US3004703A - Calculating machine with polarized relays - Google Patents

Calculating machine with polarized relays Download PDF

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Publication number
US3004703A
US3004703A US445069A US44506954A US3004703A US 3004703 A US3004703 A US 3004703A US 445069 A US445069 A US 445069A US 44506954 A US44506954 A US 44506954A US 3004703 A US3004703 A US 3004703A
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United States
Prior art keywords
contacts
relays
group
denomination
windings
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Expired - Lifetime
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US445069A
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English (en)
Inventor
Hoppe Walter
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
El Re Ma S A Per Io Sfruttamen
El-Re-Ma S A Per Io Sfruttamento Di Brevetti
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El Re Ma S A Per Io Sfruttamen
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F7/00—Methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled
    • G06F7/38—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation
    • G06F7/40—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation using contact-making devices, e.g. electromagnetic relay
    • G06F7/44—Multiplying; Dividing
    • G06F7/443—Multiplying; Dividing by successive additions or subtractions
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F7/00—Methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled
    • G06F7/38—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation
    • G06F7/40—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation using contact-making devices, e.g. electromagnetic relay
    • G06F7/42—Adding; Subtracting

Definitions

  • More particularlythe invention concerns an electrical calculating machine controlled by current impulses, comprising at least three groups of contacts for introducing into the machine the numbers involved in an operation and for performing that operation, and a group of controls determining the kind of operation to be performed.
  • the value of the polarization windings and the air-gaps of the said elements in such a waythat the armatures when attracted are kept in the attracted position by the polarization action alone, even when the main winding is no longer excited,'until the polarization is cut off.
  • the elements used are thus selflocking, without providing special electrical or mechanicallocking devices.
  • FIGS. 1 to 9a represent various relays and groups of switching elements that can be used in the said machine.
  • FIG. 10 schematically illustrates a calculation circuit that makes it possible to perform the addition of the numbers defined in the A and B groups, the result of which is determined by the contacts of the R group.
  • FIG. 14 schematically represents a rotary commutator for producing the impulses of FIG. 13.
  • FIG. 15 shows, very schematically, how the calculating and transfer circuits are fed by an impulse generator Ig.
  • FIGS. 17 to 20 illustrate the principle of ordering the operations.
  • FIGS. 27, 28, 29, and 30 refer to a variant of the calculation and transfer circuits in which the representation of the numbers is made on the odd-even system.
  • the relay shown in FIG. 1 comprises a magnetic core 1 bearing a control winding 5, and two armatures 2 and 2a that are urged against blocks 6 and 6a by springs l and 7a.
  • Input conductors 8 and 8a in the form of wires or flexible strips are connected to these armatures, while a third input conductor 9 is connected to the core.
  • the poles of armatures 2 and 2a which are U-shaped, plunge into polarization coils 10, 11 and 10a, 11a respectively and are polarized by the latter.
  • the ampere-turns of these polarization coils are so chosen that when the effect of a polarization coil is opposed to that of the control coil, the resultant magnetic field is not sufficient to cause the attraction of an armature subjected to this field.
  • armature 2 When a current is sent to control coil 5, for example, so that core 1 has its south magnetic pole up and its north magnetic pole down, armature 2 is attracted while armature 2a is not for the upper end of armature 2 has been polarized to show a north magnetic pole, while the upper end of armature 2a has been polarized to show a south magnetic pole at its upper end. If the direction of thecurrent is reversed, either in polarization coils 10, 11, 10a and 11a, or in main coil 5, armature 2a is attracted. The armatures make theelectric contact at their two ends, in two points, which increases the certainty of this contacts functioning.
  • the contact points of the armatures are coated with a non-magnetic metal which is a good conductor, such as silver or copper, in order to assure a good electrical contact and to diminish the remanence of the magnetic circuit.
  • This relay forms a switching element that can have the following three positions:
  • Input conductor 9 is not connected to 8 and 8a.
  • the armature that has been attracted, 2 or 2a as the case may be can be maintained in its position, after the excitation of coil '5 has been broken, by the action of polarization coils 10 and 11, or 10a and 11a, respectively.
  • the attracted armatures are brought back to rest position by springs 7 and 7a.
  • FIG. 2 represents a group made up of five relays of the same kind as those shown in FIG. 1, except that in them each control coil 5 surrounds two parallel cores 1 that are magnetically and electrically insulated from each other. Each of these cores cooperates with two armatures 2 and 2a.
  • the relay shown in FIG. 3 has a core 1 surrounded by a control coil 5.
  • Polarization coils 10 and 10a are mounted on: studs 12. and. 12a, which are. separated from the core by insulating layers 13 and 13a and bear'parts 14 and 14a, on which armature/s 2 and 2a are fastened by meansof fiat springs; 15: and 15a.
