US20220177352A1 - Method for eradicating methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus - Google Patents

Method for eradicating methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus Download PDF

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US20220177352A1
US20220177352A1 US17/541,793 US202117541793A US2022177352A1 US 20220177352 A1 US20220177352 A1 US 20220177352A1 US 202117541793 A US202117541793 A US 202117541793A US 2022177352 A1 US2022177352 A1 US 2022177352A1
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glass
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mol
transmission
thickness
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André Petershans
Klaus Megges
Susanne Krüger
Thomas Pfeiffer
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Schott AG
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Schott AG
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
    • A61L2/08—Radiation
    • A61L2/10—Ultraviolet radiation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/0005—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor for pharmaceuticals, biologicals or living parts
    • A61L2/0011—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor for pharmaceuticals, biologicals or living parts using physical methods
    • A61L2/0029—Radiation
    • A61L2/0047—Ultraviolet radiation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/26—Accessories or devices or components used for biocidal treatment
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L9/00—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air
    • A61L9/16—Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air using physical phenomena
    • A61L9/18—Radiation
    • A61L9/20—Ultraviolet radiation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
    • C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
    • C02F1/325—Irradiation devices or lamp constructions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C3/00—Glass compositions
    • C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
    • C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
    • C03C3/089—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C3/00—Glass compositions
    • C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
    • C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
    • C03C3/089—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron
    • C03C3/091—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron containing aluminium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C3/00—Glass compositions
    • C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
    • C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
    • C03C3/089—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron
    • C03C3/091—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron containing aluminium
    • C03C3/093—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron containing aluminium containing zinc or zirconium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C3/00—Glass compositions
    • C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
    • C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
    • C03C3/11—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing halogen or nitrogen
    • C03C3/112—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing halogen or nitrogen containing fluorine
    • C03C3/115—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing halogen or nitrogen containing fluorine containing boron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C3/00—Glass compositions
    • C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
    • C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
    • C03C3/11—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing halogen or nitrogen
    • C03C3/112—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing halogen or nitrogen containing fluorine
    • C03C3/115—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing halogen or nitrogen containing fluorine containing boron
    • C03C3/118—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing halogen or nitrogen containing fluorine containing boron containing aluminium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C4/00—Compositions for glass with special properties
    • C03C4/0085—Compositions for glass with special properties for UV-transmitting glass
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
    • A61L2202/10—Apparatus features
    • A61L2202/11—Apparatus for generating biocidal substances, e.g. vaporisers, UV lamps
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
    • A61L2202/20—Targets to be treated
    • A61L2202/25—Rooms in buildings, passenger compartments
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/32—Details relating to UV-irradiation devices
    • C02F2201/322—Lamp arrangement
    • C02F2201/3222—Units using UV-light emitting diodes [LED]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C2204/00—Glasses, glazes or enamels with special properties
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
    • Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to methods for eradication of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), especially to methods for eradicating MRSA from UV-sensitive surfaces.
  • the method includes the use of germicidal UV light within the wavelength range of from 207 nm to 222 nm, wherein the UV light is emitted by a UV lamp having a lamp cover made of specific UV-transparent borosilicate glasses.
  • the invention provides UV-transparent glasses, uses of such UV-transparent glasses, as well as methods for making the same.
  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus refers to a group of Gram-positive bacteria that are genetically distinct from other strains of Staphylococcus aureus . MRSA is responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. MRSA is any strain of S. aureus that has developed multiple drug resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics through horizontal gene transfer and/or natural selection. ⁇ -lactam antibiotics are a broad-spectrum group that include some penams (penicillin derivatives such as methicillin and oxacillin) and cephems such as the cephalosporins.
  • MRSA is common in hospitals, prisons, and nursing homes, where people with open wounds, invasive devices such as catheters, and weakened immune systems are at a greater risk of hospital-acquired infection. MRSA began as a hospital-acquired infection, but has become community-acquired, as well as livestock-acquired.
  • MRSA could be identified in many surface waters, such as rivers and lakes, increasing the chances that MRSA will contaminate drinking water sources and can easily be transmitted to all kinds of sensitive areas, such as nursery schools, schools, hospitals, special-care homes, retirement homes and other health-care facilities.
  • photosensitizers are sufficient to eradicate enough microorganisms to prevent infections effectively. This is because photosensitizers may not be concentrated enough to do significant damage. In addition, many photosensitizers are hydrophobic. This makes it difficult to disperse them in aqueous environments, where microorganisms typically exist (e.g. biofilms).
  • UVGI ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
  • UVC short-wavelength ultraviolet
  • UVGI devices can produce strong enough UVC light in circulating air or water systems to make them inhospitable environments to microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, molds and other pathogens. UVGI can be coupled with a filtration system to sanitize air and water. The application of UVGI to disinfection has been an accepted practice since the mid-20th century. It has been used primarily in medical sanitation and sterile work facilities.
  • UVGI ultraviolet-light
  • existing UVGI-methods use UV-light in the wavelength of around 250 nm, for example conventional germicidal UV lamps based on mercury-vapor lamps, radiate with a wavelength of 254 nm.
  • a glass has a transmission throughout a wavelength range of from 207 nm to 222 nm of at least 60%, measured at a thickness of 1 mm.
  • the glass is a borosilicate glass having a total platinum content of not more than 3.5 ppm, and a hydrolytic resistance characterized by an extracted Na 2 O equivalent in ⁇ g per g glass determined according to ISO 719 of not more than 250 ⁇ g/g.
  • a glass article has a thickness of at least 0.3 mm and is made of a glass having a transmission throughout a wavelength range of from 207 nm to 222 nm of at least 60%, measured at a thickness of 1 mm.
  • the glass is a borosilicate glass having a total platinum content of not more than 3.5 ppm, and a hydrolytic resistance characterized by an extracted Na 2 O equivalent in ⁇ g per g glass determined according to ISO 719 of not more than 250 ⁇ g/g.
  • a light-emitting package includes an ultraviolet (UV) light source configured to emit UV light and a cover surrounding the UV light source.
  • the cover includes a glass having a transmission throughout a wavelength range of from 207 nm to 222 nm of at least 60%, measured at a thickness of 1 mm.
  • the glass is a borosilicate glass having a total platinum content of not more than 3.5 ppm, and a hydrolytic resistance characterized by an extracted Na 2 O equivalent in ⁇ g per g glass determined according to ISO 719 of not more than 250 ⁇ g/g.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates transmission curves of an exemplary glass provided according to the invention at different thicknesses (1 mm and 0.34 mm) and different UV-wavelengths;
  • FIG. 2 illustrates potential uses of the UV-transparent glasses in different LED-packages a) to f);
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the UV-transparent glasses provided according to the invention attached to a casing
  • FIG. 4 illustrates transmission curves of an exemplary glass provided according to the invention, which is free of Pt and has low contents of iron and titanium;
  • FIG. 5 illustrates transmission curves of a comparative glass, which has a content of 3.5 ppm platinum, 7.9 ppm iron and 8.3 ppm titanium;
  • FIG. 6 illustrates transmission curves of another comparative glass having a content of 3.8 ppm platinum, 3.3 ppm iron and 20.9 ppm titanium.
  • UV-absorption of UV-light at wavelengths of about 200 nm to about 250 nm is very high in otherwise transparent covers.
  • UV-light does not transmit well through conventional glasses at wavelengths beyond 320 nm.
  • Conventional borosilicate glasses do not transmit light at wavelengths below 290 nm.
  • these covers have the disadvantage that they are either impermissible for far-UV-light, or at least a high amount of energy is necessary to guarantee a sufficient UV-exposure of the treated surface, e.g. the treated skin.
  • This high operational energy again results in significant energy dissipation and increases thermal stress to the cover, as well as to the whole device. The result is a reduced lifetime and increased maintenance cost of the device.
  • the problem was to provide a new UVGI-method, which allows the application of UV in the far UVC in order to facilitate direct MRSA-treatment of sensitive surfaces, such as mammalian skin or other materials that are UV-sensitive, such as certain gasses and/or liquids.
  • the invention pertains to methods for eradicating Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the methods comprise exposing the MRSA to germicidal UV light within the wavelength range of from 207 to 222 nm, wherein the UV light is irradiated by a UV lamp having a lamp cover made of a borosilicate glass having a total platinum content of less than 3.5 ppm.
  • the glass may additionally have a low content of iron, titanium and other heavy metals of below 5 ppm each.
  • UV radiation is able to split organic bonds. As a result, it is hostile to life by destroying biogenic substances. In addition, many plastics are damaged by ultraviolet radiation due to haze, embrittlement, and/or decay. Thus, UV-light can be harmful to a number of sensitive surfaces or other materials, which may be UV-sensitive, such as certain gasses and/or liquids.
  • UV radiation In humans, excessive exposure to UV radiation can result in acute and chronic harmful effects on the eye's dioptric system and retina.
  • the skin, the circadian and immune systems can also be affected.
  • the skin and eyes are most sensitive to damage by UV at 265 to 275 nm.
  • UVC light of wavelengths around 250 nm as being radiated, for example, by conventional UVGI-lamps, such as for example mercury-vapor lamps, produce pre-mutagenic UV-associated DNA lesions for example in human skin models and are cytotoxic to exposed mammalian skin.
  • the eye is most sensitive to damage by UV in the lower UVC band at 265 nm to 275 nm. Radiation of this wavelength is almost absent from sunlight but is found in welder's arc lights and other artificial sources. Exposure to these can cause “welder's flash” or “arc eye” (photokeratitis) and can lead to cataracts, pterygium and pinguecula formation.
  • the wavelengths which are applied according to the method provided according to the invention, are in the range of from 207 nm to 222 nm.
  • Ultraviolet (UV) light of about 207 nm has similar antimicrobial properties as typical germicidal UV light (254 nm), but without inducing damage to outer tissue coverings of higher animals, such as amphibian, reptile, bird, mammal or human skin. However, in other embodiments it may also be used to eradicate MRSA from the outer surface of mollusks (shells) and/or arthropods (exoskeleton).
