US3455681A - Stainless steel - Google Patents
Stainless steel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3455681A US3455681A US716981A US3455681DA US3455681A US 3455681 A US3455681 A US 3455681A US 716981 A US716981 A US 716981A US 3455681D A US3455681D A US 3455681DA US 3455681 A US3455681 A US 3455681A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- steel
- steels
- test
- titanium
- resistance
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/34—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/28—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with titanium or zirconium
Definitions
- This invention relates to a ferritic stainless steel adapted for use in the manufacture of automobile mufflers and and other exhaust-system components of internal-combustion engines.
- the steel contains chromium in an amount of 11 to 14% along with up to 0.08% carbon, up to 0.05% nitrogen, 0.4 to 0.7% titanium, up to 1.5% aluminum and with silicon present within the range of 0.80 to 2% and the balance iron.
- Our preferred steels have substantial advantage over the straight-chromium steel now most commonly used for automotive muffiers. There are several properties that are pertinent to the performance of a steel in a mufller or exhaust-system part, and the preferred steels of this invention substantially equal or surpass the known steel in respect to all of them.
- the known steel with which the steels of our invention will be compared is designated E-2 and has the following composition: 0.08% max. car-bon, 0.60% max. manganese, 0.025% max. phosphorus, 0.025% max. sulfur, 0.50% max. silicon, 10.50 to 11.50% chromium, titanium in an amount of six times the carbon content to 0.70%, balance iron.
- One pertinent property is resistance to dilute acids such as HBr when the steel is repeatedly exposed thereto, heated, and cooled.
- One way of evaluating this property is the Walker test. It is conducted by subjecting a specimen 2 inches wide, 4 inches long, 0.036 inch thick to a number of cycles as described below, e.g., 13 cycles, and determining the percent weight loss. Each cycle comprises: (1) dipping for eight seconds in an aqueous solution heated to 180- 190 F. and composed of 10 parts 5 N H 50 parts 1 N HBr and 980 parts deionized H O, all parts by volume, (2) suspending in vapor emanating from said solution for 59 minutes and 52 seconds, (3) repeating steps (1) and (2) additional times, and (4) baking the specimens at 480-490 F.
- CRL scaling-resistance test Another test is the CRL scaling-resistance test. Test coupons having a surface area of about 0.26 square decimeter are abraded with 120-grit paper, degreased, and then tested, using 20 cycles of 20 minutes at 1200 F. followed by 10 minutes of air cooling. The weight gain per surface area is determined. E2 steel exhibits a weight gain of 2.6 milligrams per square decimeter; our preferred steels are superior, with a weight gain of about 1.5 to 2.3 milligrams per square decimeter.
- steels exhibiting a value over 0.250 in. in the as-welded condition have some useful formability after being welded, but steels exhibiting greater values, such as 0.290 in. or greater, are to be preferred, other things being equal.
- the steels of our invention differ from the abovementioned E-2 steel principally in that they contain greater amounts of silicon.
- silicon additions promote the oxidation resistance of straight-chrome stainless steels (Armstrong [18. Patent No. 1,322,511, issued in 1919)
- it was soon thereafter discovered that silicon had a detrimental effect upon formability after a welding operation and the art has looked away from making silicon additions as a way om improving the properties of the low-cost straightchrome ferritic stainlesssteels such as E-2 steel, chiefly because they are so frequently used in the form of strip, sheet, plate or other flat-rolled mill products subsequently intended to be welded without becoming too brittle to preclude further fabrication thereafter.
- the steel be fully ferritic. That is, it is not sufficient that the chemical composition of the steel satisfies one of the aboveindicated sets of ranges; rather, it is also essential that the contents of the austenite-promoting elements (carbon, nitrogen, nickel, manganese, and copper be so proportioned with respect to the contents of the ferritestabilizing elements (chromium, titanium, silicon, aluminum, and molybdenum that the steel exhibits a fully ferritic microstructure in both the as-annealed and the as-welded condition. Otherwise, difiiculties are encountered that make the steel unsuitable for a great number of its intended applications.
- the steel When the contents of the austenite-promoting elements are slightly too high, the steel may be fully ferritic in the as-annealed condition, but when it is welded, some of the steel in the vicinity of the weld is transformed, first to austenite and then, upon cooling, to a low-carbon martensite that is substantially harder and less ductile than the surrounding ferrite. Thus, the steel loses its good formability in the welded condition. With higher contents of austenite-promoting elements, the steel may become partly martensitic, and consequently, less readily formable, even in the as-annealed condition, and subsequent welding may worsen the formability further.
