US20210290562A1 - Compositions for the delivery of therapeutic agents and methods of use and making thereof - Google Patents

Compositions for the delivery of therapeutic agents and methods of use and making thereof Download PDF

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US20210290562A1
US20210290562A1 US16/646,528 US201916646528A US2021290562A1 US 20210290562 A1 US20210290562 A1 US 20210290562A1 US 201916646528 A US201916646528 A US 201916646528A US 2021290562 A1 US2021290562 A1 US 2021290562A1
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composition
lipid
cbd
based particle
equal
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Brian R. Sloat
Michael A. Sandoval
Tyler B. West
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Sante Laboratories LLC
Disruption Labs Inc
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Disruption Labs Inc
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Assigned to DISRUPTION LABS INC. reassignment DISRUPTION LABS INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SANTE LABORATORIES LLC
Assigned to SANTE LABORATORIES LLC reassignment SANTE LABORATORIES LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SANDOVAL, MIKE A., SLOAT, Brian R., WEST, Tyler B.
Assigned to DISRUPTION LABS INC. reassignment DISRUPTION LABS INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SANTE LABORATORIES LLC
Assigned to SANTE LABORATORIES LLC reassignment SANTE LABORATORIES LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SANDOVAL, MIKE A., SLOAT, Brian R., WEST, Tyler B.
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Definitions

  • lipid, nanoparticle-based compositions e.g., liposomal, solid lipid particles, oil-in-water emulsions, etc.
  • hydrophobic therapeutic agents e.g., vitamins, nutrients, plant extracts, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, or other beneficial agents for delivery
  • the lipid compositions comprise cannabidiol (“CBD”) as a therapeutic agent.
  • CBD cannabidiol
  • the compositions are stable (e.g., at room temperature) for prolonged periods of time.
  • CBD is a phytocannabinoid used in the treatment of a variety of ailments.
  • CBD can be used for alleviating pain (e.g., from multiple sclerosis), treating epilepsy, and the treatment of certain neurological disorders.
  • CBD can be taken into the body in multiple different ways, including by inhalation of Cannabis smoke or vapor, as an aerosol spray into the cheek, and by mouth.
  • CBD may be supplied as an oil (e.g., CBD-dominant hemp extract oil), capsules, dried Cannabis , or as a prescription liquid solution.
  • the particle is a lipid particle.
  • the particle is a nanoscale particle.
  • the particle is a microscale particle.
  • the particle is liposomal (e.g., is a liposome).
  • the particle comprises one or more of a phospholipid component, a non-phospholipid lipid component (e.g., a medium and/or long chain triglyceride component), a sterol component, and/or water.
  • the particle further comprises the active ingredient (e.g., a therapeutic agent).
  • the active ingredient is a phytocannabinoid.
  • the phytocannabinoid is CBD.
  • the lipid constituents of the particle allow it to solubilize CBD of high purity.
  • the CBD in the particle is of sufficient purity to provide a crystalline and/or solid (e.g., an amorphous or crystalline powder).
  • the CBD not an oil.
  • the phytocannabinoid of a lipid-based particle composition as disclosed herein is a single phytocannabinoid (e.g., CBD).
  • the phytocannabinoid e.g., CBD
  • the phytocannabinoid has a purity by weight % of equal to or greater than about: 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the phytocannabinoid (e.g., CBD) is present in the lipid-based particle composition at dry weight % of equal to or greater than about: 5%, 8%, 10%, 15%, 20%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the phytocannabinoid is free of or essentially free of THC.
  • the phytocannabinoid e.g., CBD
  • THC is present below the limit of quantitation (LOQ) (e.g., when analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with standard detectors, such as UV/Vis, photodiode array, refractive index, fluorescence, light scattering, conductivity, and the like).
  • LOQ limit of quantitation
  • the phospholipid component comprises one or more of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol phosphate, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, and phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate.
  • the phospholipid component comprises phosphatidylcholine.
  • the phospholipid component is a single phospholipid.
  • the phospholipid component is phosphatidylcholine.
  • the phosphatidylcholine is highly pure.
  • the phosphatidylcholine has a purity by weight % of equal to or greater than about: 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, the phosphatidylcholine is present in the lipid-based particle composition at dry weight % of equal to or greater than about: 10%, 20%, 30,%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the lipid component comprises a triglyceride.
  • the lipid component comprises a medium chain triglyceride (MCT).
  • MCT medium chain triglyceride
  • the medium chain triglyceride comprises a fatty acid selected from one or more of caproic acid, octanoic acid, capric acid, caprylic acid, and/or lauric acid (e.g., is formed from).
  • the medium chain triglyceride comprises a fatty acid 6-12 carbons in length (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12).
  • the lipid component comprises a long chain triglyceride.
  • the long chain triglyceride comprises a fatty acid greater than 12 carbons in length (e.g., greater than or equal to 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 carbons in length, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values).
  • the lipid component is a single lipid.
  • the lipid component is MCT.
  • the MCT is highly pure.
  • the MCT has a purity by weight % of equal to or greater than about: 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the MCT (or LCT) is present in the lipid-based particle composition at dry weight % of equal to or greater than about: 10%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the sterol component comprises cholesterol. In some embodiments, the sterol component is a single sterol. In some embodiments, the sterol component is cholesterol. In some embodiments, the cholesterol (or other sterol) is highly pure. In some embodiments, the cholesterol (or other sterol) has a purity by weight % of equal to or greater than about: 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, the cholesterol (or other sterol) is present in the lipid-based particle composition at dry weight % of equal to or greater than about: 1%, 2%, 4%, 5%, 8%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the lipid-based particle composition is aqueous while in other embodiments the composition may be provided as a dry or substantially dry solid (e.g., having a water content in weight % of less than or equal to 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values).
  • water may be present at a wet weight percent of equal to or less than about: 70%, 75%, 77%, 80%, 85%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the phytocannabinoid e.g., CBD
  • the phosphatidylcholine is present in the aqueous composition at wet weight % of equal to or greater than about: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the MCT is present in the aqueous composition at wet weight % of equal to or greater than about: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the cholesterol is present in the aqueous composition at wet weight % of equal to or greater than about: 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 5.0%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the particle comprises CBD, phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, a lipid component other than a phospholipid (e.g., one or more of a medium chain triglyceride, a long chain triglyceride, and/or hemp oil), and/or water.
  • the CBD is present in an amount of less than or equal to about 25 mg/ml.
  • the phosphatidylcholine is present in an amount of less than or equal to about 100 mg/ml.
  • the cholesterol is present in an amount of less than or equal to about 25 mg/ml.
  • the medium chain triglyceride is present in an amount of less than or equal to about 100 mg/ml.
  • the lipid-based particle composition further comprises a preservative.
  • the preservative comprises one or more of malic acid, citric acid, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, and Vitamin E.
  • malic acid is present in an amount of less than or equal to about 0.85 mg/ml.
  • citric acid is present in an amount of less than or equal to about 0.85 mg/ml.
  • potassium sorbate is present in an amount of less than or equal to about 1 mg/ml.
  • sodium benzoate is present in an amount of less than or equal to about 1 mg/ml.
  • the composition further comprises a flavoring agent.
  • lipid-based particle composition comprising: a nanoparticle comprising: cannabidiol (CBD) that is of sufficient purity that it exists in a solid and/or powdered state prior to formulation in the nanoparticle composition at a weight percent in the composition ranging from 1% to 10%; a phosphatidylcholine at a weight percent in the composition ranging from 2.5% to 15%; a sterol at a weight percent in the composition ranging from 0.5% to 5%; and a medium chain triglyceride at a weight percent in the composition ranging from 2.5% to 15%.
  • the composition comprises water at a weight percent in the composition ranging from 60% to about 80%.
  • the nanoparticles have an average size ranging from about 75 nm to about 175 nm. In some embodiments, upon storage for a period of one month, the average size of the nanoparticles changes by less than about 20%.
  • the lipid-based particle composition is in the form of liposomes and/or an oil-in-water nano-emulsion. In some embodiments, an appreciable amount of the nanoparticle composition does not settle and/or separate from the water upon standing for a period of at least about 12 hours. In some embodiments, the composition is configured such that when concentrated to dryness to afford a powder formulation of nanoparticles, the nanoparticle powder can be reconstituted to provide the nanoparticle composition. In some embodiments, the composition has a Tmax for CBD of less than 4.5 hours. In some embodiments, upon storage for a period of one month, the average size of the nanoparticles changes by less than about 20%.
  • the polydispersity of the nanoparticles in the composition is less than or equal to 0.15. In some embodiments, upon 90 days of storage at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity, the polydispersity of the nanoparticles changes by less than or equal to 10%. In some embodiments, upon 90 days of storage at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity, the polydispersity of the nanoparticles changes by less than or equal to 0.1. In some embodiments, the composition has a shelf life of greater than 18 months at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity. In some embodiments, upon 90 days of storage at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity, the D90 of the nanoparticles changes less than or equal to 10%. In some embodiments, the composition has a concentration max (Cmax) of 80 ng/ml after an oral dose of 15 mg/kg.
  • lipid-based particle composition comprising a particle comprising cannabidiol (CBD) that is of sufficient purity that it exists in a solid and/or powdered state prior to formulation in the nanoparticle composition at a weight percent in the composition ranging from 5% to 15%, a phosphatidylcholine at a weight percent in the composition ranging from 35% to 60%, a sterol at a weight percent in the composition ranging from 2.5% to 10%, and a medium chain triglyceride at a weight percent in the composition ranging from 35% to 50%.
  • the composition further comprising a preservative.
  • the preservative comprises one or more of malic acid, citric acid, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, and Vitamin E.
  • the sterol is cholesterol.
  • the composition further comprises a flavoring agent.
  • the composition has a Cmax of 80 ng/ml after an oral dose of 15 mg/kg.
  • the lipid-based particle composition is provided as a dry powder.
  • the powder is configured to be reconstituted in water to provide an aqueous solution.
  • nanoparticles within the aqueous solution have an average size ranging from about 75 nm to about 175 nm.
  • the composition further comprising a preservative.
  • the preservative comprises one or more of malic acid, citric acid, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, and Vitamin E.
  • the sterol is cholesterol.
  • the composition further comprises a flavoring agent.
  • the lipid-based particle composition is in the form and/or comprises one or more of liposomes, an oil-in-water nano-emulsion (and/or microparticle emulsion), and/or solid lipid particles.
  • an appreciable amount of the particles in the composition do not settle and/or do not separate (e.g., upon visual inspection) from the water upon standing for a period of at least about 12 hours.
  • the particles when suspended in water, the particles remain substantially homogenously distributed in the water upon standing for a period of at least about 12 hours.
  • the nanoparticles have an average size ranging from about 10 nm to about 500 nm.
  • the composition comprises nanoparticles having an average size of less than or equal to about: 10 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 250 nm, 500 nm, 1000 nm, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the composition comprises microparticles having an average size of less than or equal to about: 1000 nm, 1.5 ⁇ m, 2 ⁇ m, 3 ⁇ m, 5 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the dried powder composition comprises microparticles that form nanoparticles (as disclosed herein) when reconstituted.
  • these dried powder compositions comprise particles having an average size of less than or equal to about: 250 nm, 500 nm, 1000 nm, 1.5 ⁇ m, 2 ⁇ m, 3 ⁇ m, 5 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 50 ⁇ m, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the average size of the nanoparticles (or microparticles) increases by less than about 10%.
  • the lipid-based particle composition is configured such that when concentrated to dryness to afford dry particles (e.g., from any one of the oil-in-water emulsion (e.g., a nanoemulsion or microemulsion), liposome solution, and/or solid lipid particle) as a powder, the dry nanoparticles can be reconstituted to provide a reconstituted particle based solution (e.g., the nanoparticle composition).
  • the average size of the nanoparticles increases or decreases by less than about 15% and/or by less than about 100%.
  • excipients may be added to the liposomes, oil-in-water nano-emulsions (and/or microparticle emulsions), and/or a solid lipid particle.
  • the excipient comprises trehalose.
  • lipid-based particle composition e.g., one or more phytocannabinoids (e.g., CBD) is mixed with one or more lipophilic components of the composition to provide a solution.
  • one or more lipid components that are not phospholipids
  • one or more sterols are added.
  • one or more phospholipids are added.
  • one or more flavoring and/or preservatives are added.
  • water is added.
  • the lipophilic ingredients are combined and the hydrophilic ingredients are combined separately.
  • the lipophilic ingredients are then added to the hydrophilic ingredients.
  • the solution is passed through a microfluidizer and/or a high sheer homogenizer. In some embodiments, the process affords a particle composition.
  • a method of manufacturing the particle composition of a phytocannabinoid is disclosed.
  • the phytocannabinoid is added to solvent.
  • one or more phospholipids are added to the solvent.
  • one or more sterols are added to the solvent.
  • one or more lipids is added to the solvent.
  • the solvent is removed to provide a substantially solid product.
  • the product is mixed with water to provide an emulsion.
  • the emulsion is passed through a microfluidizer and/or a high sheer homogenizer.
  • the process affords a nanoparticle composition.
  • Some embodiments pertain to a method of treating a patient in need of treatment comprising administering an effective amount therapeutic agent provided as a lipid-based particle composition as disclosed herein to the patient. Some embodiments pertain to a method of treating a patient in need of treatment comprising administering an effective amount of the composition to the patient.
  • the patient in need of treatment is a patient suffering from one or more of pain, anxiety & stress, seizures, malaise, inflammation, mood disorders, and insomnia.
  • the condition is treated by administering an effective amount of a composition as disclosed herein to the patient.
  • the Cmax is increased relative to CBD alone or comparator embodiments (e.g., CBD oil-based products) by equal to or at least about: 15%, 20%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the Cmax is increased (relative to an oil-based product) by equal to or at least about: 10 ng/mL, 20 ng/mL, 30 ng/mL, 40 ng/mL, 50 ng/mL, 60 ng/mL, 70 ng/mL, 80 ng/mL, 90 ng/mL, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the Tmax for CBD is decreased (relative to CBD alone or a CBD in oil mixture) by equal to or at least about: 15%, 20%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, the Tmax for CBD in a disclosed embodiment is decreased (relative to CBD alone or a CBD in oil mixture) by equal to or at least about: 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the AUC for CBD using a disclosed embodiment is increased (relative to CBD alone or a CBD in oil mixture) by equal to or at least about: 100 ng/mL*hr, 200 ng/mL*hr, 300 ng/mL*hr, 400 ng/mL*hr, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the AUC is improved (relative to CBD alone or a CBD in oil mixture) by equal to or at least about: 25%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow chart showing an embodiment of a method of preparing a lipid-based particle composition as disclosed herein.
  • FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing another embodiment of a method for preparing a lipid-based particle composition as disclosed herein.
  • FIG. 3 depicts the CBD concentration in an embodiment of the disclosed lipid-based particle compositions over time when stored at 25° C./60% relative humidity.
  • FIG. 4 depicts the particle size of an embodiment of the disclosed lipid-based particle compositions over time when stored at 25° C./60% relative humidity.
  • FIGS. 5A-5E depict representative images of some embodiments of lipid nanoparticles as disclosed herein.
  • FIG. 6 depicts resulting Z-Average Particle Size of some embodiments after 5 microfluidization passes for embodiments prepared using solvent-free methods.
  • FIG. 7 depicts resulting D90 Particle Size of some embodiments after 5 microfluidization passes for embodiments prepared using solvent-free methods.
  • FIG. 8 depicts resulting polydispersity of some embodiments after 5 microfluidization passes for embodiments prepared using solvent-free methods.
  • FIG. 9A-D depict the pharmacokinetic profiles of certain embodiments of CBD lipid nanoparticle solutions, CBD lipid nanoparticle powders and CBD oil-based commercial comparators.
  • FIG. 9A shows CBD plasma concentration data for an embodiment as disclosed herein, including for a lipid nanoparticle solution and a lipid nanoparticle powder.
  • FIG. 9B provides a comparison of the lipid nanoparticle powder of FIG. 9A compared to commercial comparators comprising CBD oil.
  • FIG. 9C provides a comparison of the lipid nanoparticle solution of FIG. 9A compared to commercial comparators comprising CBD oil.
  • FIG. 9D provides an expanded view of the data in FIG. 9C .
  • FIG. 10 depicts the Tmax for of CBD lipid nanoparticle as disclosed herein compared to and CBD oil-based commercial comparators.
  • FIG. 11 depicts Half-Lives (TI/2) of some embodiments of CBD lipid nanoparticle solutions, powders, and oil-based commercial comparators.
  • FIG. 12 depicts Area Under The Curve (AUC) of some embodiments of CBD lipid nanoparticle solutions, powders, and oil-based commercial comparators.
  • AUC Area Under The Curve
  • FIG. 13 shows data for the change in CBD lipid nanoparticle particle size in some embodiments over approximately 6 months at different solution pH.
  • FIG. 14 shows data for the change in CBD concentration in certain embodiments of lipid nanoparticles after 7 months at different storage conditions.
  • FIG. 15 shows data for various passes through a microfluidizer, including an initial particle size measurements after 1 pass through 10 passes.
  • FIG. 16 shows data for different particles after various passes through a microfluidizer, including particles after 1 pass through 10 passes after storage for 6 months at 25° C. with 60% relative humidity.
  • FIG. 17A-C shows change in particle size distribution by operating pressure measured using Z average, D90 particle sizing, and polydispersity index, respectively.
  • FIG. 18 shows short-term stability data for various embodiments of CBD lipid nanoparticles prepared with cholesterol alternative phytosterols.