  • the limited penetration distance of 207 nm light in biological samples compared with that of 254 nm light allows for the selective antimicrobial treatment without harming the treated surface, especially mammalian or human skin, such as the skin of a patient or health care professionals.
  • the lens is located distal to the cornea, which is sufficiently thick (500 ⁇ m) such that penetration of 200 nm light through the cornea to the lens is essentially zero. Even if one considers effects on the cornea from the perspective of photokeratitis, any protective device against eye splash, which is now almost universal amongst surgical staff, would be expected to fully protect the cornea from 207 nm UV exposure.
  • the proposed bactericidal application of 207 nm UV light in the presence of humans is based on the fact that UV light at a wavelength of around 200 nm is very strongly absorbed by proteins (particularly through the peptide bond) and other biomolecules, so its ability to penetrate biological material is very limited.
  • the intensity of 200 nm UV light is reduced by half in only about 0.3 mm of tissue, compared with about 3 mm at 250 nm and much longer distances for higher UV wavelengths.
  • 200 nm UV light is only minimally absorbed in water.
  • bacteria are much smaller than almost any human cell. Typical bacterial cells are less than 1 ⁇ m in diameter, whereas typical eukaryotic cells range in diameter from about 10 to 25 ⁇ m.
  • UV light can penetrate throughout typical bacteria-cells but cannot penetrate significantly beyond the outer perimeter of the cytoplasm of typical eukaryotic cells, such as human cells, and will be drastically attenuated before reaching the eukaryotic cell nucleus.
  • UVC lamp By contrast, higher wavelength light from a conventional germicidal lamp can reach human cell nuclei without major attenuation. Based on these biophysical considerations, while radiation from a conventional UVC lamp is cytotoxic and mutagenic to both bacteria and human cells, 200 nm UV light is cytotoxic to bacteria, but much less cytotoxic or mutagenic to human cells.
  • UV-light of wavelengths significant below 200 nm are not useful, because at these wavelengths a sufficient eradication of MRSA cannot be reached anymore. Furthermore, at wavelengths below 200 nm, UV reacts with oxygen and forms ozone, an effect which is not desired.
  • the UVC light in the range of about 207 to 222 nm eradicates bacteria efficiently regardless of their drug-resistant proficiency, but without the skin and eye damaging effects associated with conventional germicidal UV exposure.
  • eradication is used herein for any reduction of MRSA after treatment of more than 90%, more than 95%, more than 99%, more than 99.9%, or more than 99.99% according to ISO 22196:2011-08-31.
  • the invention pertains to a method wherein the UV-exposure of the MRSA and/or the surface to be treated is in the range from 2,000 to 8,000 ⁇ W ⁇ s/cm 2 , from 2,100 to 7,000 ⁇ W ⁇ s/cm 2 , from 2,200 to 5,000 ⁇ W ⁇ s/cm 2 , or from 2,300 to 3,000 ⁇ W ⁇ s/cm 2 .
  • the UV-exposure of at least about 2,500 ⁇ W ⁇ s/cm 2 results in a 90% reduction of MRSA.
  • UV-sensitive material which is sensitive to conventional UV-radiation of wavelengths above 222 nm.
  • UV-sensitive materials may be any material where UV of wavelengths above 222 nm, above 250 nm and/or up to 295 nm is able to split organic or inorganic bonds.
  • UV-sensitive material may include any plastics, which are damaged by ultraviolet radiation between 222 nm and/or up to 295 nm due to haze, embrittlement, and/or decay.
  • the UV-sensitive material may be susceptible to crosslinking of monomers to produce specific polymers by UV-radiation above 222 nm, or above 250 nm and/or up to 295 nm.
  • the UV-sensitive material may be a gas or a liquid, which is sensitive to UV above 222 nm, or above 250 nm and/or up to 295 nm.
  • the UV-sensitive material may be a pharmaceutical composition, which is sensitive to UV above 222 nm, or above 250 nm and/or up to 295 nm.
  • the UV-sensitive material may be a biological tissue surface, such as a skin of an insect, invertebrate, vertebrate, mammal or human, (e.g. mollusc, fish, amphibia, reptile, bird, mammal and/or human or a chitinous exoskeleton from an arthropod, such as a lobster or an insect).
  • a biological tissue surface such as a skin of an insect, invertebrate, vertebrate, mammal or human, (e.g. mollusc, fish, amphibia, reptile, bird, mammal and/or human or a chitinous exoskeleton from an arthropod, such as a lobster or an insect).
  • biological tissue surface encompasses all biological surfaces, which may be harmed by UV-radiation above 222 nm, or above 250 nm and/or up to 295 nm.
  • the invention includes biological surfaces which may be harmed by UV-radiation outside the wavelength range of 207 to 222 nm, and which are not harmed by UV-radiation within the wavelength range of 207 to 222 nm.
  • tissue is used for any cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ.
  • a tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. Organs are then formed by the functional grouping together of multiple tissues.
  • tissue which may be exposed to UV-radiation during an MRSA-eradication method should be encompassed.
  • those tissues will be epithelial tissues that are formed by cells that cover the organ surfaces, such as the surface of skin, the airways, the reproductive tract, and the inner lining of the digestive tract.
  • the cells comprising an epithelial layer are linked via semi-permeable, tight junctions; hence, this tissue provides a barrier between the external environment and the organ it covers.
  • epithelial tissue may also be specialized to function in secretion, excretion and absorption. Epithelial tissue helps to protect organs from microorganisms, injury, and fluid loss.
  • methods provided according to the invention include those methods where conventional UVGI-methods may not be applicable or suitable, such as for example UV-treatment of MRSA residing on a UV-sensitive surface, such as for example skin tissue or where eye exposure to UV cannot be avoided.
  • mammalia refers herein to any vertebrate animal constituting the class Mammalia and characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, a neocortex (a region of the brain), fur or hair, and three middle ear bones. These characteristics distinguish them from reptiles and birds, from which they diverged in the late Triassic, 201-227 million years ago. There are around 5,450 species of mammals. The largest orders are the rodents, bats and Soricomorpha (shrews and others).
  • the next three are the Primates (apes, monkeys, and others), the Cetartiodactyla (cetaceans and even-toed ungulates), and the Carnivora (cats, dogs, seals, and others). This definition of mammals also includes humans.
  • mammal skin refers to any skin of a mammal, including the skin of livestock, wherein the term “livestock” is commonly defined as domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce labor and commodities such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool, such as for example cattle, goats, horses, pigs and sheep.
  • livestock is commonly defined as domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce labor and commodities such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool, such as for example cattle, goats, horses, pigs and sheep.
  • mamal skin includes also the skin of humans, such as for example patients, health care professionals, people with weak or absent immune-system (elderly, children, post-surgery, post organ transplantation, HIV-positive, etc.), people with elevated potential exposure to MRSA, etc.
  • Prior art UV lamp covers are made of sapphire, synthetic quartz or quartz glass (fused silica glass).
  • sapphire is very expensive as compared to other transparent materials and cannot be bent, molded, drawn or melt-fused like glasses or metals.
  • the UV-absorption at UVC wavelengths is quite high with nearly no transmission at wavelengths below 250 nm.
  • the glass has a transmission of at least 50%, better at least 60% or at least 70% at 200 nm and/or at least 85% at wavelengths [X] of 260 nm, 280 nm and/or 310 nm (measured at a thickness of 1 mm).
  • Quartz and fused silica glasses due to their high melting point, have high fabrication costs as well, since temperature and effort for melting and blowing are much higher than for other standard glasses. Furthermore, any forms other than tubes must be ground and polished from large blocks. Besides the costs of production, these covers have the disadvantage that high amounts of energy are necessary to guarantee a sufficient UV-exposure of the treated object, gas or liquid.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention are suitable for forming rods, sheets, discs, tubes and bars, produced by casting, Danner, Vello and/or down-draw processes.
  • the high operation energy results not only in increased thermal stress to the cover, but also to the whole device, which reduces its lifetime and increases maintenance costs.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may have excellent optical properties.
  • the refractive index can be less than 1.50.
  • the glasses described herein have excellent UV transmission. They may have one or more of the following optical properties:
  • the glass and/or the glass article may have a transmission of at least 50%, for example at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 83% at a wavelength of 254 nm.
  • the transmission at 254 nm is at most 99.9%, at most 95% or at most 90%.
  • the transmission is measured in particular with a sample thickness of 1 mm.
  • the indication that a transmission is measured at a certain wavelength does not mean that the glass is limited to the indicated thickness. Instead, the thickness indicates the thickness at which the transmission can be measured. The indication of a thickness for measurement ensures that the values can be compared.
  • glasses of any suitable thickness can be used in the glass covers and devices described hereinunder.
  • the transmission can be measured at a thickness other than 1 mm, and the transmission value at 1 mm can be calculated from such measurement.
  • the invention makes use of and relates to new glasses and glass covers (lamp covers, LED cover glass) which show low UV-absorption (i.e. high UVC-transmission), thereby decreasing the operation energy and reducing the operation temperature.
  • new glasses and glass covers provided according to the invention are comparably cheap and easy to manufacture, can be bent, molded, drawn or melt-fused to guarantee a manifold of shapes, and are resistant to most chemicals, as well as temperature and physical stress.
  • the glass has a transmission throughout the wavelength range of from 207 nm to 222 nm of at least 60% (measured at a thickness of 1 mm), wherein the glass is a borosilicate glass having a total platinum content of not more than 3.5 ppm, in some embodiments also having a low iron and titanium content of less than 5 ppm each, and a hydrolytic resistance characterized by an extracted Na 2 O equivalent in ⁇ g per g glass determined according to ISO 719 of not more than 250 ⁇ g/g, not more than 200 ⁇ g/g, not more than 180 ⁇ g/g, not more than 125 ⁇ g/g, not more than 50 ⁇ g/g, not more than 40 ⁇ g/g or not more than 25 1 ⁇ g/g.