  • a part 16 made of insulating material serves as a stop. for" the armatures and makes it possible to set the maximum air-gap between the latter and the core.
  • Excitation of polarizationcoils 10 and 10a polarizes the armatures, and when the current flows through control coil 5, armature 2 or 2a is attracted, according to the direction of the polarization.
  • FIGS. 4 and illustrate a relay of the same. typeas-the one. in FIG. 3,. but with an added feature, a means for showing the position of an armature.
  • the core 1 of this relay is longer and a lever 27 is attached to its end on anaxis 28 around which it can rotate.
  • a spring urges this lever against a movable stop 30 that can be shifted in the direction of arrow 31.
  • spring 29 causes lever 27 to rotate; the lower end of lever 27- then comes between armature 2 and core 1.
  • armature 2 is in attractedposition, that is, in contact with core 1, when stop 30 is shifted,'the lower end of lever 27 strikes against armaturev 2. and this. lever remains in the position shown in FIG.
  • thesewipers comprise agroup of movable points moving across fixed points and, because of the friction of'these-points against each other due to the pressure required toinsure a good electrical contact, a considerable force is required for shifting the movable points.
  • wipers whose points are not in contact during their respective movements, the contact pressure between. fixed and movable points occurring only after the latter have moved into position. Wipers of this-kind, in which the movable and immovable. points: are made of a magnetic material: and enter into magnetic circuits that can be excited by means of a winding, are described in detail in application No. 356,577, new Pat. No. 2,854,541.
  • part 70 bearing armatures 73
  • part 70 bearing armatures 73
  • FIG. .8 is a view of a variant of a relay according to FIG. 3, in which, however, polarization windings 10- and 10av have been placed close. to thefree ends: of armatures .2 and 2a;
  • FIGS. 9' and 9a represent an. assembly made up of. five relays likethe-onein FIG. 8, inasimilar way to- FIG. 2.
  • the polarization coils have been so arranged that every relay can assume five positions 0, I, II, III, IV, the. 0 position being the. rest position, in which no electrical. contact is; made.
  • connecting the polarization coils in a suitable manner makes it possible to polarize threearmatures of a group of four in one sense and the fourth in theother sense, so. that by; sending through a control current with a suitable polarity we can selectively bring about the attraction of. a single armature out of the group. of. four.
  • the five relays of this. set eachhave a core 56, 57, 58, 59 and 60. passing through mainwindings34, 35, 36, 37 and 33 respectively.
  • Each core. is designed to cooperate with. four armatures capable of entering into contact with it..
  • Core 57' cooperates with armatures 33a,,33b, 33c, 33d, which arepolarized by four coils 42, 42a, 43 and 43a. If polarization coils 41- to 46 as well as. 41a, 43a, 45a are connected inthesarne direction, while coils 42a, 44a, 46a are.
  • FIG. 10 schematically represents a calculating circuit that: makes. itpossible' to: perform: the-addition of the numbers; defined inthe A. and B groups; the result of which is defined-by the contacts: of theR group.
  • FIG- l1 shows schematically a. transfer: circuit that makes itpossibleztm transfer theresult in the R- group to the, B? group. l2..illustrates the'princiyglle of oonvertinga number into: its. nines complement;-
  • Thecalculating machinedescribed below comprises three groups of contacts A, B and R- The.
  • a group is made. up of multiple+contacts wipers such: as in. FIG. 6, while the contacts of'the B and: groups: are controlled by polarized relays with at least three positions such. as in FIGS. 1, 3 and 8.
  • the contacts of each group are capable ofdefining a: number'by'their'closed positions.
  • A- and B- groups areconnected. to the control.- w-indings: of. the relays: of the R. guoup in such. a way as to cause the. closure of. those contacts. of. the R. group thatdefine.
  • the contacts of the R group are connected to the control windings 5 of-the relays of the B group in such a way as to cause the closure of those contacts of. the, B group that define a number that will be a function of the number defined in the R group, that is, the number itself or its nines complement.
  • a calculation consists of a series of twophase elementary operations.
  • Each two-phase elementary operation itself is made up of a calculation phase and a transfer phase, the calculation phase being that in which the numbers defined in the A and B groups, whose result is defined in the R group, ar e added, while the transfer phase is that during which the result defined in the R group is transferred to the B group.
  • a relay generally has two and sometimes three control coils, which are then designated as lRi, 2R1, etc.
  • the contacts of the relays of the R group are designated in the same manner, but with an r instead of an R for their I position and an r* for their II position, these positions having been defined in connection with FIG. 1.
  • One of the directions of the windings of the control coils has not been explicitly designated on the drawing, while the opposite direction is indicated by an arrowparallel to the symbol of the coil represented.
  • reference signs are indicated for only one denomination order, as the signs for the other denomination orders are subject to the same rules.
  • an index k is added (Rik, rik), which refers to the number of the denomination row.
  • the designation 2R23 for example, refers to the second control winding of a relay of the R group, that defines the figure 2 in the third denomination row. 2R2, onthe contrary, refers to the second control coil of the relay defining the figure 2, without specifying the denomination row.