  • FIGS. 19A and 19B show stability data for various embodiments of CBD lipid nanoparticles in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids.
  • FIG. 20 shows stability data for various embodiments of CBD lipid nanoparticles.
  • FIG. 21 shows embodiments of CBD nanoparticles in beverages and the nanoparticle size at two time points.
  • the lipid-based particle compositions are nanoparticle compositions.
  • the nanoparticles comprise liposomes.
  • the therapeutic agent is a phytocannabinoid.
  • the phytocannabinoid is cannabidiol (CBD).
  • CBD cannabidiol
  • the composition is comprised of high grade ingredients (e.g., highly pure) that yield a well-characterized, reproducible delivery system.
  • the compositions as disclosed herein are stable for long periods of time.
  • the composition confers water solubility to hydrophobic therapeutic agents.
  • the composition imparts apparent solubility to a molecule that is otherwise considered practically insoluble in water (e.g., >10 liters of water needed to dissolve 1 gram of CBD) and/or practically water insoluble according to the biopharmaceutical classification system.
  • the composition comprises a liposomal and/or nano-emulsion composition of a CBD isolate.
  • the composition is configured for oral ingestion.
  • the CBD formulation is provided as a drinkable solution, such as a beverage, elixir, tonic, or the like.
  • hydrophobic therapeutic agents or nutrients can be employed using the delivery systems disclosed herein (e.g., fish oils, vitamin D and other lipid soluble vitamins).
  • hydrophilic therapeutic agents may also be used.
  • the compositions disclosed herein may enhance the delivery of and/or slow or lessen the degradation of hydrophilic or hydrophobic therapeutic agents.
  • nanoparticles as disclosed elsewhere herein, microparticles are also envisioned.
  • an effective amount refers to that amount of a recited compound and/or composition that imparts a modulating effect, which, for example, can be a beneficial effect, to a subject afflicted with a disorder, disease or illness, including improvement in the condition of the subject (e.g., in one or more symptoms), delay or reduction in the progression of the condition, prevention or delay of the onset of the disorder, and/or change in clinical parameters, disease or illness, etc., as would be well known in the art.
  • an effective amount can refer to the amount of a composition, compound, or agent that improves a condition in a subject by at least 5%, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 100%.
  • an improvement in a condition can be a reduction in disease symptoms or manifestations (e.g., pain, anxiety & stress, seizures, malaise, inflammation, mood disorders, insomnia, etc.).
  • Actual dosage levels of active ingredients in an active composition of the presently disclosed subject matter can be varied so as to administer an amount of the active compound(s) that is effective to achieve the desired response for a particular subject and/or application.
  • the selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the activity of the composition, composition, route of administration, combination with other drugs or treatments, severity of the condition being treated, and the physical condition and prior medical history of the subject being treated.
  • a minimal dose is administered, and dose is escalated in the absence of dose-limiting toxicity to a minimally effective amount. Determination and adjustment of an effective dose, as well as evaluation of when and how to make such adjustments, are contemplated herein.
  • Treat” or “treating” or “treatment” refers to any type of action that imparts a modulating effect, which, for example, can be a beneficial effect, to a subject afflicted with a disorder, disease or illness, including improvement in the condition of the subject (e.g., in one or more symptoms), delay or reduction in the progression of the condition, and/or change in clinical parameters, disease or illness, curing the illness, etc.
  • the “patient” or “subject” treated as disclosed herein is, in some embodiments, a human patient, although it is to be understood that the principles of the presently disclosed subject matter indicate that the presently disclosed subject matter is effective with respect to all vertebrate species, including mammals, which are intended to be included in the terms “subject” and “patient.” Suitable subjects are generally mammalian subjects. The subject matter described herein finds use in research as well as veterinary and medical applications.
  • mammal as used herein includes, but is not limited to, humans, non-human primates, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, mini-pigs (a mini-pig is a small breed of swine weighing about 35 kg as an adult), horses, cats, dog, rabbits, rodents (e.g., rats or mice), monkeys, etc.
  • Human subjects include neonates, infants, children, juveniles, adults and geriatric subjects.
  • the subject can be a subject “in need of” the methods disclosed herein can be a subject that is experiencing a disease state and/or is anticipated to experience a disease state, and the methods and compositions of the invention are used for therapeutic and/or prophylactic treatment.
  • weight percent when referring to a component, is the weight of the component divided by the weight of the composition that includes the component, multiplied by 100%. For example the weight percent of component A when 5 grams of component A is added to 95 grams of component B is 5% (e.g., 5 g A/(5 g A+95 g B) ⁇ 100%).
  • dry weight % e.g., “dry wt %”, “dry weight percent”, etc.
  • dry weight percent is the weight percent of that ingredient in the composition where the weight of water has not been included in the calculation of the weight percent of that ingredient.
  • a dry weight % can be calculated for a composition that does not include water or for a composition that includes water.
  • the “wet weight %” e.g., “wet wt %”, “wet weight percent”, etc.
  • the dry weight percent of component A when 5 grams of component A is added to 95 grams of component B and 100 grams of water is 5% (e.g., 5 g A/(5 g A+95 g B) ⁇ 100%).
  • the wet weight percent of component A when 5 grams of component A is added to 95 grams of component B and 100 grams of water is 2.5% (e.g., 5 g A/(5 g A+95 g B+100 g water) ⁇ 100%).
  • the term “phytocannabinoid” refers to a group of cannabinoids that occur naturally in the Cannabis plant, including but not limited to, THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), THCA (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid), CBD (cannabidiol), CBDA (cannabidiolic acid), CBN (cannabinol), CBG (cannabigerol), CBC (cannabichromene), CBL (cannabicyclol), CBV (cannabivarin), THCV (tetrahydrocannabivarin), CBDV (cannabidivarin), CBCV (cannabichromevarin), CBGV (cannabigerovarin), CBGM (cannabigerol monomethyl ether), CBE (cannabielsoin), and CBT (cannabicitran).
  • THC tetrahydrocannabinol
  • THCA tetrahydrocannabinolic acid
  • CBD canannabidio
  • phospholipid refers to a lipid having two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic head comprising of a phosphate group.
  • intermediate chain triglyceride refers to tri-substituted triglycerides with fatty acids having aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbon atoms (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) and mixtures thereof.
  • long chain triglyceride refers to tri-substituted triglycerides with fatty acids having an aliphatic tail of greater than 13 carbon atoms (13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or more) and mixtures thereof.
  • sterol refers to a subgroup of steroids with a hydroxyl group at the 3-position of the A-ring.
  • Cmax is given its plain and ordinary meaning and refers to the maximum (or peak) plasma concentration of an agent after it is administered.
  • Tmax is given its plain and ordinary meaning and refers to the length of time required for an agent to reach maximum plasma concentration after the agent is administered.
  • AUC is given its plain and ordinary meaning and refers to the calculated area under the curve, referring to a plasma concentration-time curve (e.g., the definite integral in a plot of drug concentration in blood plasma vs. time.).
  • polydispersity or “PDI” is used to describe the degree of non-uniformity of a size distribution of particles. Also known as the heterogeneity index, PDI is a number calculated from a two-parameter fit to the correlation data (the cumulants analysis). This index is dimensionless and scaled such that values smaller than 0.05 are mainly seen with highly monodisperse standards.
  • A may be at 5 wt % and B may be at 5 wt %, totaling 10 wt %.
  • CBD is a prominent phytocannabinoid constituent of Cannabis sativa ( Cannabis ) that lacks the psychoactive effects of A9-tetrahydrocannabinol.
  • CBD was first isolated from Cannabis in 1940 and structurally characterized in 1963.
  • CBD may have broad therapeutic properties across a range of disorders including anxiety, depression, inflammation, pain, and seizure disorders either when administered alone or with THC.
  • Evidence of CBD's therapeutic properties is largely limited to preclinical studies.
  • the FDA granted approval of Epidiolex a CBD isolated from marijuana for the treatment of pediatric seizure disorders, proving CBD's benefit in a controlled clinical trial setting.
  • CBD phytocannabinoids
  • CBD oils are disadvantageous for a variety of reasons.
  • Some CBD oils may include THC or other agents. THC is the psychoactive agent in Cannabis sativa . It would be advantageous to use CBD that was highly pure to avoid such impurities (such as THC), because those impurities could result in patients avoiding CBD therapies altogether.
  • CBD oils to sufficiently disperse the compound and to form particles.
  • the ingredients used to form lipophilic particles comprising CBD also have a wide variety of impurities and variations batch-to-batch.
  • the lipophilic compositions using CBD oil often rely, at least in part, on a distribution and/or variety of lipophilic impurities in each of the liposomal ingredients to aid in dispersing CBD.
  • current delivery systems must use CBD oils and lipophilic ingredients with a distribution of compounds in order to sufficiently solubilize the compound and because CBD oils and the lipophilic ingredients used to solubilize them comprise impurities, delivery and stability of these mixtures is unpredictable. These impurities may also lead to side effects.
  • new delivery systems that are able to utilize highly pure CBD forms and pure and/or uniform ingredients are needed.
  • CBD oils also have low bioavailability (due to poor absorption and due to their variable purity profile).
  • Highly pure isolate forms of CBD perform even worse because they have poorer bioavailability.
  • CBD isolate forms have low oral bioavailability due to low solubility in aqueous systems (e.g., and in the gut, etc.).
  • Highly purified CBD exists as a solid isolate (e.g., a powder or crystalline form). These highly purified powders heretofore have not been formulated for oral delivery due to their prohibitively high aqueous insolubility (e.g., hydrophobicity).
  • solid CBD isolate powder had not been provided in any delivery system to facilitate solubility and absorption. This is apparent from the impurity profile for commercial CBD products. As noted above, available CBD delivery systems make use of CBD oil. These systems have been shown to be ineffective for high purity CBD (such as a CBD crystalline composition or powder).
  • lipid-based particle compositions that can delivery highly pure CBD in a solubilizing particle delivery system (e.g., a liposomal system, oil-in-water emulsions, dry liposome particles, etc.).
  • a solubilizing particle delivery system e.g., a liposomal system, oil-in-water emulsions, dry liposome particles, etc.
  • the disclosed lipid-based particle compositions achieve one or more of the following: they include less impurities, they have less variations batch-to-batch (e.g., stability, degradation profiles, efficacy), they have more delivery predictability, they less side effects when treating a patient, they have higher bioavailability, they have faster onset of activity, they have better efficacy, etc.
  • CBD products prepared using the thoroughness and diligence of pharmaceutical drug development to consumer products.
  • a nano-lipid delivery system is utilized to impart apparent aqueous solubility and deliverability to an otherwise practically water insoluble molecule (e.g., CBD or other similar and/or hydrophobic phytocannabinoids and therapeutic molecules).
  • quality attributes of some embodiments disclosed herein have been determined to be high quality and reproducible. Such reproducibility and low variations may allow the products to generate a certificate of analysis for different batches.
  • the systems disclosed herein increase the bioavailability of CBD, decrease the time for absorption of CBD, increase the stability of CBD or the particles comprising the CBD, increase the consistency of delivery (e.g., by limiting batch-to-batch variation), and/or increase the efficacy of CBD (higher dosing and/or faster onset of activity).
  • the carriers disclosed herein are able to deliver CBD that has a purity of greater than or equal to about: 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, 99.99%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein make use of CBD that is of sufficient purity that the CBD exists as a solid (e.g., a powder, a crystalline compound, etc.).
  • the solid CBD is solid due to its purity and lacks other agents that would cause it to solidify when impure.
  • the CBD powder lacks maltodextrin or other additive agents that cause the solidification of CBD.
  • the CBD form used to prepare the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein e.g., the CBD starting material
  • the CBD form used to prepare the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein has an aqueous solubility of less than or equal to about: 0.05 mg/ml, 0.01 mg/ml, 0.012 mg/ml, 0.001 mg/ml, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the aqueous solubility of the CBD starting material (and/or the amount of CBD that can be provided in an aqueous solution) can be improved to equal to or greater than about: 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 30 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the hydrophobic therapeutic agent used to prepare the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein e.g., a phytocannabinoid, vitamin, or other therapeutic agent, etc.
  • the hydrophobic therapeutic agent used to prepare the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein has an aqueous solubility of less than or equal to about: 0.05 mg/ml, 0.01 mg/ml, 0.012 mg/ml, 0.001 mg/ml, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the solubility of the hydrophobic therapeutic agent (and/or the amount of the therapeutic that can be provided in an aqueous solution) used to prepare the compositions disclosed herein can be improved to equal to or greater than about: 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 30 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the solubility of the hydrophobic therapeutic agent can be improved by at least about: 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 500%, 1000%, 10,000%, or ranges including and or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • a lipid, nanoparticle-based composition e.g., a liposomal, solid lipid particles, oil-in-water emulsions, etc.
  • the dry weight % of CBD present in the compositions is equal to or at least about: 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the wet weight % of CBD present in the composition is equal to or at least about: 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the CBD may be provided in the wet composition at a concentration of greater than or equal to about: 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 30 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the CBD used in the lipid-based particle compositions as disclosed herein has high purity as indicated by its existing in a solid form (e.g., powder) prior to processing (e.g., formulation into a composition as disclosed herein).
  • a composition comprising CBD in water is provided.
  • the delivery system may be lipid-based and forms an oil-in-water emulsion (e.g., a nanoemulsion), a liposome, and/or solid lipid particle (e.g., nanoparticle).
  • the lipid-based delivery system provides particles in the nano-measurement range (as disclosed elsewhere herein).
  • a solid lipid nanoparticle is spherical or substantially spherical nanoparticle.
  • a solid lipid nanoparticle possesses a solid lipid core matrix that can solubilize lipophilic molecules.
  • the lipid core is stabilized by surfactants and/or emulsifiers as disclosed elsewhere herein, while in other embodiments, surfactants are absent.
  • the size of the particle is measured as a mean diameter.
  • the size of the particle is measured by dynamic light scattering.
  • the size of the particle is measured using a zeta-sizer.
  • the size of the particle can be measured using Scanning Electron Microscopsy (SEM).
  • the size of the particle is measured using a cyrogenic SEM (cryo-SEM). Where the size of a nanoparticle is disclosed elsewhere herein, any one or more of these instruments or methods may be used to measure such sizes.
  • the lipid/nanoparticle-based composition e.g., a liposomal composition as disclosed herein, a solid lipid particle composition as disclosed herein, an oil-in-water emulsion composition as disclosed herein, etc.
  • the composition for brevity comprises a phytocannabinoid and one or more of a phospholipid, a lipid other than a phospholipid (e.g., a lipid that is not a phospholipid), and a sterol.
  • the composition comprises one or more of a phytocannabinoid, a phospholipid, a lipid other than a phospholipid (e.g., a lipid that is not a phospholipid), and a sterol.
  • the composition is aqueous (e.g., contains water) while in other embodiments, the composition is dry (lacks water or substantially lacks water).
  • the composition comprises nanoparticles in water (e.g., as a solution, suspension, or emulsion).
  • the composition is provided as a powder (e.g., that can be constituted or reconstituted in water).
  • the water content (in wt %) of the composition is less than or equal to about: 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more phytocannabinoid(s) is CBD.
  • the one or more phytocannabinoid(s) comprises one or more of CBD, THCa, 9-THC, 8-THC, CBDa, CBC, CBG, CBN, THCV, and/or CBGa.
  • the total potential THC does not to exceed 0.3 weight % of the phytocannabinoid, where the total potential THC is defined as THCa ⁇ 0.877+9-THC+8-THC.
  • the only phytocannabinoid used as an ingredient and/or present is CBD.
  • the one or more phytocannabinoids e.g., CBD
  • the one or more phytocannabinoids collectively or individually, are present in the aqueous lipid-based particle composition at a concentration of less than or equal to about: 100 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 2.5 mg/ml or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more phytocannabinoid(s) e.g., CBD
  • the one or more phytocannabinoid(s) collectively or individually, are present in the aqueous composition at a concentration of greater than or equal to about: 100 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more phytocannabinoid(s) e.g., CBD
  • the one or more phytocannabinoid(s) collectively or individually, are present in the composition at a dry wt % of equal to or at least about: 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more phytocannabinoid(s) e.g., CBD
  • collectively or individually are present in the composition at a wet wt % of equal to or at least about: 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the lipid-based particle composition comprises a different therapeutic agent or active agents.
  • the therapeutic agent is one or more of a vitamin, a nutrient, a plant extract, a nutraceutical, a pharmaceutical, or another beneficial agent.
  • the therapeutic agent is hydrophilic.
  • the therapeutic agent is hydrophobic.
  • the therapeutic agent is amphiphilic.
  • the one or more therapeutic agent(s), collectively or individually, are present in the aqueous composition at a concentration of greater than or equal to about: 100 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more therapeutic agent(s) (collectively or individually) are present in the composition at a dry wt % of equal to or at least about: 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more therapeutic agent(s) are present in the composition at a wet wt % of equal to or at least about: 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of Noopept (N-phenylacetyl-L-prolyglygice ethyl ester), melatonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), others, combinations thereof, or combinations with phytocannabinoids as disclosed herein.
  • GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
  • the CBD is a purified form of CBD.
  • the CBD used to prepare the lipid-based particle composition is a solid (e.g., is a CBD of sufficiently high purity that it exists as a solid).
  • the CBD (or other non-THC cannabinoid) is an isolate having a THC (including all THC isomers and stereoisomers) content (in weight %) of less than or equal to about: 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, 5.0%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the CBD (or other non-THC cannabinoid) has a total potential THC content (in weight %) of less than or equal to about: 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, 5.0%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the CBD (or other non-THC cannabinoid) is substantially THC free, lacks THC, or lacks a detectable amount of THC.
