US20240043517A1 - Anti-gdf15 antibody and a dosage regimen for the treatment of cancer - Google Patents

Anti-gdf15 antibody and a dosage regimen for the treatment of cancer Download PDF

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US20240043517A1
US20240043517A1 US18/314,940 US202318314940A US2024043517A1 US 20240043517 A1 US20240043517 A1 US 20240043517A1 US 202318314940 A US202318314940 A US 202318314940A US 2024043517 A1 US2024043517 A1 US 2024043517A1
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antibody
gdf
amino acid
cancer
acid sequence
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Eugen Leo
Markus Haake
Jörg Wischhusen
Virginie LE BRUN
Susanne JÖRG
Manfred Rüdiger
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Lonza AG
Catalym GmbH
Julius Maxiimilians Universitaet Wuerzburg
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Lonza AG
Catalym GmbH
Julius Maxiimilians Universitaet Wuerzburg
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Priority to US19/381,711 priority patent/US20260055172A1/en
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    • C07K16/22—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against growth factors ; against growth regulators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
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    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/19—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles lyophilised, i.e. freeze-dried, solutions or dispersions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C07K16/2818—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against CD28 or CD152
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
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    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
    • C07K16/2827—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against B7 molecules, e.g. CD80, CD86
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2878—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the NGF-receptor/TNF-receptor superfamily, e.g. CD27, CD30, CD40, CD95
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an anti-GDF15 antibody and to a dosage regimen for the treatment of cancer in human subjects with cancer using the anti-GDF15 antibody.
  • GDF-15 is a divergent member of the TGF-beta superfamily for which functions in appetite regulation, metabolism, cell and tissue survival, and immune tolerance have been described.
  • GDF-15 is a homodimer, that is generated as a pro-protein, which is cleaved to a 25 kDa (2x112 aa) dimeric mature GDF-15 and 2x18 kDa (2x167 aa) pro-peptides that reside in the tissue (Tsai 2018).
  • the first category relates to a metabolic effect, i.e. GDF-15 mediates cachexia via changing food-intake behavior, inducing anorexia.
  • GDF-15 mediates cachexia via changing food-intake behavior, inducing anorexia.
  • This effect is mediated by a brain stem specific receptor named GFRAL which was described in late 2017 (Emmerson 2017).
  • the second category relates to an immunomodulatory effect, i.e. GDF-15 was shown to be a mediator of immune tolerance in pregnancy (Tong et al. 2004), tissue injury (Chung et al. 2017) and inflammation (Abulizi 2016), auto-immune diseases and tumor evasion.
  • GDF-15 inhibits leukocyte integrin activation and thereby prevents their infiltration (Kempf 2011).
  • GDF-15 Elevated GDF-15 levels are frequently reported in cancer patients.
  • GDF-15 showed the highest level of tumor-associated (over)expression (Welsh 2003) and several studies correlate GDF-15 serum levels and response/prognosis in cancer.
  • GDF-15 As indicated, cancer tissues, normal organ tissues in distress and placenta are known to overexpress GDF-15, most likely in all cases to prevent an excessive immune cell infiltration to the respective tissue. Hence, the inventors considered that GDF-15 produced by above tissues does substantially reduce vascular T cell adhesion and endothelial transmigration, preventing T cell entry into the respective tissue or its immediate proximity.
  • an anti-GDF-15 antibody generally shows a benign and well acceptable safety profile in animal models, this mode-of-action naturally carries various potential risks when aiming at providing a suitable dosage regimen for the treatment of humans.
  • Rational combination partners for an anti-GDF-15 antibody will be T-cell activating compounds, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors.
  • the efficacy of such compounds may be substantially enhanced.
  • potentially also their toxicities may be potentiated when combining them with certain dosage regimens of an anti-GDF-15 neutralizing antibody.
  • a second potential area of concern is the physiologic role of GDF-15 in organ protection for organs in distress. If GDF-15 is suppressed using an anti-GDF-15 antibody and organ distress occurs (e.g. myocardial infarction, infection, other significant organ damage) excessive organ infiltration by immune cells and unwelcome tissue impairment/destruction might occur.
  • organ distress e.g. myocardial infarction, infection, other significant organ damage
  • a third potential area of concern are rare findings made in individual mouse knock-out models for GDF-15 (Wischhusen 2020).
  • ADCC Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
  • CDC Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity
  • ADCC is an important mechanism for killing target cancer cells and is based on the binding of certain antibody drugs to human Fc ⁇ RIIIa receptor on immune cells (mostly natural killer cells), resulting in activation of the bound killer cell.
  • human Fc ⁇ RIIIa receptor on immune cells mostly natural killer cells
  • ADCC MOA mechanism of action
  • the present invention aims to overcome the unmet clinical needs to provide a safe and effective composition for use in the therapeutic treatment of human patients.
  • the present invention furthermore provides a safe and stable formulation for said antibody.
  • ADCC Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
  • CDC Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity
  • GDF-15 blocks adhesion and transgression of T-lymphocytes into tissues.
  • anti-GDF15 antibodies of the invention blocking GDF-15 a treatment approach has been established that facilitates effector T cell entry into cancer tissue, without any contributions of ADCC or CDC to the anti-cancer effect.
  • This should increase substantially efficacy of any T cell activating agent, e.g. checkpoint inhibitors, and thus allow to provide an effective immunotherapy, either alone or in combination with checkpoint inhibitors.
  • the anti-GDF-15 antibodies of the invention are particularly safe and thus surprisingly combine full efficacy against cancer with safety.
  • the present applicant also provides the first dosage regimen of the anti-GDF15 antibody allowing an advantageous treatment of human patients.
  • the present invention provides the following preferred embodiments:
  • FIG. 1 Treatment of GDF-15-producing tumors with anti-GDF-15 antibody B1-23 (murine progenitor Ab of CTL-002) substantially improves response to anti-PD1 antibodies.
  • Anti-GDF-15 antibody B1-23 alone had only minimal effect, whereas combination with anti-PD-1 was able to substantially reverse the impairment of anti-PD-1 treatment.
  • FIG. 2 Baseline GDF-15 serum level correlate with response to anti-PD1/-L1 treatment.
  • FIG. 2 A + FIG. 2 B Study in advanced stage melanoma patients.
  • Baseline GDF-15 level are linked to ( FIG. 2 A ) response outcome and ( FIG. 2 B ) overall survival ( FIG. 2 C + FIG. 2 D ) in advanced stage melanoma.
  • Baseline GDF-15 level are linked to ( FIG. 2 C ) response outcome and ( FIG. 2 D ) overall survival.
  • Binding kinetics analyzed using Biacore T3000 Different GDF-15 concentrations were applied to a flow cell with CTL-002. Association and dissociation phases were recorded to calculate the dissociation constant of the antibody. Kinetic data were evaluated by global fitting using software BIAevaluation 4.1. One representative measurement of three is shown.
  • FIG. 4 GDF-15 has an IC50 of 7 to 14 ng/ml in the in vitro flow-adhesion assay.
  • HUVECs are cultured over 3-days before overnight activation. T-cells are purified from healthy donors and purified on the day of experimentation. Physiological flow is generated through mounted HUVEC channel slides using a calibrated pump. Primary T-cells are pretreated with a dose titration from 0.4 to 100 ng/ml of GDF-15 for 20 rains. The HUVEC monolayer is equilibrated 20 rains with wash buffer containing 1 uM CXCL12, then perfused 6 min with the pretreated T-cells followed by a co-culture step with wash buffer for 40 rains. Individual images are recorded every 30-secs on 1 fixed field and adhesion events are recorded as the total of number of cells per unit field. Due to technical and biological variability of the assay the IC50 usually is between 7 and 14 ng/ml.
