US3664869A - Typewriter ribbons having correction coating and method of making - Google Patents

Typewriter ribbons having correction coating and method of making Download PDF

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Publication number
US3664869A
US3664869A US3664869DA US3664869A US 3664869 A US3664869 A US 3664869A US 3664869D A US3664869D A US 3664869DA US 3664869 A US3664869 A US 3664869A
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set forth
percent
weight
correcting
typewriting
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Sergio Sala
Ambrogio Cuneo
Wolfgang Dabisch
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J31/00—Ink ribbons; Renovating or testing ink ribbons
    • B41J31/05—Ink ribbons having coatings other than impression-material coatings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J31/00—Ink ribbons; Renovating or testing ink ribbons
    • B41J31/09—Ink ribbons characterised by areas carrying media for obliteration or removal of typing errors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31786—Of polyester [e.g., alkyd, etc.]
    • Y10T428/31797—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
    • Y10T428/31909—Next to second addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
    • Y10T428/31913—Monoolefin polymer
    • Y10T428/3192—Next to vinyl or vinylidene chloride polymer

Definitions

  • the invention provides typewriting ribbons which comprise on a single, homogeneous support consisting of a synthetic polymer film a writing, inked part and a part suitable for corl Foreign Application Priority Data recting typing mistakes coated with a white, hiding composition.
  • the support preferably made of a polyester resin or of 1968 italy "2 N68 polypropylene, is preferably coated with a thin layer essen- Dec.
  • the c pos tion for correction contains essentially 75-98 percent b.w. of a [52] US. Cl. ..117/2 TC, 1 l7/36.4, 1 17/44, pigment which is titanium bioxide having an oil index f 1 l7/l 260/41 C between 30 and 60, 0.5-10 percent b.w. ofa binder which is a [51] Int.Cl ..B4lm 5/10 rubber-like resin having a molecular weight over 2,000 and [58] Field of Search ..117/2 TC, 36.l,36.4; 197/172 soluble in organic solvents, little percentages of a wetting agent. [56] References Cited 21 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,034,9l8 5/l962 Cook et al. l l7/36.4
  • the invention refers to typewriting ribbons which comprise, on a carrier sheet, a composition for correcting typing errors and, more particularly, it refers to typewriting ribbons with half of each ribbon being inked and the second half being covered with a layer of a composition for making corrections
  • the correction of the wrong typewritten letters is efi'ect'ed by switching the typewriting ribbon from the inked part to the correcting part and then retyping on the error the same letter; in this way a portion of the correcting composition, having the form of the typed letter is detached and adhers to the sheet of paper.
  • the correct letter is then typed, in the usual way, on this layer of the correcting composition, using the inked ribbon.
  • Typewriting ribbons made up, partly of an inked ribbon and partly of a correcting ribbon for cancelling the typing errors, are already known through the U.S. Pats. Nos. 3,114,447 and 3,143,200.
  • a second carrier sheet for the correcting composition is applied, and,
  • a separating stripe is eventually inserted to stop the transfer of the oily substances containing the dissolved dyes into the correcting composition.
  • the main advantage of the typewriting ribbon in accordance with the invention herewith which contemporaneously serve the purpose of both typing and correcting, consists of the fact that two different coatings on one single homogeneous carrier, and, therefore, the complicated and scarcely stable, in time, products of lamination of two coatings of carrier, as different from one another as fabrics and sheets of synthetic material of the types described in the above mentioned U.S. Pats, are no longer necessary.
  • the sheets of synthetic materials unlike the fabric ribbons, may be produced in wide strips, there is also the possibility of applying, in one single phase, by means of suitable machines, in wide strips, both the writing coating and the correcting coating.
  • the homogeneous carrier coating is made of a film of resistant synthetic material, preferably a polyester or polypropylene on which a coat of polymer has been applied.
  • This under-coat of vinylidenic polymer improves the adhesion to the carrier of the inked coating and of the correcting composition coating.
  • oil index it is generally meant an index for the amount of oil (generally linseed oil) needed to completely wet the pigment particles.