  • Pt-contaminations i.e. Pt 0 , Pt 2+ , Pt 4+ , and Pt 6+ , also referred to as “total platinum content”
  • total platinum content platinum-contaminations in the glass may reduce the UV-transmission between 200 nm and about 250 nm.
  • platinum-contamination in the glass may induce phase-separation by the formation of nuclei within the glass.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention are borosilicate glasses, with none or very low metal contamination, especially Pt-contamination of below 3.5, or below 2.5 ppm.
  • the glass is free of any Pt-contamination.
  • TiO 2 contamination also referred to as “titanium content” in the glass may further reduce the UV-transmission between 200 nm and about 250 nm.
  • glasses with a TiO 2 content of 100 ppm or less, for example 50 ppm or less are provided.
  • the amount of TiO 2 should be below 7 ppm, below 6 ppm, below 5 ppm, or below 4 ppm.
  • the TiO 2 content may be between 0 and 6.9 ppm, between 0 and 5.8 ppm, between 0 and 4.7 ppm, between 0 and 3.8 ppm, or between 0 and 2.5 ppm.
  • a content of between 0 and 1.5 ppm, between 0 and 1.0 ppm, between 0 and 0.75 ppm, between 0 and 0.5 ppm, or between 0 and 0.25 ppm is provided.
  • the glass is free of any TiO 2 -contamination.
  • Fe-contamination in the glass may further reduce the UV-transmission between 200 nm and about 250 nm.
  • iron contents are expressed as parts by weight of Fe 2 O 3 in ppm. This value can be determined in a manner familiar to the person skilled in the art by determining the amounts of all iron species present in the glass and assuming for the calculation of the mass fraction that all iron is present as Fe 2 O 3 . For example, if 1 mmol of iron is found in the glass, the mass assumed for the calculation corresponds to 159.70 mg Fe 2 O 3 . This procedure takes into account the fact that the quantities of the individual iron species in the glass cannot be determined reliably or only with great effort.
  • the glass contains less than 100 ppm Fe 2 O 3 , for example less than 50 ppm or less than 10 ppm. In some embodiments with a particularly low iron content, the content of Fe 2 O 3 is less than 6 ppm, less than 5 ppm, or less than 4.5 ppm. Optionally, the Fe 2 O 3 content is between 0 and 4.4 ppm, between 0 and 4.0 ppm, between 0 and 3.5 ppm, between 0 and 2.0 ppm, or between 0 and 1.75 ppm. In some embodiments, the content can be between 0 and 1.5 ppm, or between 0 and 1.25 ppm. In some embodiments, the glass is free of any contamination with Fe 2 O 3 .
  • glasses are provided with a sum of all contaminations with Pt, TiO 2 and/or Fe 2 O 3 of below 20 ppm, for example below 18.5 ppm, below 13.5 ppm, below 10.5 ppm, or below 8.5 ppm.
  • glasses are provided with a sum of all contaminations between 0 and 8.2 ppm, between 0 and 7.0 ppm, between 0 and 6.0 ppm, between 0 and 5.0 ppm, between 0 and 4.0 ppm, between 0 and 3.0 ppm, between 0 and 2.0 ppm, between 0 and 1.0 ppm, between 0 and 0.5 ppm, between 0 and 0.25 ppm.
  • the glass is free of the contaminations with at least one, two, or up to all three of the metals selected from Pt, TiO 2 and/or Fe 2 O 3 .
  • contaminations with transition elements and/or heavy metals such as lead, rhodium, cadmium, mercury and hexavalent chromium may be kept below 10 ppm, for example below 8.5 ppm. In some embodiments, these contaminations may be kept between 0 and 8.2 ppm, between 0 and 7.0 ppm, between 0 and 6.0 ppm, between 0 and 5.0 ppm, or between 0 and 4.0 ppm. In some embodiments, the level of these contaminations may be between 0 and 3.0 ppm, between 0 and 2.0 ppm, between 0 and 1.0 ppm, between 0 and 0.5 ppm, or between 0 and 0.25 ppm. In some embodiments, the glass is free of any transition metal and/or heavy metal-contamination.
  • the statement that the glass has a content of As of less than 100 ppm means that the sum of the mass fractions of the As species present (e.g. As 2 O 3 , As 2 O 5 , etc.) does not exceed the value of 100 ppm.
  • ppm means parts per million on a weight-by-weight basis (w/w).
  • the invention may also pertain to methods to produce glasses with high UV-transmission.
  • the glass provided according to the invention is a borosilicate glass with high UV-transmission and the following additional ranges of physical and chemical parameters.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention have excellent melting properties, e.g. low transformation temperatures and working points.
  • suitable glass parameters may be selected from a transformation temperature T g (ISO 7884-8) below 550° C., such as from 400° C. to 500° C., in some embodiments between 420° C. and 460° C.; in some embodiments between 450° C. and 480° C.
  • the glass may have a T 13 temperature, i.e. a glass temperature at a viscosity ⁇ in dPa*s of 10 13 (annealing point) (ISO 7884-4), between 410° C. and 550° C., such as in some embodiments between 445° C. and 485° C.; in some embodiments between 490° C. and 510° C.
  • the glass may have a softening point, i.e. the temperature at which the viscosity is 10 7.6 dPa*s (softening point) (ISO 7884-3) between 650° C. and 750° C., such as in some embodiments between 690° C. and 715° C., in some embodiments between 700° C.
  • the glass may have a working point, i.e. of the temperature at which the viscosity is 10 4 dPa*s (working point) (ISO 7884-2) between 1000° C. and 1150° C., in some embodiments such as between 1060° C. and 1100° C.; in some embodiments between 1090° C. and 1140° C.
  • the temperature-viscosity dependence expressed by one or more of these parameters goes along with the ability of the glass to be drawn or otherwise formed into any desired shape, including UV lamp covers and UV-LED covers.
  • the glass has a T g of between 420° C. and 465° C.; a T 13 of between 445° C. and 485° C.; a softening point of between 690° C. and 715° C. and a working point of between 1060° C. and 1100° C.
  • the glass has a T g of between 460 and 470° C.; a T 13 of between 490 and 510° C.; a softening point of between 700 and 725° C. and a working point of between 1090 and 1140° C.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may have a density p at 25° C. between 2 and 2.5 g*cm ⁇ 3 .
  • the low density makes the glass most suitable for mobile applications, e.g. mobile MRSA eradication equipment.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may feature a thermal conductivity ⁇ w at 90° C. between 0.8 and 1.2 W*m ⁇ 1 *K ⁇ 1 , making it most suitable for use as lamp cover.
  • UVC-glasses and the UVC-glass covers made thereof have the following additional features:
  • solarization refers to a phenomenon in physics where a material undergoes a change in light transmission after being subjected to high-energy electromagnetic radiation, such as ultraviolet light. Clear glass and many plastics will turn amber, green or other colors when subjected to X-radiation, and glass may turn blue after long-term solar exposure in the desert. Solarization may also permanently degrade a material's physical or mechanical properties, and is one of the mechanisms involved in the breakdown of plastics within the environment.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may show a very good resistance against “solarization” (see example section) and, thus, are very suitable for the use as UV-glasses.
  • “Solarization” is the reduction of transmission for light of different wavelength ranges caused by exposure to short-wave UV light. Solarization can make the glass either colored or completely opaque.
  • “solarization resistance” is the property of the glass to maintain a high transmission at a certain wavelength even after UV irradiation. It can be described by calculating the induced absorbance ⁇ ( ⁇ ).
  • ⁇ ⁇ ( ⁇ ) - ln ⁇ T ⁇ ( ⁇ ) i T ⁇ ( ⁇ ) 0
  • the solarization resistance is stated herein for the wavelength 200 nm.
  • a sample thickness of about 0.70 mm to 0.75 mm is assumed in this specification. This means that the measurement takes place at this sample thickness.
  • the claimed glass article itself may have a different thickness.
  • the irradiation is carried out with a deuterium lamp. Deuterium lamps emit light up to a very short-wave UV range. The lamp used here has a cut-off wavelength of 115 nm.
  • the power of the deuterium lamp can be about 1 W/m 2 .
  • the following deuterium lamp (DUV) can be used: Heraeus Noblelight GmbH, Type V04, S-Nr.: V0390 30 W, with MgF 2 filter for sufficient emission up to 115 nm.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention also show a very good hydrolytic resistance and high gas-tightness.
  • the phase separation factor is a measure of the property of the glass to change its hydrolytic resistance as defined in ISO 719 as a result of phase separation. Phase separation occurs when the glasses are fused due to the influence of temperature. It has been proven to be advantageous to select glasses with a phase separation factor as close to 1 as possible, so that the glass properties of a phase separated glass do not differ greatly from the raw glass in terms of its hydrolytic resistance.
  • the phase separation factor is influenced by the composition of the glass, but also by its thermal history (cooling state).
  • phase separation factor E is calculated as follows.
  • Equ roh and Equ ent are the extracted Na 2 O equivalents in ⁇ g per g glass determined according to ISO 719:1989-12 of the non-phase separated and phase separated glass, respectively.
  • the phase separation factor is a property of the glass. This factor does not mean that the claimed glass has undergone phase separation, but that, if phase separation happens, the influence on hydrolytic stability is in the range given by the factor. Every glass can be analyzed for its phase separation factor.
  • the extracted Na 2 O equivalents are determined in a phase separated specimen and a non-phase separated specimen.
  • a “phase separated glass” is obtained by holding a glass specimen at 100° C. above the glass transition temperature (T g ) for 4 hours. This temperature treatment ensures a certain level of phase separation.
  • the hydrolytic resistance may be expressed as the extracted Na 2 O equivalent in ⁇ g per g glass.
  • the extracted Na 2 O equivalent in ⁇ g per g glass is determined according to ISO 719:1989-12. It is a measure of the extractability of basic compounds from glass in water at 98° C.