  • FIG. 5 CTL-002 reverts adhesion inhibition of GDF-15 in a concentration dependent manner with an EC50 of 690 to 725 ng/ml
  • HUVECs are cultured over 3-days before overnight activation. T-cells are purified from healthy donors and purified on the day of experimentation. 50 ng/ml GDF-15 was preincubated with CTL-002 at different concentrations for 20 minutes to allow binding. Primary T-cells and HUVEC monolayer are pretreated with CTL-002/GDF-15 complex for 20 mins. The HUVEC monolayer is perfused after CTL-002/GDF-15 incubation with wash buffer containing 1 uM CXCL12 for 5 minutes followed by a 15 minutes stasis. After washing, the pretreated T-cells are perfused for 6 minutes followed by a 50 minutes wash.
  • the first time-point is recorded after 10 rains and then individual images are recorded every 30-secs on 1 fixed field and adhesion events are recorded as the total of number of cells per unit field for 50 minutes in total. Plots of AUC values were generated to determine EC50. Three individual donors are shown. Due to technical and biological variability of the assay the IC50 usually is between 690 and 725 ng/ml.
  • FIG. 6 CTL-002 treated animals show higher immune cell infiltration enriched in CD3+ cells.
  • FIG. 7 MC38-hGDF-15 show a growth advantage only in immune competent mice.
  • FIG. 8 A and FIG. 8 B GDF-15 expression interferes with successful anti-PD-1 therapy.
  • FIG. 8 A MC38 blank tumors respond to anti-PD-1 treatment
  • FIG. 8 B GDF-15 secreting tumors showed severely impaired response to anti-PD-1
  • FIG. 9 A and FIG. 9 B Therapy of high-GDF-15 tumors with anti-GDF-15 plus anti-PD-1 antibodies can reestablish therapy success of checkpoint inhibition.
  • Anti-GDF-15 antibody B1-23 alone had only minimal effect, whereas combination with anti-PD-1 (dashed line, FIG. 9 B ) was able to partially reverse the impairment of anti-PD-1 treatment.
  • FIG. 10 Combination of B1-23 with anti-CD40/Poly(IC:LC) immunotherapy eradicated MC38 expressing human GDF-15 in contrast to anti-CD40/Poly(IC:LC) alone.
  • FIG. 11 Combination of B1-23 with anti-CD40/Poly(IC:LC) immunotherapy eradicated MC38 in contrast to anti-CD40/Poly(IC:LC) alone.
  • FIG. 12 ADCC induction in UACC-257 with test antibodies CTL-001, variants CTL-001 IgG1* PG LALA and CTL-002.
  • Target cells were incubated with effector cells and different concentrations of test or control antibody for 6 h at 37′C in triplicates. Afterwards, luminescence signal was measured. Here, the fold induction of the luminescence signal or the obtained relative light units (RLU) was plotted against the antibody concentration.
  • RLU relative light units
  • FIG. 13 Binding of human complement protein C1q to CTL-001, different isotype variants of CTL-001, CTL-002 and control antibody Rituximab in varying concentrations.
  • C1q protein and therapeutic antibody were determined in an ELISA-based approach with 10 ⁇ g/ml human C1q protein using a HRP-conjugated anti-C1q antibody for detection.
  • CTL-001 and the different isotype variants were incubated to prior coated human GDF-15 protein before C1q binding was obtained.
  • Experiment was performed in triplicated and mean of absorption (A450 nm) was plotted against the antibody concentration.
  • FIG. 14 A and FIG. 14 B Complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) induced by test antibodies and different control antibodies to GDF-15 expressing cells.
  • CDC Complement dependent cytotoxicity
  • FIG. 15 Serum concentration-time profiles of CTL-001 and CTL-002 in Cynomolgus monkeys.
  • FIG. 16 Observed CTL-002 PK and total GDF-15 NHP DRF study
  • the PK of CTL-002 is linear and approximately dose-proportional in the range 1-100 mg/kg. A plateau in GDF-15 capture at both 10 and 100 mg/kg dose indicates that all the available GDF-15 has been captured and increasing the dose simply increases the duration of complete target capture.
  • FIG. 17 Observed CTL-002 PK and total GDF-15—NHP 4 wk GLP toxicity study
  • FIG. 18 Predicted human CTL-002 PK (serum concentration)
  • FIG. 19 Predicted human free and total GDF-15 (serum concentration)
  • GDF-15 Predicted suppression of GDF-15 in the systemic circulation
  • Three baseline levels of serum GDF-15 are considered; 0.5 ng/mL (mean level in healthy subjects and approx. 15 th percentile in cancer patient cohort), 2 ng/mL (median level in cancer patient cohort; 50 th percentile) and 10 ng/mL (98 th percentile in cancer patient cohort)
  • FIG. 20 Predicted GDF-15 suppression in the tumor micro-vasculature
  • Predicted suppression of GDF-15 in the tumor micro-vasculature Assumption: three baseline levels of systemic GDF-15; 0.5, 2 and 10 ng/mL; resulting in tumor micro-vasculature GDF-15 concentrations of 0.5, 25 and 161 ng/mL, respectively.
  • FIG. 21 Predicted inhibition of serum GDF-15 at planned clinical doses and for a range of baseline levels.
  • FIG. 22 Sequence of the binding region of CTL-002 in various species
  • the sequences of the binding regions of CTL-002 are shown for humans, cynomolgus monkeys, mice and rats (first four lines from top to bottom).
  • FIG. 23 GDF-15 serum levels in female monkeys following the first dose of CTL-002
  • FIG. 24 Sequence liability map of H1L5 light chain
  • the sequence map shows as diagrammatic representations the locations of all identified sequence liabilities in the H1L5 light chain. The locations of the domain boundaries and the CDRs as well as the type of liability are detected at a given position in relation to the overall sequence.
  • the type of liability is indicated as follows: (I) Asn N-Linked Glycosylation, (II) Ser/Thr 0-Linked Glycosylation, (Ill) Asn Deamidation, (IV) Asp Isomerisation/Fragmentation, (V) Pyro-Glutamate, (VI)C-Terminal Lys, (VII) Met/Trp Oxidation, (VIII) Free Thiol.
  • FIG. 25 Sequence liability map of H1L5 heavy chain
  • the sequence map shows as diagrammatic representations the locations of all identified sequence liabilities in the H1L5 heavy chain. The locations of the domain boundaries and the CDRs as well as the type of liability are detected at a given position in relation to the overall sequence.
  • the type of of liability is indicated as follows: (I) Asn N-Linked Glycosylation, (II) Ser/Thr 0-Linked Glycosylation, (III) Asn Deamidation, (IV) Asp Isomerisation/Fragmentation, (V) Pyro-Glutamate, (VI)C-Terminal Lys, (VII) Met/Trp Oxidation, (VIII) Free Thiol.
  • the present invention provides an anti-GDF15 antibody which may be used in the treatment of cancer in human patients.
  • the anti-GDF15 antibody does not induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
  • the ADCC reporter assay to determine whether an antibody induces antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity is not particularly limited and may be any ADCC reporter assay known in the art.
  • An exemplary ADCC reporter assay may be the ADCC Reporter Bioassay, Core Kit (Technical Manual TM383, Promega Corporation) and is performed according to the manufacturer's protocol.
  • the test and control antibodies may be applied in different concentrations to the target cells and may be incubated with Fc ⁇ RIIIa expressing effector cells for 6 h at 37′C. Afterwards a luciferase substrate may be added and the luminescence signal may be determined with a luminescence reader after 30 min of incubation at RT.
  • GDF-15 can be measured by ELISA.
  • ELISAs which can be used to measure GDF-15 include but are not limited to the R&D systems Quantikine ELISA, an immunoradiometric assay, IuminexTM sandwich assay and electrochemiluminescence sandwich assay, as e.g. the ELECSYS® GDF15 assay (Roche Diagnostics), which was summarized by Wollert et al. (Wollert K C, Kempf T, Giannitsis E, et al. An Automated Assay for Growth Differentiation Factor 15. J Appl Lab Med An AACC Publ. 2018; 1(5):510-521. doi:10.1373/jalm.2016.022376).