- steels with the two microstructural components, ferrite and martensite tend in other respects, such as corrosion resistance in acids and oxidation resistance, to be inferior to fully ferritic steels. Accordingly, we limit our invention to the fully ferritic steels having compositions within the ranges stated above.
- the chromium content is necessarily held within the broad limits specified above. At low chromium contents, the steel loses its resistance to corrosion by chlorides. At high chromium contents, the steel becomes more costly to produce. Very small differences in cost per pound amount to considerable sums of money when a steel is used in large volume, e.g., for making the mufllers of seipral million automobiles per year. Moreover, steels of higher chromium content cannot be produced by modern oxygen-blowing steelmaking methods so efliciently as can steels of lower chromium content; more chromium is lost to the slag by oxidation.
- Low titanium contents harm the general corrosion resistance (dilute acids, chlorides) and the atmospheric corrosion resistance.
- the titanium present is insufficient to react with the carbon present, martensite can be formed, particularly after welding, and the steel will show reduced formability and lower corrosion resistance.
- high titanium contents harm the elevated, temperature oxidation resistance of the steel and. may introduce added difiiculties, such as increasing the tendency for the occurrence of inclusions.
- Low carbon contents are desirable, but in general the carbon content of these steels cannot be lowered below about 0.04% by known steelmaking methods without using special practices that add undesirably to the cost of the steel.
- High carbon contents such as 0.10%, tend to deprive the steel of its fully ferritic microstructure and its resistance to salts and acids.
- Nitrogen in amounts greater than about 0.05% tends to deprive the steel of its fully ferritic microstructure.
- Manganese, nickel, sulfur and phosphorus may be present in our steels at the ordinary impurity levels for straight-chrome steels.
- the copper content should be limited to a maximum of 0.2% to preserve a fully ferritic structure.
- molybdenum, columbium, tantalum, vanadium, and tungsten may be present in small amounts up to 1% for special purposes.
- Steel AB 12 which is essentially the same as AB 50 with titanium added, is the E-2 steel. It falls far short of equaling the properties of steels of our invention. Steel AB 45 is very close in composition to Steel AB 17, but it is a little too low in titanium and high in carbon, with the result that does not remain fully ferritic and fails in the as-welded Olsen Cup test. Steel AB is too low in silicon and gives poor values in the scaling-resistance test. Steel 148051 is not fully ferritic and fails in the Olsen Cup test.
- Table 'III presents the results of tests of oxidation resistance conducted at higher temperatures, namely, 1500 F. and 1700 F.
- the tests were conducted by exposing samples to still air at the above-mentioned temperatures for five 20-hour cycles (100 hours in all) and determining the weight gain per unit surface area.
- Fully ferritic stainless steel having good formability both before and after being welded, as well as good resistance to oxidation and good resistance to corrosion by acids and chlorides, said steel consisting essentially of about:
- said steel having good formability both before and after being welded, as well as good resistance to oxidation and good resistance to corrosion by acids and chlorides, said steel consisting essentially of about:
Description
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US49062865A | 1965-09-27 | 1965-09-27 | |
US57784366A | 1966-09-08 | 1966-09-08 | |
US71698168A | 1968-03-28 | 1968-03-28 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3455681A true US3455681A (en) | 1969-07-15 |
Family
ID=31950554
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US716981A Expired - Lifetime US3455681A (en) | 1965-09-27 | 1968-03-28 | Stainless steel |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3455681A (en) |
AT (1) | AT295567B (en) |
BE (1) | BE687375A (en) |
FR (1) | FR1517767A (en) |
GB (1) | GB1112632A (en) |
SE (1) | SE320512B (en) |
Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3607246A (en) * | 1969-02-26 | 1971-09-21 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Ferritic stainless steel |
