FR (1) FR2138034B1 (de)
GB (1) GB1351568A (de)
IT (1) IT957883B (de)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3855683A (en) * 1972-05-17 1974-12-24 Ford Motor Co Method of correcting eccentricity and running out of true in stamped steel wheels
US4809529A (en) * 1987-10-20 1989-03-07 Topy Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Flaring apparatus for flaring a rim element
US5388330A (en) * 1993-10-12 1995-02-14 Motor Wheel Corporation Method for making disc wheels
US5452599A (en) * 1993-12-14 1995-09-26 Motor Wheel Corporation Method and apparatus for producing vehicle wheel rims
US5490720A (en) * 1994-01-27 1996-02-13 Hayes Wheels International, Inc. Vehicle wheel having a tinnerman nut clearance groove
US20070175038A1 (en) * 2006-02-01 2007-08-02 Hayes Lemmerz International Method for producing a wheel disc
US20080060406A1 (en) * 2006-09-13 2008-03-13 Kubota Iron Works Co., Ltd. Method of and apparatus for forming a hollow step profiled shaft
US20110000087A1 (en) * 2009-07-06 2011-01-06 Herbert Lauer Lasser Wheel/rim fixing device and method of using the same

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3008738C2 (de) * 1980-03-07 1982-12-23 Lemmerz-Werke KGaA, 5330 Königswinter Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von aus Blech, insbesondere Leichtmetallblech gefertigten Scheibenrädern
DE102005011313B3 (de) * 2005-03-11 2006-03-16 Mertens, Stefan Vorrichtung zum spanlosen Richten von Felgen für Fahrzeuge wie Pkw-, Lkw-, Motorradfelgen oder dergleichen und Verfahren zum Richten derartiger Felgen

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2291393A (en) * 1939-11-20 1942-07-28 Kelsey Hayes Wheel Co Method of forming wheel rims
US2586029A (en) * 1949-01-12 1952-02-19 Budd Co Apparatus for forming drop-center rims
US2649886A (en) * 1949-04-04 1953-08-25 Kelsey Hayes Wheel Co Apparatus for forming rims
US2826161A (en) * 1949-04-04 1958-03-11 Kelsey Hayes Co Material handling device
US2944502A (en) * 1953-10-10 1960-07-12 Lemmerz Werke G M B H Fa Apparatus for manufacturing wheel rims for road vehicles
US3298218A (en) * 1963-08-20 1967-01-17 Kelsey Hayes Co Method and apparatus for forming wheel rims and the like
US3530717A (en) * 1969-04-22 1970-09-29 Kelsey Hayes Co Wheel rounding machine
US3688373A (en) * 1970-03-05 1972-09-05 Kelsey Hayes Co Method of forming and rounding wheels

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR808153A (fr) * 1935-07-22 1937-01-30 Kelsey Hayes Wheel Co Procédé de fabrication de roues de véhicules
GB971258A (en) * 1959-11-09 1964-09-30 Reynolds Metals Co Improvements in or relating to the manufacture of wheels
US3263315A (en) * 1962-10-24 1966-08-02 Reynolds Metals Co Metal forming system

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2291393A (en) * 1939-11-20 1942-07-28 Kelsey Hayes Wheel Co Method of forming wheel rims
US2586029A (en) * 1949-01-12 1952-02-19 Budd Co Apparatus for forming drop-center rims
US2649886A (en) * 1949-04-04 1953-08-25 Kelsey Hayes Wheel Co Apparatus for forming rims
US2826161A (en) * 1949-04-04 1958-03-11 Kelsey Hayes Co Material handling device
US2944502A (en) * 1953-10-10 1960-07-12 Lemmerz Werke G M B H Fa Apparatus for manufacturing wheel rims for road vehicles
US3298218A (en) * 1963-08-20 1967-01-17 Kelsey Hayes Co Method and apparatus for forming wheel rims and the like
US3530717A (en) * 1969-04-22 1970-09-29 Kelsey Hayes Co Wheel rounding machine
US3688373A (en) * 1970-03-05 1972-09-05 Kelsey Hayes Co Method of forming and rounding wheels

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3855683A (en) * 1972-05-17 1974-12-24 Ford Motor Co Method of correcting eccentricity and running out of true in stamped steel wheels
US3855837A (en) * 1972-05-17 1974-12-24 Ford Motor Co Machine for correcting eccentricity and running out of true in stamped steel wheels
US4809529A (en) * 1987-10-20 1989-03-07 Topy Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Flaring apparatus for flaring a rim element
US5544945A (en) * 1993-10-12 1996-08-13 Motor Wheel Corporation Method and apparatus for making disc wheels and wheels made thereby
US5388330A (en) * 1993-10-12 1995-02-14 Motor Wheel Corporation Method for making disc wheels
US5568745A (en) * 1993-10-12 1996-10-29 Motor Wheel Corporation Method and apparatus for making disc wheels and wheels made thereby
US5452599A (en) * 1993-12-14 1995-09-26 Motor Wheel Corporation Method and apparatus for producing vehicle wheel rims
US5490720A (en) * 1994-01-27 1996-02-13 Hayes Wheels International, Inc. Vehicle wheel having a tinnerman nut clearance groove
US20070175038A1 (en) * 2006-02-01 2007-08-02 Hayes Lemmerz International Method for producing a wheel disc
US7559145B2 (en) * 2006-02-01 2009-07-14 Hayes Lemmerz International, Inc. Method for producing a wheel disc
US20080060406A1 (en) * 2006-09-13 2008-03-13 Kubota Iron Works Co., Ltd. Method of and apparatus for forming a hollow step profiled shaft
US20110000087A1 (en) * 2009-07-06 2011-01-06 Herbert Lauer Lasser Wheel/rim fixing device and method of using the same
US8353106B2 (en) * 2009-07-06 2013-01-15 Rimsmith Tool, LLC Wheel/rim fixing device and method of using the same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA952697A (en) 1974-08-13
BE783607A (fr) 1972-09-18
FR2138034B1 (de) 1974-12-20
IT957883B (it) 1973-10-20
FR2138034A1 (de) 1972-12-29
GB1351568A (en) 1974-05-01
DE2224109A1 (de) 1972-11-30

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