  • the cancer is a “solid cancer”.
  • a “solid cancer” is a cancer which forms one or more solid tumors. Such solid cancers forming solid tumors are generally known in the art.
  • the term “solid cancer” encompasses both a primary tumor formed by the cancer and possible secondary tumors, which are also known as metastases.
  • Preferred solid cancers to be treated according to the invention are selected from the group consisting of melanoma, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, urothelial cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, testis cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, renal cell carcinoma, Ewing's sarcoma, non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, carcinoma of unknown primary, preferably selected from the group consisting of melanoma, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, urothelial cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, testis cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer and cervical cancer, more preferably selected from the group consisting of melanoma, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, urothelial cancer and stomach cancer, and most preferably selected from the group consisting of melanoma, colorectal cancer and prostate cancer.
  • CTL-002 As referred to herein, the terms “CTL-002”, “CTL-001 IgG4*”, “CTL-001 IgG4” and “H1L5 IgG4*” are used synonymously. They refer to an antibody having the heavy chain amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 and the light chain amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • the GDF-15 is human GDF-15 (also referred to herein has “hGDF-15”) and the anti-GDF-15 antibody is an anti-human GDF-15 antibody (also referred to herein as “anti-hGDF-15 antibody”).
  • Therapeutic proteins are complex and very heterogeneous due to post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chemical modifications. These modifications include glycosylation, deamidation, oxidation and variations of N- and C-termini. Modifications which result in relevant product-related variants are classified as critical quality attributes (CQAs) by regulators. CQAs are given narrow acceptance criteria and their variations are monitored by appropriate qualitative and quantitative methods. The provision of a stable antibody formulation is thus in many cases for from straightforward.
  • PTMs post-translational modifications
  • CQAs critical quality attributes
  • Applicants set out to determine which parts and sequences of the antibody were potentially at risk in the future formulation effort. To do so, an in silico determination was done.
  • the humanised anti-GDF-15 antibody H1L5 was screened with in silico manufacturability assessment tools.
  • H1L5 has a potential CDR deamidation site and an oxidation site that would have to be further evaluated.
  • the antibody also has other potential stability issues in the form of potential oxidation and acid-labile sites as well as C-terminal clipping. It was thus clear that the present antibody would potentially not be easy to stabilize.
  • the antibody H1L5 was engineered to an IgG4 backbone, as described herein elsewhere, and was then designated as CTL-002.
  • IgG4 backbone three of the above identified risk factors could be eliminated, namely
  • the formulation comprises preferably histidine/histidine HCl, arginine-HCl, polysorbate, and sucrose at a pH of 5-6. Further preferred formulations are described in the embodiments above and in the claims.
  • CTL-002 is a humanized, hinge-stabilized IgG4 monoclonal antibody targeting Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) and relates to an antibody of the present invention.
  • GDF-15 Growth Differentiation Factor-15
  • the CTL-002 antibody is presented at a concentration of about 25 mg/mL, further comprising 20 mM Histidine/Histidine HCl, 150 mM sucrose, 50 mM Arginine-HCl and 0.02% w/v Polysorbate 20, at a pH of 5.5.
  • the CTL-002 Drug Substance may be manufactured in CHO cells such as CHOK1SV GS KOTM cells.
  • the downstream process includes 2 chromatography steps; one Protein A-based affinity affinity chromatography (e.g. MabSelect SuRe) followed by anion exchange membrane chromatography (e.g. Sartobind Q).
  • Virus inactivation is achieved by e.g. Triton-X 100 treatment.
  • Analytical testing is performed routinely in-process and for the final release.
  • CTL-002 Drug Product vials must be stored at +2-8° C. in their original secondary packaging within a secure environment, protected from light and separated from other medication or investigational product. The product should not be frozen.
  • CTL-002 for intravenous administration, the CTL-002 solution is added to an infusion bag containing 0.9% NaCl.
  • CTL-002 solution for infusion may be administered using IV bags made of polyethylene (PVC-, DEHP- and latex-free) or polyvinylchloride (latex-free) and infusion lines made of PE (PVC-, DEHP- and latex-free) or PVC (DEHP- and latex-free) material.
  • PE polyethylene
  • PVC DEHP- and latex-free
  • the CTL-002 solution for infusion in infusion bags may be used immediately and administered at ambient temperature.
  • the infusion bag might be stored up to 6 hours at room temperature and up to 24 hours at +2-8° C. but should be used no longer than 24 hours after preparation.
  • the present inventors identified a mechanism by which GDF-15 blocks adhesion and transgression of predominantly CD8+-T-lymphocytes into tissues.
  • CTL-002 blocking GDF-15 a novel treatment approach has been established that facilitates effector T cell entry into tumor tissue. This may substantially enhance the efficacy of any T cell activating agent, e.g. checkpoint inhibitors.
  • mice tumor models with genetically modified mouse colon tumor MC38 cells expressing human GDF-15 showed an increased response to otherwise diminished responses towards anti-PD-1 or anti-CD40/poly(IC:LC) combination therapy. No adverse effects were observed in any of the animals ( FIG. 1 , 13 , 14 ).
  • CTL-002 is developed to neutralize the pathological effects mediated by GDF-15.
  • the biological activity of GDF-15 adhesion and transmigration processes were monitored by live cell imaging microscopy in an in vitro flow adhesion system with primary immune cells and key parameter of the inhibition of GDF-15 effects by CTL-002 were determined in this system.
  • GDF-15 and CTL-002 form a main complex of two CTL-002 antibodies and two dimeric GDF-15 molecules in solution. Other complexes seem to be less favorable and only one additional complex of three CTL-002 and three GDF-15 was reliably detected. This complex was maximal during equimolar incubation of CTL-002 and GDF-15 but was still below 8% and decreased when the ratio was changed in either direction. Above three molar excess of the antibody, all GDF-15 is complexed by CTL-002 molecules and no tendency for formation of high molecular weight aggregates was observed.
  • Affinity of CTL-002 to recombinant human GDF-15 was determined by measuring surface plasmon resonance on a Biacore T3000. In addition, the affinity to cynomolgus rat and mouse GDF-15 was measured (see Table 2).
  • CTL-002 is a humanized IgG4 antibody derived from mouse antibody 81-23 with high specificity for human GDF-15.
  • CTL-002 binds with picomolar affinity to human, cynomolgus and rat GDF-15 (38.3, 108 and 449 pM, respectively), and with low nanomolar affinity to mouse GDF-15 (9.76 nM).
  • CTL-002 binds to a discontinuous conformational epitope at the carboxy terminus of the mature GDF-15 and specifically recognizes the physiological dimeric conformation.
  • GDF-15 acts as immune- and T cell repellant and keeps CD8-F/CD4+ T cells out of the tumor, preventing PD-1 antagonism-based activity ( FIG. 2 ).
  • a flow adhesion assay system was used to mimic the dynamics at the blood vessel wall separating the immune cells from the tumor tissue and to analyze the effect of neutralization of GDF-15 by CTL-002.
  • the IC50 of GDF-15 in the assay system was determined to 13.8 ⁇ 2.3 ng/ml ( FIG. 4 ).
  • CTL-002 To evaluate the potency of CTL-002 in preventing GDF-15 mediated inhibition of T cell adhesion, the EC50 of CTL-002 was determined in the flow-adhesion assay with T cells. As a result, in average a concentration of 707 ⁇ 17 ng/ml of CTL-002 was effective to increase the T cell adhesion by 50%, as was shown in different donors (see FIG. 5 ).
  • TGF-beta superfamily members orthologous GDF-15 molecules show the lowest sequence conservation. While mature rat, mouse and human TGF-beta1 and BMP-2 proteins are 99-100% sequence identical between humans and mice, homology is below 70% for GDF-15 (Böttner 1999). Biological differences between different species thus cannot be ruled out. Murine GDF-15 shows rather low sequence identity of 67.9% with its human counterpart reflected also in the fact that the anti-GDF-15 antibodies show less affinity for the mouse homologue. Two different in vivo approaches were followed to investigate pharmacodynamic effects.
