US3455681A - Stainless steel - Google Patents
Stainless steel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3455681A US3455681A US716981A US3455681DA US3455681A US 3455681 A US3455681 A US 3455681A US 716981 A US716981 A US 716981A US 3455681D A US3455681D A US 3455681DA US 3455681 A US3455681 A US 3455681A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- steel
- steels
- test
- titanium
- resistance
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 10
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 title description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 80
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 80
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 20
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 18
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 14
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000004584 weight gain Effects 0.000 description 6
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229910000669 Chrome steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001208 Crucible steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003749 cleanliness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- NKAAEMMYHLFEFN-UHFFFAOYSA-M monosodium tartrate Chemical compound [Na+].OC(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O NKAAEMMYHLFEFN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/34—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/28—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with titanium or zirconium
Definitions
- This invention relates to a ferritic stainless steel adapted for use in the manufacture of automobile mufflers and and other exhaust-system components of internal-combustion engines.
- the steel contains chromium in an amount of 11 to 14% along with up to 0.08% carbon, up to 0.05% nitrogen, 0.4 to 0.7% titanium, up to 1.5% aluminum and with silicon present within the range of 0.80 to 2% and the balance iron.
- Our preferred steels have substantial advantage over the straight-chromium steel now most commonly used for automotive muffiers. There are several properties that are pertinent to the performance of a steel in a mufller or exhaust-system part, and the preferred steels of this invention substantially equal or surpass the known steel in respect to all of them.
- the known steel with which the steels of our invention will be compared is designated E-2 and has the following composition: 0.08% max. car-bon, 0.60% max. manganese, 0.025% max. phosphorus, 0.025% max. sulfur, 0.50% max. silicon, 10.50 to 11.50% chromium, titanium in an amount of six times the carbon content to 0.70%, balance iron.
- One pertinent property is resistance to dilute acids such as HBr when the steel is repeatedly exposed thereto, heated, and cooled.
- One way of evaluating this property is the Walker test. It is conducted by subjecting a specimen 2 inches wide, 4 inches long, 0.036 inch thick to a number of cycles as described below, e.g., 13 cycles, and determining the percent weight loss. Each cycle comprises: (1) dipping for eight seconds in an aqueous solution heated to 180- 190 F. and composed of 10 parts 5 N H 50 parts 1 N HBr and 980 parts deionized H O, all parts by volume, (2) suspending in vapor emanating from said solution for 59 minutes and 52 seconds, (3) repeating steps (1) and (2) additional times, and (4) baking the specimens at 480-490 F.
- CRL scaling-resistance test Another test is the CRL scaling-resistance test. Test coupons having a surface area of about 0.26 square decimeter are abraded with 120-grit paper, degreased, and then tested, using 20 cycles of 20 minutes at 1200 F. followed by 10 minutes of air cooling. The weight gain per surface area is determined. E2 steel exhibits a weight gain of 2.6 milligrams per square decimeter; our preferred steels are superior, with a weight gain of about 1.5 to 2.3 milligrams per square decimeter.
- steels exhibiting a value over 0.250 in. in the as-welded condition have some useful formability after being welded, but steels exhibiting greater values, such as 0.290 in. or greater, are to be preferred, other things being equal.
- the steels of our invention differ from the abovementioned E-2 steel principally in that they contain greater amounts of silicon.
- silicon additions promote the oxidation resistance of straight-chrome stainless steels (Armstrong [18. Patent No. 1,322,511, issued in 1919)
- it was soon thereafter discovered that silicon had a detrimental effect upon formability after a welding operation and the art has looked away from making silicon additions as a way om improving the properties of the low-cost straightchrome ferritic stainlesssteels such as E-2 steel, chiefly because they are so frequently used in the form of strip, sheet, plate or other flat-rolled mill products subsequently intended to be welded without becoming too brittle to preclude further fabrication thereafter.
- the steel be fully ferritic. That is, it is not sufficient that the chemical composition of the steel satisfies one of the aboveindicated sets of ranges; rather, it is also essential that the contents of the austenite-promoting elements (carbon, nitrogen, nickel, manganese, and copper be so proportioned with respect to the contents of the ferritestabilizing elements (chromium, titanium, silicon, aluminum, and molybdenum that the steel exhibits a fully ferritic microstructure in both the as-annealed and the as-welded condition. Otherwise, difiiculties are encountered that make the steel unsuitable for a great number of its intended applications.