  • the CBD (or other non-THC cannabinoid) is isolated from hemp and/or marijuana.
  • the CBD (or other non-THC cannabinoid) is isolated from hemp and not marijuana.
  • the CBD (or other non-THC cannabinoid) is isolated from marijuana and not hemp.
  • the CBD (or other cannabinoid) has a terpene impurity content (in weight percent) of less than or equal to about: 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 5.0% or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the lipid-based particle composition comprises one or more phospholipids.
  • the one or more phospholipids comprises one or more of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol phosphate, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, and phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate.
  • the phospholipid is phosphatidylcholine.
  • the only phospholipid present is phosphatidylcholine (e.g., the phospholipid lacks phospholipids other than phosphatidylcholine or is substantially free of other phospholipids).
  • the one or more phospholipid components e.g., phosphatidylcholine, and/or others, collectively or individually, are present in the aqueous composition at a concentration of less than or equal to about: 400 mg/ml, 300 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more phospholipid(s) are present in the composition at a dry wt % of equal to or less than about: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, the one or more phospholipid(s) (collectively or individually) are present in the composition at a wet wt % of equal to or less than about: 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the phosphatidylcholine is synthetic, derived from sunflower, soy, egg, or mixtures thereof.
  • the one or more phospholipids (and/or lipids) can be hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated.
  • the phosphatidylcholine is high purity.
  • the phosphatidylcholine is H100-3 grade (from Lipoid) and includes over 96.3% phosphatidylcholine (hydrogenated) or over 99% phosphatidylcholine (hydrogenated).
  • the phosphatidylcholine has a purity of greater than or equal to about: 92.5%, 95%, 96%, 96.3%, 98%, 99%, 100%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the phosphatidylcholine has a total % impurity content by weight of less than or equal to about: 8.5%, 5%, 4%, 3.7%, 2%, 1%, 0%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the phosphatidylcholine comprises less than or equal to about 8.5%, 5%, 4%, 3.7%, 2%, 1%, or 0.1% (or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values) of any one or more of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (C 18), arachidonic acid (ARA) (C 20:4), docosahexaenoic acid DHA (C 22:6), phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, and/or lysophosphatidylcholine by weight.
  • the phosphatidylcholine has less than about 1.1% lysophosphatidylcholine and less than about 2.0% triglycerides by weight.
  • the lipid-based particle composition comprises one or more sterols.
  • the one or more sterols comprises one or more cholesterols, ergosterols, hopanoids, hydroxysteroids, phytosterols (e.g., vegapure), ecdysteroids, and/or steroids.
  • the sterol comprises cholesterol.
  • the sterol is cholesterol.
  • the only sterol present is cholesterol (e.g., the sterol lacks or substantially lacks sterols other than cholesterol).
  • the one or more sterol(s) (e.g., cholesterol, and/or other sterols), collectively or individually, are present in the aqueous composition at a concentration of less than or equal to about: 50 mg/ml, 40 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more sterol(s) are present in the composition at a dry wt % of equal to or less than about: 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more sterol(s) are present in the composition at a wet wt % of equal to or less than about: 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the cholesterol used in the composition comprises cholesterol from one or more of sheep's wool, synthetic cholesterol, or semisynthetic cholesterol from plant origin.
  • the sterol has a purity of greater than or equal to about: 92.5%, 95%, 96%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, 100.0%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the sterol has a total % impurity content by weight of less than or equal to about: 8.5%, 5%, 4%, 3.7%, 2%, 1%, 0%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the sterol is cholesterol. In some embodiments, the sterol is not cholesterol. In some embodiments, the sterol is phytosterol.
  • the lipid-based particle composition comprises a lipid (e.g., a lipid that is not a phospholipid).
  • the lipid (or mixture of lipids) used in the composition is a liquid at room temperature.
  • the lipid(s) is one in which CBD is soluble.
  • the lipid(s) comprises one or more of a triglyceride(s) and/or one or more oils.
  • the oil may be hemp oil and/or marijuana oil.
  • the lipid (e.g., the triglyceride) comprises one or more medium chain triglycerides (MCTs).
  • the lipid comprises one or more medium chain triglycerides that can be an ester of glycerol and any one or more medium chain fatty acids.
  • the medium chain triglyceride comprises a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail 6-12 carbons in length (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12) or combinations of different chain length fatty acids.
  • the MCT could comprise a tri-ester of glycerol and one fatty acid having an aliphatic chain length of 8, one fatty acid having an aliphatic chain length of 9, and one fatty acid having an aliphatic chain length of 10.
  • the MCT could comprise a tri-ester of glycerol and three fatty acid having an aliphatic chain that is the same length (e.g., each having a length of 8).
  • the medium chain fatty acids of the MCT include one or more of caproic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, capric acid, undecanoic acid, and/or lauric acid, or any combination thereof.
  • the lipid comprises tristearin.
  • the lipid component comprises one or more long chain triglycerides.
  • the long chain triglyceride comprises a fatty acid having a tail that is greater than 12 carbons in length (e.g., greater than or equal to 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 carbons in length, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values) and glycerol.
  • the lipid is a triglyceride that is a tri-ester of fatty acids having aliphatic chain lengths 6 to 20 carbons in length.
  • the composition lacks long chain triglycerides.
  • the lipid comprises one or more of tricaprin, trilaurin, trimyristine, tripalmitin, and tristearin.
  • the one or more lipid(s) are present in the aqueous composition at a concentration of less than or equal to about: 400 mg/ml, 300 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 93 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more lipids are present in the composition (collectively or individually) at a dry wt % of equal to or less than about: 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, the one or more lipids (collectively or individually) are present in the composition at a wet wt % of equal to or less than about: 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the lipid has a purity of greater than or equal to about: 92.5%, 95%, 96%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, the lipid has a total % impurity content by weight of less than or equal to about: 8.5%, 5%, 4%, 3.7%, 2%, 1%, 0%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the lipid that is not a phospholipid is not an MCT or LCT but is an MCT-substitute.
  • the MCT-substitute lipid e.g., the non-phospholipid lipid
  • the MCT-substitute lipid is selected from one or more of oleic acid, capric acid, caprylic acid, and triglycerides of such (Captex 8000, Captex GTO, Captex 1000), glycerol monooleate, glycerol monostearate (GeleolTM Mono and Diglyceride NF), omega-3 fatty acids ( ⁇ -linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Tonalin, Pronova Pure® 46:38, free fatty acid Tonalin FFA 80), conjugated linoleic acid, alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine (alpha GPC), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA
  • the one or more MCT-substitute lipids are present in the lipid-based particle composition (collectively or individually) at a dry wt % of equal to or less than about: 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.5%, 5% 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80% or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more MCT-substitute lipids are present in the composition at a wet wt % of equal to or less than about: 0.5%, 1.0% 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 60% or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the MCT-substitute lipid has a purity of greater than or equal to about: 70%, 80%, 85%, 92.5%, 95%, 96%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, 100%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, the MCT-substitute lipid has a total % impurity content by weight of less than or equal to about: 8.5%, 5%, 4%, 3.7%, 2%, 1%, 0%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the non-phospholipid lipid is an MCT.
  • the lipid-based particle composition comprises a preservative.
  • the preservative includes one or more benzoates (such as sodium benzoate or potassium benzoate), nitrites (such as sodium nitrite), sulfites (such as sulfur dioxide, sodium or potassium sulphite, bisulphite or metabisulphite), sorbates (such as sodium sorbate, potassium sorbate), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (and/or the disodium salt thereof), polyphosphates, organic acids (e.g., citric, succinic, malic, tartaric, benzoic, lactic and propionic acids), and/or antioxidants (e.g., vitamins such as vitamin E and/or vitamin C, butylated hydroxytoluene).
  • benzoates such as sodium benzoate or potassium benzoate
  • nitrites such as sodium nitrite
  • sulfites such as sulfur dioxide, sodium or potassium sulphite, bisulphit
  • the one or more preservatives are present in the aqueous composition at a concentration of less than or equal to about: 10 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 0.85 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml, 0.1 mg/ml, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more preservatives are present in the composition at a dry wt % of equal to or at less than about: 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more preservatives are present in the composition at a wet wt % of equal to or less than about: 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 5%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the aqueous composition comprises one or more of malic acid at about 0.85 mg/ml, citric acid at about 0.85 mg/ml, potassium sorbate at about 1 mg/ml, and sodium benzoate at about 1 mg/ml.
  • the preservatives inhibit or prevent growth of mold, bacteria, and fungus.
  • Vitamin E is added at 0.5 mg/ml to act as an antioxidant in the oil phase.
  • the preservative concentrations may be changed depending on the flavored oil used.
  • the lipid-based particle composition comprises one or more flavoring agents.
  • the one or more flavoring agent(s), collectively or individually, are present in the aqueous composition at a concentration of less than or equal to about: 5 mg/ml, 1.5 mg/ml, 1.2 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 0.9 mg/ml, 0.5 mg/ml, 0.1 mg/ml, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more flavoring agent(s) are present in the composition at a dry wt % of equal to or less than about: 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more flavoring agents are present in the composition at a wet wt % of equal to or less than about: 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more flavoring agents of the composition comprise monk fruit extract (e.g., MonkGold50), stevia , peppermint oil, lemon oil, vanilla, or the like, or combinations thereof.
  • the composition contains MonkGold50 at 0.9 mg/ml and flavored oils as flavoring. Examples of flavored oils are peppermint and lemon at 1.2 mg/ml. Chemicals that are not oil may also be used for flavor, for example, such as dry powders that replicate a flavor such as vanilla.
  • the aqueous lipid-based particle composition comprises phosphatidylcholine in a range from about 8% to about 12%, MCT in a range from about 8% to about 12%, CBD in a range from about 1% to about 5%, cholesterol in a range from about 0.5% to about 4%, and water in a range from about 60% to about 90%.
  • the aqueous composition further comprises one or more of vitamin E in a range from about 0.01% to about 1.0%, malic acid in a range from about 0.01% to about 1.0%, citric acid in a range from about 0.01% to about 1.0%, potassium sorbate in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%, sodium benzoate in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%, and/or monk fruit extract in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%.
  • the composition is aqueous and includes CBD at about 20 mg/ml, phosphatidylcholine at about 100 mg/ml, cholesterol at about 10 mg/ml, and MCT at about 93 mg/ml.
  • the aqueous lipid-based particle composition comprises phosphatidylcholine in a range from about 9% to about 11%, MCT in a range from about 8% to about 10%, CBD in a range from about 1% to about 3%, cholesterol in a range from about 0.5% to about 2%, and water in a range from about 70% to about 80%.
  • the aqueous composition further comprises one or more of vitamin E in a range from about 0.01% to about 1.0%, malic acid in a range from about 0.01% to about 1.0%, citric acid in a range from about 0.01% to about 1.0%, potassium sorbate in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%, sodium benzoate in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%, and/or monk fruit extract in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%.
  • the lipid-based particle composition comprises (in dry wt %) phosphatidylcholine in a range from about 40% to about 50%, MCT in a range from about 35% to about 45%, CBD in a range from about 5% to about 25%, and cholesterol in a range from about 2.5% to about 10%.
  • the composition further comprises (in dry weight) one or more of vitamin E in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%, malic acid in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%, citric acid in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%, potassium sorbate in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%, sodium benzoate in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%, and/or monk fruit extract in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%.
  • vitamin E in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%
  • malic acid in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%
  • citric acid in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%
  • potassium sorbate in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%
  • sodium benzoate in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%
  • monk fruit extract in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%.
  • the lipid-based particle composition comprises (in dry wt %) phosphatidylcholine in a range from about 42% to about 46%, MCT in a range from about 39% to about 43%, CBD in a range from about 5% to about 15%, and cholesterol in a range from about 2.5% to about 7%.
  • the composition further comprises (in dry weight) one or more of vitamin E in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%, malic acid in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%, citric acid in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%, potassium sorbate in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%, sodium benzoate in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%, and/or monk fruit extract in a range from about 0.01% to about 2.0%.
  • the composition can be varied such that the different ratios of the components yield a nanoparticle containing CBD that is stable.
  • a solid lipid nanoparticle of the lipid-based particle compositions comprises a lipid core matrix.
  • the lipid core matrix is solid.
  • the solid lipid comprises one or more ingredients as disclosed elsewhere herein.
  • the core of the solid lipid comprises one or more triglycerides (e.g., tristearin), diglycerides (e.g. glycerol bahenate), monoglycerides (e.g. glycerol monostearate), fatty acids (e.g. stearic acid), steroids (e.g. cholesterol), and waxes (e.g. cetyl palmitate).
  • emulsifiers can be used to stabilize the lipid dispersion (with respect to charge and molecular weight).
  • the core ingredients and/or the emulsifiers are present in the composition (collectively or individually) at a dry wt % of equal to or less than about: 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80% or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the core ingredients and/or the emulsifiers are present in the composition at a wet wt % of equal to or less than about: 0.5%, 1.0% 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 60% or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the core ingredients and/or the emulsifiers have a purity of greater than or equal to about: 70%, 80%, 85%, 92.5%, 95%, 96%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, 100%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the lipid-based particle composition (e.g., when in water or dried) comprises multilamellar nanoparticle vesicles, unilamellar nanoparticle vesicles, multivesicular nanoparticles, emulsion particles, irregular particles with lamellar structures and bridges, partial emulsion particles, combined lamellar and emulsion particles, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the composition is characterized by having multiple types of particles (e.g., lamellar, emulsion, irregular, etc.). In other embodiments, a majority of the particles present are emulsion particles.
  • a majority of the particles present are lamellar (multilamellar and/or unilamellar). In other embodiments, a majority of the particles present are irregular particles. In still other embodiments, a minority of the particles present are emulsion particles. In some embodiments, a minority of the particles present are lamellar (multilamellar and/or unilamellar). In other embodiments, a minority of the particles present are irregular particles.
  • the particles present in the composition e.g., the aqueous composition
  • equal to or at least about 5%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 85%, 95%, or 100% (or ranges spanning and/or including the aforementioned values) are multilamellar nanoparticle vesicles.
  • of the particles present in the composition e.g., the aqueous composition
  • equal to or at least about 5%, 8%, 9%, 10%, or 15% are multilamellar nanoparticle vesicles.
  • about 8.6% of the particles present are multilamellar.
  • the particles present in the composition e.g., the aqueous composition
  • equal to or at least about 5%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 85%, 95%, or 100% are unilamellar nanoparticle vesicles.
  • of the particles present in the composition e.g., the aqueous composition
  • equal to or at least about 5%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, or 20% are unilamellar nanoparticle vesicles.
  • 12.88% of the particles present are unilamellar.
  • the particles present in the composition e.g., the aqueous composition
  • equal to or at least about 5%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 85%, 95%, or 100% (or ranges spanning and/or including the aforementioned values) are emulsion particles.
  • of the particles present in the composition e.g., the aqueous composition
  • equal to or at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 85%, 95%, or 100% are emulsion particles.
  • 69.7% of the particles present are emulsion particles.
  • the particles present in the composition are irregular particles (e.g., with lamellar structures and/or bridges).
  • irregular particles e.g., with lamellar structures and/or bridges.
  • of the particles present in the composition are irregular particles. In some embodiments, 2.73% are irregular particles.
  • the particles present in the composition e.g., the aqueous composition
  • equal to or at least about 5%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 85%, 95%, or 100% (or ranges spanning and/or including the aforementioned values) are combined lamellar and emulsion particles.
  • the particles present in the composition e.g., the aqueous composition
  • equal to or at least about 5%, 8%, or 9% are combined lamellar and emulsion particles.
  • 6.06% of the particles are combined lamellar and emulsion particles.
  • the composition (e.g., the aqueous composition) comprises between 60% and 80% emulsion particles. In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., the aqueous composition) comprises between 7.5% and 20% small unilamellar vesicles. In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., the aqueous composition) comprises between 5% and 15% multilamellar vesicles. In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., the aqueous composition) comprises between 3% and 10% combined lamellar and emulsion particles. In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., the aqueous composition) comprises between 1% and 6% irregular particles.
  • the composition (e.g., the aqueous composition) comprises between 65% and 75% emulsion particles. In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., the aqueous composition) comprises between 10% and 15% small unilamellar vesicles. In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., the aqueous composition) comprises between 5% and 12% multilamellar vesicles. In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., the aqueous composition) comprises between 4% and 8% combined lamellar and emulsion particles. In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., the aqueous composition) comprises between 1% and 4% irregular particles.
  • the composition (e.g., the aqueous composition) comprises between 60% and 80% emulsion particles, between 7.5% and 20% small unilamellar vesicles, between 5% and 15% multilamellar vesicles, between 3% and 10% combined lamellar and emulsion particles, and between 1% and 6% irregular particles.
  • the composition (e.g., the aqueous composition) comprises between 65% and 75% emulsion particles, between 10% and 15% small unilamellar vesicles, between 5% and 12% multilamellar vesicles, between 4% and 8% combined lamellar and emulsion particles, and between 1% and 4% irregular particles.
  • the composition (e.g., the aqueous composition) comprises 69.7% emulsion particles, 12.88% small unilamellar vesicles, 8.64% multilamellar vesicles, 6.06% combined lamellar and emulsion particles, and 2.73% irregular particles.
  • an aqueous lipid-based composition as disclosed herein has a viscosity (in centipoise (cP)) of equal to or less than about: 1.0, 1.05, 1.1, 1.2, 1.5, 2.0, 5.0, 10.0, 20, 30, 50, 100, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, at about 25° C. or 26° C.