  • the glass has a phase separation factor with regard to its hydrolytic resistance in the range of between 0.1 and 1.65, or between 0.2 and 1.65, or between 0.35 and 1.65, or between 0.40 and 1.65, or between 0.65 and 1.65, for example between 0.70 and 1.10.
  • the factor is at least 0.1, or at least 0.2, or at least 0.35, or at least 0.40 or at least 0.70. In some embodiments, this factor is close to 1.00, which corresponds to the case of unchanged hydrolytic resistance after phase separation.
  • the phase separation factor is up to 1.40, up to 1.25 or up to 1.10.
  • the factor is at least 0.70 and up to 1.6. In some embodiments, the phase separation factor is at least 0.30 and up to 0.5.
  • the UVC-glass covers can be sealed hermetically, for example by the use of laser glass frit sealing.
  • This hermetical sealing is important, since a number of UVGI-applications take place in either aqueous environments (e.g. biofilm treatment or water treatment), humid environments (e.g. sewage systems) and/or environments with elevated gas-pressure or under vacuum.
  • the hermetical sealing allows the final device, e.g. a UVC-LED-lamp, to be autoclaved, so that it can be used in hospitals, in surgery, in laboratories or in any other environment where high hygienic standards are needed.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may have a product CTE [° C. ⁇ 1 ] ⁇ T 4 [° C.] of at most 0.0055, for example at most 0.0053 or at most 0.0051.
  • the product may be at least 0.0044 or at least 0.0045. It has been shown that these glasses show advantageous properties with regard to fusion stress and melting behavior.
  • T 4 is the temperature at which the glass has a viscosity of 10 4 dPa*s.
  • T 4 can be measured by the methods known to the person skilled in the art for determining the viscosity of glass, e.g. according to DIN ISO 7884-1: 1998-02.
  • T 13 is the temperature at which the glass has a viscosity of 10 13 dPa*s.
  • the average linear coefficient a of the thermal expansion (CTE) (at 20° C.; 300° C., according to ISO 7991) is in some embodiments between 3.0 and 6.0*10 ⁇ 6 K ⁇ 1 .
  • the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) may be less than 4.5*10 ⁇ 6 K ⁇ 1 . It may range from 3.5 to ⁇ 5*10 ⁇ 6 K ⁇ 1 , for example from 3.75 to 4.75*10 ⁇ 6 K ⁇ 1 , from 4.1 to 4.6*10 ⁇ 6 K ⁇ 1 , or from 4.1 to 4.5*10 ⁇ 6 K ⁇ 1 .
  • This allows adapting the thermal expansion properties to the overall thermal expansion properties of the UV-device and therefore prevents tensions within the glass cover.
  • the same or similar CTE is chosen for both the UVC-glass cover as well as the underlying UV-device (e.g. UVC-LED-package).
  • the glass transition temperature is below 500° C. It may be in a range of from 400° C. to 550° C., such as between 410° C. and 500° C. or in a range of between 420° C. and 480° C.
  • the processing temperature T 4 is the temperature at which the glass viscosity is 10 4 dPa*s.
  • the processing temperature T 4 of the glasses provided according to the invention may be below 1200° C., in some embodiments below 1125° C. It may be in a range of between 1000° C. and 1200° C., such as in a range of between 1025° C. and 1175° C.
  • the melting properties including T g and T 4
  • T g and T 4 it may be advantageous to set the ratio of the content B 2 O 3 to the sum of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 (in mol %) in a narrow range. In some embodiments, this ratio is at least 0.15 and/or at most 0.4.
  • a refractive index variation within the glass may correspond to a deformation of the wavefront passing through the glass, according to the following formula:
  • ⁇ s is the wavefront deviation
  • d is the thickness of the glass
  • ⁇ d is the thickness variation (difference between maximum and minimum thickness)
  • ⁇ n d is the refractive index variation (difference between maximum and minimum refractive index) in the glass.
  • the invention further provides glass articles having the indicated wavefront deviation.
  • the wavefront deviation can be calculated according to the formula above.
  • the wavefront deviation may be determined for a thickness of 10 mm of glass, or less; or 1 mm of glass or less. Optionally, the thickness may be at least 200 ⁇ m.
  • the wavefront deviation may be less than ⁇ 0.1 mm, less than ⁇ 0.08 mm, less than ⁇ 0.035 mm, less than ⁇ 25 ⁇ m, less than ⁇ 15 ⁇ m, or less than ⁇ 5 ⁇ m.
  • the wavefront deviation may be between 0.1 ⁇ m and 250 ⁇ m, or between 1 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m, or between 2 ⁇ m and 85 ⁇ m.
  • the wavefront deviation may be measured axial, e.g. in the case of glass tubes, as used for example in discharge lamps; or lateral, e.g. in the case of rod sections, as used for lenses in UVC-LEDs.
  • the wavefront may also be measured by a wavefront sensor.
  • This is a device which measures the wavefront aberration in a coherent signal to describe the optical quality or lack thereof in an optical system. Without being bound to a specific method, a very common method is to use a Shack-Hartmann lenslet array.
  • Alternative wavefront sensing techniques to the Shack-Hartmann system are mathematical techniques like phase imaging or curvature sensing. These algorithms compute wavefront images from conventional brightfield images at different focal planes without the need for specialized wavefront optics.
  • the glasses and glass articles provided according to the invention may have a low content of wavefront deformations in the glass (striae, bubbles, streaks, etc.). In general, it can be distinguished between the global or long-range homogeneity of refractive index in the material and short-range deviations from glass homogeneity. Striae are spatially short-range variations of the homogeneity in a glass. Short-range variations are variations over a distance of about 0.1 mm and up to 2 mm, whereas the spatially long range global homogeneity of refractive index covers the complete glass piece.
  • an ultraviolet ray transmission filter may be used, which filters out certain non-desired UV-wavelengths, e.g. wavelengths below 207 nm, in some embodiments below 200 nm; and/or above 222 nm, in some embodiments above 250 nm.
  • the glasses for UV-covers provided according to the invention may allow the shaping of lenses in order to optically shape the UV-beam, for example for directional focusing of the UV-light to the target.
  • any beam angle between 10° and 180° is possible.
  • 10° to 20°, 20° to 30°, 30° to 40°, 40° to 50°, 50° to 60°, 60° to 70°, 70° to 80°, 80 to 90° may be used.
  • 15° to 35°, 25° to 45°, 35° to 60°, 45° to 90°, 75° to 120°, 90° to 145°, 120° to 180° may be used.
  • beam shapes such as 90°, 120° or even 180°, are useful, for example in cases in which a surface of a certain size or a certain volume or a tube of a certain diameter needs to be decontaminated in one treatment.
  • narrow beam shapes such as 10°, 5° or even 1°, are useful.
  • narrow beam shapes can be used to concentrate the UV-exposure at the target site and avoid non-directional and undesired radiation, which would result in a less efficient energy-to-radiation ratio or exposure of UV-sensitive surfaces to UV-light.
  • One example may be the limited decontamination of defined areas of an eye.
  • lens shapes and beam angles may be used to solve complex MRSA-eradication tasks. For example in cases in which UV-sensitive surfaces of different sensitive levels are next to each other and need to be UV-exposed in one treatment.
  • the invention also provides methods for the production of LED-packages with covers made with the disclosed UVC-transparent glasses.
  • An LED package provided according to the invention may comprise
  • Such windows may be flat or having a shape for changing the path of the light (i.e. lens-shape).
  • UVC-LEDs may be packaged and sealed in a way (e.g. laser frit sealing) so that they are autoclavable, sterilizable and resistant against fluids. Such UVC-LEDs may be used for sterilization of air and water, surfaces; and for medical/dental applications.
  • UVC-LEDs having the UVC-transparent glass described herein possess further advantages in comparison to conventional UVGI-lamps or devices (such as mercury-vapor lamps), for example:
  • UV-lamps and the UV-devices provided according to the invention are more energy efficient as compared to conventional UVGI-lamps or -devices. This is because the disclosed glass may transmit more than 60% of the UV-light at 200 nm and therefore the ratio between energy-input and radiation-output is significantly improved.
  • UVC-LED-lamps This becomes important when these glasses are used as covers of UVC-LED-lamps. If the energy requirement of a conventional mercury-vapor-UV-lamp is set at 100%, the energy necessary to generate the same UV-radiation with the UVC-LEDs described herein is about 10 to 30%. In other words, if a conventional UV-lamp uses 10 W of energy to emit a certain UV-intensity the devices herein may use only between 1 and 3 W.
  • UVC-transparent glasses described herein are their high thermal conductivity ( ⁇ w ), which may be between 0.75 and 1.25 W*m ⁇ 1 *K ⁇ 1 at 90° C., in some embodiments about 1.0 W*m ⁇ 1 *K ⁇ 1 .
  • This superior thermal conductivity increases the lifetime of the device, since excess heat can dissipate easily before harming other parts of the device. This is, for example, in contrast to quartz-glasses, which normally have a less optimal thermal conductivity.
  • the method provided according to present invention may include UV-lamps with an energy efficiency index (EEI) of ⁇ 0.11 according to the REGULATION (EU) No 874/2012 in case of non-directional UV-lamps and an energy efficiency index (EEI) of ⁇ 0.13 according to the REGULATION (EU) No 874/2012 in case of directional UV-lamps.
  • EI energy efficiency index
  • the methods described herein may be used for eradication of MRSA from any kind of surface, including UV-sensitive surfaces, UV-sensitive liquid and/or UV-sensitive gas.
  • UV-sensitive pathogenic organisms such as viruses (such as for example influenza- or coronaviridae, such as SARS-CoV-2, especially resistant virus mutations, such as for example SARS-CoV2-D614G), bacteria (including spores), pathological yeasts, mold, and the like.
  • viruses such as for example influenza- or coronaviridae, such as SARS-CoV-2, especially resistant virus mutations, such as for example SARS-CoV2-D614G
  • bacteria including spores
  • pathological yeasts pathological yeasts, mold, and the like.