- the steel When the contents of the austenite-promoting elements are slightly too high, the steel may be fully ferritic in the as-annealed condition, but when it is welded, some of the steel in the vicinity of the weld is transformed, first to austenite and then, upon cooling, to a low-carbon martensite that is substantially harder and less ductile than the surrounding ferrite. Thus, the steel loses its good formability in the welded condition. With higher contents of austenite-promoting elements, the steel may become partly martensitic, and consequently, less readily formable, even in the as-annealed condition, and subsequent welding may worsen the formability further.
- steels with the two microstructural components, ferrite and martensite tend in other respects, such as corrosion resistance in acids and oxidation resistance, to be inferior to fully ferritic steels. Accordingly, we limit our invention to the fully ferritic steels having compositions within the ranges stated above.
- the chromium content is necessarily held within the broad limits specified above. At low chromium contents, the steel loses its resistance to corrosion by chlorides. At high chromium contents, the steel becomes more costly to produce. Very small differences in cost per pound amount to considerable sums of money when a steel is used in large volume, e.g., for making the mufllers of seipral million automobiles per year. Moreover, steels of higher chromium content cannot be produced by modern oxygen-blowing steelmaking methods so efliciently as can steels of lower chromium content; more chromium is lost to the slag by oxidation.
- Low titanium contents harm the general corrosion resistance (dilute acids, chlorides) and the atmospheric corrosion resistance.
- the titanium present is insufficient to react with the carbon present, martensite can be formed, particularly after welding, and the steel will show reduced formability and lower corrosion resistance.
- high titanium contents harm the elevated, temperature oxidation resistance of the steel and. may introduce added difiiculties, such as increasing the tendency for the occurrence of inclusions.
- Low carbon contents are desirable, but in general the carbon content of these steels cannot be lowered below about 0.04% by known steelmaking methods without using special practices that add undesirably to the cost of the steel.
- High carbon contents such as 0.10%, tend to deprive the steel of its fully ferritic microstructure and its resistance to salts and acids.
- Nitrogen in amounts greater than about 0.05% tends to deprive the steel of its fully ferritic microstructure.
- Manganese, nickel, sulfur and phosphorus may be present in our steels at the ordinary impurity levels for straight-chrome steels.
- the copper content should be limited to a maximum of 0.2% to preserve a fully ferritic structure.
- molybdenum, columbium, tantalum, vanadium, and tungsten may be present in small amounts up to 1% for special purposes.
- Steel AB 12 which is essentially the same as AB 50 with titanium added, is the E-2 steel. It falls far short of equaling the properties of steels of our invention. Steel AB 45 is very close in composition to Steel AB 17, but it is a little too low in titanium and high in carbon, with the result that does not remain fully ferritic and fails in the as-welded Olsen Cup test. Steel AB is too low in silicon and gives poor values in the scaling-resistance test. Steel 148051 is not fully ferritic and fails in the Olsen Cup test.
- Table 'III presents the results of tests of oxidation resistance conducted at higher temperatures, namely, 1500 F. and 1700 F.
- the tests were conducted by exposing samples to still air at the above-mentioned temperatures for five 20-hour cycles (100 hours in all) and determining the weight gain per unit surface area.
