US3589364A - Bibulous cellulosic fibers - Google Patents

Bibulous cellulosic fibers Download PDF

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US3589364A
US3589364A US767035A US3589364DA US3589364A US 3589364 A US3589364 A US 3589364A US 767035 A US767035 A US 767035A US 3589364D A US3589364D A US 3589364DA US 3589364 A US3589364 A US 3589364A
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fibers
bibulous
water
fibrous
linked
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Walter Lee Dean
George Nathan Ferguson
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Georgia Pacific Nonwovens LLC
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Buckeye Cellulose Corp
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/01—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with natural macromolecular compounds or derivatives thereof
    • D06M15/03—Polysaccharides or derivatives thereof
    • D06M15/05—Cellulose or derivatives thereof
    • D06M15/07—Cellulose esters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
    • A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
    • A61L15/22—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons containing macromolecular materials
    • A61L15/28—Polysaccharides or their derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B11/00—Preparation of cellulose ethers
    • C08B11/02—Alkyl or cycloalkyl ethers
    • C08B11/04—Alkyl or cycloalkyl ethers with substituted hydrocarbon radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B11/00—Preparation of cellulose ethers
    • C08B11/02—Alkyl or cycloalkyl ethers
    • C08B11/04—Alkyl or cycloalkyl ethers with substituted hydrocarbon radicals
    • C08B11/10—Alkyl or cycloalkyl ethers with substituted hydrocarbon radicals substituted with acid radicals
    • C08B11/12—Alkyl or cycloalkyl ethers with substituted hydrocarbon radicals substituted with acid radicals substituted with carboxylic radicals, e.g. carboxymethylcellulose [CMC]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B15/00—Preparation of other cellulose derivatives or modified cellulose, e.g. complexes
    • C08B15/10—Crosslinking of cellulose
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M13/10—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing oxygen
    • D06M13/11—Compounds containing epoxy groups or precursors thereof
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M13/10—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing oxygen
    • D06M13/184—Carboxylic acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof
    • D06M13/207—Substituted carboxylic acids, e.g. by hydroxy or keto groups; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof
    • D06M13/21—Halogenated carboxylic acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S604/00—Surgery
    • Y10S604/904—Tampons

Definitions

  • the bibulous cellulosic fibers are sub- 1 296 stantially water-insoluble, wet cross-linked fibrous salts of carbox methyl cellulose having a sufficiently high degree of car- [56] References Cm boximethyl substitution to insure water solubility in the UNITED STATES/PATENTS absence of cross-linking.
  • the bibulous cellulosic fibers are 2,486,805 1 [/1949 Seymour et al, 128/287 produced under conditions which preserve the fibrous form of 2,971,815 2/1961 Bullock et al 8/1 16.2 the cellulose fiber raw material.
  • This invention relates to the production of bibulous cellulosic fibers by chemically modifying cellulosic fibers to produce wet cross-linked and etherified cellulosic fibers which are substantially water-insoluble and manifest their original fibrous structure. More particularly, the invention relates to the provision of substantially water-insoluble, wet cross-linked fibrous salts of carboxymethyl' cellulose which display improved absorbency and retention characteristics for aqueous solutions, including physiological solutions, and impart these characteristics to fibrous structures in which they are included.
  • the invention in one of its more important embodiments, consists of wet cross-linked fibrous salts of carbox' ymethyl cellulose which display their original cellulosic fibrous form and have a sufficiently high degree of substitution (DS) to be normally water-soluble, which fibrous salts of carboxymethyl cellulose have been wet cross-linked to achieve substantial water insolubility.
  • DS degree of substitution
  • Such substantially water-insoluble, wet cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose fibers are particularly adapted by their unique intrafiber absorbency for and retention of aqueous solutions for either use or admixture in effective amount in fibrous structures, including surgical dressing, surgical sponges, filters, catamenial napkins, tampons and diapers containing in effective amount the substantially water-insoluble, wet cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose fibers of this invention.
  • the disclosed bibulous fibers also exhibit a particular and unique absorbent affinity for dilute aqueous solutions of salts and other physiological solu tions.
  • the disclosed bibulous fibers exhibit the capability of absorbing and retaining virtually all of the undissolved water from substantially immiscible aqueous systems comprised of water together with at least one hydrocarbon such as chloroform, gasoline, benzene, toluene, kerosene, xylene, pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, and longer chain length saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons of this type.