  • mice were engrafted with human cord-blood derived CD34+-hematopoietic stem cells.
  • mice Three months after reconstitution these mice developed a functional human-like immune system containing all major human immune cell subsets (Wang 2018). These mice were then inoculated with a patient-derived human melanoma cell line, HV-18MK, that has been shown to secrete high levels of GDF-15, was inoculated. Mice were treated beginning three days later with isotype control or CTL-002 two times a week and after four weeks tumors were harvested and analyzed for immune cell infiltration by flow-cytometry.
  • HV-18MK patient-derived human melanoma cell line
  • the CTL-002 treated groups showed a 9-fold increase in human tumor infiltrating CD45+ cells ( FIG. 6 ). Within the infiltrating cell population, T-cells were enriched 4-fold. In a follow-up study, analysing the infiltrating immune cell population in more detail, the increase in infiltration of CD45+ and the enrichment in CD3+ was confirmed, albeit less pronounced with 3-fold increase of CD45+ and 4-fold enrichment of CD3+ T cells.
  • a genetically modified mouse cell line overexpressing human GDF-15 was generated for testing the therapeutic efficacy of anti-GDF-15 antibodies.
  • MC38 colon adenocarcinoma cells are the preferred mouse tumor cells to analyze immune checkpoint blocker activity (Selby 2016) and were used to generate in vivo data to support the development of the approved anti-PD-1 antibody. Overexpression was implemented by stable transfection and did not affect in vitro proliferation compared to control treated MC38.
  • Another immunotherapy, anti-CD40 and poly(IC:LC) tumor treatment which was shown previously to depend on T cell immune responses (van den Boorn 2013) was tested in a mouse model with MC38 cells expressing human GDF-15.
  • the combination treatment using GDF-15 neutralization and anti-CD40/poly(IC:LC) resulted in complete rejection of the tumors in 8 out of 10 animals, whereas only 3 out of 10 tumors were cleared by anti-CD40/poly(IC:LC) treatment alone ( FIG. 10 ).
  • mouse GDF-15 could not be detected in wildtype MC38 cells, which might be due to insufficient analytic assays, a similar experiment comparing isotype control antibody with anti-GDF-15 treatment in combination with anti-CD40/Poly(IC:LC) was done with MC38 cells that were not manipulated to secrete human GDF-15. Similar to the experiment with genetically modified MC38, anti-GDF-15 could improve efficacy of the anti-CD40/Poly(IC:LC) treatment, however to a lesser extent ( FIG. 11 ).
  • GDF-15 is a soluble factor with an interim presence on cells during its maturation.
  • the ability of CTL-002 to bind cell surface associated GDF-15 in vitro implies the possibility that CTL-002 could potentially mediate cell- and complement mediated cytotoxicity to healthy tissue with associated GDF-15.
  • ADCC induction was analyzed with ADCC Reporter Assay (Promega).
  • the test and control antibodies were applied in different concentrations to the target cells and were incubated with Fc ⁇ RIIIa expressing effector cells for 6 h at 37° C. Afterwards a luciferase substrate was added, and the luminescence signal was determined with a luminescence reader after 30 min of incubation at RT.
  • CTL-002 was also analyzed by measuring C1q binding by ELISA and a cellular reporter assay. As a result, CTL-002 did not show binding to human complement protein C1q, in contrast to the control antibody Rituximab ( FIG. 13 ).
  • CDC was analyzed on Raji cells with Rituximab as a positive control and on GDF-15 expressing UACC-257 cells.
  • positive control anti-CD55 and anti-CD59-antibodies were chosen, since neutralization of complement inhibiting molecules was enough to induce CDC, but no antibody directly inducing CDC on UACC-257 was available.
  • CTL-002 did not induce any CDC in combination with anti-CD55 and anti-CD59-antibodies, although high levels of the target protein GDF-15 can be detected by flow cytometry ( FIG. 14 ).
  • the pharmacokinetics of CTL-002 were analyzed in non-human primates and a PK model of CTL-002 was generated to predict pharmacokinetics in humans.
  • Pharmacodynamic data were generated in the same study (and in the subsequent repeat-dose study in monkeys) by measuring the inhibition of GDF-15 in serum. These datasets were combined into a PK/PD model and used to predict the pharmacodynamic activity of CTL-002 in humans.
  • CTL-002 (IgG4 isotype) displayed a slightly longer half-life and slightly higher AUC in the tested monkeys compared to CTL-001 (IgG1 isotype) whilst no adverse effects were observed in any of the animals.
  • PK pharmacokinetic model describing the systemic exposure to CTL-002 has been constructed from the non-human primate (NHP) PK data after a single dose and including trough concentration prior to the third weekly dose.
  • NHS non-human primate
  • the NHP PK-PD model was allometrically scaled to predict the human PK of CTL-002, using exponents of 0.75 for clearance, 0.67 for inter-compartmental exchange and 1.0 for volume.
  • Target binding to NHP and human GDF-15 were also included in the model in order to predict the extent and duration of target suppression (Table 5).
  • Predicted exposure margins First in human (FIH) study Dose (mg/kg/Q2wk) Cmax AUC 0.3 683 487 1 186 131 3 54 40 10 14 11 20 6 5 Predicted exposure margins compared with 100 mg/kg CTL-002 in the 4 wk GLP toxicity study (NOEL): First dose Cmax in human compared with first dose Cmax in NHP AUC (steady-state Q2wk) in human compared with AUC (steady-state Q1wk ⁇ 2) in NHP from population PK model; assuming linear PK behavior
  • baseline levels of GDF-15 in the target patient population have been analyzed in a cohort of 34 patients previously treated and being refractory or having relapsed after anti-PD-1 antibody treatment. In this cohort, baseline GDF-15 ranged from 0.35-12 ng/mL. The extent and duration of suppression of systemic GDF-15 is likely to be dependent on the baseline level of GDF-15, with higher production rates of GDF-15 requiring a higher dose to achieve suppression ( FIG. 19 ).
  • the estimated FIH dose is a conservative approach, since it will suppress GDF-15 levels below physiologic levels for prolonged periods, but not yet for the full dosing period even in lower level GDF-15 patients. This was done to comply with requests by the consulted agency (PEI, Germany) for the FIH dose. The relationship between baseline GDF-15 level and the extent and duration of target suppression will be explored in the phase I clinical trial.
  • the above PK-PD model has been developed to describe the suppression of systemic GDF-15 for various levels of baseline GDF-15.
  • the desired target is the tumor micro-environment. If the tumor is largely responsible for the increase in systemic GDF-15 then the amount of GDF-15 in the tumor vasculature should also be considered. Consequently, an estimate of GDF-15 suppression in the tumor micro-environment was included as an extension to the human PK-PD model.
  • the serum half-life of GDF-15 in human is predicted to be 18 minutes (allometric scaling from NHP). Based on this elimination rate, GDF-15 will need to be produced at 1.67 mg/day in order to produce a steady-state serum GDF-15 concentration of 10 ng/mL.
  • GDF-15 homodimer concentration in the tumor vasculature will be 161 ng/mL (6.5 nM) i.e. about 16-fold higher than the systemic GDF-15 concentration.
  • GDF-15 concentration in the tumor micro-vasculature is predicted to be suppressed to ⁇ 0.5 ng/mL (average level in healthy individuals) for about 5 days at the proposed starting dose of 0.3 mg/kg.
  • the predicted duration of suppression is much less for patients with a higher serum baseline level of GDF-15 (Table 7).
  • CTL-002 is described by a linear PK model. In other words, CTL-002 does not display saturable target-mediated kinetic behavior, as sometimes observed with IgG-like molecules targeted to a membrane receptor.
  • CTL-002 has been shown to be safe and well tolerated at doses which provide adequate exposure margins for clinical testing.