US3607237A (en) * | 1969-02-26 | 1971-09-21 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Ferritic stainless steel |
US3850703A (en) * | 1971-07-14 | 1974-11-26 | Allegheny Ludlum Ind Inc | Stainless steel of improved ductility |
US3926624A (en) * | 1972-03-17 | 1975-12-16 | Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp | Production of ferritic stainless steels containing zirconium |
US3963532A (en) * | 1974-05-30 | 1976-06-15 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Fe, Cr ferritic alloys containing Al and Nb |
JPS52123917A (en) * | 1976-04-12 | 1977-10-18 | Nippon Steel Corp | 13cr stainless steel with excellent corrosion resistance |
DE3029658A1 (en) * | 1979-08-06 | 1981-02-26 | Armco Inc | FERRITIC STEEL |
DE3612655A1 (en) * | 1985-04-16 | 1986-10-16 | Aichi Steel Works, Ltd., Tokai, Aichi | SOFT MAGNETIC STAINLESS STEEL |
EP0273973A1 (en) * | 1986-03-04 | 1988-07-13 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Martensitic stainless steel plate excellent in oxidation resistance, workability, and corrosion resistance, and process for its production |
EP0758685A1 (en) * | 1995-08-14 | 1997-02-19 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Fe-Cr alloy exhibiting excellent ridging resistance and surface characteristics |
FR2776671A1 (en) * | 1998-03-31 | 1999-10-01 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | LOW ALLOYED ANTI-COKAGE STEELS |
US6444168B1 (en) | 1998-03-31 | 2002-09-03 | Institu Francais Du Petrole | Apparatus comprising furnaces, reactors or conduits used in applications requiring anti-coking properties and novel steel compositions |
US20060002813A1 (en) * | 2004-07-02 | 2006-01-05 | Hoganas Ab | Stainless steel powder |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS51104424A (en) * | 1975-03-13 | 1976-09-16 | Nippon Steel Corp | YOSETSUNETSUEIKYOBUGA ENJINHAIGASUGYOKETSUSUINYORU TAIRYUKAIFUSHOKUSEINISUGURETA FUERAITOKEISUTENRESUKO |
US4929289A (en) * | 1988-04-05 | 1990-05-29 | Nkk Corporation | Iron-based shape-memory alloy excellent in shape-memory property and corrosion resistance |
CA1323511C (en) * | 1988-04-05 | 1993-10-26 | Hisatoshi Tagawa | Iron-based shape-memory alloy excellent in shape-memory property, corrosion resistance and high-temperature oxidation resistance |
DE68927391T2 (en) * | 1988-07-26 | 1997-02-20 | Kawasaki Steel Co | Highly radiation-intensive and highly corrosion-resistant radiator in the far infrared range and process for its production |
AU661626B2 (en) * | 1993-02-12 | 1995-07-27 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Metallic honeycomb for use as catalyst and process for producing the same |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2024561A (en) * | 1934-04-09 | 1935-12-17 | Electro Metallurg Co | Heat treatment of chromium alloy steels |
US2139538A (en) * | 1934-05-24 | 1938-12-06 | Union Carbide & Carbon Corp | Chromium alloy steel tube |
US2736649A (en) * | 1953-12-04 | 1956-02-28 | United States Steel Corp | Ferritic stainless steel |
US2848323A (en) * | 1955-02-28 | 1958-08-19 | Birmingham Small Arms Co Ltd | Ferritic steel for high temperature use |
US3250611A (en) * | 1963-04-10 | 1966-05-10 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Corrosion-resisting steel and method of processing |
-
1966
- 1966-09-23 FR FR77525A patent/FR1517767A/en not_active Expired
- 1966-09-26 GB GB42834/66A patent/GB1112632A/en not_active Expired
- 1966-09-26 AT AT901666A patent/AT295567B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1966-09-26 BE BE687375D patent/BE687375A/xx unknown
- 1966-09-26 SE SE12951/66A patent/SE320512B/xx unknown
-
1968
- 1968-03-28 US US716981A patent/US3455681A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2024561A (en) * | 1934-04-09 | 1935-12-17 | Electro Metallurg Co | Heat treatment of chromium alloy steels |
US2139538A (en) * | 1934-05-24 | 1938-12-06 | Union Carbide & Carbon Corp | Chromium alloy steel tube |
US2736649A (en) * | 1953-12-04 | 1956-02-28 | United States Steel Corp | Ferritic stainless steel |
US2848323A (en) * | 1955-02-28 | 1958-08-19 | Birmingham Small Arms Co Ltd | Ferritic steel for high temperature use |
US3250611A (en) * | 1963-04-10 | 1966-05-10 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Corrosion-resisting steel and method of processing |
Cited By (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3607246A (en) * | 1969-02-26 | 1971-09-21 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Ferritic stainless steel |