  • hydrocarbon such as chloroform, gasoline, benzene, toluene, kerosene, xylene, pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, and longer chain length saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons of this type.
  • absorbent papers designated as blotting papers, filter papers, paper towelings and sanitary tissues are, in general, charac' terized by being produced in a soft, loosely felted condition to maximize absorbency.
  • absorbent papers are generally unsized and are also often accorded a creping or other mechanical treatment after drying to further enhance and increase subjective softness and absorbency.
  • the individual fibers from which such absorbent papers are produced are carefully selected for their contribution to the absorbency characteristics of such papers.
  • Such individual fibers can be and are selected from rag fibers, high alpha wood and cotton linter fibers, ground wood fibers and mixtures thereof, and minor amounts of other fibers, for example crimped staple rayon fibers, can be incorporated to enhance structure. Further, such selected fibers in a furnish for producing absorbent papers are usually beaten lightly, if at all, to maximize the absorbency characteristics of the resulting papers, wadding and felted products.
  • Paperrnaking fibers specifically cotton linter fibers and woodpulp fibers, have further been cross-linked without etherification prior to their inclusion in papermaking furnishes according to the teaching of U.S. Pat. No, 3,069,311 1, issued to John A. Harpham and Harry W. Turner on Dec. 18, 1962.
  • US. Pat. No. 3,241,553, issued to Fred H. Steiger on Mar. 22, 1966 discloses the cross-linking of cellulosic fibers, including cotton, wood pulp, cotton linter and regenerated cellulosic fibers, while they are in a wet swollen condition, to improve the fluid absorbency and fluid retention characteristics of fibrous structures from such fibers for body fluids.
  • Cotton fabrics and fabrics woven of other cellulosic fibers have also been accorded a measure of crease resistance by treatments with both a polyfunctional agent for cross-linking, for example epichlorohydrin and formaldehyde, and a monofunctional agent for either of etherification or esterification, for example monochloroacetic acid as disclosed in US. Pat. No. 2,971 ,815, issued to Austin L. Bullock and John D. Guthrie on Feb. 14, 1961.
  • the resulting carboxymethylated cellulosic fibers are then wet crosslinked to insure substantial water insolubility and retention of fibrous form in use.
  • FIG. I is a graph which relates the D5 of examples of the present wet cross-linked fibrous carboxymethyl cellulose fibers to their intrafiber absorbency as measured by Water Retention Value (WRV);
  • WRV Water Retention Value
  • FIG. 2 is a graph which relates the D5 of examples of the present wet cross-linked fibrous carboxymethyl cellulose fibers to their intrafiber absorbency as measured by Salt Water Retention Value (SRV).
  • SSV Salt Water Retention Value
  • comparative fibers are also plotted on FIGS. l and 2 in order to illustrate the high degree of absorbency exhibited by the present bibulous fibers in comparison with other fibers.
  • Such substantially water-insoluble, wet cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose fibers exhibit a WRV of about 900 to about 3,400 and a SRV of about 400 to about 1,500 in the stated DS range of about 0.4 to about 1.6.
  • WRVs of about 1,100 to about 3,400 and SRVs of about 400 to about 1,500 are achieved.
  • Fibrous salts of water-soluble carboxymethyl cellulose having DSs in excess of about 1.6 can be used, although, as a practical matter, the increased absorbency gained through the use of such high DS material is difficult to justify versus the increased chemical costs for etherification and cross-linking.
  • Potassium sodium and lithium salts of fibrous water-soluble carboxymethyl cellulose are suitable for wet cross-linking in practicing the present invention; and, although the invention will hereinafter be illustrated in terms of fibrous water-soluble salts of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), it will be appreciated and understood that other fibrous water-soluble salts of carboxymethyl cellulose, for example ammonium salts of fibrous water-soluble carboxymethyl cellulose, can be employeci.
  • the necessary wet cross-links can be introduced into water swollen fibrous NaCMC by treatment with a suitable cellulosic cross-linking reagent, selected from the group enumerated hereinbelow, but preferably epichlorohydrin.
  • Suitable cellulosic fibers for carboxymethylation and wet crosslinking to form the present bibulous fibers are cotton, wood pulp and rayon fibers, although lesser used cellulosic fibers, for example cellulosic fibers attained from straw, esparto grass, bagasse and other cellulosic fibers will be found to increase in absorbency.