  • the designation of the index k is omitted-for the reference signs of the drawing in order to make it clearer, the indication of the denomination rows being given generally by a brace for each place. This applies equally for the designation of contacts.
  • the reference will be simplified by omitting the first figure. A single contact, for example, will be designated by ri instead of lri.
  • the control coils and contacts of the B. group are designated in the same manner, except that they have the letters B and b instead of the letters R and r.
  • the relays of the B group thus have contacts lbi, Zbi and lbi 2bi* respectively for each of the positions I and II.
  • the calculation circuit represented in FIG. 10 is that 'ofa simplified calculating machine with six denomination rows in all.
  • FIG. 11 only the circuits of the relay control coils have been shown, the polarization circuits being omitted.
  • the elements belonging to each denomination row are indicated by a brace numbered from 1 to 6.
  • the units denomination row has number one, the tens place number 2', etc.
  • the reference signs have not been indicated except for one or two of the denomination rows.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates schematically the contacts of the B group that are needed to define on the biquinary system the various digits of a denomination row, that is, the digits from zero to nine. These contacts are controlled by four relays with one, two or three control windings and polarization windings, the latter not being shown.
  • the first relay has a control winding B2 and four contacts 1b2, 2122, 1b2* and 2122*.
  • the two contacts 1b2 and 2b2-constitu-te a double contact that closes for posi tion I, that is, for a particular direction of the current in winding B2, while contacts 1b2* and 2b2* close when the direction of the current is reversed, that is, for position II.
  • contacts *1b2 and 1b2*, and M2 and 2b2*, respectively, are interconnected in such a way as to set up the same connection whatever the direction of the current is in B2. 1
  • the second relay has two windings 1B1 and 2131 wound in opposite directions and ordering two' double contacts 112 1, 2b1 or '1b1*,'2b1*, respectively.
  • the third 'relay has three windings 1B0, 2B0, 3B0 to control two double contacts 1b0, 2b0, or 1b0*, 2b0*, respectively.
  • the fourth relay is like the third, but. the index 0 is replaced by u.
  • the digits of a denomination row are defined by the closure of these contacts according to the table below:
  • the calculation circuit has two inputconductors ge and gel, which are: connected to five double contacts. 1'b0;. 2&0, lbl, 2B1, 1b 2; 2b2, 151*, 2121*, lbtli 2110*.
  • contacts. correspond to those represented in FIG. 12; butcontact's 1 52'? and 2152*, which are connected in parallel to contacts 1b2 and Zbl, have not. been shown in. order to: avoid overcrowding. the draw.-
  • the above-mentioned contacts of. the B group candefine. adigii: from.0ito 4..
  • Themovable points of the multiple-contact wiper can also-assume five different positions with respectto the hired points, so as to: define thed-igits from. 0'to.4.
  • Winding 2R0 enablesusto define the digit 0 or the digit '5 in the R group, according. to the positions of relays. Ru and Rv, which are connectedzin series inthe same denomination row. That is, windings-1R0 and 2R4 form two groups ending in two output conductors. Windings 1R0 to 1R4 are connected to one of these output conductors and windings 2R0 to 2R4 to the other. These two output conductors are connected to" two double contacts lbu, 2bu orlbu 2bu*', respectively, that have been'described in connection with FIG. 12". These contacts are connected to a multiple-contact wiper having three movable points Iamu, Zamu, 3amu, capable of assuming two positions with. respect to four fixed points 1afu, 2afu,,3.afu, 4afu.
  • Windings 1Ru, 2Ru, 1Rv and 2R v are connected to one of these output leads and. windings 2Ru and. 2R-v to the other.
  • Decimal places 2' and 3 are identical withthe first denomination row and the two input conductors of a denomination row are connected to thetwo output conductors of the" preceding denomination row;
  • Decimal places 4', 5' and 6 are: analogous to decimal places I, 2 and 3-, but only" have contacts oft-he B group, do multiplecontact wiper (-group A)-' being provided for these denomination rows, since the keyboard oi? themachine has only thre'e'columns.
  • each relay of theR group has'two. contacts riand ri* that allow the current to be sent through the windings of certain relays of the B group.
  • the windings of relays R will be traversed in one direction or the other and cause the closure of contacts ri or contacts ri Referring to FIG.
  • Contacts ri. or ri*, respectively, of a denomination row are connected to relays B of the same denomination row or the following. denomination row, respectively, so as to send the current, during a transfer phase, through the windings of those relays B that define the same number as the R relays.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Pure & Applied Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Mathematical Analysis (AREA)
  • Mathematical Optimization (AREA)
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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Relay Circuits (AREA)
  • Separation, Sorting, Adjustment, Or Bending Of Sheets To Be Conveyed (AREA)
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  • Transmission And Conversion Of Sensor Element Output (AREA)
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US445069A 1953-07-31 1954-07-22 Calculating machine with polarized relays Expired - Lifetime US3004703A (en)