  • the lipid-based particle composition has a viscosity (in centipoise (cP)) of equal to or less than about: 1.0, 1.05, 1.1, 1.2, 1.5, 2.0, 5.0, 10.0, 20, 30, 50, 100, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the viscosity of the CBD lipid nanoparticle aqueous solution is equal to or less than 5.0 Cp.
  • the liposomes and/or a liquid (e.g., aqueous) composition comprising the nanoparticles as disclosed herein are lyophilized.
  • one or more lyoprotectant agents may be added.
  • an individual lyoprotectant agent may be present at a dry wt % equal to or less than the dry weight of the lipophilic ingredients.
  • the lyoprotectant agent(s) may be present at a dry wt % equal to or less than about: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the lyoprotectant agent(s) may be present at a wet wt % of equal to or less than about: 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 20%, 30%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the lyoprotectant is selected from the group consisting of lactose, dextrose, trehalose, arginine, glycine, histidine, and/or combinations thereof.
  • some embodiments pertain to methods of preparing lipid-based particle compositions comprising nanoparticles and/or liposomes.
  • the composition is prepared by forming a lipid-in-oil emulsion.
  • an oil-in-water emulsion can be prepared without the use of organic solvents as shown in FIG. 1 (e.g., in an organic solvent-free method).
  • solid ingredients 101 are added and dissolved into liquid ingredients 102.
  • one or more of the sterol (e.g., cholesterol) and/or therapeutic agent (e.g., phytocannabinoid, CBD, etc.) can be dissolved in lipid oil (e.g., a medium chain triglyceride) and/or vitamin E.
  • lipid oil e.g., a medium chain triglyceride
  • the phospholipid e.g., phosphatidylcholine
  • the phospholipid e.g., phosphatidylcholine
  • the addition of water 103 e.g., having a temperature of equal to or at least about: 10° C., 20° C., 30° C., 40° C., 50° C., 60° C., 80° C., or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values
  • additional mixing 104 achieves an oil-in-water emulsion 105.
  • the oil-in-water emulsion is then subject to high-shear mixing to form nanoparticles (e.g., CBD liposomes).
  • high-shear mixing 106 is performed using a high shear dispersion unit or an in-line mixer can be used to prepare the emulsions.
  • the particles can be made by solvent evaporation and/or solvent precipitation.
  • the lipid-in-oil emulsion is formed by dissolving ingredients 201, such as, one or more of a phospholipid (e.g., phosphatidylcholine), a sterol (e.g., cholesterol), a therapeutic agent (e.g., phytocannabinoid, CBD, etc.), a lipid (e.g., a medium chain triglyceride), and/or a preservative (e.g., vitamin E) in a solvent 202.
  • the solvent can include one or more organic solvents, including but not limited to, ethanol, chloroform, and/or ethyl acetate.
  • the solvents are class II solvents, class III solvents (e.g., at least class II and/or class III by the ICH Q3C standard), or mixtures thereof.
  • the solution of ingredients and solvent is dried 203.
  • the ingredients are provided as lipids and or liposomes as a thin film.
  • the solvent is removed from the composition by subjecting the solution to heat under vacuum to promote evaporation.
  • the film may further be dried under nitrogen gas.
  • the lipid film is hydrated 205 with warm aqueous solution to form an oil-in-water emulsion.
  • high-shear mixing is performed 206 using a high shear dispersion unit or an in-line mixer can be used to prepare the emulsions.
  • the lipid-in-water emulsion is subject to high pressure homogenization using a microfluidizer.
  • high sheer mixing can be used to reduce the particle size.
  • the oil-in-water emulsion is processed to a nanoparticle (e.g., about 20 to about 500 nm, etc.) using the microfluidizer or other high sheer processes.
  • the oil-in-water emulsion is processed to a nanoparticle having a size from about 80 nm to 180 nm in diameter or about 100 nm to about 150 nm in diameter.
  • the lipid-in-water emulsion is passed through the microfluidizer a plurality of times (e.g., equal to or at least 1 time, 2 times, 3 times, 4 times, 5 times, 10 times, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values).
  • the emulsion is passed through the microfluidizer at a pressure of equal to or less than about: 5,000 PSI, 15,000 PSI, 20,000 PSI, 25,000 PSI, 30,000 PSI, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the emulsion is passed through the microfluidizer at a temperature of equal to or at least about: 30° C., 40° C., 50° C., 65° C., 80° C., or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, the emulsion is passed through the microfluidizer at least about room temperature (e.g., about 20° C. or about 25° C.) and/or without any heating and/or temperature control. In some embodiments, the emulsion is passed through the microfluidizer at a temperature of equal to or less than about 80° C.
  • the microfluidizer includes an interaction chamber consisting of 75 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m pore sizes and the emulsion is passed through this chamber.
  • the pore size of the microfluidizer are less than or equal to about: 75 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m, 150 ⁇ m, 200 ⁇ m, 250 ⁇ m, 300 ⁇ m, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the nanoparticle composition is prepared by high shear mixing, sonication, or extrusion.
  • the lipid-based particle composition is characterized by an ability to pass through a 0.2 ⁇ m filter while preserving the nanoparticle structure (e.g., a change in average nanoparticle size of no greater than 10 nm, 20 nm, or 30 nm).
  • a change in average nanoparticle size of no greater than 10 nm, 20 nm, or 30 nm e.g., after passage through a 0.2 ⁇ m there is a change in average diameter of the particles of equal to or at less than about: 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • after passage through a 0.2 ⁇ m there is a change in PDI of the particles of equal to or at less than about: 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the lipid-based particle composition is composed of highly pure ingredients, including GMP manufactured CBD isolate.
  • the CBD is triple checked for potency and purity, and has negligible concentrations of THC.
  • the composition (and/or one or more ingredients constituting the compositions) is manufactured with high purity, multicompendial ingredients to be at the same standards as pharmaceutical products.
  • the composition is manufactured using pharmaceutical equipment and documentation to ensure the product is of high quality and consistent from batch to batch.
  • the CBD nanoparticle composition imparts solubility to CBD (or another phytocannabinoid), which is highly insoluble, in a delivery system that is easily dispersible in aqueous solutions.
  • CBD oils do not disperse well in aqueous solutions and have poor oral absorption.
  • CBD particle formulations made using methods other than those disclosed herein have inconsistent particle size and may not be stable with storage over time.
  • the nanoparticle delivery systems of CBD disclosed herein are reproducibly manufacturable.
  • the method of manufacture of the compositions avoids the introduction of contaminants (such as metal contamination).
  • over 50%, 75%, 95% (or ranges spanning and or including the aforementioned values) of the nanoparticles prepared by the methods disclosed herein have a particle size of between about 20 to about 500 nm (as measured by zeta sizing (e.g., refractive index).
  • the nanoparticles prepared by the methods disclosed herein have a particle size of between about 50 nm to about 200 nm (as measured by zeta sizing (e.g., refractive index). In some embodiments, over 50%, 75%, 95% (or ranges spanning and or including the aforementioned values) of the nanoparticles prepared by the methods disclosed herein have a particle size of between about 90 nm to about 150 nm (as measured by zeta sizing (e.g., refractive index). In some embodiments, this consistency in size allows predictable delivery to subjects. In some embodiments, the D90 particle size measurement varies between 150 and 500 nm.
  • the lipid-based delivery system described herein offers protection to CBD against degradation in an aqueous environment for long-term storage.
  • the CBD composition is well characterized to ensure a consistent product from batch to batch and with long-term stability.
  • the product stability is routinely tested for appearance, particle size and distribution, zeta potential, residual solvents, heavy metals, CBD concentration and related compounds, and microbial testing and the values measured using these test methods varies (over a period of at least about 1 month or about 6 months at 25° C. with 60% relative humidity) by less than or equal to about: 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the particle size and/or PDI varies over a period of at least about 1 month or about 6 months (at 25° C. with 60% relative humidity) by less than or equal to about: 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • PDI and size can be measured using conventional techniques disclosed herein.
  • the CBD concentration varies over a period of at least about 1 month or about 6 months (at 25° C. with 60% relative humidity) by less than or equal to about: 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • PDI and size can be measured using conventional techniques disclosed herein.
  • the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein have a shelf life of equal to or greater than 6 months, 12 months, 14 months, 16 months, 18 months, 19 months, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the shelf-life can be determined as the period of time in which there is 95% confidence that at least 50% of the response (CBD concentration or particle size) is within the specification limit. This refers to a 95% confidence interval and when linear regression predicts that at least 50% of the response is within the set specification limit.
  • the dashed line on the stability plot is the 95% confidence interval and the solid line is the linear regression.
  • the dots are the responses.
  • the response variable is either Z-average particle size or CBD concentration in FIGS. 3 and 4 .
  • the particle size specification is 100 to 200 nm
  • the CBD concentration specification is 18 to 22 mg/mL.
  • the lipid-based particle composition contains preservatives that are proven to protect against bacteria, mold, and fungal growth.
  • the product specification is no more than 100 cfu/gram.
  • the composition has equal to or not more than: 50 cfu/gram, 10 cfu/gram, 5 cfu/gram, 1 cfu/gram, 0.1 cfu/gram, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • 1 week at 20° C.-25° C.
  • composition after a 10 5 -10 7 CFU/mL challenge with any one of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans , and Aspergillus brasiliensis the composition has equal to or not more than: 100 cfu/gram, 50 cfu/gram, 25 cfu/gram, 10 cfu/gram, 5 cfu/gram, 1 cfu/gram, 0.1 cfu/gram, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, 1 week at 20° C.-25° C.
  • composition after a 10 5 -10 7 CFU/mL challenge with any one of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans , and Aspergillus brasiliensis the composition has a log reduction for the bacteria of equal to or greater than: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the lipid-based particle composition ingredients provided herein provides a proper ratio and/or combination of ingredients that allow it to maintain stability and efficacy as disclosed elsewhere herein (e.g., during long term storage for example).
  • the individual particles within the disclosed lipid-based particle compositions may not settle or sediment appreciably.
  • an appreciable amount of the composition e.g., as viewed by the naked eye
  • the composition does not settle and/or separate from an aqueous liquid upon standing.
  • the composition does not appreciably settle or separate from an aqueous liquid upon standing for equal to or at least about 1 day, at least about 1 month, about 3 months, about 6 months, about 9 months, about 1 year, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the composition upon standing, the composition remains dispersed in an aqueous liquid for at least about 1 day, at least about 1 month, about 3 months, about 6 months, about 9 months, about 1 year, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the homogeneity of the disclosed compositions changes by equal to or less than about: 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, or 15% (or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values) after a period of one week or one month. In this case, homogeneity is observed through images by SEM or cyro-SEM (e.g., the average size of the particles and/or the particle types).
  • the composition remains dispersed in an aqueous liquid and does not appreciably settle or separate from an aqueous liquid after at least about: 1 minute, 5 minutes, 30 minutes, or an hour in a centrifuge at a centripetal acceleration of at least about 100 m/s, at least about 1000 m/s, or at least about 10,000 m/s. In some embodiments, the composition remains dispersed in an aqueous liquid and does not appreciably settle or separate from an aqueous liquid after at least about: 1 minute, 5 minutes, 30 minutes, or an hour in a centrifuge at a centrifuge speed of 5000 RPM, 10,000 RPM, or 15,000 RPM.
  • the nanoparticle delivery system aids in absorption of the CBD molecule when orally ingested.
  • the compositions disclosed herein allow CBD to be delivered to and/or absorbed through the gut.
  • some embodiments pertain to the use of the lipid-based nanodelivery system to protect the CBD molecule from degradation and/or precipitation in the aqueous solution it is stored in (e.g., in an aqueous composition for administration to a subject).
  • use of the delivery systems disclosed herein result in improved bioavailability and/or absorption rate. For instance, in some embodiments, the Cmax of a therapeutic is increased using a disclosed embodiment, the Tmax of is decreased using an embodiment as disclosed herein, and/or the AUC is increased using a disclosed embodiment.
  • the pharmacokinetic outcomes disclosed elsewhere herein can be achieved using aqueous lipid-based particle compositions or powdered lipid-based particle compositions (e.g., where the powder is supplied by itself, in a gel capsule, as an additive to food, etc.).
  • the Cmax of the therapeutic is increased using the disclosed embodiments relative to other delivery vehicles (e.g., after administration to a subject).
  • the Cmax is increased relative to CBD alone or comparator embodiments (e.g., CBD oil-based products) by equal to or at least about: 15%, 20%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the CBD Cmax is increased (relative to a CBD oil-based product) by equal to or at least about: 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 100%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the CBD Cmax is increased (relative to a CBD oil-based product) by equal to or at least about: 10 ng/mL, 20 ng/mL, 30 ng/mL, 40 ng/mL, 50 ng/mL, 60 ng/mL, 70 ng/mL, 80 ng/mL, 90 ng/mL, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the Cmax of CBD is equal to or at least about: 0.5 ⁇ g/L, 1 ⁇ g/L, 2 ⁇ g/L, 3 ⁇ g/L, 4 ⁇ g/L, 5 ⁇ g/L, 6 ⁇ g/L, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the Cmax of CBD is equal to or at least about: 40 ng/mL, 50 ng/mL, 60 ng/mL, 70 ng/mL, 80 ng/mL, 90 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL, 150 ng/mL, 200 ng/mL, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the Cmax for a disclosed embodiment is increased relative to an equal dose of a CBD oil-based comparator vehicle. In some embodiments, the Cmax for a disclosed embodiment is increased relative to a CBD oil-based comparator vehicle by equal to or at least about: 15%, 20%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, these pharmacokinetic results can be achieved using aqueous compositions or powdered compositions (where the powder is supplied by itself, in a gel capsule, as an additive to food, etc.). In some instances, the Cmax using a disclosed embodiment is 1.25 times higher than when using a comparator delivery system (e.g., the Cmax of the comparator ⁇ 1.25). In some instances, the Cmax using a disclosed embodiment is equal to or at least about 1.25 times higher, 1.5 times higher, 2 times higher, 3 times higher (or ranges including or spanning the aforementioned values) than when using a comparator delivery system.
  • a comparator delivery system e.g
  • the Tmax for CBD using a disclosed embodiment is shortened relative to other vehicles.
  • the Tmax of CBD is equal to or at less than about: 30 minutes, 1 hours, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 4.5 hours, 5 hours, 5.5 hours, 6 hours, 6.5 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the Tmax of CBD is equal to or at less than about: 30 minutes, 1 hours, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 5.5 hours, 6 hours, 6.5 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, after a dose of CBD provided in an embodiment as disclosed herein to a subject, the Tmax of CBD is between about 4 hours and about 6.5 hours or between about 3 hours and about 7 hours.
  • the Tmax of CBD is equal to or less than about: 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the Tmax for CBD using a disclosed embodiment is improved relative to oil-based CBD vehicles (e.g., has a shorter duration to Tmax).
  • the Tmax for CBD is shortened relative to comparable delivery vehicles (e.g., an oil-based CBD vehicle) by equal to or at least about: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the Tmax is shortened relative to CBD alone by equal to or at least about: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the Tmax for a disclosed embodiment is decreased relative to a CBD oil-based comparator vehicle by equal to or at least about: 15%, 20%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the Tmax of CBD for a disclosed embodiment is decreased relative to a CBD oil-based comparator vehicle by equal to or at least about: 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the Tmax is a fraction of that achieved using a comparator delivery system.
  • the time to Tmax using a disclosed embodiment is 0.5 times, 0.7 times, 0.8 times, 0.9 times, or 0.95 times the Tmax of a comparator delivery system (or ranges including or spanning the aforementioned values).
  • the AUC of CBD is equal to or at least about: 50 ng/mL*hr, 100 ng/mL*hr, 200 ng/mL*hr, 300 ng/mL*hr, 400 ng/mL*hr, 450 ng/mL*hr, 500 ng/mL*hr, 550 ng/mL*hr, 600 ng/mL*hr, 650 ng/mL*hr, 700 ng/mL*hr, 800 ng/mL*hr, 1000 ng/mL*hr, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the AUC for CBD using a disclosed embodiment is increased (relative to CBD or a comparator delivery vehicle) by equal to or at least about: 50 ng/mL*hr, 100 ng/mL*hr, 200 ng/mL*hr, 300 ng/mL*hr, 400 ng/mL*hr, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the AUC using a disclosed embodiment is increased (relative to CBD or a comparator delivery vehicle) by equal to or at least about: 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the AUC is improved relative to CBD alone or a CBD in oil mixture by equal to or at least about: 5%, 25%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the AUC using a disclosed embodiment is 1.25 times higher than when using a comparator delivery system.
  • the AUC using a disclosed embodiment is equal to or at least about 1.25 times higher, 1.5 times higher, 2 times higher, 3 times higher (or ranges including or spanning the aforementioned values) than when using a comparator delivery system.
  • the AUC for the time period from administration to 4 hours post administration using a disclosed embodiment is equal to or at least about: 40 ng/mL*hr, 50 ng/mL*hr, 75 ng/mL*hr, 100 ng/mL*hr, 200 ng/mL*hr, 300 ng/mL*hr, 400 ng/mL*hr, 450 ng/mL*hr, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the AUC for the time period from administration to 4 hours post administration using a disclosed embodiment is increased (e.g., relative to CBD or a comparator delivery vehicle) by equal to or at least about: 15 ng/mL*hr, 25 ng/mL*hr, 50 ng/mL*hr, 75 ng/mL*hr, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the AUC for the time period from administration to 4 hours post administration using a disclosed embodiment is increased (e.g., relative to CBD or a comparator delivery vehicle) by equal to or at least about: 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the AUC for the time period from administration to 4 hours post administration using a disclosed embodiment is double that of a comparator delivery system, triple that of a comparator delivery system, quadruple that of a comparator delivery system, or higher.