  • Such slurry processes have the advantage, in the preparation of the instant bibulous fibers, that they can be easily controlled and operated to produce NaCMC having a DS in the range of about 0.4 to about 1.6 and in the preferred range of about 0.6 to about 1.2 in the fibrous form of the original cellulose raw material as required for production of the fibrous wet cross-linked NaCMC product of the present invention.
  • the production of NaCMC fibers having DSs of less than about 0.8 can be accomplished in one etherification stage, but the achievement of DS's in excess of about 0.8 is more easily accomplished and controlled by the use of at least two etherification stages.
  • the fibrous water-soluble NaCMC with D5 of about 0.4 to about 1.6 is then treated in the wet or swollen state with a suitable cellulosic cross-linking agent to introduce, engender or cause sufficient intrafiber cross-links to be formed so that the fibrous NaCMC becomes substantially insoluble in water. It is also possible to reduce the water solubility of bibulous fibers for particular applications by extracting crude bibulous fiber products with water prior to their use as fibers or admixture fibers in fibrous products.
  • Suitable cross-linking reagents for use in producing the water-insoluble intrafiber crosslinked NaCMC product are, for example, epichlorohydrin and formaldehyde, and the type and amount of intrafiber crosslinking is derived from an amount of cross-linking agent sufficient to provide about one cross-link per about six to about l9 anhydroglucose units, with the cross-links having been introduced into the cellulose or cellulose derivative while it is in the wet state.
  • the required cross-linking is accomplished by reaction with about 3 percent to about 10 percent preferably about 3 percent to about 7 percent, by weight of epichlorohydrin based on the dry weight of the original cellulose fiber.
  • the bibulous fibers of the present invention are substantially water-insoluble.
  • bibulous fibers having water solubilities of less than about 30 percent do not inhibit the penetration of liquid into fibrous structures in which they are present and do not interfere with the increased total absorbency of such structures.
  • the present bibulous fibers would be found almost totally insoluble if the etherification and wet cross-linking reactions were homogeneous in nature.
  • cellulosic fibers having varying degrees of polymerization enter into the wet cross-linking and etherification reactions, so that a degree of heterogeneity together with some solubility results in the resulting bibulous fibers.
  • FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings which graphically relates to the carboxymethyl D5 of fibrous NaCMC wet cross-linked to substantial water insolubility with epichlorohydrin to fiber absorbency in terms of the Water Retention Value/I (WRV/100) as defined below, applicants have discovered that the ability of wet cross-linked NaCMC fibers to retain water is greatly improved as the D8 of the cross-linked NaCMC exceeds about 0.4.
  • the graph points are identified as bibulous fibers in the following examples. Higher DSs up to about l.6 are also shown to be related to desirable and increased WRV values.
  • Applicants further prefer to produce the present bibulous fibers by wet cross-linking NaCMC fibers having a D of about 0.6 to about 1.2 because they have found, as illustrated by the graphed values of FIG. I, that bibulous fibers in this DS range achieve the most advantage in increased absorbency versus production difficulties and chemical economies.
  • the inclusion of these illustrations in FIG. 1 serves to illustrate the large increase in absorbency achieved in the present bibulous fibers over previous absorbent fibers.
  • the upper solid line represents the curve for bibulous fiber examples having a lower epichlorohydrin treatment of about 3 percent while the lower dotted line represents the curve for bibulous fiber examples having an epichlorohydrin treatment of about 5 percent.
  • the area between the two lines encompasses advantageous bibulous fiber products, and increased amounts of epichlorohydrin treatment, as stated before, will result in only a slight downward displacement of the dotted line.
  • FIG. 2 graphically relates the carboxymethyl D8 of fibrous NaCMC wet cross-linked to substantial water insolubility with epichlorohydrin to its fiber absorbency in terms of the Salt Water Retention Value/I00 (SRV/IOO), as defined below. Illustrations 1, 2 and 3 are included for comparison as in FIG. I, and it is noted that an aqueous solution containing 1 percent by weight of salt displays absorbent properties similar to physiological solutions such as urine, menstrual blood and blood.