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CH780953X 1953-07-31

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US445070A Expired - Lifetime US3004704A (en) 1953-07-31 1954-07-22 Electrical calculating machine with operational groups of switching elements

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US (2) US3004703A (OSRAM)
CH (2) CH316201A (OSRAM)
DE (2) DE1131036B (OSRAM)
FR (1) FR1111050A (OSRAM)
GB (2) GB780953A (OSRAM)
NL (3) NL188401B (OSRAM)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3170096A (en) * 1961-09-29 1965-02-16 El Re Ma S A Per Lo Sfruttamen Electric circuits with groups of relays actuated by current impulses

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2305450A (en) * 1941-04-19 1942-12-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Relay
US2434499A (en) * 1944-11-10 1948-01-13 Ibm Relay computing mechanism
US2449228A (en) * 1946-05-01 1948-09-14 Hofgaard Rolf Coupling means for use with calculating, bookkeeping, or like machines
US2461438A (en) * 1944-03-15 1949-02-08 Ibm Record controlled accounting machine
US2486809A (en) * 1945-09-29 1949-11-01 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Biquinary system calculator
US2528101A (en) * 1947-07-29 1950-10-31 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Telephone system
DE870921C (de) * 1950-07-19 1953-03-19 Ibm Deutschland Lochgesteuerte Binaer-Multiplikationseinrichtung
US2671611A (en) * 1946-12-17 1954-03-09 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Control circuit for calculating machines
US2699290A (en) * 1950-03-20 1955-01-11 Hoppe Walter Electromagnetic adding device for computers

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE458481C (de) * 1923-11-07 1928-04-27 Bernhard Weiner Elektrische Rechen- und Schreibmaschine
US2348171A (en) * 1939-01-10 1944-05-02 Ibm Accounting machine
US2364540A (en) * 1942-10-10 1944-12-05 Ibm Calculating machine
US2679977A (en) * 1946-12-17 1954-06-01 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Calculator sign control circuit
DE830117C (de) * 1950-02-24 1952-01-31 Ibm Deutschland Binaerer Relais-Rechner

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2305450A (en) * 1941-04-19 1942-12-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Relay
US2461438A (en) * 1944-03-15 1949-02-08 Ibm Record controlled accounting machine
US2434499A (en) * 1944-11-10 1948-01-13 Ibm Relay computing mechanism
US2486809A (en) * 1945-09-29 1949-11-01 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Biquinary system calculator
US2449228A (en) * 1946-05-01 1948-09-14 Hofgaard Rolf Coupling means for use with calculating, bookkeeping, or like machines
US2671611A (en) * 1946-12-17 1954-03-09 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Control circuit for calculating machines
US2528101A (en) * 1947-07-29 1950-10-31 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Telephone system
US2699290A (en) * 1950-03-20 1955-01-11 Hoppe Walter Electromagnetic adding device for computers
DE870921C (de) * 1950-07-19 1953-03-19 Ibm Deutschland Lochgesteuerte Binaer-Multiplikationseinrichtung

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3170096A (en) * 1961-09-29 1965-02-16 El Re Ma S A Per Lo Sfruttamen Electric circuits with groups of relays actuated by current impulses

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL104334C (OSRAM)
CH316200A (fr) 1956-09-30
DE1074886B (de) 1960-02-04
NL188401B (nl)
GB780953A (en) 1957-08-14
GB780954A (en) 1957-08-14
DE1131036B (de) 1962-06-07
US3004704A (en) 1961-10-17
CH316201A (fr) 1956-09-30
FR1111050A (fr) 1956-02-21
NL189405B (nl)

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