  • the proposed FIH starting dose of 0.3 mg/kg/Q2wk is projected to give a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) at the end of the 1 hour infusion of 6 ⁇ g/mL, which is 683-fold lower than Cmax exposure to CTL-002 at the No-Observed-Effect-Level (NOEL) in NHP.
  • This dose is may achieve only transient suppression of GDF-15 in the tumor micro-environment and is considered to be a minimal acceptable biological effect level (MABEL).
  • Serum total GDF-15 has been shown to be a useful biomarker of GDF-15 target engagement in NHP and CTL-002 doses 10 mg/kg are associated with maintenance of GDF-15 capture (and by inference, GDF-15 suppression).
  • the total human GDF-15 may be a potential clinical biomarker of GDF-15 target engagement and the FIH clinical study is designed to explore both maximum suppression of GDF-15 for a limited time period and continuous suppression of GDF-15 throughout each dosing cycle.
  • CTL-002 is being tested for the treatment of patients with advanced cancer.
  • sequence homology of GDF-15 was compared across species. Sequence homology from humans to Cynomolgus monkeys, mice and rats is 94.6%, 67.9% and 66.1%, respectively.
  • CTL-002 binds to a non-linear conformational epitope within GDF-15, illustrated as two boxes in FIG. 22 .
  • the sequences of the binding regions of CTL-002 are shown for Cynomolgus monkeys, humans, mice and rats (first four lines from top to bottom).
  • the cynomolgus monkey displays 100% sequence homology with the human CTL-002 binding epitope within GDF-15. It is therefore regarded as relevant species for toxicity testing.
  • the binding affinity of CTL-002 to human and cynomolgus GDF-15 is 38.3 pM and 108 pM, respectively.
  • a dose response finding (DRF) study of CTL-002 has been performed in rats, as the product was expected to be sufficiently pharmacologically active to achieve sustained complete target inhibition at reasonable intravenous dose levels (binding affinity to rat GDF-15: 449 pM).
  • PK/PD data obtained in the study indicated that CTL-002, even at the highest dose level 100 mg/kg, was not able to saturate GDF-15 binding. Therefore, pivotal toxicology was only assessed in the Cynomolgus monkey in a 4-week study with once weekly intravenous administration of CTL-002. No toxicity was observed up to the highest tested dose of 100 mg/kg.
  • GLP Good Laboratory Practice
  • the additional pivotal study was a 4-week repeat-dose toxicity study of CTL-002 in Cynomolgus monkeys (age: 3-4 years) with a 4-week recovery period.
  • CTL-002 was administered by 30-minute intravenous infusions once weekly, i.e. on test days 1, 8, 15, 22 and 29. The recovery period ended on day 58. Dose levels of 0; 10; or 100 mg/kg were administered to 3 male and 3 female monkeys per group plus 2 male and 2 female recovery animals in the control and high dose groups.
  • NOEL No-Observed-Effect-Level
  • the Cmax-levels and AUC-areas for Total CTL-002 revealed a roughly linear dose-related systemic exposure of the animals. No sex-specific differences were noted. An accumulation of Total CTL-002 with time was noted with an accumulation ranging from approx. 2-fold to 6-fold. The calculated mean terminal serum elimination half-lives (t %) of Total CTL-002 ranged from 119 to 651 hours.
  • GDF-15 serum levels of all animals at all dose levels increased up to 100-1000-fold and remained increased throughout the dosing interval.
  • FIG. 23 showing as example the GDF-15 levels in female monkeys throughout the first week after dosing, the increase was comparable across dose groups.
  • a Phase 1 multi-center, first-in-human (FIH), open-label study consisting of Part A (dose escalation) followed by Part B (expansion) will be performed using the CTL-002 antibody.
  • the main intent of the study is (a) to demonstrate safety of CTL-002 and the combination of CTL-002+anti-PD1/PD-L1 and (b) to demonstrate that patients relapsed post/refractory to anti-PD1/PD-L1 therapy due to elevated GDF-15 will respond again and show tumor shrinkage when the combination of CTL-002+anti-PD1/PD-L1 is administered.
  • At least 21 subjects will receive in “3+3” cohorts escalating doses of CTL-002 IV given as monotherapy and in combination with an anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor in subjects with advanced-stage solid tumors that relapsed post or were refractory to a prior anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy and have exhausted all available approved standard treatments or are not eligible for them anymore.
  • “Backfill cohorts” will recruit additional patients to the highest dose levels.
  • the dedicated monotherapy cohort will serve to establish the safety profile of CTL-002 in prolonged monotherapy at a dose considered to be therapeutic (no anti-PD-1/PD-L1 added). Enrollment into all 5 cohorts may occur in parallel.
  • This study will employ a standard “3+3” dose escalation design for which 3 to 6 subjects will be enrolled at each assigned dose level, per cohort, depending on the occurrence of DLTs.
  • the DLT Observation Period will be the first two treatment cycles (i.e., first 4 weeks) for each dosing cohort. All treatment cycles are defined initially as 2 weeks in duration. CTL-002 will be administered once every two weeks as an IV infusion. Subjects will first receive one dose of CTL-002 given as monotherapy for one cycle, followed by a combination of CTL-002 given together with the defined checkpoint inhibitor for one cycle, where the defined checkpoint inhibitor will be administered at a dose of 240 mg IV given once every 2 weeks.
  • CTL-002 and the defined checkpoint inhibitor will be given on the same day concomitantly, where CTL-002 will be administered first and for the first combination infusion, there will be a 30-minute observation period to assess safety, which will then be followed by the defined checkpoint inhibitor infusion.
  • the period of observation may be modified (i.e., shortened or lengthened) based on emerging safety data.
  • the first two treatment cycles (i.e., first 4 weeks) represent the DLT Observation Period.
  • All subjects will be hospitalized overnight after receiving the first dose of CTL-002 and also after receiving the first combination dose of CTL-002 and the defined checkpoint inhibitor, for the purposes of safety observation and to enable logistical collection of sampling time-points (e.g., PK).
  • sampling time-points e.g., PK
  • Cohort 1 subjects are still on 0.3 mg/kg treatment when Cohort 2 has been completed and reviewed by the SRC, the subjects can be increased to the Cohort 2 dose of 1.0 mg/kg.
  • any Cohort 1 or 2 subjects are still on 1.0 mg/kg treatment when Cohort 3 has been completed and reviewed by the SRC, the subjects can be increased to the Cohort 3 dose of 3.0 mg/kg.
  • the maximum a subject dose can be increased to, through intra-dose escalation, will be 3.0 mg/kg.
  • the MTD is defined as the highest dose level of CTL-002 at which no more than 1 out of 6 subjects experienced a DLT during the first 2 treatment cycles (i.e., the first 4 weeks, where CTL-002 is given as monotherapy [Weeks 1 and 2] and in combination with the defined checkpoint inhibitor [Weeks 3 and 4]).
  • biopsies are mandatory in order to assess immune cell infiltration in the tumor. If a biopsy cannot be taken for safety reasons, this must be discussed with the medical monitor.
  • Biomarker analyses show a tumor selective influx of CD8+ and CD4+ cells from DL1-4 consistently. Preliminary analysis indicate that in several patients T cell proliferation is increased in the tumor as demonstrated by CD3/ki-67+ staining. In tumors that at baseline have “cold tumors” characterized by rather low CD8 and CD4 counts are turned into hot tumors by increasing CD8 and CD4 counts.
  • First tumor shrinkages have been observed at various dose levels. Most notable is a patient with carcinoma of unknown primary (squamous cell type) treated at dose level 3 backfill cohort that has been relapsed under prior nivolumab treatment and just maintained slowly progressing disease (with stable disease range as per RECIST) when escalated to ipilimumab+nivolumab. Under CTL-002/Nivolumab treatment the patient so far managed to obtain a ⁇ 49% tumor shrinkage, equal to a confirmed partial remission. Treatment is ongoing. Another patient on dose level 4 with hepatocellular cancer showed ⁇ 11% tumor shrinkage so far, treatment is ongoing.