  • Potential applications can be selected from the list of uses comprising hand sanitizers (e.g. on private and public toilets), room sanitizers in health care environments, MRSA-eradication in preparation to or during or after surgery, wound treatment, eye treatment, food disinfection (e.g. during food production and/or meat, dairy or vegetable counter in supermarkets), livestock disinfection (especially in cases of intensive animal husbandry, such as for example laying batteries), production of pharmaceutical compounds and/or food production processes, storage facilities and/or disinfection of UV-sensitive surfaces which are often in contact with many different users, for example keyboards, handles, handrails, tooth brushes, hair brushes, ornaments, touch-devices, shaving razors, or kids toys.
  • UVC-devices disclosed herein can also be used for a wide range of applications as “analytical instrumentation”, for example:
  • the UVC-devices disclosed herein may comprise devices for “water disinfection”.
  • UVC LEDs are advantageous as compared to traditional mercury lamps, which require a long warm up time (anywhere from 50 seconds to 10 minutes) to reach the required germicidal intensity.
  • frequent on/off cycles can diminish lifetime by 50 percent or more.
  • UVC LEDs enables on-demand disinfection, which reduces power consumption significantly.
  • UVC-devices disclosed herein especially in cases of UV-sensitive surfaces, liquids or gases, may comprise:
  • the use of the UV-LED-module provided according to the invention may be selected from the group of water disinfection, analytical instrumentation (HPLC, spectrometers, water monitoring sensors), air purification, air disinfection, surface disinfection (e.g. keyboard disinfection, escalator handrail UV sterilizer), cytometry, molecular identification, protein analysis, biofilm treatment, curing, lithography, vegetable growth, skin cure, germ detection, drug discovery, protein analysis, induction of skin vitamine-D3-production and/or sterilization.
  • analytical instrumentation HPLC, spectrometers, water monitoring sensors
  • air purification air disinfection
  • surface disinfection e.g. keyboard disinfection, escalator handrail UV sterilizer
  • cytometry molecular identification
  • protein analysis biofilm treatment
  • curing lithography
  • vegetable growth skin cure
  • germ detection drug discovery
  • protein analysis induction of skin vitamine-D3-production and/or sterilization.
  • the invention pertains to uses of the glass provided according to the invention as a hermetically sealing lens cap for an UV-LED-module, e.g. for applications selected from the group of water disinfection, analytical instrumentation (HPLC, spectrometers, water monitoring sensors), air purification, air disinfection, surface disinfection (e.g.
  • keyboard disinfection, escalator handrail UV sterilizer cytometry, molecular identification, protein analysis, biofilm treatment, curing, lithography, vegetable growth, skin cure (psoriasis, vitiligo, itching, neurodermatitis, acne, actinic dermatitis, phototherapy, pityriasis rosea,), germ detection, drug discovery, protein analysis, induction of skin vitamine-D3-production and/or sterilization.
  • the glass may be a borosilicate glass.
  • borosilicate glass comprises the following components (in mol % based on oxides):
  • borosilicate glass comprises the following components (in mol % based on oxides):
  • R 2 O refers to the alkali metal oxides Li 2 O, Na 2 O and K 2 O; and “RO” denotes the alkaline earth metal oxides MgO, CaO, BaO and SrO.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may contain SiO 2 in a proportion of at least 40 mol %, or at least 60 mol %.
  • SiO 2 contributes to the hydrolytic resistance and transparency of the glass. If the SiO 2 content is too high, the melting point of the glass is too high. The temperatures T 4 and T g also rise sharply. Therefore, the content of SiO 2 should be limited to a maximum of 78 mol %, or to a maximum of 85%.
  • the content of SiO 2 is at least 61 mol %, at least 63 mol % or at least 65 mol %, at least 68 mol %, at least 69 mol %, or at least 70 mol %.
  • the content can be limited to a maximum of 75 mol % or a maximum of 73 mol %, or a maximum of 72 mol %.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention contain Al 2 O 3 in a maximum proportion of 10 mol %.
  • Al 2 O 3 contributes to the phase separation stability of the glasses, but in larger proportions reduces the acid resistance. Furthermore, Al 2 O 3 increases the melting temperature and T 4 .
  • the content of this component should be limited to a maximum of 25 mol %, or to a maximum of 9 mol %, or to a maximum of 8 mol %, or to a maximum of 7 mol %, or to a maximum of 5 mol %, or to a maximum of 4.5 mol %.
  • Al 2 O 3 is used in a small proportion of at least 2 mol %, at least 2.5 mol %, or at least 3 mol %, or at least 3.25 mol %. In some embodiments the glass may be free of Al 2 O 3 .
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may contain B 2 O 3 in a proportion of at least 12 mol %.
  • B 2 O 3 has a beneficial effect on the melting properties of glass, in particular, the melting temperature is lowered and the glass can be fused with other materials at lower temperatures.
  • the amount of B 2 O 3 should not be too high, otherwise the glasses have a strong tendency to phase separation.
  • too much B 2 O 3 has a negative effect on the hydrolytic resistance and the glass tends to have a high evaporation loss during production, resulting in a glass with knots.
  • B 2 O 3 should be limited to up to 24 mol %, up to 22 mol %, or up to 20 mol %.
  • the content of B 2 O 3 can be at least 5 mol %, at least 12 mol %, or at least 14 mol %.
  • the ratio of the sum of the contents (in mol %) of B 2 O 3 , R 2 O and RO to the sum of the contents (in mol %) of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 is at most 0.4, for example at most 0.35 or at most 0.34. In some embodiments, this value is at least 0.1, such as at least 0.2, or at least 0.26. Glasses with the above-mentioned proportion have good properties in terms of hydrolytic resistance and phase separation factor, and they have only a low induced extinction, which has many advantages, especially when used as UV-transparent material.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may contain Li 2 O in a proportion of up to 10.0 mol %, or up to 3.0 mol %, or up to 2.8 mol %, or up to 2.5 mol %.
  • Li 2 O increases the fusibility of the glasses and results in a beneficial shift of the UV edge to lower wavelengths.
  • lithium oxide tends to evaporate, increases the tendency to phase separation and also increases the price of the mixture.
  • the glass contains only a small amount of Li 2 O, e.g.
  • the glass is free of Li 2 O.
  • the content of Li 2 O is between 1 mol % and 2 mol %.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention contain Na 2 O in a proportion of up to 18 mol %, or up to 6 mol %.
  • Na 2 O increases the fusibility of the glasses.
  • sodium oxide also leads to a reduction in UV transmission and an increase in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE).
  • the glass may contain Na 2 O in a proportion of at least 1 mol %, or at least 2 mol %.
  • the content of Na 2 O is a maximum of 5 mol %, or a maximum of 4 mol %.
  • the glass may be free of Na 2 O.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention contain K 2 O in a maximum proportion of 4 mol %.
  • K 2 O increases the fusibility of the glasses and results in a beneficial shift of the UV edge to lower wavelengths.
  • Its content may be at least 0.3 mol %, or at least 0.75 mol %.
  • a potassium oxide content that is too high leads to a glass that has a disturbing effect when used in photomultipliers due to the radiating property of its isotope 40 K. Therefore, the content of this component must be limited to a maximum of 15 mol %, to a maximum of 10 mol %, to a maximum of 5 mol %, to a maximum of 3 mol %, or a maximum of 2 mol %.
  • the glass may be free of K 2 O.
  • the ratio of the contents of Na 2 O to K 2 O in mol % is at least 1.5, for example at least 2. In some embodiments, the said ratio is at most 4, for example at most 3. Both oxides serve to improve the fusibility of the glass. However, if too much Na 2 O is used, the UV transmission is reduced. Too much K 2 O increases the coefficient of thermal expansion. It was found that the ratio given achieves the best results, i.e. the UV transmission and the coefficient of thermal expansion are in advantageous ranges. In some embodiments, the ratio is between 1.85 and 3.
  • the amount of R 2 O in the glasses provided according to the invention may be not more than 10 mol %, not more than 8 mol %, or not more than 7 mol %.
  • the glasses may contain R 2 O in amounts of at least 3.5 mol %, at least 4 mol %, or at least 4.5 mol %.
  • Alkali metal oxides increase the fusibility of the glasses, but, as described previously, lead to various disadvantages in higher proportions.
  • the content of R 2 O is between 4.5 mol % and 6.0 mol %.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may contain MgO in a proportion of up to 10 mol %, up to 6 mol %, up to 4 mol %, or up to 2 mol %.
  • MgO is advantageous for fusibility, but in high proportions it proves to be problematic with regard to the desired UV transmission and the tendency to phase separation.
  • Some embodiments are free of MgO.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may contain CaO in a proportion of up to 16 mol %, up to 6 mol %, up to 4 mol %, or up to 2 mol %.
  • CaO is advantageous for fusibility, but in high proportions it proves to be problematic with regard to the desired UV transmission.
  • Some embodiments are free of CaO or contain only little CaO, e.g. at least 0.1 mol %, at least 0.3 mol %, or at least 0.5 mol %.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may contain SrO in a proportion of up to 4 mol %, up to 1 mol %, or up to 0.5 mol %.
  • SrO is advantageous for fusibility, but in high proportions it proves to be problematic with regard to the desired UV transmission. Some embodiments are free from SrO.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may contain BaO in a proportion of up to 12 mol %, or up to 4 mol %, or up to 2 mol %.
  • BaO leads to an improvement of the hydrolytic resistance.
  • a too high barium oxide content leads to phase separation and, thus, to instability of the glass.
  • Exemplary embodiments contain BaO in amounts of at least 0.1 mol %, at least 0.3 mol %, or at least 0.4 mol %.
  • the content of BaO is between 0.3 mol % and 1.5 mol %.
  • the glass may be free of BaO.
  • the ratio of BaO in mol % to the sum of the contents of MgO, SrO and CaO in mol % should be at least 0.4. In some embodiments, this value is at least 0.55, or at least 0.7, or at least 1.0. In some embodiments, the value is at least 1.5, or even at least 2.