  • the AUC for the time period from 4 hours post administration to 6 hours post administration using a disclosed embodiment is equal to or at least about: 40 ng/mL*hr, 50 ng/mL*hr, 75 ng/mL*hr, 100 ng/mL*hr, 200 ng/mL*hr, 300 ng/mL*hr, 400 ng/mL*hr, 450 ng/mL*hr, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the AUC for the time period from 4 hours post administration to 6 hours post administration using a disclosed embodiment is increased (e.g., relative to CBD or a comparator delivery vehicle) by equal to or at least about: 15 ng/mL*hr, 25 ng/mL*hr, 50 ng/mL*hr, 75 ng/mL*hr, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the AUC for the time period from 4 hours post administration to 6 hours post administration using a disclosed embodiment is increased (e.g., relative to CBD or a comparator delivery vehicle) by equal to or at least about: 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the AUC for the time period from 4 hours post administration to 6 hours post administration using a disclosed embodiment is double that of a comparator delivery system, triple that of a comparator delivery system, quadruple that of a comparator delivery system, or higher.
  • the half-life for CBD (t 1/2 ) in vivo using a disclosed embodiment can be shorter relative to other vehicles.
  • the t 1/2 of CBD is equal to or at less than about: 4 hours, 5 hours, 5.5 hours, 6 hours, 6.5 hours, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the t 1/2 of CBD is between about 4 hours and about 6.5 hours or between about 3 hours and about 7 hours.
  • the t 1/2 for a disclosed embodiment is decreased relative to a CBD oil-based comparator vehicle by equal to or at least about: 15%, 20%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the t 1/2 of CBD for a disclosed embodiment is decreased relative to a CBD oil-based comparator vehicle by equal to or at least about: 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the t 1/2 is a fraction of that achieved using a comparator delivery system.
  • the time to t 1/2 using a disclosed embodiment is 0.5 times, 0.7 times, 0.8 times, 0.9 times, or 0.95 times the t 1/2 of a comparator delivery system (or ranges including or spanning the aforementioned values).
  • the Cmax, Tmax, AUC, and t 1/2 results provided above are disclosed with specific reference to CBD as the active agent.
  • the above pharmacokinetic results (including Cmax, Tmax, AUC, and t 1/2 ) are also expected for other phytocannabinoids and/or other therapeutic agents as disclosed elsewhere herein.
  • the lipid-based particle composition comprises nanoparticles having an average size of less than or equal to about: 10 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 250 nm, 500 nm, 1000 nm, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, the composition comprises nanoparticles having an average size of between about 50 nm and 150 nm or between about 50 and about 250 nm.
  • the size distribution of the nanoparticles for at least 50%, 75%, 80%, 90% (or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned percentages) of the particles present is equal to or less than about: 20 nm, 40 nm, 60 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 160 nm, 180 nm, 200 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned nm values.
  • the composition comprises nanoparticles having an average size of less than or equal to about: 10 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 250 nm, 500 nm, 1000 nm, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the size distribution of the nanoparticles for at least 90% of the particles present is equal to or less than about: 20 nm, 40 nm, 60 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 160 nm, 180 nm, 200 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned nm values.
  • the size distribution of the nanoparticles for at least 90% of the particles present is equal to or less than about: 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 160 nm, 180 nm, 200 nm, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned nm values.
  • the D90 of the particles present is equal to or less than about: 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 160 nm, 180 nm, 200 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the size of the nanoparticle is the diameter of the nanoparticle as measured using any of the techniques as disclosed elsewhere herein. For instance, in some embodiments, the size of the nanoparticle is the measured using dynamic light scattering. In some embodiments, the size of the nanoparticle is the measured using a zeta sizer.
  • the average size of the nanoparticles of a composition as disclosed herein is substantially constant and/or does not change significantly over time (e.g., it is a stable nanoparticle).
  • the average size of nanoparticles comprising the composition changes less than or equal to about: 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the polydispersity index (PDI) of the nanoparticles of a composition as disclosed herein is less than or equal to about: 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the size distribution of the nanoparticles is highly monodisperse with a polydispersity index of less than or equal to about: 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the zeta potential of the nanoparticles of a composition as disclosed herein is less than or equal to about: 1 mV, 3 mV, 4 mV, 5 mV, 6 mV, 7 mV, 8 mV, 10 mV, 20 mV, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the zeta potential of the nanoparticles is greater than or equal to about: ⁇ 3 mV, ⁇ 1 mV, 0 mV, 1 mV, 3 mV, 4 mV, 5 mV, 6 mV, 7 mV, 8 mV, 4 mV, 10 mV, 20 mV, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the zeta potential and/or diameter of the particles is acquired using a zetasizer (e.g., a Malvern ZS90 or similar instrument).
  • the lipid-based particle composition has a pH of less than or equal to about: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6.5, 7, 8, 9, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, the composition has a pH of greater than or equal to about: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6.5, 7, 8, 9, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the lipid-based particle composition is stable.
  • the polydispersity of the nanoparticles changes less than or equal to about: 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the soluble fraction of CBD in the formulation changes less than or equal to about: 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the PDI of nanoparticles comprising the composition changes by less than or equal to about: 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the PDI of nanoparticles comprising the composition changes by less than or equal to about: 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the particle size of the nanoparticles of a composition as disclosed herein does not change and/or changes less than 5% during a period of greater than or equal to about: 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 10 hours, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the particle size of the nanoparticles disclosed herein when exposed to simulated intestinal fluid (e.g., at a concentration of 20 mg/mL), does not change and/or changes less than 5% during a period of greater than or equal to about: 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 10 hours, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the average particle size of nanoparticles comprising the composition changes by less than or equal to about: 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 50%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • after formulation (e.g., at a concentration of 20 mg/mL) and storage in simulated gastric fluid for a period of at least about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, or about 4 hours e.g., at 37° C.
  • the PDI of nanoparticles comprising the composition changes by less than or equal to about: 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the PDI of nanoparticles comprising the composition changes by less than or equal to about: 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the average particle size of nanoparticles comprising the composition changes by less than or equal to about: 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 50%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • after formulation (e.g., at a concentration of 20 mg/mL) and storage in simulated intestinal fluid for a period of at least about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, or about 4 hours e.g., at 37° C.
  • the PDI of nanoparticles comprising the composition changes by less than or equal to about: 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 100%, 150%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the PDI of nanoparticles comprising the composition changes by less than or equal to about: 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the composition particle size remains consistent (a size change of less than or equal to about: 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values) for a period of at least about 30 days when stored at room temperature, refrigeration, and up to 40° C.
  • the CBD concentration in the composition remains consistent (a loss of less than or equal to about: 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values) for a period of at least about 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, or 120 days when stored at room temperature, refrigeration, and up to 40° C.
  • the composition when stored at room temperature, refrigeration, and up to 40° C., the composition is stable (e.g., the particle size or CBD concentration in the nanoparticles remains consistent and/or has a change of less than or equal to about: 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values) for a period of at least about: 2 weeks, 30 days, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1 year, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned measures of time.
  • the method of using the lipid-based particle composition and/or of treating a subject with the lipid-based particle composition includes administering to a subject in need of treatment (e.g., orally, topically, etc.) an effective amount of the composition.
  • the composition e.g., delivery system
  • the bioavailability of CBD (e.g., in the blood of a subject) relative to the initial administered dose is greater than or equal to about: 10%, 20%, 50%, 75%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the oral bioavailability of CBD delivered (as measured using AUC) is higher using an embodiment disclosed herein relative to oral delivery of CBD oil alone.
  • the oral bioavailability is improved over CBD oil alone by greater than or equal to about: 10%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 200%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • compositions as described herein may be used to induce at least one effect, e.g. therapeutic effect, that may be associated with at least one cannabinoid (e.g., CBD), which is capable of inducing, enhancing, arresting or diminishing at least one effect, by way of treatment or prevention of unwanted conditions or diseases in a subject.
  • the at least one active agent may be selected amongst therapeutic agents, i.e. agents capable of inducing or modulating a therapeutic effect when administered in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • the phospholipid, non-phospholipid lipid, sterol, etc. by themselves do not induce or modulate a therapeutic effect but endow the pharmaceutical composition with a selected desired characteristic.
  • compositions disclosed herein can be used in methods of treatment and can be administered to a subject having a condition to be treated.
  • the subject is treated by administering an effective amount of a composition (e.g., those including CBD) as disclosed herein to the subject.
  • the disease or condition to be treated via administration of a composition as disclosed herein may include one or more of pain, anxiety, seizures, malaise, etc.
  • the composition (e.g., those including CBD) is provided for use in treating a condition selected from pain associated disorders (as an analgesic), inflammatory disorders and conditions (as anti-inflammatory), apatite suppression or stimulation (as anoretic or stimulant), symptoms of vomiting and nausea (as antiemetic), intestine and bowl disorders, disorders and conditions associated with anxiety (as anxiolytic), disorders and conditions associated with psychosis (as antipsychotic), disorders and conditions associated with seizures and/or convulsions (as antiepileptic or antispasmodic), sleep disorders and conditions (as anti-insomniac), disorders and conditions which require treatment by immunosuppression, disorders and conditions associated with elevated blood glucose levels (as antidiabetic), disorders and conditions associated with nerve system degradation (as neuroprotectant), inflammatory skin disorders and conditions (such as psoriasis), disorders and conditions associated with artery blockage (as anti-ischemic), disorders and conditions associated with bacterial infections, disorders and conditions associated
  • the lipid-based particle composition (e.g., those including CBD, other phytocannabinoids, or other therapeutics as disclosed elsewhere herein) is provided for use in a method of treating a subject suffering from a condition selected from pain associated disorders, inflammatory disorders and conditions, apatite suppression or stimulation, symptoms of vomiting and nausea, intestine and bowl disorders, disorders and conditions associated with anxiety, disorders and conditions associated with psychosis, disorders and conditions associated with seizures and/or convulsions, sleep disorders and conditions, disorders and conditions which require treatment by immunosuppression, disorders and conditions associated with elevated blood glucose levels, disorders and conditions associated with nerve system degradation, inflammatory skin disorders and conditions, disorders and conditions associated with artery blockage, disorders and conditions associated with bacterial infections, disorders and conditions associated with fungal infections, proliferative disorders and conditions, and disorders and conditions associated with inhibited bone growth, post trauma disorders and others, the method comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition of this disclosure.
  • a condition selected from pain associated disorders, inflammatory disorders and conditions, apatit
  • the lipid-based particle compositions may be used as such to induce at least one effect, e.g. therapeutic effect, or may be associated with at least one cannabinoid, which is capable of inducing, enhancing, arresting or diminishing at least one effect, by way of treatment or prevention of unwanted conditions or diseases in a subject.
  • the at least one agent (substance, molecule, element, compound, entity, or a combination thereof) may be selected amongst therapeutic agents, i.e. agents capable of inducing or modulating a therapeutic effect when administered in a therapeutically effective amount, and non-therapeutic agents, i.e. which by themselves do not induce or modulate a therapeutic effect but which may endow the pharmaceutical composition with a selected desired characteristic.
  • a lipid-based particle compositions as disclosed herein may be selected to treat, prevent or ameliorate any pathology or condition.
  • administering of a therapeutic amount of the composition or system described herein, whether in a concentrate form or in a diluted formulation form is effective to ameliorate undesired symptoms associated with a disease, to prevent the manifestation of such symptoms before they occur, to slow down the progression of the disease, slow down the deterioration of symptoms, to enhance the onset of remission period, slow down the irreversible damage caused in the progressive chronic stage of the disease, to delay the onset of said progressive stage, to lessen the severity or cure the disease, to improve survival rate or more rapid recovery, or to prevent the disease from occurring or a combination of two or more of the above.
  • the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein lack, contain less than 2%, and/or less than about 0.5% of one or more of lecithin surfactants, hyaluronic acid, Alcolec S, Alcolec BS, Alcolec XTRA-A, polysorbates (such as Polysorbate 80 and Polysorbate 20), monoglycerides, diglycerides, glyceryl oleate, polaxamers, terpenes, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, L-alginate, chondroitin, poly gamma glutamic acid, gelatin, chitosan, corn starch, polyoxyl 40-hydroxy castor oil, Tween 20, Span 80, or the salts of any of thereof.
  • lecithin surfactants such as Polysorbate 80 and Polysorbate 20
  • polysorbates such as Polysorbate 80 and Polysorbate 20
  • monoglycerides diglycerides, glyceryl oleate
  • the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein lack, contain less than 2%, and/or less than about 0.5% of a surfactant.
  • the CBD lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein lack, contain less than 2%, and/or less than about 0.5% of one or more of THCa, 9-THC, 8-THC, CBDa, CBC, CBG, CBN, THCV, and/or CBGa.
  • the lipid-based particle compositions lack unhydrogenated phospholipids.
  • the lipid-based particle compositions lack hydrogenated phospholipids.
  • the lipid-based particle compositions comprise one or more unhydrogenated or hydrogenated phospholipids.
  • the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein lack, contain less than 2%, and/or less than about 0.5% of one or more of a buffering agent, a polymeric stabilizing agent, or sodium hydroxide.
  • the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein lack a nanoparticle structure wherein the structure comprises an outer single layer membrane of essential phospholipids that encapsulates liquid lipids and cannabinoids.
  • essential phospholipids are extracts of characteristic fatty acid lipid-based particle composition of the phospholipids distinguished by their particular high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, predominantly linoleic acid (approx. 70%), linolenic acid and oleic acid and with a high content exceeding 75% of (3-sn-phosphatidyl) choline.
  • the essential phospholipid fraction includes phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and other lipids.
  • the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein lack nonnatural ingredients.
  • the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed are synthetic and not found in nature.
  • the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein lack, contain less than 2%, and/or less than about 0.5% of one or more organic bases (which may include, but are not limited to: butyl hydroxyl anisole (BHA), butyl hydroxyl toluene (BHT) and sodium ascorbate). In some embodiments, the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein lack, contain less than 2%, and/or less than about 0.5% of whey protein isolate. In some embodiments, the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein lack, contain less than 2%, and/or less than about 0.5% of ticamulsion 3020, purity gum, gum Arabic, and/or a modified gum Arabic.
  • organic bases which may include, but are not limited to: butyl hydroxyl anisole (BHA), butyl hydroxyl toluene (BHT) and sodium ascorbate.
  • BHA butyl hydroxyl anisole
  • BHT butyl hydroxyl toluene
  • sodium ascorbate
  • the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein lack, contain less than 2%, and/or less than about 0.5% one or more of fatty acids, triglycerides triacylglycerols, acylglycerols, fats, waxes, sphingolipids, glycerides, sterides, cerides, glycolipids, sulfolipids, lipoproteins, chylomicrons and the derivatives of these lipids. In some embodiments, the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein lack, contain less than 2%, and/or less than about 0.5% of a surfactant.
  • the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein lack, contain less than 2%, and/or less than about 0.5% of one or more of polyglycolized glycerides and polyoxyethylene glycerides of medium to long chain mono-, di-, and triglycerides, such as: almond oil PEG-6 esters, almond oil PEG-60 esters, apricot kernel oil PEG-6 esters (Labrafil® M1944CS), caprylic/capric triglycerides PEG-4 esters (Labrafac® Hydro WL 1219), caprylic/capric triglycerides PEG-4 complex (Labrafac® Hydrophile), caprylic/capric glycerides PEG-6 esters (Softigen® 767), caprylic/capric glycerides PEG-8 esters (Labrasol®), castor oil PEG-50 esters, hydrogenated castor oil PEG-5 esters, hydrogenated castor oil PEG-7 esters, 9 hydrogenated castor oil P
  • Labrafil® Isostearique triolein PEG-6 esters, trioleate PEG-25 esters, polyoxyl 35 castor oil (Cremophor® EL or Kolliphor® EL), polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil (Cremophor® RH 40 or Kolliphor® RH40), polyoxyl 60 hydrogenated castor oil (Cremophor® RH60), polyglycolized derivatives and polyoxyethylene esters or ethers derivatives of medium to long chain fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of medium to long chain fatty acids, which can be used including caprylate/caprate diglycerides, glyceryl monooleate, glyceryl ricinoleate, glyceryl laurate, glyceryl dilaurate, glyceryl dioleate, glyceryl mono/dioleate, polyglyceryl-10 trioleate, poly glyceryl-10 laurate, polyglyceryl-10 ole
  • Some embodiments also encompass methods for making (as disclosed elsewhere herein) and for administering the disclosed compositions.
  • Multiple techniques of administering the lipid-based particle compositions as disclosed herein exist including, but not limited to, oral, rectal, topical, aerosol, injection and parenteral delivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramedullary injections, intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intranasal and intraocular injections.
  • administration is performed through oral pathways, which administration includes administration in an emulsion, capsule, tablet, film, chewing gum, suppository, granule, pellet, spray, syrup, or other such forms.
  • topical permeation enhancers may be included and may be selected from, but not inclusive of, the following: dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl sulfone, ethanol, propylene glycol, dimethyl isosorbide, polyvinyl alcohol, CapryolTM 90, Labrafil M1944 CS, Labrasol, Labrasol ALF, LauroglycolT M90, Transcutol HP, Capmul S12L, Campul PG-23 EP/NF, Campul PG-8 NF.
  • the topical may include one or more of Lipoid's Skin Lipid Matrix 2026 technology, lipid/oil based ingredients or oil soluble ingredients, and includes Captex 170 EP as a skin permeation enhancer, argan oil, menthol, arnica oil, camphor, grapefruit seed oil, For example, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl isosorbide, topical analgesics such as lidocaine, wintergreen oil, and terpenes such as guaiacol.