  • each enrolling subjects with a specific tumor type may be enrolled.
  • a dedicated CTL-002 monotherapy cohort may be set up in this expansion part of the study to explore the safety profile of CTL-002 given as monotherapy (e.g., in subjects with advanced-stage melanoma).
  • CTL-002 given as monotherapy
  • mandatory sequential tumor biopsies are required to broaden the understanding of the pharmacodynamic effects of CTL-002 in tumor tissue.
  • tumor indications will consist of PD-1/PD-L1 treatment approved tumor types and subjects that relapsed/progressed on or after anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment. Enrollment into expansion cohorts may occur in parallel. All subjects will be treated until progression.
  • Biomarkers may be analyzed from biopsy tumor tissue samples. Additional immune cell markers and/or tumor markers specific to any of the tumor type may be included.
  • Biopsied tumor tissue will be fixed with formalin and embedded in paraffin (FFPE) to determine treatment-induced changes in the number, frequency and spatial location of infiltrating immune cells including but not limited to leukocytes, different lymphocytes (e.g., CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, NK cells) by histology before and after treatment with CTL-002 or in combination with the defined checkpoint inhibitor.
  • FFPE paraffin
  • the expression of the CTL-002 drug target, GDF-15 protein and mRNA will be determined.
  • the target cutaneous lesions selected for RECIST evaluation will be measured by caliper and photographed. In addition, the number of cutaneous lesions will be recorded.
  • documentation by color photography (including size measurement) and caliper measurement of lesion will be performed at Baseline within ⁇ 7 days before infusion of CTL-002, every 4 weeks during extended treatment, at End of Treatment Visit and during follow-up.
  • Safety assessments will include: ECGs, physical examinations including neurological examination to exclude motor neuropathy, ECOG performance status, vital signs and clinical laboratory samples (hematology, clinical chemistry, coagulation, thyroid function (thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH] and free T3), cytokines, assessment of hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c], N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide [NT proBNP], and urinalysis).
  • Vital signs including systolic and diastolic BP (sitting), pulse rate, temperature, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation should be evaluated. Additional vital sign measurements may be performed if clinically warranted.
  • a physical examination will be performed at Screening and will include examination of head, eyes, ears, nose, throat, neck, cardiovascular, chest/lungs, abdomen (including liver and spleen size), extremities, skin, and lymph nodes, as well as a brief neurologic examination to assess motor neuropathy.
  • Subjects will undergo a thorough monitoring for cardiac/vascular AEs and protective measures are in place to exclude subjects at risk from trial participation.
  • NT-proBNP N-terminal pro b-type Natriuretic Peptid levels
  • a single, 12-lead ECG will be performed.
  • the subject should be relaxed and in a recumbent or semi-recumbent position at least 5 minutes before recording an ECG.
  • Additional ECG testing may be performed at the Investigator's discretion if deemed clinically warranted.
  • the clinical significance of an abnormal test value, within the context of the disease under study, must be determined by the Investigator which includes significant shifts from baseline within the range of normal that the Investigator considers to be clinically important.
  • AT III D-Dimer Serology Analysis for HIV1 and HIV2, HBV, HCV, TBC, SARS-CoV-2 Urinalysis pH, ketones, specific gravity, bilirubin, protein, blood and glucose will be assessed by dipstick.
  • ⁇ PTT activated partial prothrombin time
  • AMC absolute monocyte count
  • ALT alanine aminotransferase
  • ANC absolute neutrophil count
  • AST aspartate aminotransferase
  • AT III Antithrombin III
  • CRP C-reactive protein
  • GGT gamma-glutamyltransferase
  • HBV hepatitis B virus
  • HCV hepatitis C virus
  • HIV1 human immunodeficiency virus 1
  • HIV2 human immunodeficiency virus 2
  • INR international normalized ratio
  • LDH lactate dehydrogenase
  • PT prothrombin time
  • RBC red blood cell count
  • TB tuberculosis
  • ULN upper limit
  • the PK of CTL-002 given as monotherapy and/or in combination with the defined checkpoint inhibitor will be measured from blood samples collected at the start of treatment and at various subsequent time points (Part A). Additional PK data may be evaluated in the expansion groups (Part B).
  • Blood samples will be taken at the start of treatment and at various subsequent time points to determine, if antibodies directed against CTL-002 may have developed.
  • Cytokines and Chemokines to be analyzed may include but are not limited to: tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- ⁇ ), interferon (IFN)- , interleukin (IL)-1 ⁇ , IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, CXCL9 (monokine induced by gamma [MIG]) and CXCL10 (IP-10).
  • Serum biomarker testing on specimens specifically collected for future biomedical research during this clinical trial might be conducted to identify serum factors (e.g., but not limited to metabolites, soluble growth factors, cytokines, chemokines,) important for anti-GDF-15 (CTL-002) therapy.
  • serum factors e.g., but not limited to metabolites, soluble growth factors, cytokines, chemokines,
  • CTL-002 anti-GDF-15
  • Tumor response is evaluated according to institutional standards using RECIST V1.1 as well as imRECIST criteria.
  • subjects will undergo evaluation at Screening for a baseline scan and should be re-evaluated every 8 weeks beginning at Cycle 3 and/or from the End of Treatment Visit, then after this time response assessments may be performed as per local institutional guidelines until the end of the Efficacy and Survival follow-up.
  • the same method of assessment (imaging modality, e.g., MRI, CT) must be used to characterize each identified and reported lesion at baseline and during all follow-up examinations for an individual subject. If there is a change in modality, then the trial site may be asked to explain the reason for the change in the eCRF. A change in modality may be considered a protocol deviation.
  • imaging modality e.g., MRI, CT
  • Each efficacy time point/visit may be completed up to a window of ⁇ 7 days.
  • a central reading of the images by a reading center will be performed post-hoc in addition to local reading by the investigator during the trial.
  • RECIST assessments will be used to identify subjects with possible progression of disease (Eisenhaur et al, 2009). As defined by modified RECIST V1.1 criteria for immune-based therapeutics or imRECIST criteria (Hodi et al, 2018), the date of initial potential progression by RECIST scanning will be defined as the immune unconfirmed progressive disease (iUPD) date. Subjects with an iUPD date who are stable will continue to participate in the study as planned and be reassessed for progression 4 to 8 weeks after the initial assessment. If the confirmatory assessment supports PD, the date of disease progression will be the iUPD date. If the confirmatory assessment does not support PD, the subject does not have disease progression and the iUPD date is ignored; such subjects will remain in the study as planned and continue the next imaging evaluation as planned per protocol.
  • iUPD immune unconfirmed progressive disease
  • Anti-tumor activity will be assessed per Investigator assessment using RECIST V1.1 and the Immune Response Criteria according to imRECIST as described below.
  • This interim report includes demographics and preliminary safety data of the first 16 patients treated in the CTL-002-001 trial.
  • NSCLC Melanoma Tbd Ocular melanoma Cholangiocellular CA Tbd. Prior lines of therapy Number (average %) 11 (3.7) 15 (3.8) 28 (4.7) 23 (3.8) 13 (4.3) 91 (4.1) 1-3 2 (67) 2 (50) 3 (50) 4 (67) 1 (33.3) 12 (54.5) 4-5 0 (0) 2 (50) 1 (17) 1 (16.5) 1 (33.3) 5 (22.7) ⁇ 6 1 (33) 0 (0) 2 (33) 1 (16.5) 1 (33.3) 5 (22.7) *1 patient replaced due to delayed start of combination treatment
  • the side effect profile is very mild.