  • BaO offers the most advantages in terms of phase separation and hydrolytic resistance compared to the other alkaline earth metal oxides. However, the ratio should not exceed 4.0 or 3.0.
  • the glass contains at least small amounts of CaO and BaO and is free of MgO and SrO. In some embodiments the ratio is between 0.7 and 2.2.
  • the ratio of the proportion of CaO in the glass to BaO in mol % is less than 2.0.
  • this ratio should be less than 1.5 or less than 1.0.
  • the ratios are even lower, for example less than 0.8, or less than 0.6, and in some embodiments this ratio is at least 0.3. In some embodiments the ratio is between 0.4 and 1.4.
  • the glass has a mol % ratio of B 2 O 3 to BaO of at least 8 and at most 45.
  • the ratio is at least 10, or at least 11 and, in some embodiments, the said ratio is limited to a maximum of 42, or of 40, or of 39. In some embodiments, the ratio may be limited to a maximum of 15 or 14. In some embodiments, the ratio is not less than 10 and not more than 45, or not less than 11 and not more than 42; in some embodiments the ratio is between 11 and 16. In some embodiments the ratio is between 35 and 45. Glasses with the above ratios show good properties in terms of hydrolytic resistance and phase separation factor, as well as low induced absorbance.
  • the proportion of RO in the glasses provided according to the invention can be at least 0.3 mol %.
  • Alkaline earth metal oxides are advantageous for fusibility, but in high proportions they prove to be problematic with regard to the desired UV transmission.
  • the glass contains a maximum of 3 mol % RO.
  • the proportion of RO is between 1 and 3 mol %.
  • the sum of the contents in mol % of alkaline earth metal oxides and alkali metal oxides, RO+R 2 O, can be limited to a maximum of 10 mol %. Some embodiments can contain these components in quantities of maximum 9 mol %. In some embodiments the content of these oxides is at least 4 mol %, at least 5 mol %, or at least 6 mol %. In some embodiments the RO+R 2 O-proportion is between 6 and 8 mol %. These components increase the phase separation tendency and reduce the hydrolytic resistance of the glasses in too high proportions.
  • the ratio of the contents in mol % of B 2 O 3 to the sum of the contents of R 2 O and RO in mol % may be at least 1.3, at least 1.5, or at least 1.8.
  • the ratio can be limited to a maximum of 6, a maximum of 4.5, or a maximum of 3.
  • the B 2 O 3 /(RO+R 2 O)-proportion is between 1.8 and 3.5.
  • Alkali or alkaline earth borates can form during glass phase separation, if too much alkali or alkaline earth oxide is present in relation to B 2 O 3 . It has been proven to be advantageous to adjust the above ratio.
  • the ratio of the content of B 2 O 3 to the sum of the contents of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 in mol % within a narrow range. In some embodiments, this ratio is at least 0.15 and/or at most 0.4. In some embodiments the B 2 O 3 /(SiO 2 +Al 2 O 3 )-ratio is between 0.17 and 0.3.
  • the ratio of the proportions in mol % of the sum of the alkali metal oxides R 2 O to the sum of the alkaline earth metal oxides RO may be >1, for example >1.1 or >2. In some embodiments, this ratio is at most 10, at most 7 or at most 5. In some embodiments the ratio is between 2 and 4.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may contain F ⁇ in a content of 0 to 6 mol %. In some embodiments the content of F ⁇ is at most 4 mol %. In some embodiments, at least 1 mol %, or at least 2 mol % of this component is used. Component F ⁇ improves the fusibility of the glass and influences the UV edge towards smaller wavelengths.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may contain Cl ⁇ in a content of less than 1 mol %, for example less than 0.5 mol %, or less than 0.3 mol %. Exemplary lower limits are 0.01 mol %, or 0.05 mol %.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may contain ZnO in a content of less than 5 mol %, for example less than 2.5 mol %, or less than 1 mol %. Exemplary lower limits are 0.01 mol %, or 0.05 mol %. In some embodiments the glass may be free of ZnO.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may contain ZrO 2 in a content of less than 5 mol %, less than 2.5 mol %, or less than 1 mol %. Exemplary lower limits are 0.01 mol %, or 0.05 mol %. In some embodiments the glass may be free of ZrO 2 .
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may contain SnO 2 in a content of less than 3 mol %, for example less than 2 mol %, or less than 1 mol %. Exemplary lower limits are 0.01 mol %, or 0.05 mol %. In some embodiments the glass may be free of SnO 2 .
  • Non-significant quantities are quantities of less than 0.5 ppm, for example less than 0.25 ppm, less than 0.125 ppm or less than 0.05 ppm.
  • the glass has less than 10 ppm Fe 2 O 3 , for example less than 5 ppm or less than 1 ppm. In some embodiments, the glass has less than 10 ppm TiO 2 , for example less than 5 ppm or less than 1 ppm. In some embodiments, the glass has less than 3.5 ppm arsenic, for example less than 2.5 ppm or less than 1.0 ppm. In some embodiments the glass contains less than 3.5 ppm antimony, less than 2.5 ppm antimony, or less than 1.0 ppm antimony. Besides the negative effects on UV-transmission and solarization, especially arsenic and antimony are toxic and dangerous to the environment and should be avoided.
  • borosilicate glass includes the following components (in mol % on oxide basis):
  • the glass includes the following components in mol %:
  • the glass includes the following components in mol %:
  • the glass article can be produced by drawing processes known for glass tubes and rods. Depending on the desired shape, the person skilled in the art will choose a suitable manufacturing process, e.g. ingot casting for bars, floating or down draw for producing panes. In some embodiments, the cooling of the glass in the process is adjusted so that the desired properties are achieved.
  • the glass article is produced using the Danner or the Vello method.
  • the glass melt flows vertically downwards (in the direction of the gravitational force) through a shaping tool made of an outlet ring and a needle.
  • the shaping tool forms a negative form (matrix) of the generated cross-section of the glass tube or the glass rod.
  • a needle is arranged as a shaping part in the center of the shaping tool.
  • the difference between the Vello and the down draw method is first of all that the glass melt in the Vello method is deflected horizontally after it leaves the forming tool and, secondly, in the fact that the needle has a passage in the Vello method, through which blown air flows. As with the Danner method, the blown air ensures that the resulting glass tube does not collapse. In the down draw method, the solidified glass melt is separated without prior redirection. Since there is no redirection, one can also refrain from the use of blown air during the production of glass tubes.
  • the invention relates to a glass article made of the glass disclosed herein.
  • the thickness of the glass article for example the wall thickness in the case of a glass tube, can be at least 0.1 mm or at least 0.3 mm.
  • the thickness can be limited to up to 3 mm or up to 2 mm.
  • the outside diameter of the glass article e.g. the outside diameter of a glass tube or glass rod, can be up to 50 mm, up to 40 mm, or up to 30 mm.
  • the outside diameter can be at least 1 mm, at least 2 mm, or at least 3 mm.
  • the article has a thickness that is at least 3 mm and/or at most 20 mm.
  • the thickness is at least 5 mm, at least 6 mm, or at least 8 mm.
  • the thickness may be limited to a maximum of 20 mm, up to 16 mm, up to 14 mm, or up to 12 mm.
  • the article has a length and a width, for example the length being greater than the width.
  • the length may be at least 20 mm, at least 40 mm or at least 60 mm.
  • it is at most 1000 mm, at most 600 mm, at most 250 mm or at most 120 mm.
  • the length is from 20 mm to 1000 mm, from 40 mm to 600 mm, or from 60 mm to 250 mm.
  • the width may be at least 10 mm, at least 25 mm, or at least 35 mm.
  • the width is at most 575 mm, at most 225 mm or at most 110 mm.
  • the width is from 10 mm to 575 mm, from 25 mm to 225 mm, or from 35 mm to 110 mm.
  • the invention pertains to a method for eradicating Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the method comprising exposing the MRSA to germicidal UV light within the wavelength range of from 207 nm to 222 nm, wherein the UV light is irradiated by a UV lamp having a lamp cover made of a borosilicate glass having a total platinum content of less than 3.5 ppm.
  • MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
  • said MRSA exposed to germicidal UV light resides on a UV-sensitive material, which is sensitive to UV-radiation above 222 nm.
  • said UV-sensitive material is a biological tissue surface such as the eye or skin of an animal, wherein the animal is selected from an insect, invertebrate, vertebrate, mammal and/or human.
  • said eradication of MRSA after treatment is >99% according to BS ISO 22196:2011-08-31.
  • said UV-exposure of the MRSA is at least in the range from 2,000 to 8,000 microwatt seconds per square centimeter (W s/cm 2 ).
  • all or part the cover of said UV lamp is shaped in form of a lens.
  • the invention pertains to a glass having a transmission throughout the wavelength range of from 207 nm to 222 nm of at least 60% (measured at a thickness of 1 mm), wherein the glass is a borosilicate glass having a total platinum content of not more than 3.5 ppm. In some embodiments not more than 3 ppm, not more than 2.5 ppm, not more than 2 ppm. And wherein the glass has a hydrolytic resistance characterized by an extracted Na 2 O equivalent in ⁇ g per g glass determined according to ISO 719 of not more than 250 ⁇ g/g. In some embodiments not more than 180 ⁇ g/g, not more than 120 ⁇ g/g, not more than 50 ⁇ g/g.
  • said glass has a transmission of at least 40%, of at least 50%, of at least 55%, of at least 60% at 200 nm and/or of at least 55%, of at least 60%, of at least 65% at 210 nm and/or of at least 60%, of at least 65%, of at least 75% at 230 nm and/or of at least 75%, of at least 80%, of at least 85% at wavelengths [ ⁇ ] of 260 nm, 280 nm and/or 310 nm (measured at a thickness of 1 mm).
  • the transmission at 200 nm is at most 95%, at most 85% or at most 70%.