  • Captex 170 EP as a skin permeation enhancer
  • argan oil menthol
  • arnica oil arnica oil
  • camphor camphor
  • grapefruit seed oil for example, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl isosorbide, topical analgesics such as lidocaine, wintergreen oil, and terpenes such as guaiacol.
  • any one or more of these ingredients is present in the topical composition at a dry wt % of equal to or less than about: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values. In some embodiments, any one or more of these ingredients is present in the topical at a wet wt % of equal to or at least about: 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 20%, 30%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the lipid-based particle compositions disclosed herein can be in admixture with a suitable carrier, diluent, or excipient such as sterile water, physiological saline, glucose, or the like, and can contain auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, gelling or viscosity enhancing additives, preservatives, flavoring agents, colors, and the like, depending upon the route of administration and the preparation desired.
  • a suitable carrier diluent, or excipient
  • auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, gelling or viscosity enhancing additives, preservatives, flavoring agents, colors, and the like, depending upon the route of administration and the preparation desired.
  • Such preparations can include liposomes, microemulsions, micelles, and/or unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles.
  • the pharmaceutical lipid-based particle compositions can be provided as a tablet, aqueous or oil suspension, dispersible powder or granule (as a food additive, drink additive, etc.), emulsion, hard or soft capsule, syrup or elixir.
  • Compositions intended for oral use can include one or more of the following agents: sweeteners, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preservatives.
  • Formulations for oral use can also be provided as gelatin capsules. In some embodiments, a powder composition as disclosed herein is added to the gelatin capsule.
  • the active ingredient(s) in the nanoparticle compositions disclosed herein are mixed with an inert solid diluent, such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules.
  • an inert solid diluent such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or kaolin
  • the active compounds can be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as water.
  • Stabilizers and microspheres formulated for oral administration can also be used.
  • Capsules can include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
  • trehalose can be added.
  • trehalose is present in the lipid-based particle composition at a dry wt % of equal to or less than about: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the trehalose is present in the composition at a wet wt % of equal to or at least about: 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 20%, 30%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the lipid-based particle composition lacks terpenes (e.g., as impurities or additives). However, in other embodiments, one or more terpenes may be added to prepare the nanoparticle composition.
  • the one or more terpenes includes one or more of alpha fenchone, alpha terpinene, alpha terpineol, beta caryophyllene, alpha pinene, beta pinene, bisabolene, bisabolol, borneol, eucalyptol, gamma terpinene, guaiacol, humulene, linalool, myrcene, para cymene, phytol, and/or terpinolene.
  • the one or more terpenes are present in the aqueous composition at a concentration of less than or equal to about: 400 mg/ml, 300 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more terpenes are present in the composition at a dry wt % of equal to or less than about: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • the one or more terpenes are present in the composition at a wet wt % of equal to or less than about: 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or ranges including and/or spanning the aforementioned values.
  • Dry powder formulations or liquid embodiments may also be used in a variety of consumer products.
  • dry powders can be added (e.g., scooped, from a packet, squirted from a dispenser, etc.) into any consumer product.
  • liquid formulations can be added measured and poured into any consumer product.
  • the consumer product can include one or more alcoholic beverages, milks (dairy, but also nuts “milks” such as almond juice, etc.), coffee, sodas, tea, fermented beverages, wines, nutritional supplements, smoothies, simple water, sports drinks, sparkling water, or the like.
  • the consumer product can include one or more eye drops, mouth wash, lotions/creams/serums, lip balms, hair care products, deodorant, nasal solutions, enema solutions, liquid soaps, solid soaps, or the like.
  • the consumer product can include one or more food products.
  • the consumer product can include desserts.
  • the consumer product can include single serving products of multi-serving products (e.g., family size).
  • the consumer product can include one or more dried products (e.g., flour, coffee creamer, protein shakes, nutritional supplements, etc.). In some embodiments, these dried products can be configured to be reconstituted for use.
  • the consumer product can include one or more the dried product can be added to other dietary supplements (e.g., multivitamins, gummies, etc.).
  • compositions and methods have been disclosed. Although this disclosure has been described in terms of certain illustrative embodiments and uses, other embodiments and other uses, including embodiments and uses which do not provide all of the features and advantages set forth herein, are also within the scope of this disclosure. Components, elements, features, acts, or steps can be arranged or performed differently than described and components, elements, features, acts, or steps can be combined, merged, added, or left out in various embodiments. All possible combinations and subcombinations of elements and components described herein are intended to be included in this disclosure. No single feature or group of features is necessary or indispensable.
  • the terms “approximately,” “about,” and “substantially” as used herein represent an amount close to the stated amount that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, in some embodiments, as the context may dictate, the terms “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is within less than or equal to 10% of the stated amount.
  • the term “generally” as used herein represents a value, amount, or characteristic that predominantly includes or tends toward a particular value, amount, or characteristic.
  • a nanoparticle composition comprising:
  • a nanoparticle comprising:
  • CBD cannabidiol
  • a phospholipid comprising
  • nanoparticles have an average size ranging from about 75 nm to about 500 nm;
  • the average size of the nanoparticles changes by less than about 20%.
  • composition of embodiment 1, wherein the composition is in the form of liposomes and/or an oil-in-water nano-emulsion.
  • composition of embodiment 1 or 2 wherein an appreciable amount of the nanoparticle composition does not settle and/or separate from the water upon standing for a period of at least about 12 hours.
  • composition of embodiment 10, wherein the preservative comprises one or more of malic acid, citric acid, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, and Vitamin E.
  • composition of embodiment 11, wherein the malic acid is present in an amount of less than or equal to about 0.85 mg/ml.
  • composition of embodiment 11, wherein the citric acid is present in an amount of less than or equal to about 0.85 mg/ml.
  • composition of embodiment 11, wherein the potassium sorbate is present in an amount of less than or equal to about 1 mg/ml.
  • composition of embodiment 11, wherein the sodium benzoate is present in an amount of less than or equal to about 1 mg/ml.
  • a nanoparticle composition comprising:
  • a nanoparticle comprising:
  • an appreciable amount of the nanoparticle composition does not settle and/or separate from the water upon standing for a period of at least about 12 hours.
  • composition of embodiment 17, wherein the phospholipid is selected from the group consisting of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol phosphate, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, and phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate.
  • composition of embodiment 17 or 18, wherein the triglyceride is a medium chain triglyceride.
  • composition of embodiment 19, wherein the medium chain triglyceride comprises one or more of caproic acid, octanoic acid, capric acid, and/or lauric acid.
  • a method of treating a patient in need of treatment comprising administering an effective amount of the composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 22 to the patient.
  • a method of manufacturing a nanoparticle composition of a phytocannabinoid comprising:
  • a method of manufacturing a nanoparticle composition of a phytocannabinoid comprising:
  • a lipid-based particle composition comprising:
  • a nanoparticle comprising:
  • CBD cannabidiol
  • a phosphatidylcholine at a weight percent in the composition ranging from 2.5% to 15%;
  • a sterol at a weight percent in the composition ranging from 0.5% to 5%;
  • nanoparticles have an average size ranging from about 75 nm to about 175 nm;
  • the average size of the nanoparticles changes by less than about 20%.
  • lipid-based particle composition of embodiment 30, wherein the composition is in the form of liposomes and/or an oil-in-water nano-emulsion.
  • lipid-based particle composition of any one of embodiments 30 to 32, wherein the composition is configured such that when concentrated to dryness to afford a powder formulation of nanoparticles, the nanoparticle powder can be reconstituted to provide the nanoparticle composition.
  • lipid-based particle composition of any one of embodiments 30 to 33, wherein the composition has a Tmax for CBD of less than 4.5 hours.
  • lipid-based particle composition of any one of embodiments 30 to 34, wherein, upon storage for a period of one month, the average size of the nanoparticles changes by less than about 20%.
  • lipid-based particle composition of any one of embodiments 30 to 35, wherein the polydispersity of the nanoparticles in the composition is less than or equal to 0.15.
  • lipid-based particle composition of any one of embodiments 30 to 36, wherein upon 90 days of storage at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity, the polydispersity of the nanoparticles changes by less than or equal to 10%.
  • lipid-based particle composition of any one of embodiments 30 to 37, wherein upon 90 days of storage at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity, the polydispersity of the nanoparticles changes by less than or equal to 0.1.
  • composition of any one of embodiments 30 to 38, wherein composition has a shelf life of greater than 18 months at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity.
  • the lipid-based particle composition of any one of embodiments 30 to 39 upon 90 days of storage at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity, the D90 of the nanoparticles changes less than or equal to 10%.
  • lipid-based particle composition of any one of embodiments 30 to 40, wherein the composition has a concentration max (Cmax) of 80 ng/ml after an oral dose of 15 mg/kg.
  • a lipid-based particle composition comprising:
  • a nanoparticle comprising:
  • CBD cannabidiol
  • a phosphatidylcholine at a weight percent in the composition ranging from 35% to 60%;
  • a sterol at a weight percent in the composition ranging from 2.5% to 10%
  • a medium chain triglyceride at a weight percent in the composition ranging from 35% to 50%;
  • composition has a Cmax of 80 ng/ml after an oral dose of 15 mg/kg.
  • lipid-based particle of embodiment 43 or 44, wherein, upon reconstitution, nanoparticles within the aqueous solution have an average size ranging from about 75 nm to about 175 nm.
  • lipid-based particle composition of any one of embodiments 30 to 45, further comprising a preservative.
  • lipid-based particle composition of embodiment 46 wherein the preservative comprises one or more of malic acid, citric acid, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, and Vitamin E.
  • lipid-based particle composition of any one of embodiments 30 to 47, wherein the sterol is cholesterol.
  • lipid-based particle composition of any one of embodiment 30 to 48, further comprising a flavoring agent.
  • a method of treating a patient in need of treatment comprising administering an effective amount of the lipid-based particle composition of any one of embodiments 30 to 49 to the patient.
  • a method of manufacturing a nanoparticle composition of a phytocannabinoid comprising:
  • Formulations were prepared using ingredient profiles and techniques as disclosed herein. The impact of several quality attributes of the formulation on particle size, CBD concentration, and product stability were determined. Such product attributes included CBD to lipid ratio and the preservative system and overall impact of pH. The dissolution and stability of the product was measured in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. Additionally, the oral pharmacokinetics of embodiments disclosed herein were measured in a mini-pig model and compared to two oil-based commercial products. The physical and chemical stability of embodiments disclosed herein were determined under several storage conditions.
  • the ingredients used herein were obtained from the following vendors: Sunflower derived phosphatidylcholine and medium chain triglycerides were purchased from American Lecithin Company (a Lipoid Company listed as “MCT”), potassium sorbate, peppermint oil, vitamin E, malic acid, and cholesterol were purchased from Spectrum Chemicals, CBD isolate was purchased from Botanical & Bioscience Laboratories, Luo Han Guo (monk fruit) extract was purchased from GLG Life Tech Corporation, water for injection was purchased from Rocky Mountain Biologicals, and citric acid monohydrate and sodium benzoate were purchased from JT Baker.
  • the CBD isolate used comprised not more than 0.3% THC by weight per weight (w/w).
  • the phosphatidylcholine was H 100-3 grade including over 96.3% or 99.9% phosphatidylcholine (hydrogenated).
  • Particle size and zeta potential of liquid was measured on a Malvern ZS90 Zetasizer (Malvern, UK).
  • the liquid product was diluted at least 50 times in purified water and the equivalent of 1 mg of CBD in a powder form was dissolved in 1 mL of purified water for measurements.
  • Products were measured in low-volume, disposable cuvettes and zeta cassettes.
  • Cannabinoids and terpenes concentrations, related substances and identity (retention time) were measure by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) at 374 Labs (Reno, Nev.).
  • Residual solvents and pesticides were measured by gas chromatography (GC), and heavy metals by inductive coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-oES) at 374 Labs. Rapid preservative effectiveness testing was determined by a reduction in colony forming units (CFU) of test microorganisms at Microchem Laboratory (Round Rock, Tex.). Testing confirmed that the compositions were resistant to bacterial growth (by measuring colony forming units (CFUs) per volume in a given amount of time.
  • CFU colony forming units
  • CBD lipid nanoparticles in this example were prepared using a solvent-based method with high pressure homogenization.
  • lipophilic ingredients solid CBD comprising not more than 0.3% THC, medium chain triglyceride, cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, Vitamin E, oil soluble flavoring, etc.
  • To prepare the lipophilic ingredients approximately 1.3 to 1.5 times the weight of the lipophilic ingredients was added of 100% (200 proof) ethanol. The lipophilic ingredients were dissolved in the ethanol before proceeding.
  • the 20 liter round bottom flask was transferred to a Hei-VAP Industrial Rotary Evaporator (Heidolph Corporation) and the ethanol was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure, elevated temperature, and vessel rotation. When the ethanol was removed, a film of lipid remained on the glass vessel walls. The lipid film was blanketed with nitrogen glass and left at room temperature overnight.
  • Hei-VAP Industrial Rotary Evaporator Heidolph Corporation
  • All water-soluble formulation ingredients (water soluble flavoring, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, citric acid monohydrate, malic acid, etc.) were dissolved into water for injection at the specified concentrations (below). Aqueous solutions were heated and filtered prior to further use. An appropriate amount of aqueous solution was transferred to the glass vessel containing the dried lipid ingredients. The glass vessel was transferred to a heating mantel and warmed with constant stirring from an overhead mixer. Mixing was continued until a homogenous slurry of lipids in water was formed. The full volume of lipid slurry was processed through a microfluidizer (Microfluidics Corporation) 0 to 10 times at a processing pressure of 10,000-30,000 PSI.
  • a microfluidizer Microfluidics Corporation
  • the volume of lipid slurry can be processed at a pressure of 10,000-30,000 PSI such that the material is recirculated back into the unprocessed volume for a period of time until the desired particle size characteristics are achieved.
  • the resulting lipid nanoparticle solution was cooled with continuous stirring for 12-24 hours before characterizing and fill-finish. Flavoring in oil form was introduced into the dried lipid film prior to introduction of the aqueous solution. Water soluble flavoring is dissolved into the water for injection prior to introduction into the lipid film.
  • Example 1 discloses stability testing and shelf-life data for some embodiments as prepared in Example 1.
  • the batches prepared in Example 1 were filled into 20 mL amber vials with a child-proof cap affixed with a required removal torque of 7.0 to 9.0 pound force inch.
  • Sealed bottles were stored at 2-8° C., 25° C./60% Relative Humidity, 40° C./75% relative humidity, or 50° C. and uncontrolled humidity.
  • samples were pulled for characterization on months 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 11. Characterization included particle size analysis by dynamic light scattering and CBD concentration by UPLC. Results are show in FIGS. 3 and 4 .
  • FIG. 3 Shown in FIG. 3 is the shelf life plot of 4 batches of product as a function of CBD concentration. Over the 11 months where CBD concentration was determined, the response slope of the regression line is not significantly different from zero and no shelf-life can be predicted until a negative slope (ie degradation) appears in the data set.
  • FIG. 4 shows the shelf life plot of 4 batches of product as a function of lipid nanoparticle Z-Average size in nanometers.
  • This example discloses representative images of lipid nanoparticles prepared as previously described in Example 1.
  • a sample consistent with the ingredient composition outlined in Batch 1 and 3 was diluted 10 times with water. Three microliters was placed on a thin copper grid (Cu-200CN, Pacific Grid-Tech) that was previously glow-discharged.
  • the sample was loaded into the freezing chamber at low temperature (0-5° C.) under humidity control (100%). After blotting for 2 seconds with filter paper, the specimen was rapidly frozen with cryogen, liquid ethane cooled by liquid nitrogen. The prepared dried was mounted on 200 kV FEI Talos C200C electron microscope. Microscope images were collected at 45K magnification. Example images are shown in FIG. 5 .
  • Lipid nanoparticles prepared using the methods of Example 1 afforded several sub-types of particles. Shown in FIG. 5 Panel A are characteristic emulsion style particles, FIG. 5 Panel B shows lipid nanoparticles containing unilamellar vesicles, also known as small unilamellar vesicles, FIG. 5 Panel C shows particles with multilamellar vesicles, FIG. 5 Panel D shows combined emulsion and unilamellar vesicles, and FIG. 5 Panel D shows irregular particles with lamellar structures and bridges, as well as partial emulsion particles.
  • these sub-types of particles can be controlled via changes in the ingredients and processing parameters, or combinations of both.
  • concentration of MCT decreases to 0% the proportion of emulsion lipid nanoparticles will decrease and the vesicle sub-type of particles will increase.
  • MCT but possibly includes other oils that are a liquid at room temperature or is a liquid at room temperature when mixed with other lipids.
  • Replacing the liquid oil at room temperature with an oil that is both solid at room temperature and waxy makes a solid lipid nanoparticle product.
  • This type of particle will appear similar to the emulsion lipid particle because both have a dense core.
  • Decreasing the liquid oil and/or increasing the phosphatidylcholine will likely increase the proportion of particles that are mixed or irregular. Decreasing the liquid oil and decreasing the processing pressure will increase the propensity of forming multilamellar vesicles. Decreasing the liquid oil and processing with a larger bore interaction chamber, with or without a reduction in processing pressure will increase the proportion of multilamellar vesicles.
  • CBD isolate containing lipid nanoparticles were prepared according to the methods described in the Manufacturing Process of Example 1.