  • First tumor shrinkages have been observed at various dose levels. Most notable is a patient with carcinoma of unknown primary (squamous cell type) treated at dose level 3 backfill cohort that has been relapsed under prior nivolumab treatment and just maintained slowly progressing disease (with stable disease range as per RECIST) when escalated to ipilimumab+nivolumab. Under CTL-002/Nivolumab treatment the patient so far managed to obtain a ⁇ 49% tumor shrinkage, equal to a confirmed partial remission. Treatment is ongoing. Another patient on dose level 4 with hepatocellular cancer showed ⁇ 11% tumor shrinkage so far, treatment is ongoing.
  • GDF-15 potently (1) prevents T cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment (TME) and that it (2) suppresses a potent immune response within the (TME) by other mechanisms, too. GDF-15 thus plays a key role in suppressing effective anti-tumor immune responses.
  • the GDFATHER (GDF-15 Antibody-mediated Effector cell Relocation) phase 1 trial explores the safety, PK and PD and preliminary antitumoral activity of the GDF-15 neutralizing antibody CTL-002 in monotherapy and combination with a checkpoint-inhibitor (CPI) in CPI-relapsed/-refractory patient populations. Anti-cachexia effects are investigated, too.
  • the preliminary pharmacodynamic analyses from sequential tumor biopsies indicate a CTL-002-mediated selective T cell shift into the tumor microenvironment.
  • Preferred doses and dosage regimens for the antibodies of the invention including CTL-002 are 3, 10 or 20 mg/kg/Q2wk; a more preferred dose and dosage regimen is 10 mg/kg/Q2wk.
  • a more preferred dose and dosage regimen is 10 mg/kg/Q2wk.
  • This dosage regimen has a longer administration cycle of four weeks, but the preferred dose of between 10 and 20 mg/kg, more preferably 20 mg/kg, will allow to obtain an advantageous safety and efficacy profile similar to the preferred 10 mg/kg/Q2wk regimen and is compatible with the observed PK/Pharmacodynamic profile.
  • the above-indicated observations with regard to efficacy, safety, and PK/Pharmacodynamic data show that it will be possible to advantageously administer the anti-GDF-15 antibody at a preferred dose of between 10 and 20 mg/kg and at a dosage regimen of at least one administration cycle, wherein the cycle is a period of three weeks and wherein said dose is to be administered at least once (i.e. preferably once) in each of the at least one cycle.
  • This dosage regimen has a longer administration cycle of three weeks, but the preferred dose of between 10 and 20 mg/kg will allow to obtain an advantageous safety and efficacy profile similar to the preferred 10 mg/kg/Q2wk regimen and is compatible with the observed PK/Pharmacodynamic profile.
  • H1L5 The humanised anti-GDF-15 antibody H1L5 was screened with in silico manufacturability assessment tools.
  • the antibody also has other issues in the form of potential oxidation and acid-labile sites as well as C-terminal clipping.
  • Therapeutic proteins are complex and very heterogeneous due to post-translational modifications (PTMs) and chemical modifications. These modifications include glycosylation, deamidation, oxidation and variations of N- and C-termini. Modifications which result in relevant product-related variants are classified as critical quality attributes (CQAs) by regulators. CQAs are given narrow acceptance criteria and their variations are monitored by appropriate qualitative and quantitative methods.
  • PTMs post-translational modifications
  • CQAs critical quality attributes
  • Modifications can be attributed to the host cell system, manufacturing processes and storage conditions. They can either relate to the chemical stability of the molecule or the intrinsic physical stability in the form of aggregation potential. Aggregation is an issue which has such a potential impact on safety, quality and efficacy that one or more CQAs are generally defined for it.
  • Protein aggregation is a commonly encountered problem during biopharmaceutical development. It has the potential to occur at several different steps of the manufacturing such as fermentation, purification, formulation and storage. The potential impact of aggregation spans not only the manufacturing process but also the target product profile, delivery and, critically, patient safety.
  • Aggregation depends on the protein itself (intrinsic aggregation propensity) and on environmental factors such as pH, concentration, buffers, excipients and shear-forces. However, the fundamental difference as to why one antibody aggregates during a process step or during manufacturing and others do not is encoded in the antibodies' amino-acid sequences and their intrinsic aggregation propensities. Aggregation poses a risk to safety, quality and efficacy of antibodies.
  • Asparagine deamidation is a non-enzymatic reaction that over time produces a heterogeneous mixture of asparagine, iso-aspartic acid and aspartic acid at the affected position.
  • Deamidation is caused by hydrolysis of the amide group on the side-chains of asparagine and glutamine. Whilst glutamine deamidation may occur in therapeutic proteins the manufacturability focus is on asparagine deamidation.
  • asparagine deamidation can affect protein function if it occurs in a binding interface such as in antibody CDRs. Deamidation has also been reported to cause aggregation.
  • Aspartic acid isomerisation is the non-enzymatic interconversion of aspartic acid and iso-aspartic acid residues.
  • the peptide bond C-terminal to aspartic acid can be susceptible to fragmentation in acidic conditions.
  • As these reactions proceed through intermediates similar to those of the asparagine deamidation reaction; the rate of aspartic acid isomerisation and fragmentation is influenced by pH, temperature and primary sequence.
  • Aspartic acid isomerisation can affect protein function when it occurs in binding interfaces such as antibody CDRs. Isomerisation also c auses charge heterogeneity and can result in fragmentation caused by cleavage of the peptide back-bone.
  • the fragmentation reaction primarily occurs below pH 5 and Asp-Pro peptide bonds are more labile than other peptide bonds. Aspartic acid isomerisation has the potential to increase immunogenicity, a risk that is further increased as fragmentation favours the occurrence of aggregates.
  • C-terminal Lysine processing is a modification in antibodies and other proteins that occurs during bioprocessing likely due to the action of basic carboxypeptidases.
  • C-terminal lysine processing is a major source of charge and mass heterogeneity in antibody products as species with two, one or no lysines can be formed.
  • the isoelectric point (pl) of a protein is the pH at which the protein has zero net electrical charge.
  • the isoelectric point is dependent on the number and type of charged residues in the protein, their spatial arrangement and degree of solvent accessibility.
  • the prediction of the isoelectric point from the amino-acid sequence assumes a denatured protein. While it is known that predicted and measured isoelectric points differ, a relationship between the two values can be seen.
  • a protein solution is at a pH equal to the pl of the protein the repulsive electrostatic forces between charges on the protein molecules are minimised. The lack of repulsive electrostatic forces may increase the risk of hydrophobic surface patches becoming aggregation hot-spots.
  • N- and O-Glycosylation is a post-translational modification appearing in therapeutic proteins such as antibodies, blood factors, EPO, hormones and interferons].
  • the attachment of the carbohydrate to amino acid residues occurs at the side chain nitrogen atom of Asparagine in N-Glycosylation and the side chain oxygen atom of Serine and Threonine in O-linked glycosylation.
  • Some immunoglobulin V-genes contain Asparagine residues in the CDRs which may result in an N-glycosylation motif forming during selection, with approximately 20% of all antibodies being glycosylated in the variable regions in vivo. Proper glycosylation is important not only for folding, but also stability, solubility, potency, pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity.
  • Glycan structures in or near binding interfaces such as CDRs may occlude the binding region or introduce steric hindrance thereby reducing binding affinity.
  • Glycan structures can vary in branching and composition thereby introducing further heterogeneity which may have to be characterised and controlled.
  • Oxidation Several amino acids are susceptible to damage by oxidation caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), amongst them are histidine, methionine, cysteine, tyrosine and tryptophan. Oxidation is generally divided into two categories: site-specific metal catalysed oxidation and non site-specific oxidation. Methionine and to a lesser extent tryptophan are more susceptible to non site-specific oxidation. While methionine is primarily sensitive to free ROS, tryptophan is more sensitive to light induced oxidation. The degree of sensitivity is determined in part by the solvent accessibility of the side chain; buried residues are less sensitive or take longer to react.
  • ROS reactive oxygen species
  • Pyroglutamate formation is a modification occurring in proteins with an N-terminal glutamine or glutamic acid residue, where the side chain cyclises with the N-terminal amine group to form a five-membered ring structure.