  • the glasses provided according to the invention may have a ratio of the transmission at 254 nm to the transmission at 200 nm (each measured with a sample thickness of 1 mm) of at least 1.00 and at most 2.00, for example at most 1.65 or at most 1.50.
  • said glass comprises a total content of one or more UV-blocking impurities is below 10 ppm. In some embodiments below 8 ppm, or even below 5 ppm.
  • said glass comprises one or more UV-blocking impurities selected from rhodium, lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, iron, titanium, and any combination thereof.
  • said glass comprises a total platinum content below 1.0 ppm.
  • the wavefront deviation may be less than +0.1 mm, less than +0.08 mm, less than 0.035 mm, less than +25 ⁇ m, less than +15 ⁇ m, less than +5 ⁇ m.
  • the wavefront deviation may be between 0.1 ⁇ m and 250 ⁇ m, or between 1 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m, or between 2 ⁇ m and 85 ⁇ m.
  • said glass has a refractive index n d of from 1.450 to 1.580.
  • said glass comprises the following components in the indicated amounts (in mol %):
  • the invention pertains to the use of said glass as a hermetically sealing lens cap for a UV-LED-module, e.g. for applications selected from the group of water disinfection, analytical instrumentation (HPLC, spectrometers, water monitoring sensors), air purification, air disinfection, surface disinfection (e.g.
  • keyboard disinfection, escalator handrail UV sterilizer cytometry, molecular identification, protein analysis, biofilm treatment, curing, lithography, vegetable growth, skin cure (psoriasis, vitiligo, itching, neurodermatitis, acne, actinic dermatitis, phototherapy, pityriasis rosea,), germ detection, drug discovery, protein analysis, induction of skin vit-D3-production and/or sterilization.
  • the invention relates to a glass articles comprising or consisting of the glass described herein.
  • the glass article has at least one polished surface.
  • the glass article has at least one chamfered edge.
  • the polished surface may have a surface roughness Ra of less than 10 nm or less than 5 nm.
  • Chamfered edges are more impact resistant, in particular more resistant to chipping than non-chamfered edges.
  • the manufacturing process comprises the step of chemical and/or thermal tempering of the glass article.
  • the “tempering” is also referred to as “hardening” or “toughening”.
  • the glass article is toughened on at least one surface, for example thermally and/or chemically toughened.
  • small alkali ions in the article are usually replaced by larger alkali ions.
  • the smaller sodium is replaced by potassium.
  • the very small lithium is replaced by sodium and/or potassium.
  • alkali ions are replaced by silver ions.
  • alkaline earth ions are exchanged for each other according to the same principle as the alkali ions.
  • the ion exchange takes place in a bath of molten salt between the article surface and the salt bath.
  • molten salt for example molten KNO 3
  • salt mixtures or mixtures of salts with other components can also be used.
  • the mechanical resistance of an article can further be increased if a selectively adjusted compressive stress profile is built up within the article. This can be achieved by mono- or multistage ion exchange processes.
  • CS compressive stress
  • DoL depth of the compressive stress layer
  • CS is greater than 100 MPa. In some embodiments, CS is at least 200 MPa, at least 250 MPa, or at least 300 MPa. In some embodiments, CS is at most 1,000 MPa, at most 800 MPa, at most 600 MPa, or at most 500 MPa. In some embodiments, CS is in a range from >100 MPa to 1,000 MPa, from 200 MPa to 800 MPa, from 250 MPa to 600 MPa, or from 300 MPa to 500 MPa.
  • the glass article is thermally toughened.
  • Thermal toughening is typically achieved by rapid cooling of the hot glass surface.
  • Thermal toughening has the advantage that the compressive stress layer can be formed deeper (larger DoL) than with chemical toughening. This makes the glasses less susceptible to scratching, since the compressive stress layer cannot be penetrated as easily with a scratch as with a thinner compressive stress layer.
  • the glasses or glass articles can, for example, be subjected to a thermal tempering process after a melting, shaping, annealing/cooling process and cold post-processing steps.
  • glass bodies e.g. a previously described glass article or a preliminary product
  • T G transformation temperature
  • the surfaces of the glass body are then rapidly cooled, for example by blowing cold air through a nozzle system.
  • they are frozen in an expanded network, while the interior of the glass body cools slowly and has time to contract more.
  • the amount of compressive stress depends on various glass parameters such as CTE glass (average linear coefficient of thermal expansion below Tg), CTE liquid (average linear coefficient of thermal expansion above Tg), strain point, softening point, Young's modulus and also on the amount of heat transfer between the cooling medium and the glass surface as well as the thickness of the glass bodies.
  • a compressive stress of at least 50 MPa is generated.
  • the flexural strength of the glass bodies can be doubled to tripled compared to non-toughened glass.
  • the glass is heated to a temperature of 750 to 800° C. and tempered fast in as stream of cold air.
  • the blowing pressure may be from 1 to 16 kPa.
  • the glass article has a compressive stress layer with a compressive stress of at least 50 MPa, for example at least 75 MPa, at least 85 MPa or at least 100 MPa.
  • the glass article may have a compressive stress layer on one, two or all of its surfaces.
  • the compressive stress of the compressive stress layer may be limited to at most 250 MPa, at most 200 MPa, at most 160 MPa or at most 140 MPa. These compressive stress values may be present, for example, in thermally toughened glass articles.
  • the depth of the compressive stress layer of the glass article is at least 10 ⁇ m, at least 20 ⁇ m, at least 30 ⁇ m, or at least 50 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, this layer may even be at least 80 ⁇ m, at least 100 ⁇ m, or at least 150 ⁇ m.
  • the DoL is limited to at most 2,000 ⁇ m, at most 1,500 ⁇ m, at most 1,250 ⁇ m, or at most 1,000 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the DoL can be from 10 ⁇ m to 2,000 ⁇ m, from 20 ⁇ m to 1,500 ⁇ m, or from 30 ⁇ m to 1,250 ⁇ m.
  • the glass article is thermally toughened with a DoL of at least 300 ⁇ m, at least 400 ⁇ m or at least 500 ⁇ m.
  • the DoL may be at most 2,000 ⁇ m, at most 1,500 ⁇ m, or at most 1,250 ⁇ m.
  • the DoL is from 300 ⁇ m to 2,000 ⁇ m, from 400 ⁇ m to 1,500 ⁇ m, or from 500 ⁇ m to 1,250 ⁇ m.
  • the invention relates to a glass that is resistant in several respects. Particularly resistant glass is especially useful where the glass is exposed to special requirements. This is the case, for example, in extreme environments. Extreme environments are in particular areas of application in which special resistance, durability and safety are required, e.g. areas requiring explosion protection.
  • the invention relates to a glass article with special suitability for use in extreme environments.
  • the article may be a sheet, disc, tube, rod, ingot or block.
  • the article is in the form of a sheet or a disc.
  • the glass article consists of a glass having a transmission throughout the wavelength range of from 207 nm to 222 nm of at least 60% (measured at a thickness of 1 mm), wherein the glass is a borosilicate glass having a total platinum content of not more than 3.5 ppm, and a hydrolytic resistance characterized by an extracted Na 2 O equivalent in ⁇ g per g glass determined according to ISO 719 of not more than 250 ⁇ g/g, further wherein the glass article has a thickness of at least 0.3 mm, for example at least 3 mm and/or up to 20 mm.
  • a glass article with low induced extinction at 200 nm and/or 254 nm offers the advantage that transmission remains high for the wavelengths under consideration, even after extended use, and extreme heat generation is avoided.
  • the glass article can also be used in a UV lamp for disinfecting surfaces in extreme environments.
  • the glass article is used in a UV lamp (for example as a cover) that is used to disinfect a site of action.
  • the site of action may be an object that is touched by many people, for example a handle, in particular a door handle.
  • the UV lamp can, for example, be aligned in such a way that it applies UV radiation to the site of action. In this case, a certain proximity to the site of action cannot be avoided. Accordingly, there is a risk here that the glass article will be damaged by impacts. This results in a need for mechanical resistance.
  • the mechanical resistance can be improved by a large thickness of the glass article, which, however, reduces the transmission of the article and greatly increases the heating of the glass during operation of the UV lamp. Excessive heating should be avoided, which in turn is positively influenced by very good transmission and low induced extinction. Excessively high temperatures impair safety due to the risk of user burns or explosions. In principle, the risk of burns can be reduced by greater distance, but this must be compensated with greater radiation intensity with the disadvantage again of stronger heat generation.
  • the invention also relates to a UV lamp and the use of the glass article in a UV lamp for disinfection, in particular in extreme environments, in particular for disinfecting sites of action, e.g. those touched by many people. It has proven advantageous to maintain a minimum distance between the surface to be disinfected and the glass article of 5 cm, for example 7.5 cm or 10 cm.
  • a power density of at least 1.0 mW/cm 2 , at least 1.5 mW/cm 2 , at least 2.5 mW/cm 2 , at least 3.0 mW/cm 2 or at least 3.5 mW/cm 2 can be set at the site of action.
  • the site of action is the surface to be disinfected.
  • the power density is at most 20 mW/cm 2 , at most 15 mW/cm 2 or at most 10 mW/cm 2 .
  • the power density is the power that can be measured at the site of action as UV radiation, in particular UV-C radiation, mediated by the UV lamp.
  • the site of action is periodically disinfected. This means that the site of action is not irradiated continuously, but only intermittently.
  • an irradiation interval can be triggered by touch, presence or actuation by the user.
  • an irradiation interval may be at least 1 second, at least 5 seconds, at least 10 seconds, or at least 20 seconds.
  • an irradiation interval lasts at most 10 minutes, at most 5 minutes, at most 2 minutes, or at most 1 minute.
  • the UV lamp and/or the glass article has a heat-optimized structure, wherein the thickness of the glass article and the UV transmission of the glass article are chosen in such a way that when a site of action 70 mm away from the glass article (disposed on the opposite side of the article with respect to the light source) is irradiated with a medium pressure mercury lamp at 120 W/cm and an arc length of 4 cm (e.g. Philips HOK 4/120) at a UVC power density of 17.27 mW/cm 2 for a duration of 5 seconds at an ambient temperature of 20° C., no temperature at the surface of the glass article facing the site of action exceeds 45° C.