  • the typewriting ribbons in accordance with the invention are characterized by the fact that the carrier is made of a sheet of synthetic material with a substantially waterproof surface, preferably provided with an under-coat of vinylidenic polymer, and that the correcting composition, applied in a coat corresponding to about l0-l5g/m of dry substance, contains: as a pigment, about 75-98 percent, by weight, of titanium bioxide with an oil index between 30 and 60; as a binder, about 05-10 percent, by weight, of at least one rubber-like resin having a molecular weight of at least 2,000, essentially completely soluble in the organic solvents, producing a low viscosity solution, and 0.5-2 percent by weight of a wetting agent.
  • the correcting coat still more superficially resistant to friction, it is preferred to add to the composition 1-10 percent, by weight, of microtalcum.
  • the pigments used in accordance with the invention are available in commerce: let us mention, for instance, the pigment produced by the Titangesellschaft m.b.H.(Leverkusen), under the trade name of KRONOS RN 44; the high oil index is the result of a special process applied to the surface, i.e. the modification of the single crystals of titanium bioxide.
  • the hiding power of the pigment thus treated is considerably increased, so that the thickness of the coat of correcting composition can be maintained by about 20-40 percent under that of the well known correcting sheets.
  • the percentage of binder, purely suspended or swollen, may be lowered and therefore, the percentage content of dissolved binder may be increased, without causing the adherence of the coating to become so high as to damage its transfer capacity, i.e. the coating remains microporous;
  • the thickness of the coat may be reduced so that the coating becomes more elastic and more resistant to the formation of creases
  • the capacity to receive fresh typing is also increased because of the lesser thickness of the hiding coat.
  • the correcting ribbon can adhere better to the sheet to be corrected.
  • Resins having a rubber-like consistency, having a molecular weight of over 2,000, used as binders, in accordance with this invention must essentially be completely soluble in the organic solvents used in the preparation of the correcting composition, and capable of producing, together with these, practically low viscosity solutions.
  • the rubber that may be used in accordance with this invention are for instance: polyvinylisobutylether, polychloroprene, polyethylene chlorosulphonate, butyl rubber, polyisobutylene, polyacrylic resins, polystyrene, styrene copolymers.
  • Methylenchloride ethylene trichloride, toluene, ethyl acetate and others are suitable as solvents.
  • Lecithin and fatty acids of a high molecular weight and with an appropriate number of carbon atoms above l8, such as, for instance, beenic acid, are, in accordance with this invention, preferably used as wetting agents.
  • the correcting compositions in accordance with the invention may moreover contain about 05-10 percent, by weight, of at least one hard resin soluble in the organic solvent used, as for instance, a phenolic resin modified with colophony, a ketonic resin, chlorinated rubber, cyclized rubber or polyvinylic resins.
  • a hard resin soluble in the organic solvent used as for instance, a phenolic resin modified with colophony, a ketonic resin, chlorinated rubber, cyclized rubber or polyvinylic resins.
  • Cellulose derivatives such as ethyl cellulose or cellulose butyrate-acetate, are the preferred hard resins.
  • the correcting compositions may also contain about ll percent, by weight of a hard wax, of a hard parafin or a polyvalent soap which is insoluble or only partly soluble in the organic solvent.
  • a hard wax of a hard parafin or a polyvalent soap which is insoluble or only partly soluble in the organic solvent.
  • examples of such compounds are hard ceresine, purified montan wax, hydrocarbon waxes.
  • the polyvalent metallic soaps those particularly preferred are aluminum soaps, such as aluminum stearate.
  • a particularly advantageous result is obtained by adding to the correcting composition up to about percent, by weight, of an polyisobutylene having an average molecular weight of about 3,000, as it explicates the function of a plasticizer and enhances the capacity of the correcting composition, when applied to the typing paper, to receive fresh typing without favoring the oozing through of the ink.
  • Particularly suitable inks are self-regenerative inks of the type described in Italian Patent No. 810,175.
  • the films then runs through a hot air tunnel in which the temperature is progressively raised from 40 to 60 C.
  • the length of the tunnel is regulated in function of the characteristics of the ink in such a manner that the inked strips are perfectly dry when leaving the tunnel.
  • the carrier film is then run through a device identical to the first one but in which the position of the grooves on the inking cylinder is inverted in relation to that of the cylinder of the first device, in such a way that this time the suspension is applied on the strips of the carrier which have remained bare in the first treatment.