US3607237A (en) * | 1969-02-26 | 1971-09-21 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Ferritic stainless steel |
US3850703A (en) * | 1971-07-14 | 1974-11-26 | Allegheny Ludlum Ind Inc | Stainless steel of improved ductility |
US3926624A (en) * | 1972-03-17 | 1975-12-16 | Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp | Production of ferritic stainless steels containing zirconium |
US3963532A (en) * | 1974-05-30 | 1976-06-15 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Fe, Cr ferritic alloys containing Al and Nb |
JPS52123917A (en) * | 1976-04-12 | 1977-10-18 | Nippon Steel Corp | 13cr stainless steel with excellent corrosion resistance |
JPS5614140B2 (en) * | 1976-04-12 | 1981-04-02 | ||
DE3029658A1 (en) * | 1979-08-06 | 1981-02-26 | Armco Inc | FERRITIC STEEL |
DE3612655A1 (en) * | 1985-04-16 | 1986-10-16 | Aichi Steel Works, Ltd., Tokai, Aichi | SOFT MAGNETIC STAINLESS STEEL |
EP0273973A1 (en) * | 1986-03-04 | 1988-07-13 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Martensitic stainless steel plate excellent in oxidation resistance, workability, and corrosion resistance, and process for its production |
EP0273973A4 (en) * | 1986-03-04 | 1989-06-21 | Kawasaki Steel Co | Martensitic stainless steel plate excellent in oxidation resistance, workability, and corrosion resistance, and process for its production. |
EP0758685A1 (en) * | 1995-08-14 | 1997-02-19 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Fe-Cr alloy exhibiting excellent ridging resistance and surface characteristics |
US5662864A (en) * | 1995-08-14 | 1997-09-02 | Kawasaki Steel Corporation | Fe-Cr alloy exhibiting excellent ridging resistance and surface characteristics |
FR2776671A1 (en) * | 1998-03-31 | 1999-10-01 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | LOW ALLOYED ANTI-COKAGE STEELS |
EP0949347A1 (en) * | 1998-03-31 | 1999-10-13 | Institut Français du Pétrole | Use of steels with low content of alloying elements for applications involving non-coking properties |
US6235238B1 (en) | 1998-03-31 | 2001-05-22 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Apparatus comprising furnaces, reactors or conduits having internal walls comprising at least partly of a steel alloy |
US6444168B1 (en) | 1998-03-31 | 2002-09-03 | Institu Francais Du Petrole | Apparatus comprising furnaces, reactors or conduits used in applications requiring anti-coking properties and novel steel compositions |
US20060002813A1 (en) * | 2004-07-02 | 2006-01-05 | Hoganas Ab | Stainless steel powder |
US7473295B2 (en) * | 2004-07-02 | 2009-01-06 | Höganäs Ab | Stainless steel powder |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BE687375A (en) | 1967-03-01 |
SE320512B (en) | 1970-02-09 |
AT295567B (en) | 1972-01-10 |
GB1112632A (en) | 1968-05-08 |
FR1517767A (en) | 1968-03-22 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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AS | Assignment |
Owner name: COLT INDUSTRIES OPERATING CORP. Free format text: MERGER AND CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE CENTER COMPANY (INTO) CRUCIBLE INC. (CHANGED TO);REEL/FRAME:004120/0308 Effective date: 19821214 |
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Owner name: CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, PENNSYLVANIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:COLT INDUSTRIES OPERATING CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004194/0621 Effective date: 19831025 Owner name: CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A DE CORP. Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:COLT INDUSTRIES OPERATING CORP.;REEL/FRAME:004194/0621 Effective date: 19831025 |
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Owner name: MELLON BANK, N.A. FOR THE CHASE MANHATTAN BANK (NA Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004490/0452 Effective date: 19851219 Owner name: CHASE MANHATTAN BANK, THE (NATIONAL ASSOCIATION) A Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004490/0452 Effective date: 19851219 Owner name: MELLON FINANCIAL SERVICES CORPORATION Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004490/0410 Effective date: 19851219 Owner name: MELLON BANK, N.A. AS AGENT FOR MELLON BANK N.A. & Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CRUCIBLE MATERIALS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.;REEL/FRAME:004490/0410 Effective date: 19851219 |