  • a medium pressure mercury lamp at 120 W/cm and an arc length of 4 cm (e.g. Philips HOK 4/120) at a UVC power density of 17.27 mW/cm 2 for a duration of 5 seconds at an ambient temperature of 20° C.
  • the radiation passes perpendicularly through the glass article, i.e., the light enters the glass article substantially perpendicular to the surface facing the light source and/or the light exits the glass article substantially perpendicular to the surface of the glass article facing the site of action.
  • no temperature exceeds a value of 42.5° C., 40° C. or 37.5° C.
  • said temperature limits are not exceeded even after 10 seconds, 20 seconds, 30 seconds, 45 seconds, 60 seconds, 90 seconds, 120 seconds, 150 seconds or 180 seconds of irradiation.
  • the property describes how strongly the glass article heats up when irradiated vertically with commonly used UV light sources.
  • UVC power density refers to the power density imparted by radiation in the UVC range (280 to 200 nm).
  • Medium-pressure mercury lamps also emit light at other wavelengths, which are not taken into account here when considering UVC power density. The measurement is performed under ambient atmosphere.
  • the described property does not limit the UV lamp or the application of the glass article to medium-pressure mercury lamps.
  • the glass article meets the requirements for the fracture pattern according to DIN EN 12150-1:2020-07.
  • a whole article or a part of an article can be examined; in deviation from the specified standard, the article can be smaller than indicated there, as long as the area to be considered is exceeded.
  • the area to be considered for the breakage pattern can be in particular 40 mm ⁇ 40 mm or 25 mm ⁇ 25 mm.
  • the glass article breaks into not less than 25 pieces, for example not less than 30 pieces or not less than 40 pieces, under the above conditions. It is advantageous for the article to break into many pieces, since in the event of breakage the risk of injury is low if the pieces are small.
  • the fracture pattern can be influenced, for example, by the choice of glass composition, cooling condition (thermal shrinkage), by adjusting stresses in the glass and/or by tempering the article.
  • the invention relates to a glass article consisting of a glass having a transmission throughout the wavelength range of from 207 nm to 222 nm of at least 60% (measured at a thickness of 1 mm), wherein the glass is a borosilicate glass having a total platinum content of not more than 3.5 ppm, and a hydrolytic resistance characterized by an extracted Na 2 O equivalent in ⁇ g per g glass determined according to ISO 719 of not more than 250 ⁇ g/g, further wherein the glass article has a thickness of at least 0.3 mm, for example at least 3 mm and/or up to 20 mm, further wherein the article has a compressive stress on at least one surface of at least 50 MPa and a fracture pattern characterized by fracture of an area of 40 mm ⁇ 40 mm into not less than 25 pieces determined according to DIN EN 12150-1.
  • the melts “glass No. 1” was melted at 1610° C., refined at 1620° C. for 60 min, then stirred at the same temperature for 30 min, and then left to stand for 120 min at 1620° C., so that the glass was as bubble-free as possible.
  • the transmission curves of the glasses were recorded at at least two different points on the cast blocks.
  • the refractive index was also determined as a function of the wavelength.
  • the following table shows an exemplary glass provided in accordance with the invention in mol %.
  • the transmission at 200 nm was reduced from 60-65% to about 50% for glass C1 and to about 20-30% for glass C2, as compared to Glass No. 1, showing the high influence of Pt-contamination, as well as an impact on the transmission by other contaminations such as iron and titanium.
  • UV-Lamp Production of UV-Lamp and/or UV-LED-Lamp
  • the UVC-transparent Glass No. 1 was used to produce a UVC-LED-lamp, by using the glass as cover in the LED-package.
  • the LED package had a package size of 3.5 ⁇ 3.5 mm.
  • a UVC-transparent encapsulation material was used to further protect and cover the LED.
  • Such encapsulation material may be copolymers of methyl methacrylate and acyloximino methacrylate ester.
  • poly-(methyl ethacrylate-co-3-methacryloyl-oximino-2-butanone) was used.
  • the glass cover could be frit sealed with a laser to the package surface in order make the UVC-LED-lamp autoclavable even at elevated gas-pressures and to be useable in environments which comprise elevated humidity or gas-pressures.
  • the LED-lamp was compared with conventional LED-lamps. It could be shown that the LEDs made according to the invention are about 30% more energy efficient than conventional UV-lamps.
  • a surface with MRSA-CFUs (colony forming units) were irradiated by UVC-LED-lamps provided according to the invention. 2,500 W s/cm 2 of UVC at 200 nm were applied for 10 minutes. After a UVC-treatment for 10 minutes less than 1% of MRSA-CFUs could be identified.
  • Glass No. 1 is a glass with high UV-transmission and a hydrolytic resistance characterized by an equivalent amount of Na 2 O extracted in water at 98° C. of not more than 20, 25, 30, 50, 100, 180 and/or 250 ⁇ g/g.
  • the inventive glasses 1 to 6 may comprise Pt below the detection limit (less than 1 ppm); less than 5 ppm Fe 2 O 3 and less than 7 ppm TiO 2 .
  • the following table shows the solarisation resistance (induced absorbance) after exposure to a deuterium lamp for 48 and 96 h, respectively.
  • the transmission was measured at a glass-thickness of 0.7 to 0.75 mm.
  • the following table shows rounded transmission-values for some glasses after exposure to a deuterium lamp after 48 and 96 h, respectively.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates transmission curves of Glass No. 1 at different thicknesses (1 mm and 0.34 mm) and different UV-wavelengths.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates potential uses of the UV-transparent glasses in different LED-packages a) to f).
  • the form of the glass lens 1 allows the focusing or dispersion of the UV-light, depending on the specific application.
  • the cover glass 1 may surround the UV-source (e.g. an UV-LED) 4 so that UV-light is emitted also laterally (cf. FIG. 2 c ) to f)).
  • Reflective elements at the back of the casing 3 may improve the light emitting efficacy.
  • casing 3 an aluminium nitride ceramic—(AlN ceramic) with high thermal conductivity may be used.
  • the LED 4 and the glass cover 1 may be metal soldered 2 to the casing 3 .
  • the UV-transparent glasses 1 may also be attached to the casing via laser frit sealing 6 (see FIG. 3 , b) to e)).
  • the LED 4 which may be metal soldered 2 to the casing 3 , may be additionally fully encapsulated in transparent encapsulation material 5 .
  • Such encapsulation material may be copolymers of methyl methacrylate and acyloximino methacrylate ester. In the examples poly-(methyl methacrylate-co-3-methacryloyl-oximino-2-butanone) was used.
  • FIGS. 4 to 6 illustrate transmission curves of the different glasses. Transmission at 200 nm was reduced from 60-65% (inventive Glass No. 1) to about 50% (“comparative glass 1”) and 20-30% (“comparative glass 2”), indicating the great influence on UV-transmission by platinum and other contaminations.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates transmission curves of inventive Glass No. 1, which is free of Pt and has low contents of iron and titanium (made according to example 1). Two measurements at different points of the same glass cast block where made. Variations in transmission measurements of the same glass are due to inhomogeneities of the cast blocks.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates transmission curves of “comparative glass 1”, which has a content of 3.5 ppm platinum, 7.9 ppm iron and 8.3 ppm titanium. Two measurements at different points of the same glass cast block where made. Variations in transmission measurements of the same glass are due to inhomogeneities of the cast blocks.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates transmission curves of “comparative glass 2” has a content of 3.8 ppm platinum, 3.3 ppm iron and 20.9 ppm titanium. “Comparative glass 2” was measured three times at different points of the same glass cast block. Variations in transmission measurements of the same glass are due to inhomogeneities of the cast blocks.

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EP4345076A1 (en) * 2022-09-27 2024-04-03 Schott Ag Glass for radiation and/or particle detectors
US11958771B1 (en) 2021-10-19 2024-04-16 Schott Ag Glass, glass article, method of making the glass, use of the glass and flash lamp comprising the glass

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DE202020107535U1 (de) * 2020-12-03 2021-04-28 Schott Ag UV-transparente Gläser zum Beseitigen von Methicillin-resistenten Staphylococcus aureus
JP7374151B2 (ja) * 2020-12-03 2023-11-06 ショット アクチエンゲゼルシャフト ホウケイ酸ガラス物品
EP4091998A1 (en) * 2021-05-21 2022-11-23 Schott Ag Glass having high uv transmittance and high solarization resistance
JP2023060459A (ja) * 2021-10-18 2023-04-28 スタンレー電気株式会社 Ｌｅｄランプ装置およびｌｅｄランプ装置を備えたコンソールボックス構造
JP2023162698A (ja) 2022-04-27 2023-11-09 国立大学法人山口大学 紫外線照射装置および紫外線照射方法
WO2024150554A1 (ja) * 2023-01-11 2024-07-18 ウシオ電機株式会社 藻類又は微生物の増殖抑制方法、紫外線照射装置、及び照明装置

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DE19955827B4 (de) 1999-11-20 2005-03-31 Schott Ag Verfahren zur Unterdrückung der Bildung von O2-Gasblasen an der Kontaktfläche zwischen einer Glasschmelze und Edelmetall
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US11958771B1 (en) 2021-10-19 2024-04-16 Schott Ag Glass, glass article, method of making the glass, use of the glass and flash lamp comprising the glass
EP4345076A1 (en) * 2022-09-27 2024-04-03 Schott Ag Glass for radiation and/or particle detectors
EP4345077A1 (en) * 2022-09-27 2024-04-03 Schott Ag Glass for radiation and/or particle detectors
US20240109805A1 (en) * 2022-09-27 2024-04-04 Schott Ag Glass for radiation and/or particle detectors

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DE202020107535U1 (de) 2021-04-28
EP3960206A3 (en) 2022-06-15
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