  • Suitable cross-linking reagents for use in preparing the present fibers are, for example, bis-epoxypropyl ether, dichloroethane, divinyl sulfone, epichlorohydrin, ethylene glycol-bis-epoxypropyl ether, formaldehyde, vinyl cyclohexene dioxide, l,3-dichloro-2-propanol, l,3-di(B-hydroxy-F- chloropropoxy)-2-propanol, l,2-di( B-hydroxy-F- chloropropoxy)ethane, l,2:3,4-diepoxybutane, I ,2:5,6- diepoxyhexane, 2,3-dibromo-l-propanol, 2,3-dichlor
  • the wet cross-linking necessary to result in substantial water insolubility can result from the treatment of NaCMC fibers, slurried in inert organic diluent and swollen in the presence of minor but swelling amounts of water, with about 3 percent to about 10 percent, preferably about 3 percent to about 7 percent, based on the weight of the original cellulose in the NaCMC of epichlorohydrin under alkaline conditions for about 24 hours at a temperature of about 25 C.
  • Formaldehyde cross-linking can e accomplished by treating swollen fibrous NaCMC fibers under acidic conditions with a dilute aqueous solution of formaldehyde.
  • Cross-linking of the cellulose raw material in its original fibrous and unmodified form can be accomplished by the foregoing treatment with epichlorohydrin or formaldehyde, and this treatment can be followed by etherification to result in the present bibulous fibers.
  • simultaneous crosslinking and etherification is, in general and for example, carried out by treating water-swollen cellulose fibers with epichlorohydrin and with monochloroacetic acid in the presence of a slight excess of sodium hydroxide in an inert organic diluent or slurry medium.
  • Other carboxymethylating agents known in the art can be used to effect the required etherification.
  • the D5 of carboxymethyl cellulose is the number of carboxymethyl groups per anhydroglucose unit of cellulose.
  • the analytical method employed herein was authored by Karin Wilson and published in Svensk Papperstidning, 63, pp. 714-- IS (1960). This method has been accepted as giving correct results for grades of carboxymethyl cellulose varying widely in D8 and purity.
  • NaCMC is given an initial treatment with I N HCl in order to destroy any carbonates present, and if the sample is other than NaCMC, it must be converted to NaCMC or the procedure must be modified.
  • the I N HCl treatment is followed by neutralization of the remaining l-ICl with a I N aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.
  • the purified NaCMC, or wet cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose fibrous material, in the sample is then isolated quantitatively by adding ethyl alcohol to result in a final alcohol concentration of percent by volume.
  • the carboxymethyl cellulose, precipitated from the 80 percent by volume ethyl alcohol solution, is then washed free of NaCl, first with 80 percent by volume ethyl alcohol and then with percent by volume ethyl alcohol.
  • the remaining precipitate sample consisting of purified carboxymethyl cellulose, is subsequently dried, weighed and ashed at 575 C.
  • the sodium carbonate thus obtained is titrated to a methyl red end point with standard sulfuric acid.
  • the DS is the calculated as fol lows:
  • a m H SO4 H2SO4 NaCMC The WRVs reported herein were determined by a procedure in which samples of bibulous fibers weighing from about 0.05 grams to about 0.30 grams are soaked in milliliters of water in a covered container for at least 16 hours at room temperature. In this procedure for the determination of absorbency, subsequent to the soaking period, the soaked bibulous fibers are collected on a filter, lightly squeezed and then transferred to 80-mesh screen baskets which are supported oneshalf inch above the bottom of metal centrifuge tubes. The tubes are covered with plastic covers, and the samples are centrifuged at a relative centrifugal force of l,500 to 1,700 gravities for 20 minutes.
  • the centrifuged samples are removed rapidly from the scrcensby means of tweezers to tared weighing bottles and weighed. The weighed samples are then dried to constant weight at l 10 C. and reweighed.
  • the WRV is calculated as follows:
  • the reaction mixture was then cooled and neutralized with acetic acid, and the fibrous product was collected by deposition on a screen.
  • the wet cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose fibers, collected on the screen as bibulous fibers, were washed with 76 percent by weight (80/20 vol/vol) aqueous methanol.
  • the washed wet crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose fibers were then transferred to percent methanol and dried therefrom.
  • the resulting bibulous fibers were tested according to the methods and determinations detailed above, and were determined to have a DS of 0.47, an SRV of 590, a WRV of 1,650 and a solubility (1 percent NaCl) of 5.7 percent.
  • the essentially water-insoluble cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose fiber product was found to be highly absorbent and wasjudged suitable for inclusion in the fibrous structure of absorbent surgical dressings, catamenial napkins, tampons and bandage pads.