- Fully ferritic stainless steel having good formability both before and after being welded, as well as good resistance to oxidation and good resistance to corrosion by acids and chlorides, said steel consisting essentially of about:
- said steel having good formability both before and after being welded, as well as good resistance to oxidation and good resistance to corrosion by acids and chlorides, said steel consisting essentially of about:
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Sheet Steel (AREA)
- Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US49062865A | 1965-09-27 | 1965-09-27 | |
| US57784366A | 1966-09-08 | 1966-09-08 | |
| US71698168A | 1968-03-28 | 1968-03-28 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3455681A true US3455681A (en) | 1969-07-15 |
Family
ID=31950554
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US716981A Expired - Lifetime US3455681A (en) | 1965-09-27 | 1968-03-28 | Stainless steel |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3455681A (enrdf_load_html_response) |
| AT (1) | AT295567B (enrdf_load_html_response) |
| BE (1) | BE687375A (enrdf_load_html_response) |
| FR (1) | FR1517767A (enrdf_load_html_response) |
| GB (1) | GB1112632A (enrdf_load_html_response) |
| SE (1) | SE320512B (enrdf_load_html_response) |
Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3607246A (en) * | 1969-02-26 | 1971-09-21 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Ferritic stainless steel |
| US3607237A (en) * | 1969-02-26 | 1971-09-21 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Ferritic stainless steel |
| US3850703A (en) * | 1971-07-14 | 1974-11-26 | Allegheny Ludlum Ind Inc | Stainless steel of improved ductility |
| US3926624A (en) * | 1972-03-17 | 1975-12-16 | Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp | Production of ferritic stainless steels containing zirconium |
| US3963532A (en) * | 1974-05-30 | 1976-06-15 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Fe, Cr ferritic alloys containing Al and Nb |
| JPS52123917A (en) * | 1976-04-12 | 1977-10-18 | Nippon Steel Corp | 13cr stainless steel with excellent corrosion resistance |
| DE3029658A1 (de) * | 1979-08-06 | 1981-02-26 | Armco Inc | Ferritischer stahl |
| DE3612655A1 (de) * | 1985-04-16 | 1986-10-16 | Aichi Steel Works, Ltd., Tokai, Aichi | Weichmagnetischer rostfreier stahl |
| EP0273973A4 (en) * | 1986-03-04 | 1989-06-21 | Kawasaki Steel Co | STAINLESS STEEL MARTENSITE STEEL WITH EXCELLENT OXYDATION RESISTANCE, PROCESSABILITY AND CORROSION RESISTANCE AND PRODUCTION PROCESS. |
| EP0758685A1 (en) * | 1995-08-14 | 1997-02-19 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Fe-Cr alloy exhibiting excellent ridging resistance and surface characteristics |
| FR2776671A1 (fr) * | 1998-03-31 | 1999-10-01 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Aciers faiblement allies anti-cokage |
| US6444168B1 (en) | 1998-03-31 | 2002-09-03 | Institu Francais Du Petrole | Apparatus comprising furnaces, reactors or conduits used in applications requiring anti-coking properties and novel steel compositions |
| US20060002813A1 (en) * | 2004-07-02 | 2006-01-05 | Hoganas Ab | Stainless steel powder |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS51104424A (ja) * | 1975-03-13 | 1976-09-16 | Nippon Steel Corp | Yosetsunetsueikyobuga enjinhaigasugyoketsusuinyoru tairyukaifushokuseinisugureta fueraitokeisutenresuko |
| US4929289A (en) * | 1988-04-05 | 1990-05-29 | Nkk Corporation | Iron-based shape-memory alloy excellent in shape-memory property and corrosion resistance |
| CA1323511C (en) * | 1988-04-05 | 1993-10-26 | Hisatoshi Tagawa | Iron-based shape-memory alloy excellent in shape-memory property, corrosion resistance and high-temperature oxidation resistance |
| DE68906836T2 (de) * | 1988-07-26 | 1993-09-09 | Kawasaki Steel Co | Hochstrahlungsintensiver und hochkorrosionsfester strahler im fernen infrarotbereich und verfahren zu seiner herstellung. |
| AU661626B2 (en) * | 1993-02-12 | 1995-07-27 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Metallic honeycomb for use as catalyst and process for producing the same |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2024561A (en) * | 1934-04-09 | 1935-12-17 | Electro Metallurg Co | Heat treatment of chromium alloy steels |