  • This second device is used for applying the hiding white paste.
  • the film having regular strips of the desired width alternatively coated with ink and with hiding composition, is then run through yet another drying tunnel and then through a cutting machine where the single typewriting ribbons, to the desired width, are obtained.
  • composition an adsorbent medium preferably a derivative of v montmorillonite, as for instance the product of the reaction of quaternary alkyl-ammonium bases with the montmorillonite.
  • adsorbent media enhance the capacity of the correcting compositions to stop the bleeding of the ink from the letters typed in error and which are under the hiding coat.
  • the correcting compositions in accordance with the invention may be obtained in a simple manner, by thoroughly mixing, for example in a ball mill, the various components of the correcting composition with organic solvents such as trichloroethylene, ethylene or methylene chloride, toluene, ethyl acetate or even mixtures of such solvents; the mixture is then diluted with the organic solvent to a fluid consistency and applied in the desired thickness onto the carrier.
  • organic solvents such as trichloroethylene, ethylene or methylene chloride, toluene, ethyl acetate or even mixtures of such solvents
  • the process of the invention consists in running a reel of carrier film covered with an adhesive undercoat, over an inking roller with peripheral grooves, ofa circular crossection, parallel to each other, of a set width and at Should one prefer to make single ribbons directly, in widths from 8 to 40mm, the inking cylinders will obviously have only one projecting part and only one groove of the width of the inked strip and of the hiding composition strip, of the ribbon being produced.
  • 1 represents the inking cylinder
  • 2 is the proportionating cylinder
  • 3 the cylinder that dips into chamber 4 containing the ink.
  • Film 5 after having been guided by appropriate rollers in contact with roller 1, is run through, always by means of appropriate rollers, a hot air tunnel which is not shown. It then enters a device identical to the one described, which is also not shown, where the white hiding paste is applied and dried.
  • FIG. 2 is a side view of an inking cylinder for multiple ribbons which will subsequently be cut into single ribbons by an appropriate cutting machine
  • FIG. 3 is a side view of an inking cylinder for making single ribbons.
  • the carrier films are to be 10-25 ,u. thick which is equivalent to 18-70 g/m
  • the under-coating required to make both the ink and the white correcting paste adhere to the carrier is preferably made up of polyvinylidene chloride.
  • This under-coating is applied in the form of a suspension in a suitable solvent, preferably acetone and/or methyl-ethylketone, containing small percentages of a plasticizer and of a stabilizer of the suspension in thicknesses equivalent to 6-20 g/ 2.
  • a suitable solvent preferably acetone and/or methyl-ethylketone
  • the suspensions applied have solid concentrations of 10-15 percent.
  • EXAMPLE 1 A suspension containing polyvinylidene chloride (F/220 type of Union CARBIDE) 98.9 pp triphenylphosphate 1.0 pp phosphoric acid .1 pp acetone 800 pp was applied on a Mylar (Registered Trade Mark) film 50 cm wide and weighing 50 g/m After drying, an under-coating of 15 g/m thick, of the above mentioned composition, remains on the carrier film.
  • polyvinylidene chloride F/220 type of Union CARBIDE
  • triphenylphosphate 1.0 pp phosphoric acid .1 pp acetone 800 pp was applied on a Mylar (Registered Trade Mark) film 50 cm wide and weighing 50 g/m After drying, an under-coating of 15 g/m thick, of the above mentioned composition, remains on the carrier film.
  • the film thus treated is run over an inking cylinder having alternating projections and grooves 6.5mm wide, in such a way that strips of ink 6.5mm wide alternate with bare strips of the film also 65mm wide.
  • the self-regenerative ink applied has the following composition:
  • lecithin very pure, free of oil
  • titanium bioxide having an oil index of about 40 (KRONOS RN 44) produced by Titangesellschaft mbH Leverkusen,
  • the film now completely covered, runs through another air tunnel where it is being dried in mild conditions, i.e. at temperatures not exceeding 60 C. and then through a cutting machine where it is cut into 13mm ribbons.
  • Both the inked coat and the white correcting coat have a uniform thickness of l5,u..
  • EXAMPLE 2 A typewriting ribbon has been partially coated following the process if Example 1 with a correcting composition consisting of:
  • EXAMPLE 3 A typewriting ribbon has been partially coated, following the process of Example 1, with a correcting composition consisting of 20 parts, by weight, of a 2 percent solution of butyl rubber in trichloroethylene; 2 parts by weight of cellulose acetate butyrate; 1 part by weight of lecithin, 50 parts by weight of titanium bioxide (RN 44) and 80 parts by weight of trichloroethylene.
  • EXAMPLE 4 A typewriting ribbon has been partially coated, following the process of Example 1 with a correcting composition comprising 10 parts by weight of a 10 percent solution of polyvinylisobutylether in trichloroethylene; 25 parts by weight of a 5% solution of ethylcellulose in trichloroethylene; 5 parts by weight of Al monobehenate; 1 part by weight of lecithin; 3 parts by weight of Bentone; 50 parts by weight of titanium bioxide (RN 44) and parts by weight of trichloroethylene.
  • a correcting composition comprising 10 parts by weight of a 10 percent solution of polyvinylisobutylether in trichloroethylene; 25 parts by weight of a 5% solution of ethylcellulose in trichloroethylene; 5 parts by weight of Al monobehenate; 1 part by weight of lecithin; 3 parts by weight of Bentone; 50 parts by weight of titanium bioxide (RN 44) and parts by weight of trichloroethylene.
  • a typewriting ribbon having a coating thereon for the correction of typing errors and comprising a support member formed of a synthetic polymer film having a substantially im permeable surface, an undercoat of vinylidenic polymer being formed on the substantially impermeable surface of said support member, a coating of an ink composition deposited on a portion of the transverse surface of said undercoat and a coating of a microporous correcting composition deposited on the remainder of the transverse surface of said undercoat for providing co-extending continuous bands of inking and correcting compositions thereon, and said coating of a correcting composition having a thickness corresponding to 10 15g/m of dry substance and comprising as a pigment -98 percent, by weight, of titanium bioxide having an oil index of between 30 and 60, as a binder about 05-10 percent, by weight, of at least one rubber-like resin having a molecular weight over 2000 and being substantially completely soluble in organic solvents, and a wetting agent of about 0.5-2 percent by weight.
  • a typewriting ribbon as set forth in claim 1, wherein said undercoat of vinylidenic polymer consists essentially of polyvinylidene chloride.
  • a typewriting ribbon as set forth in claim 1, wherein said correcting composition comprises 05-10 percent, by weight, of at least one hard resin soluble in organic solvents.
  • a typewriting ribbon as set forth in claim 3, wherein said hard resin is a cellulose derivative.
  • a typewriting ribbon as set forth in claim 1, wherein said wetting agent in said correcting composition consists of one of lecithin and a fatty acid of a high molecular weight.
  • a typewriting ribbon as set forth in claim 1, wherein said correcting composition comprises about 1-1 0 percent, by weight, of one of a hard wax, a hard paraffin, and a hard polyvalent soap, which are at most only partly soluble inorganic solvents.
  • a typewriting ribbon as set forth in claim 1, wherein said correcting composition comprises about 5 percent by weight, of polyisobutylene having an average molecular weight of about 3,000.
  • a typewriting ribbon as set forth in claim 1, wherein said correcting composition comprises a derivative of montmorillonite acting as an absorbent medium.
  • a typewriting ribbon as set forth in claim 1, wherein said correcting composition comprises about 1-10 percent by weight of microtalcum.
  • a typewriting ribbon as set forth in claim 1, wherein said support member is formed of a sheet of one of polyester and polypropylene.
  • a process for manufacturing typewriter ribbons used for typing ink characters and for correcting typing errors by applying a covering composition comprising covering the transverse surface of a synthetic polymer film support member with an undercoat of a vinylidenic polymer, drying the undercoat, applying a coating of ink to a portion of the transverse undercoated surface of the support member in at least one longitudinally extending strip leaving the remainder of the transverse surface uncoated, drying the ink coating, coating the remainder of the transverse surface of the support member with a typing error covering composition containing titanium bioxide pigments having an oil index between 30 and 60, and drying the covering composition.
  • a process, as set forth in claim 14, wherein the correcting composition comprises about 0.5-10 percent, by weight of a hard resin soluble in organic solvents.
  • the correcting composition comprises about l-lO percent by weight of one of a hard wax, a hard paraffin, and a polyvalent metallic salt which are at most only partly soluble in organic solvents.
  • the correcting composition comprises about 5 percent by weight of a polyisobutylene having an average molecular weight of about 3,000.