  • bibulous fibers of examples l -Vlll were highly absorbent with respect to aqueous solutions. including physiological solutions and blood, and wcrejudgcd highly suitable for inclusion in fibrous structure of absorbent surgical dressings, catamenial napkins, tampons and bandage pads.
  • EXAMPLE 1X Eighteen hundred and sixty-five grams of sheeted purified wood pulp were steeped in a steeping press in 25 liters of 8 percent by weight sodium hydroxide at room temperature for 45 minutes. The steeped sheets were then pressed to a press weight ratio of alkali cellulose weight to weight of air dry wood pulp sheets (PWR) of 2.5, and the pressed sheets were shredded in a BakePPerkins sigma blade shredder at room temperature for a period of 45 minutes.
  • PWR air dry wood pulp sheets
  • the slurry was then brought to a neutral pH by the addition of acetic acid, and the resulting wet cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose fibers were then collected on a screen.
  • the collected bibulous fibers were washed with 76 percent by weight aqueous methanol (80/20 alcohol/water, vol/vol) solution. The washed bibulous fibers were then transferred to 100 percent methanol and dried therefrom.
  • the dried cross-linked bibulous fibers were tested according to the method detailed above, and were determined to have a D5 of 0.90, an SRV of 1,460, a WRV of 3030 and a solubility (1 percent NaCl) of 16.1 percent.
  • the bibulous fibers of example IX judged on the basis of the above test procedures, were highly suitable for inclusion into fiber mixtures intended for use in tampons, surgical dressings and absorbent pads.
  • bibulous fibers were prepared by the two-stage etherification procedure of example [X at higher and lower 05: and cross-linking by regulating the amounts of cross-linking and etherification agents employed. These samples had the characteristics given in table 11 below.
  • the wet cross-linked modified cellulosic fibers of examples lX-XVl have a higher DS than achieved with a single stage of etherification in examples l-Vlll, and it is noted that the SRV and WRV values for the higher DS wet cross-linked modified celluloses also tend to be increased.
  • the wet cross-linked modified cellulosic fibers of examples IXXV[ were found, like the wet cross-linked modified celluloses of examples l- Vlll to be highly absorbent for aqueous solutions, including physiological solutions and blood, and were judged to be highly suitable for inclusion in the fibrous structure of absorbent surgical dressings, catamenial napkins, tampons, bandage pads and articles of like use.
  • the substitution of potassium, lithium or ammonium salts of fibrous carboxymethyl cellulose in the preparation of the bibulous fibers of examples l-XVI and other bibulous fibers will result in fibers with similar characteristics.
  • EXAMPLE XVII Thirty-two and two-tenths grams of purified wood pulp fibers were suspended in 1,428 milliliters of 2-propanol and 164 milliliters of water in a 2-liter round-bottomed flask and stirred together while the solution temperature was increased to 44 C. Seventeen and five-tenths grams of sodium hydroxide in 31 milliliters of water were then added to the stirred mixture over a period of 10 minutes. The resulting fibrous slurry was stirred for 30 minutes during which time the slurry temperature was gradually raised to 65 C. After the 30- minute stirring period a solution of 18.8 grams of monochloroacetic acid in 67.5 milliliters of 2-propanol was added to the slurry.
  • the temperature of the solution was then increased to 71-74 C., and the resulting slurry reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours.
  • a small sample of the fibrous CMC was collected by screening, neutralized with acetic acid and washed with a 76 percent by weight aqueous methanol (80/20 alcohol/water, vol/vol) solution.
  • the fibrous carboxymethyl cellulose product was soluble in water and had a D5 of 0.68, although it was maintained in fibrous form in the alcohol solution.
  • the resulting wet cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose fibers were collected on a screen, neutralized with acetic acid, washed with 76 percent by weight methanol and thereafter dried from percent methanol.
  • the bibulous fiber product of this example XVII was determined to have a D8 of 0.69, SRV of 1340, a WRV of 3,550 and a solubility (1 percent NaCl) of 19.6 percent.
  • the bibulous fibers as shown by the test results were highly absorbent, with particular regard to their affinity for physiological solutions, and were eminently suitable for inclusion in tampons and surgical dressings.