  • pyroglutamate formation is a common modification, especially for sequences with an N-terminal glutamine.
  • N-terminal cyclisation causes mass and charge heterogeneity which has to be controlled and monitored.
  • Pyroglutamate formation is commonly found in antibodies with an N-terminal Glutamine. Glutamic acid to pyroglutamate conversion is unlikely to pose a safety risk, however the N-termini in antibodies are proximal to CDRs and the charge variation may influence binding affinity.
  • FIG. 24 and FIG. 25 show diagrammatic representations of the locations of all identified sequence liabilities.
  • the locations of the domain boundaries and the CDRs are indicated in relation to the overall sequence.
  • a scheme is used to indicate the type of liability detected at a given position.
  • Asparagine residues predicted to potentially be involved in both deamidation and N-glycosylation are indicated using both schemes. All indicated residues in both FIGS. 24 and 25 represent potential issues for development of a stable formulation for the present antibody.
  • the antibody H1L5 was engineered to an IgG4 backbone, as described herein elsewhere, and was then designated as CTL-002.
  • IgG4 backbone three of the above identified risk factors could be eliminated, namely
  • the pH points were chosen after giving specific thoughts to the determination of the pl of the antibody and taking into account potential best surroundings to reduce aggregation and to increase repulsive electrostatic forces between protein molecules for the present particular antibody.
  • pH and ionic strength screening were performed at microliter scale with selective analytics.
  • the thermal and colloidal stability was studied by dynamic light scattering analysis and intrinsic fluorescence, light scattering analysis and micro calorimetry respectively.
  • Table 15-1 Formulation conditions of the pH and ionic strength screen Formulation ID Buffer pH Excipients F1 20 mM histidine 6.0 240 mM sucrose F2 20 mM histidine 5.5 240 mM sucrose F3 20 mM histidine 6.0 150 mM sucrose, 50 mM arginine-HCl F4 20 mM histidine 6.0 150 mM NaCl F5 20 mM Na-citrate 6.0 240 mM sucrose Table 15-2 Analytical testing Parameter Analytical method Sample concentration Melting temperature Differential scanning micro 5 mg/mL calorimetry Unfolding temperature Intrinsic fluorescence 10 mg/mL Onset of aggregation Static light scattering 10 mg/mL Dissociation constant Dynamic light scattering 1-10 mg/mL
  • Drug substance (DS) of CTL-002 was processed and provided by Lonza Biologics Plc, Slough (UK). The DS batch was shipped and stored at 2-8° C. from the date of arrival to the date the material was aliquoted and used for different studies.
  • DS was subjected to buffer exchange in formulations F2 and F3 by using centrifugal concentrators. The protein concentration was monitored at the end of processing.
  • the protein concentration was adjusted by addition of the specific formulation buffer.
  • the thermal structural stability of a protein can be assessed by the temperature at which protein aggregates (aggregation onset temperature (Tagg)) as well as by the temperature at which it unfolds from the native (folded) state to a denatured (unfolded) state.
  • the mid-point of the unfolding transition which is defined as the temperature at which there is an equal population of folded and unfolded proteins in solution, is termed melting temperature (Tm) when assessed by traditional DSC measurements, and unfolding temperature (Tunfold) when assessed by intrinsic fluorescence.
  • Tm melting temperature
  • Tunfold unfolding temperature
  • Tagg values can be ranked as follows: F5>F1-F4>F3>F2
  • Constant dissociation (kD) and osmotic second virial coefficient (A2) are both colloidal stability indicators that measure interactions due to non-covalent forces between different molecules in solution. High values of kD and A2 indicate strong net repulsive interactions, whereas low values indicate net attractive forces. Whereas it is possible to differentiate between net attractive and net repulsive forces by the sign for A2, this is not possible for kD. Formulations having an average good colloidal stability have an A2 value above 1. 10 ⁇ 4 mol ⁇ ml ⁇ g 2 .
  • Negative dissociation constants have been measured in all tested conditions, which correlates to weak negative or neutral osmotic second virial coefficient values and reflects a propensity for weak attractive protein-protein interactions.
  • the kD values can be ranked as follows: F2>F4>F3>F5>F1.
  • Colloidal stability is therefore improved by reducing the pH value to 5.5.
  • the inventors came finally up with three formulations (two liquids and one lyophilized) which were to be tested under specific stress conditions.
  • Target concentration for the antibody was set to 25 mg/ml.
  • the antibody to be stabilized in the present is CTL-002, as defined elsewhere herein.
  • BPDS Bulk purified drug substance
  • a testing sample per liquid formulation was subjected in horizontal position to shake stress during approximately 5 days at room temperature and cool temperature conditions in a reciprocating (horizontal) shaker at a target speed of 200 rpm.
  • a testing sample per liquid formulation was subjected in vertical position to five freeze/thaw cycles from ⁇ 65° C. or below to room temperature.
  • Lyophilized formulation vials were reconstituted using 2.3 mL of purified water. Volume for reconstitution was calculated under consideration of volume displacement by solids. Upon reconstitution, vials were gently moved to assure completion of reconstitution and were used for further analysis.
  • the lyophilizate formulation F3 demonstrated a high stability. No change in purity by SE-HPLC, icIEF, RP-HPLC and CE-SDS could be observed over the 8-week stability stress under all tested storage conditions. However, the results for the liquid formulations, but in particular formulation F1, showed that it was possible to stabilize the antibody suitably even in a liquid formulation.
  • the CTL-002 molecule had a low aggregation and fragmentation tendency in all three tested liquid formulations when stressed at 40′C.
  • the loss in monomer by aggregation as well as by fragmentation was more pronounced in formulation F1 than in formulations F2 and F4.
  • After an 8-week storage at 40′C 1.2% aggregates and 0.3% degradation products were measured in F1 (pH 5.5), whereas formulations F2 (pH 6.4) and F4 (pH 6.0) contained around 1.0-0.9% aggregates and 0.1-0.2% degradation products.
  • the formation of high molecular weight species and low molecular weight species is therefore considered to be pH dependent.
  • CTL-002 The chemical purity of CTL-002 was modified by thermal stress at 40° C. and to a lesser extent at 25° C. as measured by iciEF. A loss in main peak purity was more pronounced in formulations F2 and F4 than in formulation F1 and was mainly attributed to the formation of acidic species. Only formulation F1 at pH 5.5 showed in addition a significant uptake of basic species.
  • CE-DSD reduced sum LC+HC, non-reduced intact IgG
  • the antibody was stabilized to a high extent not only with regard to the chemical stability parameters determined during this study, but—very surprisingly—also with regard to its aggregation properties.
  • SEQ ID No: 1 (Heavy Chain CDR1 Region Peptide Sequence of monoclonal anti- human GDF-15 antibody): GFSLSTSGMG SEQ ID No: 2 (Heavy Chain CDR2 Region Peptide Sequence of monoclonal anti- human GDF-15 antibody): IYWDDDK SEQ ID No: 3 (Heavy Chain CDR3 Region Peptide Sequence of monoclonal anti- human GDF-15 antibody): ARSSYGAMDY SEQ ID No: 4 (Light Chain CDR1 Region Peptide Sequence of monoclonal anti- human GDF-15antibody): QNVGTN Light Chain CDR2 Region Peptide Sequence of monoclonal anti-human GDF-15 antibody: SAS SEQ ID No: 5 (Light Chain CDR3 Region Peptide Sequence of monoclonal anti- human GDF-15 antibody): QQYNNFPYT SEQ ID No: 6 (heavy chain variable domain of monoclonal anti-human GDF-15 antibody): QITLKESGPTLVK
  • the anti-GDF-15 antibody may be used in methods for the treatment of cancer in human patients can be industrially manufactured and sold as products for the itemed methods and uses, in accordance with known standards for the manufacture of pharmaceutical products. Accordingly, the present invention is industrially applicable.

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