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  • Impression-Transfer Materials And Handling Thereof (AREA)
  • Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
  • Thermal Transfer Or Thermal Recording In General (AREA)
  • Duplication Or Marking (AREA)
US3664869D 1968-01-24 1969-01-23 Typewriter ribbons having correction coating and method of making Expired - Lifetime US3664869A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT1193568 1968-01-24
IT2509668 1968-12-14

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US3664869A true US3664869A (en) 1972-05-23

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US (1) US3664869A (en))
AT (1) AT302382B (en))
BE (1) BE727404A (en))
CH (1) CH510523A (en))
DE (2) DE6902468U (en))
FR (1) FR2000685A1 (en))
GB (1) GB1265810A (en))
NL (1) NL6901223A (en))
SE (1) SE339013B (en))

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3924728A (en) * 1974-02-04 1975-12-09 Columbia Ribbon Carbon Mfg Pressure-adhesive correction materials and method for producing same
US3937178A (en) * 1972-10-30 1976-02-10 Columbia Ribbon And Carbon Manufacturing Co., Inc. Film inking system
US3997498A (en) * 1975-07-24 1976-12-14 Xerox Corporation Non-smudge correction fluid
US4006267A (en) * 1974-11-19 1977-02-01 Xerox Corporation Color highlighting process
US4034843A (en) * 1974-11-22 1977-07-12 Columbia Ribbon And Carbon Manufacturing Co., Inc. Split correction ribbon and method
US4093772A (en) * 1977-01-31 1978-06-06 Burroughs Corporation Pressure-activated and non-tacky lift-off element and process therefor
US4950536A (en) * 1987-10-02 1990-08-21 Caribonum Limited Pressure-activatible lift-off correcting tape
US5221577A (en) * 1990-10-05 1993-06-22 Fuji Kagakushi Kogyo Co., Ltd. Transfer tape for masking correction
DE102019202643B4 (de) 2018-03-13 2025-01-16 Tombow Pencil Co., Ltd. Druckempfindliches Übertragungskorrekturband

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IL42642A (en) * 1972-08-03 1976-11-30 Ibm Transfer medium for imprinting adhesively eradicable ink layer
DE3741022C3 (de) * 1987-12-03 1994-12-22 Pelikan Ag Mehrschichtiges, flexibles Übertragungsband

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3034918A (en) * 1960-08-30 1962-05-15 Royal Mcbee Corp Transfer sheet having completely transferable coating
US3114447A (en) * 1961-04-04 1963-12-17 William H Wolowitz Ribbon for typing and obliterating
US3141539A (en) * 1962-02-08 1964-07-21 Wolowitz William Howard Typewriter ribbon for selectively typing and obliterating
US3143200A (en) * 1962-07-17 1964-08-04 Gutman Benjamin Error correcting typewriter ribbon
US3328190A (en) * 1963-12-23 1967-06-27 Oxford Paper Co Transfer coating
US3459127A (en) * 1967-02-08 1969-08-05 Victor Barouh Methods of correcting typing errors

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3034918A (en) * 1960-08-30 1962-05-15 Royal Mcbee Corp Transfer sheet having completely transferable coating
US3114447A (en) * 1961-04-04 1963-12-17 William H Wolowitz Ribbon for typing and obliterating
US3141539A (en) * 1962-02-08 1964-07-21 Wolowitz William Howard Typewriter ribbon for selectively typing and obliterating
US3143200A (en) * 1962-07-17 1964-08-04 Gutman Benjamin Error correcting typewriter ribbon
US3328190A (en) * 1963-12-23 1967-06-27 Oxford Paper Co Transfer coating
US3459127A (en) * 1967-02-08 1969-08-05 Victor Barouh Methods of correcting typing errors

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3937178A (en) * 1972-10-30 1976-02-10 Columbia Ribbon And Carbon Manufacturing Co., Inc. Film inking system
US3924728A (en) * 1974-02-04 1975-12-09 Columbia Ribbon Carbon Mfg Pressure-adhesive correction materials and method for producing same
US4006267A (en) * 1974-11-19 1977-02-01 Xerox Corporation Color highlighting process
US4034843A (en) * 1974-11-22 1977-07-12 Columbia Ribbon And Carbon Manufacturing Co., Inc. Split correction ribbon and method
US3997498A (en) * 1975-07-24 1976-12-14 Xerox Corporation Non-smudge correction fluid
US4093772A (en) * 1977-01-31 1978-06-06 Burroughs Corporation Pressure-activated and non-tacky lift-off element and process therefor
US4950536A (en) * 1987-10-02 1990-08-21 Caribonum Limited Pressure-activatible lift-off correcting tape
US5221577A (en) * 1990-10-05 1993-06-22 Fuji Kagakushi Kogyo Co., Ltd. Transfer tape for masking correction
DE102019202643B4 (de) 2018-03-13 2025-01-16 Tombow Pencil Co., Ltd. Druckempfindliches Übertragungskorrekturband

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CH510523A (fr) 1971-07-31
BE727404A (en)) 1969-07-01
DE6902468U (de) 1969-09-25
SE339013B (en)) 1971-09-27
GB1265810A (en)) 1972-03-08
DE1903224C3 (de) 1975-07-03
AT302382B (de) 1972-10-10
DE1903224B2 (de) 1972-11-30
DE1903224A1 (de) 1969-11-27
NL6901223A (en)) 1969-07-28
FR2000685A1 (en)) 1969-09-12

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