  • EXAMPLE XVIII Thirty-two and two-tenths grams of wood pulp fibers were slurried in 1,428 milliliters of 2-propanol and 164 milliliters of water contained in a 2-liter round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer. The fibrous slurry was stirred while raising the solution temperature to 44 C. Seventeen and fivetenths grams of aqueous sodium hydroxide in 31 milliliters of water were added to the stirred mixture over a l-minute period. The resulting mixture was stirred for 30 minutes during which time the solution temperature was gradually raised to 65 C.
  • the resulting cross-linked modified cellulosic fibers were collected on a screen, neutralized with acetic acid, washed with 76 percent by weight methanol and thereafter dried from 100 percent methanol.
  • the bibulous fiber product was determined to have a D8 of 0.7 l an SRV of 1,265 a WRV of 2,950
  • bibulous fibers of example XVlll were highly absorbent and hydrophilic in nature and were suitable for fibers for use in fibrous structures such as surgical dressings, tampons, catamenial napkins, etc. where absorbency for aqueous and physiological solutions is a desirable factor.
  • test tampons were made including amounts of the presently. disclosed fibers.
  • the tampons were constructed from rayon staple fiber mats having a basis weight of about 2.5 ounces per square yard.
  • the rayon staple fiber mat was in the form of garnetted, cross-lapped needlepunched matting prepared from crimpcd rayon staple fibers having a denier of 3 and a length of 19/16 inches.
  • the bibulous fibers of the present invention were in individual fibrous form, having been run through an attrition mill and sifted through a l4-mesh Rotap screen to break up fiber clumps.
  • test tampons were prepared by cutting squares of the rayon mat to a dimension of 10 inches X 10 inches.
  • a rayon mat-bibulous fiber stack was then developed by laying down a 10 inch X 10 inch square of'the rayon mat and sifting 1.5 grams of the bibulous fibers uniformly thereon through a 14- mesh Rotap screen. After sifting the 1.5 grams of bibulous fibers on the rayon mat, another 10 inch X 10 inch square of rayon mat was laid on top of the sifted bibulous fibers, and another 1.5 grams of bibulous fibers were sifted onto the new rayon mat.
  • the tampon swatches were then further formed into finished tampons by attaching a withdrawal string to the middle of the tampon swatch and then folding over the cut tampon swatch to a 3-inch length.
  • the test swatches were conditioned to a moisture content of about 18 percent, and the final swatch weight before die pressing about 3.5 grams.
  • the so-formed and folded tampon swatches comprising prefonned fibrous bodies were compressed in a cylindrical die, and the sides of the tampons were roughened or abraded by rolling the tampons between two strips of card clothing, spaced 0.5 inches apart.
  • the finished length of the tampons was approximately 1.80 inches and the diameter was approximately 0.45 inches.
  • Comparative tampons were formed in the described manner from rayon alone, i.e., from five layers of rayon fiber mat, and from rayon and bibulous fibers.
  • test tampons were placed for testing within the confines of a balloonlike rubber membrane fixed inside a glass jacket.
  • the tampons were positioned so that about one-quarter inch of their proximal or internal ends were lying on top of a hypodermic needle which was positioned in the bottom of the rubber membrane and through which test fluid was emitted to the test sample in the artificial vagina formed by the rubber membrane.
  • the distal end of the tampons, or the end with withdrawal string attached, was then about 2.5 inches from the artificial vagina opening and the withdrawal string extended outwardly through the opening.
  • the test fluid had the following composition:
  • This fluid is considered equal in average viscosity and solids content to menstrual and other physiological fluids.
  • test tampons containing bibulous fibers in an amount equal to about 15 percent of their weight were at least 37 percent more effective in total absorbency than the comparative test tampon not containing bibulous fibers.
  • additional weight percentages of bibulous fibers will increase the total absorbency of such test products, but it is considered that the inclusion of 15 percent by weight bibulous fibers is sufficient to result in a tampon product which exhibits substantially more total absorbency than products presently available on the market and is characterized by a considerably reduced failure rate.
  • Tampon failure is defined herein as failure to contain menstrual flow during use.
  • EXAMPLE XX In order to ascertain the effectiveness of the present bibulous fibers when used in surgical dressings, catamenial napkins and absorbent pads, a 0.5 gram sample of the bibulous fibers of this invention, choosing specifically the bibulous fibers of example XI, were formed into an 2 inch X 2 inch absorbent pad. The bibulous fibers in the pad exhibited a D5 of 0.79. an SRV of l370, a WRV of 3480 and a solubility in l percent by weight aqueous NaCl of 16.6 percent.