  • the finished product was mixed with an additional excipient that serves as the lyoprotectant, such as 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% of the following alone or in combination lactose, dextrose, trehalose, arginine, glycine, and/or histidine.
  • Excipient was added to the finished product solution and mixed (200 RPM) until dissolved. Additional incubation at room temperature was allowed for material equilibration.
  • a Buchi B290 mini benchtop spray dryer was used to spray dry the CBD lipid nanoparticles to a powder.
  • the inlet temperature of the spray-dryer was set at 60-100° C.
  • the aspirator was constant at 35 m 3 /hour and the feed pump varied up to 5 mL/min.
  • Spray drying parameters were varied such that the outlet temperature was maintained at or below 65° C. and yielding a flowable powder.
  • a VirTis AdVantage Pro Freeze Dryer was used to lyophilize the CBD lipid nanoparticles to a powder. Samples were placed in 20 mL glass vials with a stopper half seated. Vials were placed on the lyophilizer shelf and equilibrated at 4° C. for 6 hours before rapidly freezing at ⁇ 50° C. for 12 hours. Samples were ramped to their lyophilization temperature at a rate of 0.5° C./min. After an additional 30 minutes of equilibration, primary drying commenced with the condenser set at ⁇ 80° C. and chamber pressure set to 100-200 mTorr.
  • the shelf temperature and duration of primary drying were dependent on which excipient was used, but generally were ⁇ 20° C. and 24 to 36 hours, respectively. Secondary drying commenced for 6 additional hours at 25° C. and 100-200 mTorr. Following drying, vials were stoppered until further use. To produce a fine powder, samples were milled and passed successively through 75 to 34 micrometer sieves.
  • CBD lipid nanoparticle powders were stored in clear glass vials at 25° C./60% relative humidity for 7 months. Powders were reconstituted and particle size analysis was measured and compared to the original formulation.
  • the original nanoparticle formulation had Z-Average particle size of 125.1 nm (average of three measurements) and the reconstituted powder have a Z-Average particle size of 127.6 nm.
  • Statistical comparison between the two samples resulted in a p-value of 0.115.
  • the polydispersity index of the CBD nanoparticle solution was 0.133 (average of three measurements) and the reconstituted powder had a polydispersity index of 0.163.
  • Statistical comparison between the two samples resulted in a p-value 0.285.
  • the results demonstrate that the CBD containing lipid nanoparticle can be reconstituted and the same particle size characteristics are preserved in the drying process. Further, since it was 7 months later, the particles are advantageously stable in powder form.
  • CBD lipid nanoparticles were prepared using a solvent free method utilizing a high-shear in-line mixer, followed by high pressure homogenization. All water-soluble formulation ingredients, including water soluble flavoring agents, were dissolved into water for injection at the specified concentrations. Aqueous solutions were heated and filtered prior to further use. Warm aqueous solution was transferred to a mixing vessel with an outlet at the bottom of the container that feeds the inlet of a high-shear in-line mixer (Silverson Verso Mixer). The outlet of high-shear mixer utilizes a tube that returns liquid to the top of the mixing vessel. When the warm aqueous solution is transferred to the mixing vessel, the in-line mixer is activated, and the self-pumping action of the mixer moves the liquid through the system.
  • Method 1 Lipophilic ingredients were accurately weighed into a glass mixing vessel and well dispersed. The lipophilic ingredients were heated with mixing to assist in the dispersion of the materials to form a homogenous lipid slurry. The lipid slurry, including any oil-based flavoring agents, was transferred slowly to the in-line mixing vessel with the mixer activated and emulsified for up to 60 minutes (in a high shear mixer).
  • Method 2 Lipophilic ingredients were accurately weighed onto a weigh boat and then transferred one at a time to the high-shear mixing vessel with the mixer activated. As each ingredient was introduced, 5 to 10 minutes of mixing was allowed before subsequent additions to allow for homogenous dispersion. Once all lipophilic ingredients were added, the lipid slurry was emulsified for up to 60 minutes while maintaining the processing temperature (in a high shear mixer).
  • the full volume of emulsified lipid solution (as prepared in Method 1 or Method 2) was processed through a microfluidizer (Microfluidics Corporation) for 0 to 10 times at a processing pressure of 10,000-30,000 PSI.
  • the resulting lipid nanoparticle solution was cooled with continuous stirring for a period of 12 to 24 hours before characterization and fill-finish.
  • the data in FIGS. 6 through 8 indicate that a CBD lipid nanoparticle of appropriate particle size distribution, as characterized by the Z-Average, D90 Particle Size, and the polydispersity Index (in FIGS. 6, 7, and 8 , respectively), is achieved after 60 minutes of high shear mixing and 3 full passes through a high shear homogenizer.
  • the dispersion was passed through the microfluidizer 5 times and the resulting Z-Average particle size was measure after each pass (3 measurements per pass).
  • Pass number 0 represents the particle size after high-shear mixing only and had a particle size 385.8 ⁇ 53.1 nm.
  • the resulting particle size was 106.2 ⁇ 1.0 nm and 109.7 ⁇ 1.0 nm.
  • the particle size increased slightly after passes 4 and 5 to 118.0 ⁇ 0.3 nm and 126.2 ⁇ 0.5 nm, respectively.
  • the dispersion was passed through the microfluidizer 5 times and the resulting D90 particle size was measure after each pass (3 measurements per pass).
  • the D90 particle size describes the diameter where 90% of the distribution has a smaller particle size and 10% has a larger particle size.
  • Pass number 0 represents the particle size after high-shear mixing only and had a particle size 2,266.7 ⁇ 1152.4 nm.
  • the resulting particle size decreased to 830.3 ⁇ 1.083.2 nm.
  • the resulting particle size was 185.0 ⁇ 2.0 nm, 191.3 ⁇ 8.4 nm, and 238.7 ⁇ 28.0 nm, respectively.
  • the dispersion was passed through the microfluidizer 5 times and the resulting polydispersity index was measure after each pass (3 measurements per pass).
  • Pass number 0 represents the polydispersity index after high-shear mixing only was 0.754 ⁇ 0.297.
  • the resulting polydispersity index was 0.205 ⁇ 0.006 and 0.172 ⁇ 0.002.
  • the polydispersity index was 0.132 ⁇ 0.013 and 0.151 ⁇ 0.022, respectively.
  • CBD containing lipid nanoparticles were prepared using the solvent based manufacturing process in 100 mL batches with varied lipid concentrations to determine their impact on nanoparticle size distribution and short-term stability. Nanoparticles were aliquoted into 20 mL or greater aliquots in clear glass vessels and stored 2-8° C., 25° C. with 60% relative humidity, and 40° C. with 75% relative humidity. At regular intervals the particle size distribution was determined and Z-Average, polydispersity index, and D90 particle size was recorded. The following table summarizes percent weight of ingredients in the formulations studied.
  • HSPC hydrogenated sunflower phosphatidylcholine
  • MCT medium chain triglyceride
  • CBD cannabidiol
  • CBD containing lipid nanoparticles were smaller with higher total lipid to CBD ratios, including a greater oil phase composition.
  • a similar trend was observed with PDI, a higher total lipid to CBD ratio and higher oil content had a more homogenous particle size distribution.
  • formulations with high lipid and oil content experienced less percent change in particle size and PDI.
  • CBD containing lipid nanoparticles were prepared according to the solvent based manufacturing process using formulation ingredients outlined in batches 2 & 4 in Example 1. Powders of the CBD containing lipid nanoparticles were prepared according to the methods outlined in Example 4.
  • the pharmacokinetics of liquid and powder in capsule lipid formulations of CBD were determined in male Gottingen mini-pigs at a dose of 15 mg/kg.
  • Mini-pigs (20-24 kg) were orally administered the product into the stomach by an oral gavage tube.
  • Blood samples were collected via an accessible vein into blood tubes containing potassium EDTA. Blood samples were collected at 0 (pre-dose), 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 or 24 hours.
  • CBD concentration and metabolites were measured in blood plasma by HPLC.
  • Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from the plasma concentrations using PK Solver, a Microsoft Excel plug-in, or by hand using the linear trapezoid rule. For comparison, leading commercially available, oil-based CBD products were also evaluated after oral administration.
  • FIG. 9A-D Shown in FIG. 9A-D are the pharmacokinetic profiles of CBD containing lipid nanoparticles in solution as well the powder formulation filled in gelatin capsules.
  • FIG. 9A shows two embodiments as disclosed herein. As demonstrated, the nanoparticle powder had an increased Cmax and the solution had an increased Tmax.
  • FIG. 9B shows that the powder formulation in gelatin capsules had a Cmax that was approximately 63% higher than the CBD-oil comparators. As shown in FIGS. 9C and 9D , the solution formulation had faster Tmax ( ⁇ 4 hours) compared to the CBD-oil comparators, which had a Tmax of greater than 6 hours and close to 8 hours in some samples.
  • FIGS. 9A shows two embodiments as disclosed herein. As demonstrated, the nanoparticle powder had an increased Cmax and the solution had an increased Tmax.
  • FIG. 9B shows that the powder formulation in gelatin capsules had a Cmax that was approximately 63% higher than the CBD-oil comparators.
  • FIG. 10 Shown in FIG. 10 is the comparison of the absorption phase of the CBD lipid nanoparticle solutions over the first four hours of the study, and three leading oil-based CBD commercial comparators.
  • measurable levels of CBD were detected in plasma within 30 minutes.
  • the rates of absorption were taken to be the slope of the regression equation.
  • the CBD lipid nanoparticle solution formulation had the shortest half-life of 5.5 ⁇ 5.2 hours and the CBD lipid nanoparticle powder formulation having a half-life of 6.6 ⁇ 2.4 hours ( FIG. 11 ).
  • the CBD oil-based comparators had half-lives generally greater than the liquid formulation, of 6.4 3.0, 11.2 ⁇ 9.1, and 7.3 ⁇ 3.8 hours.
  • FIG. 12 shows AUC or Area Under the Curve information (0 to infinity).
  • AUC is a pharmacokinetic parameter that reflects a molecule's total exposure.
  • the CBD lipid nanoparticle solution had an AUC of 557.8 ⁇ 297.5 ng/mL*hr, where the CBD lipid nanoparticle powder had an AUC of 575.9 ⁇ 211.5 ng/mL*hr.
  • both liquid and powder formulations had comparable AUCs.
  • Both oil-based CBD comparators had AUCs that were lower than the Lipid Nanoparticle formulation.
  • Comparator 3 had an AUC of 352.1 ⁇ 216.9 and comparator 1 had an AUC of 393.8 ⁇ 133.0 ng/mL*hr. Indicating the oil-based CBD products had less total exposure than the lipid nanoparticle formulations.
  • the AUC 0-4 for the CBD lipid nanoparticles and powder was 98.4 ⁇ 45.2 and 65.8 ⁇ 25.5 ng/mL*hr, respectively.
  • the CBD oil comparators had AUCs for this same period of time were 21.9 ⁇ 20.2, 33.7 ⁇ 26.9, and 24.7 ⁇ 16.1 ng/mL*hr.
  • the AUC 4-6 for the CBD lipid nanoparticles and powder was 84.0 ⁇ 64.3 and 119.0 ⁇ 12.9 ng/mL*hr, respectively.
  • the AUCs for this same period of time were 28.2 ⁇ 20.9, 49.2 ⁇ 21.2, and 84.0 ⁇ 64.3 ng/mL*hr for the oil based comparators.
  • the AUC 6-10 for the CBD lipid nanoparticles and powder was 129.4 ⁇ 31.5 ng/mL*hr and 191.0 ⁇ 58.1 ng/mL*hr.
  • the AUCs for the CBD oil based comparators were 70.7 ⁇ 36.0, 141.2 ⁇ 45.3, and 141.9 ⁇ 64.5 ng/mL*hr over the same period of time.
  • the higher AUCs during the first 4 hours of the study in the CBD lipid nanoparticle groups demonstrate the rapid absorption compared to the oil-based comparators.
  • CBD containing lipid nanoparticles were prepared using the solvent based manufacturing process, however, different concentrations of preservatives were dissolved in the aqueous solution prior to hydration of the lipid film and mixing.
  • Citric acid monohydrate and malic acid was added to Formulation 1 at 6.10 and 5.73 mM, respectively.
  • citric acid was added at 4.88 mM and no malic acid was added.
  • citric acid was added 0.16 mM and no malic acid was added.
  • no citric or malic acid was added. All formulations contained 8.53 mM of potassium sorbate and 8.90 mM of sodium benzoate.
  • Formulations were characterized for pH, particle size distribution, zeta potential, CBD concentration and particle size after storage for 6 or 7 months at 2-8° C., 25° C. with 60% relative humidity, and 40° C. with 75% relative humidity, and a preservative effectiveness challenge.
  • the table below summarizes Formulation initial characterization data.
  • FIG. 13 shows the change in CBD lipid nanoparticle size over approximately 6 months at differing solution pH values.
  • FIG. 14 shows the change in CBD concentration in lipid nanoparticles over approximately 7 months at differing storing conditions.
  • Solution pH did not impact the stability of the particle size ( FIG. 13 ) when measure at regular intervals over approximately 6 months of storage at 25° C. with 6000 relative humidity. After 7 months of storage at 2-8° C., 25° C. with 6000 relative humidity, and 40° C. with 7500 relative humidity, the percent CBD remaining was significantly less for pH 4.072 compared to the formulation groups.
  • the formulations were challenged with 5 microorganisms ( E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, A. brasiliensis , and C. albicans ) at 10 7 CFU/mL and the log reduction in colony forming units after incubation for 7 days was calculated.
  • 5 microorganisms E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, A. brasiliensis , and C. albicans
  • the minimum require for an effective preservative system is at least a 1.0 log reduction in colony forming units for each organism evaluated after 7 days of incubation.
  • Preservative systems with a pH of 4.459 and 4.07 s met the minimum requirements of a preservative system, but solutions with a pH of 5.093 and 6.250 did not.
  • the preservative systems evaluated in this study were more effective at preventing bacterial growth, especially at lower pH, than yeasts and molds.
  • Example 10 CBD Containing Lipid Nanoparticles can be Filtered
  • CBD containing lipid nanoparticles were prepared using the solvent based method at a 10 liter batch size. Prior to further study, the nanoparticles were characterized for particle size distribution and CBD concentration.
  • the nanoparticle solution was transferred to a pressurized vessel containing a stainless-steel side arm. To the side arm, Pharmed BPT tubing was used to connect the pressurized vessel to a receiving vessel, with a 3M betafine filter in-line.
  • nitrogen gas was filled into the pressurized vessel to displace the solution forcing it through the filter and into the receiving vessel.
  • Two 3M betafine filters were evaluated in this study, a 0.2 micron and 0.65 micron polypropylene filter. After filtration, the particle size distribution and CBD concentration was measured again and compared to the starting measurements. All measurements were performed in triplicate.
  • Example 11 Resulting Particle Size Distribution by Operating Pressure and Pass Number
  • CBD containing lipid nanoparticles were prepared by the solvent based manufacturing process in batch sizes of 100 mL.
  • the purpose of the first part of the study was to determine the impact of pass number on the initial particle size distribution and any changes after 6 months of storage at 25° C. with 60% relative humidity.
  • the full volume of lipid slurry was microfluidized 10 times with a sample collection after each volume for analysis. Shown below in FIG. 15 is the Z-Average and D90 particle sizes. After 1 pass through the microfluidizer, the Z-Average was below 200 nm but the D90 particle size was 1.0 micron. After 2 passes through the microfluidizer both the Z-Average and D90 were below 200 nm. The difference between the particle sizes decreased with subsequent passes up to pass 5.
  • Example 12 CBD Containing Lipid Nanoparticles Prepared with Several CBD Isolates
  • CBD containing lipid nanoparticles were prepared using the solvent based manufacturing process or the solvent free, high shear mixing process in 100 mL batches.
  • Lipid nanoparticles were prepared with CBD isolate from different manufacturers, all of which had greater than 99% CBD purity and no detectable THC.
  • Nanoparticles were prepared at 20 mg/mL and the final concentration was verified by UHPLC. All preparations had a Z-average particle size between 85.4 nm and 105.6 nm, a D90 particle size of 113.0 nm to 153.2 nm, and a polydispersity index of 0.105 to 0.169.
  • Lipid nanoparticles prepared with Gen Canna , Global Cannabinoids, and Mile High Labs CBD isolate was not significantly different from that prepared with Boulder Botanicals CBD isolate, indicating similar nanoparticle attributes are attainable regardless of the CBD isolate origin.
  • the results of this example are summarized in the table below.
  • Example 13 CBD Containing Lipid Nanoparticles Prepared with Full or Broad Spectrum CBD Material
  • CBD containing lipid nanoparticles were prepared by the solvent based and/or solvent free manufacturing process in 0.1 liter batches.
  • the CBD origin was from a full spectrum or broad spectrum hemp extract where the CBD content varied from 44.25% to 86.6%.
  • the THC content was below 0.3% or not detectable. All formulations were prepared to a final concentration of 20 mg/mL CBD and confirmed by UHPLC. Modifications to the remaining lipids in the formulations were made to accommodate the lower concentration of CBD in the full/broad spectrum hemp extracts.
  • All formulations had a Z-average particle size between 94.88 nm and 178.0 nm, a D90 particle size between 132.0 nm and 265.0 nm, and a polydispersity index of 0.100 to 0.221.
  • the resulting particle size attributes were not different from those prepared with CBD isolate, indicating the broad or full spectrum CBD can be exchanged with CBD isolate in the lipid nanoparticle formulation.
  • the results of this study are summarized in the table below.