| US2139538A (en) * | 1934-05-24 | 1938-12-06 | Union Carbide & Carbon Corp | Chromium alloy steel tube |
| US2736649A (en) * | 1953-12-04 | 1956-02-28 | United States Steel Corp | Ferritic stainless steel |
| US2848323A (en) * | 1955-02-28 | 1958-08-19 | Birmingham Small Arms Co Ltd | Ferritic steel for high temperature use |
| US3250611A (en) * | 1963-04-10 | 1966-05-10 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Corrosion-resisting steel and method of processing |
-
1966
- 1966-09-23 FR FR77525A patent/FR1517767A/fr not_active Expired
- 1966-09-26 GB GB42834/66A patent/GB1112632A/en not_active Expired
- 1966-09-26 AT AT901666A patent/AT295567B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1966-09-26 SE SE12951/66A patent/SE320512B/xx unknown
- 1966-09-26 BE BE687375D patent/BE687375A/xx unknown
-
1968
- 1968-03-28 US US716981A patent/US3455681A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2024561A (en) * | 1934-04-09 | 1935-12-17 | Electro Metallurg Co | Heat treatment of chromium alloy steels |
| US2139538A (en) * | 1934-05-24 | 1938-12-06 | Union Carbide & Carbon Corp | Chromium alloy steel tube |
| US2736649A (en) * | 1953-12-04 | 1956-02-28 | United States Steel Corp | Ferritic stainless steel |
| US2848323A (en) * | 1955-02-28 | 1958-08-19 | Birmingham Small Arms Co Ltd | Ferritic steel for high temperature use |
| US3250611A (en) * | 1963-04-10 | 1966-05-10 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Corrosion-resisting steel and method of processing |
Cited By (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3607246A (en) * | 1969-02-26 | 1971-09-21 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Ferritic stainless steel |
| US3607237A (en) * | 1969-02-26 | 1971-09-21 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Ferritic stainless steel |
| US3850703A (en) * | 1971-07-14 | 1974-11-26 | Allegheny Ludlum Ind Inc | Stainless steel of improved ductility |
| US3926624A (en) * | 1972-03-17 | 1975-12-16 | Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp | Production of ferritic stainless steels containing zirconium |
| US3963532A (en) * | 1974-05-30 | 1976-06-15 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Fe, Cr ferritic alloys containing Al and Nb |
| JPS52123917A (en) * | 1976-04-12 | 1977-10-18 | Nippon Steel Corp | 13cr stainless steel with excellent corrosion resistance |
| DE3029658A1 (de) * | 1979-08-06 | 1981-02-26 | Armco Inc | Ferritischer stahl |
| DE3612655A1 (de) * | 1985-04-16 | 1986-10-16 | Aichi Steel Works, Ltd., Tokai, Aichi | Weichmagnetischer rostfreier stahl |
| EP0273973A4 (en) * | 1986-03-04 | 1989-06-21 | Kawasaki Steel Co | STAINLESS STEEL MARTENSITE STEEL WITH EXCELLENT OXYDATION RESISTANCE, PROCESSABILITY AND CORROSION RESISTANCE AND PRODUCTION PROCESS. |
| EP0758685A1 (en) * | 1995-08-14 | 1997-02-19 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Fe-Cr alloy exhibiting excellent ridging resistance and surface characteristics |
| US5662864A (en) * | 1995-08-14 | 1997-09-02 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Fe-Cr alloy exhibiting excellent ridging resistance and surface characteristics |
| FR2776671A1 (fr) * | 1998-03-31 | 1999-10-01 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Aciers faiblement allies anti-cokage |
| EP0949347A1 (fr) * | 1998-03-31 | 1999-10-13 | Institut Français du Pétrole | Utilisation d'aciers faiblement alliés dans des applications impliquant des propriétés anti-cokage |
| US6235238B1 (en) | 1998-03-31 | 2001-05-22 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Apparatus comprising furnaces, reactors or conduits having internal walls comprising at least partly of a steel alloy |
| US6444168B1 (en) | 1998-03-31 | 2002-09-03 | Institu Francais Du Petrole | Apparatus comprising furnaces, reactors or conduits used in applications requiring anti-coking properties and novel steel compositions |
| US20060002813A1 (en) * | 2004-07-02 | 2006-01-05 | Hoganas Ab | Stainless steel powder |
| US7473295B2 (en) * | 2004-07-02 | 2009-01-06 | Höganäs Ab | Stainless steel powder |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BE687375A (enrdf_load_html_response) | 1967-03-01 |
| SE320512B (enrdf_load_html_response) | 1970-02-09 |
| AT295567B (de) | 1972-01-10 |
| GB1112632A (en) | 1968-05-08 |
| FR1517767A (fr) | 1968-03-22 |
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