  • the 2 inch X 2 inch absorbent pad of bibulous fibers was completely saturated with whole human blood by adding blood dropwisc until excess blood flowed from the pad.
  • the excess blood in the saturated pad was pressed out under a pressure of 1 pound per square-inch on the fiber pad during a 3-minute period between blottcrs, The blotters were changed, to present fresh blotting surfaces, as they took up the excess blood in the pad.
  • the weight of blood retained in the pad per gram of air dry bibulous fiber was calculated.
  • the pad of this example IX formed of bibulous fibers retained 9.3 grams of blood per gram of bibulous fiber. Table V below compares the blood retention of the bibulous fibers of this example X] with othenfibers commonly used in absorbent pads and tested by the procedure of this example:
  • the bibulous fibers of example X1 exhibited better than three times the blood retention capacity of the best of the other commonly employed fibers tested.
  • other bibulous fibers are prepared according to the present disclosure and' tested for the retention of blood, menstrual fluids, 1 percent by weight aqueous salt solutions and other physiological solutions and for the retention of water, similarly enhanced and improved results will be obtained.
  • EXAMPLE XXI In order to ascertain the effectiveness of the present bibu lous fibers in absorbing and retaining undissolved water from substantially immiscible aqueous systems comprised of water together with at least one hydrocarbon, 7 grams of the bibulous fibers of example ll were packed into a cylinder having an inside diameter of 2 inches and a height of 7 inches. Three and one-half liters of gasoline containing, as entrained fluid, 50 grams of water per liter of gasoline was passed through the cylinder. The gasoline passed through the cylinder while the water was absorbed and remained therein, as evidenced by a water content of 0.01 percent by weight in the gasoline passing though the cylinder.
  • Substantially water-insoluble, wet cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose fibers having a WRV of about 900 to about 3,400 and a SRV of about 400 to about 1,500 and manifesting their native cellulosic fiber structure, for use in fibrous structures for the absorption and retention of aqueous solutions, which substantially water-insoluble, wet cross-linked fibers of carboxymethyl cellulose have a degree of substitution of about 0.4 to about 1.6.
  • Substantially water-insoluble, epichlorohydrin wet crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose fibers having a WRV of about 900 to about 3,400 and a SRV of about 400 to about 1,500 and manifesting their native cellulosic fiber structure, for use in fibrous structures for the absorption of aqueous solutions, which substantially water-insoluble, epichlorohydrin wet cross-linked fibers of carboxymethyl cellulose have a degree of substitution of about 0.4 to about 1.6.
  • An absorbent fibrous structure comprising a preformed absorbent pad, containing in effective amount the substantially water-insoluble carboxymethyl cellulose fibers of claim 2.
  • the absorbent fibrous structure of claim 3 which is a catamenial napkin.
  • Theabsorbent fibrous structure of claim 3 which is a diaper.
  • the absorbent fibrous structure of claim 3 which is a filter for removing undissolved water from substantially immiscible aqueous systems comprised of water together with at least one hydrocarbon.
  • Substantially water-insoluble, wet cross'linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose fibers having a WRV of about 1,100 to about 3,400 and a SRV of about 400 to about 1,500 and manifesting their native cellulosic fiber structure, for use in fibrous structures for the absorption of physiological solutions, which substantially water-insoluble, wet cross-linked fibers of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose have a degree of substitution of about 0.6 to about 1.2.
  • a tampon comprising a preformed fibrous body compressed in cylindrical form, containing in effective amount the substantially water-insoluble, wet cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose fibers of claim

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US4256111A (en) * 1973-10-01 1981-03-17 Kimberly-Clark Corporation Filaments of chemically modified cellulose fibers and webs and products formed therefrom
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US4068068A (en) * 1975-05-05 1978-01-10 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Process for the manufacture of water-absorbing cellulose ethers
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NL164564B (nl) 1980-08-15
DE1912740B2 (de) 1978-09-07
NL6903846A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-09-16
FR2003895B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-11-16
GB1236313A (en) 1971-06-23
BE729636A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-09-10
CH491140A (de) 1970-07-15
CH381769A4 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-07-15
SE385013B (sv) 1976-05-31
FR2003895A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-11-14
DE1912740A1 (de) 1969-10-09
JPS5452189A (en) 1979-04-24

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