  • Example 14 Lipid Nanoparticles Prepared with CBG Isolate, CBN Distillate, and CBDa Oil
  • Lipid nanoparticles were prepared with other commercially available cannabinoids using the solvent based manufacturing process and characterized for particle size distribution.
  • Global cannabinoids CBG isolate had 93.34% CBG by weight, with no other cannabinoids detected (based on Manufacturer's COA).
  • the Z-average particle size was 105.6 nm, the D90 particle size was 241.0 nm, and the polydispersity index was 0.206.
  • Lipid nanoparticles were prepared with CBN distillate from global cannabinoids. The CBN distillate was 80.5% CBN by weight, contained 3.1% CBC by weight, but no other cannabinoids were detectable (based on Manufacturer's COA).
  • the Z-average particle size was 99.59 nm
  • the D90 particle size was 139.0 nm
  • the polydispersity index was 0.138.
  • Lipid nanoparticles were also prepared using a dilute CBDa oil (Myriam's Hope, Nev.) with not modification to the formulation lipid ratios (results not shown). The results of the CBG and CBN nanoparticles are summarized in the table below.
  • Example 15 Phytosterol Alternatives to Cholesterol Used to Prepare CBD Containing Lipid Nanoparticles
  • CBD lipid nanoparticle formulations were prepared using the solvent based manufacturing process in 0.1 liter batches.
  • formulations were prepared with different phytosterols as alternatives to cholesterol.
  • the physterosterols were purchased from BASF corporation and named Vegapure 867 GN, Vegapure FS, and Vegapure 95DS.
  • the phytosterol replaced cholesterol in the formulation at the same weight percent, no additional modifications were made to the formulation, no cholesterol was added.
  • the table below summarizes the initial particle size measurements using the three phytosterol alternatives to cholesterol.
  • the Vegapure 867 GN had a Z-average particle size of 85.1 nm and PDI of 0.152
  • the Vegapure FS had a Z-average particle size of 87.6 nm and PDI of 0.168
  • the Vegapure 95 DS had a particle size of 130.7 nm and PDI of 0.400.
  • formulations prepared with BASF Vegapure phytosterol were placed at 2-8° C., 25° C. with 60% relative humidity, and 40° C. with 75% relative humidity for 14 days.
  • Formulations prepared with Vegapure 867 GN and Vegapure FS had Z-average particle sizes at or below 130.0 nm for all storage temperatures.
  • the formulation prepared with Vegapure 95 DS had particle sizes above 150.0 nm when stored at 2-8° C. and 25° C. with 60% relative humidity, but the particle size increased to above 250 nm when stored at 40° C. with 75% relative humidity.
  • the results are shown in FIG. 18 .
  • CBD lipid nanoparticles were prepared using the solvent based manufacturing process at 0.1-liter batches.
  • the medium chain triglycerides (MCT) were replaced with alternatives available from ABITEC Corporation.
  • Captex 8000 NF is triglyceride of caprylic acid
  • Captex GTO is a triglyceride of oleic acid
  • Captex 1000 is a triglyceride of capric acid.
  • the Captex triglycerides replaced the MCT in the weight percents stated in the table below. The table also summarizes the initial particle size and polydispersity index.
  • CBD lipid nanoparticles were prepared using the solvent based manufacturing process at 0.1 liter batches.
  • the medium chain triglycerides (MCT) were replaced with alternative non-aqueous liquids including omega-3 fatty acids (Tonalin and Pronova Pure® 46:38), glyceryl monooleate, conjugated linoleic acid, and alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine (alpha-GPC).
  • the ingredients replaced MCT with an equivalent weight (10%) as presented in the original formulation.
  • the table below summarizes the formulations and the initial particle size measurements.
  • the table below shows the percent change in Z-average and polydispersity index when stored at 40° C. with 75% relative humidity for 30 days. A negative number indicates the particle size or PDI measurement decreased with respect to the initial measurements shown in the table above.
  • CBD Compound 1
  • medium chain triglyceride 9.3 g
  • cholesterol 1.0 g
  • phosphatidylcholine 10.0 g
  • Vitamin E was added (0.05 g) with stirring and to act as an antioxidant in the oil phase.
  • malic acid 0.085 g
  • citric acid 0.085 mg
  • potassium sorbate 0.1 g
  • sodium benzoate 0.1 g
  • Monk Fruit Extract 0.09 g was added to water (76.07 g) with mixing.
  • the aqueous phase was added to the oil phase with mixing.
  • the oil-in-water emulsion was processed to a nanoparticle (about 20-500 nm) by successively passing the solution through microfluidizer (5 times at 30,000 PSI) at a temperature of at least 65° C.
  • the microfluidizer contained an interaction chamber consisting of 50 to 70 um pore sizes.
  • CBD isolate 2.0 g
  • medium chain triglyceride 9.3 g
  • cholesterol 1.0 g
  • phosphatidylcholine 10.0 g
  • Vitamin E 0.05 g
  • An oil-in-water emulsion was prepared by suspending the dried composition with 76.07 g of warm water containing malic acid (0.085 g), citric acid (0.085 mg), potassium sorbate (0.1 g), sodium benzoate (0.1 g), and Monk Fruit extract (0.09 g).
  • the oil-in-water emulsion was processed to a nanoparticle (20-500 nm) by successively passing the solution through microfluidizer 5 times at 30,000 PSI at a temperature of at least 75° C.
  • the microfluidizer contained an interaction chamber consisting of 50 to 70 um pore sizes.
  • Noopept N-phenylacetyl-L-prolyglygice ethyl ester
  • Formulations 1-5 were placed on a 90 day stability study at 2-8° C., 25° C. with 6000 relative humidity, and 40° C. with 7500 relative humidity. The initial particle size measurements and measurements after 90 days at each stability temperature are shown in the table below.
  • the Noopept lipid nanoparticle formulations may be modified further by co-incorporating a cannabinoid, such as CBD, CBG, CBN, or CBDa into the formulation.
  • a cannabinoid such as CBD, CBG, CBN, or CBDa
  • the formulation may be stored as a liquid or dried to a powder as outlined in Example 4.
  • Lipid nanoparticle formulations containing melatonin alone and melatonin and CBD were prepared using the solvent based manufacturing process. Melatonin alone or melatonin and CBD were, along with the other lipid ingredients, partially to completely dissolved in ethanol prior to drying to a film. The film was blanketed in nitrogen gas and stored for a period of 12 to 24 hours at 4° C. prior to processing. Solid lipid films were hydrated with warm water and mixed for 30 minutes to form a lipid slurry before being microfluidized. All formulations were prepared in 100 mL batches. The table below summarizes the formulations made in this example.
  • CBD and melatonin lipid nanoparticles were spray dried to a powder after the addition of trehalose to the liquid feed solution.
  • Formulations were spray dried as outlined in Example 4. Prior to forming a powder, the initial particle size distribution was measured for Formulations 1-5 (melatonin only) and summarized in the table below. Powder formulations were sieved successively through 75 to 34 microns. Residual moisture for the powders was measured to be less than 6% for all formulations.
  • Example 22 Lipid Nanoparticle Powder Formulations of CBD, Melatonin, and GABA
  • the following lipid nanoparticle formulations are designed to promote sleep.
  • the formulations were prepared using the solvent based manufacturing process in 200 mL batches. All lipids, CBD, and melatonin was dissolved in ethanol and dried to a film. The film was hydrated with a warm media containing up to 1.052 mg/mL each of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate, and up to 0.622 mg/mL each of citric acid monohydrate and malic acid. After processing, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) was dissolved into the lipid nanoparticle suspension and allowed to mix for 2 hours before characterization and spray drying (as outlined above).
  • GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
  • Formulation 1 Formulation 2
  • Formulation 3 Formulation 4
  • Z-Average Particle 113.9 ⁇ 1.74 nm 110.5 ⁇ 1.02 nm 103.2 ⁇ 4.68 nm 111.5 ⁇ 1.12 nm Size Polydispersity 0.254 ⁇ 0.004 0.186 ⁇ 0.009 0.203 ⁇ 0.021 0.191 ⁇ 0.020 Index
  • Example 23 Stability of CBD Lipid Nanoparticles in Simulated Gastric and Intestinal Fluids
  • the stability of CBD Lipid Nanoparticles through the digestive process was simulated by measuring the particle size distribution in simulated gastric fluid after 2 hours, followed by dilution and incubation in simulated intestinal fluid after 4 hours.
  • the CBD lipid nanoparticles were prepared using the solvent based manufacturing process at the 100 mL scale.
  • Simulated gastric fluid was prepared by dissolving/dispersing 1 gram of sodium chloride (CAS 7647-14-5), 21.5 mg of sodium taurocholate (CAS 345909-26-4), 6.5 mg of lecithin (CAS 8002-43-5), and sufficient hydrochloric acid (CAS 7647-01-0) into purified water (QS 500 mL) to achieve a final pH of 1.6.
  • Simulated intestinal fluid was prepared by dissolving/dispersing 1 gram of sodium chloride (CAS 7647-14-5), 806.5 mg of sodium taurocholate (CAS 345909-26-4), 64.4 mg of lecithin (CAS 8002-43-5), 1.1 grams of maleic acid (CAS 110-16-7), and 696 mg of sodium hydroxide (CAS 1310-73-2) in purified water (QS 500 mL). The pH was adjusted to 6.5 as needed. Simulated solutions were used immediately or stored at 4° C. for no longer than 1 month.
  • FIGS. 19A and 19B show the change in particle size and polydispersity index over the incubation period in simulated gastric and intestinal fluid.
  • the CBD lipid nanoparticles experienced no change in particle size and a modest increase of PDI during the full incubation period.
  • All the commercial oil-based CBD products experienced fluctuations in particle size and PDI during the incubation in simulated gastric and/or intestinal fluids, indicating an instability in the formulation during the digestive process.
  • CBD containing lipid nanoparticles were prepared using the solvent based manufacturing process in 0.1 liter batches.
  • Lipid nanoparticles were prepared with oil based phospholipids and compared to the 99.0% pure phosphatidylcholine (H100-3).
  • the compositions of the oil based phospholipids are provided in the table below under composition (information taken from manufacturer's COA), along with the initial particle size distribution measurements.
  • All formulations were prepared with 100 w/w phospholipid (Ingredient shown in the table below), 2% w/w CBD, 9.5% w/w medium chain triglycerides, 0.10% w/w vitamin E, and between 77.4 and 78.4% w/w purified water.
  • the sample prepared with H100-3 phospholipid also had 1% w/w of cholesterol added.
  • Samples were placed at four storage conditions for a preliminary, short-term 2-week stability experiment. At the end of the incubation period, samples were measure for particle size distribution and percent changes were examined. For the sample prepared with H100-3 phospholipid, no parameter changed more than 20% from its initial measurement at any storage condition, indicating a stable product. Samples prepared with the less pure, oil-based phospholipids experienced significant changes in particle size parameters over the 2 week incubation period in one or more of the storage conditions, indicating a less stable product compared to lipid nanoparticles prepared with H100-3 phospholipid. Results are shown in FIG. 20 .
  • CBD lipid nanoparticles were prepared using the solvent based manufacturing process at the 100 mL batch size. Dried lipid films were hydrated with a hydration media containing up to 1.052 mg/mL each of sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate, and up to 0.622 mg/mL each of citric acid monohydrate and malic acid as preservatives. A sweetener (0.09% w/w) was dissolved in the hydration media prior to adding to the dried film based on the formulations table below, no additional flavoring agent was added to the formulation. A day after processing the formulations were screened for initial particle size distribution (shown in the table below). Initial particle size measurements indicate that all sweeteners evaluated from Monkfruit Corporation, GLG Corporation, and Tate and Lyle are compatible with the CBD lipid nanoparticle formulation.
  • CBD comparator products with a common ingredient or label were purchased from the original manufacturer's website for particle size comparison to the embodiments described within.
  • a key ingredient used in this search was phosphatidylcholine, phospholipids, lecithin, or MCT.
  • Key words found on the label include nano, liposomal, and water soluble.
  • Products were diluted into filtered, ultra-pure water to an optical density that yielded a suitable count for particle size measurement.
  • the table below summarizes the particle sizes measured from the comparator products. All products measured had a particle size and polydispersity index that exceeds the formulations described herein, further supporting that the choice of ingredients and manufacturing process are key to producing a stable, nanoparticle.
  • Phase A utilizes Lipoid's Skin Lipid Matrix 2026 technology and is present in the final formulation at 50%.
  • the CBD (50 mg/mL) lipid nanoparticle (Phase B) composition is described in other embodiments, but here without preservatives and flavoring, and is present in the final formulation at 20% (1% CBD).
  • Phase C of the composition consists of lipid/oil based ingredients or oil soluble ingredients, and includes Captex 170 EP as a skin permeation enhancer, argan oil, menthol, arnica oil, camphor, and grapefruit seed oil present in total at 19% in the final formulation. Where menthol, arnica oil, camphor, and grapefruit seed oil are present for their topical analgesic properties. Lastly, Phase D of the composition is water and is present at 11%.
  • Phase B was manufactured according to solvent based method described in previous embodiments. Phase A was combined with Phase A and mixed with a planetary mixer for 2 minutes at 2000 RPM. Phase C was added 5 mL at a time, followed by hand mixing with a spatula. When all of Phase C was added, the composition was further mixed for 2 minutes at 2000 RPM in a planetary mixer. Phase B was added 5 mL at a time, followed by hand mixing with a spatula. When all of Phase B was added, the composition was mixed a final time for 2 minutes at 2000 RPM in a planetary mixer. The batch of lotion was 100 mL and contained 1% of CBD.
  • Additional lotions were prepared with other permeation enhancers. For example, 5% of Captex 170 EP was replaced with 5% of dimethyl sulfoxide or 5% of dimethyl isosorbide. Additional lotions were prepared with additional topical analgesics such as lidocaine, wintergreen oil, or terpenes such as guaiacol.
  • CBD lipid nanoparticles was dispersed in coffee beverages at a concentration of 10 mg CBD per 8 ounce coffee beverage.
  • a hot coffee beverage was prepared using the pour over technique, the resulting liquid was 130° F. at the time the CBD lipid nanoparticles were introduced.
  • CBD nanoparticles were also dispersed in a nitro cold brew coffee (Parks Coffee), the coffee beverage was at 2-8° C. at the time the nanoparticles were introduced.
  • the coffee was diluted for particle size measurement. The initial particle size measurement in each solution was compared to the particle size after 30 minutes of storage in two coffee beverages. As shown in the FIG. 21 , the particle size only increased by 11.3% and 6.5% in cold and hot coffee beverages over 30 minutes, respectively, indicating the CBD lipid nanoparticles are stable in coffee beverages.
  • the viscosity of the CBD lipid nanoparticles was measured using a low volume adapter attached to a LV-DV-II+ Brookfield viscometer (Brookfield, Middleboro, Mass.). The viscosity was determined using 16 mL of solution at 26° C. and a spindle speed of 60 RPM, measured over 3 minutes. The viscosity of the CBD lipid nanoparticle solution was determined to be 5.096 Cp.
  • the first group is treated with a CBD containing lipid-based particle composition as disclosed herein orally.
  • the second group of patients is treated orally with a CBD oil based composition orally.
  • the third group of patients is treated with a placebo orally.
  • the first group of patients experiences recovery from each of the symptoms of anxiety faster than the second group and to a higher degree as measured by a self-evaluation.
  • the patients in the first group report less feelings of nervousness, less feelings of restlessness, less feelings of impending danger, panic or doom, less trouble concentrating, less trouble sleeping.
  • After oral ingestion the patients in the first group have lower heart rates and less trembling than those in the second group. The results show statistically significant improvements in the first group relative to either the second group or the third group.
  • the patients in the second group show statistically significant improvement over the placebo, but not to the degree achieved reported by the first group.
  • the patients in the second group have statistically higher reports of side effects associated with treatment than either the first or the second group.
  • the first group is treated with a CBD containing lipid-based particle composition as disclosed herein topically.
  • the second group of patients is treated topically with a competitor liposomal CBD based composition made with CBD oil.
  • the third group of patients is treated with a placebo topically.
  • the first group of patients experiences recovery from pain faster than the second group and to a higher degree as measured by a self-evaluation. The results show statistically significant improvements in the first group relative to either the second group or the third group.
  • the patients in the second group show statistically significant improvement over the placebo, but not to the degree achieved reported by the first group.
  • the patients in the second group have statistically higher reports of side effects associated with treatment than either the first or the second group.
  • the first group is treated with a GABA containing lipid-based particle composition as disclosed herein orally.
  • the second group of patients is treated orally with a competitor liposomal GABA based composition.
  • the third group of patients is treated with a placebo orally.
  • the first group of patients experiences recovery from each of the symptoms of PMS faster than the second group and to a higher degree as measured by a self-evaluation.
  • the patients in the first group report less cramping and less severity of cramping. After oral ingestion, the patients in the first group report having an improved moods.
  • the results show statistically significant improvements in the first group relative to either the second group or the third group.
  • the patients in the second group show statistically significant improvement over the placebo, but not to the degree achieved reported by the first group.
  • the patients in the second group have statistically higher reports of side effects associated with treatment than either the first or the second group.
  • the first group is treated with a GABA/CBD containing lipid-based particle composition as disclosed herein orally.
  • the second group of patients is treated orally with a competitor liposomal GABA/CBD oil based composition.
  • the third group of patients is treated with a placebo orally.
  • the first group of patients experiences faster sleep time than the second group that is statistically significant.
  • the patients in the second group show statistically significant improvement over the placebo, but not to the degree achieved reported by the first group.
  • the patients in the second group have statistically higher reports of side effects associated with treatment than either the first or the second group.

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