US20210138106A1 - Systems and methods of preparing and delivering gels - Google Patents

Systems and methods of preparing and delivering gels Download PDF

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US20210138106A1
US20210138106A1 US17/258,984 US201917258984A US2021138106A1 US 20210138106 A1 US20210138106 A1 US 20210138106A1 US 201917258984 A US201917258984 A US 201917258984A US 2021138106 A1 US2021138106 A1 US 2021138106A1
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solution
gel
delivery device
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vaccine
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James Hutchins
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Targan Inc
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Applied Lifesciences and Systems LLC
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Definitions

  • the present disclosure provides systems and methods for forming a gel on a surface.
  • the system may have a first vessel with a first low viscosity aqueous solution comprising a binder/crosslinking agent; and a second vessel with a second low viscosity aqueous solution comprising a gelling component.
  • the separate first and second solutions are sprayed, or otherwise applied onto a surface where the solutions mix forming a gel.
  • methods are also provided.
  • at least one of the low viscosity aqueous solutions contains a deliverable product of interest, such as a vaccine.
  • Gels offer a benefit in that the formulations adhere to a surface and stay where they are applied.
  • a gel will keep a product of interest localized to a particular area.
  • many medications, preventatives and therapeutic treatments are formulated in the form of a gel.
  • a gel for topical delivery of an anesthetic such as lidocaine will keep the active ingredient localized to a desired area of interest and away from other areas.
  • Water soluble gels also have the advantage of hydrating products that may degrade if they dry out. Typically, biologics and vaccines will be inactivated, or become ineffective upon drying out.
  • Vaccines are an important component of protecting humans and animals from pathogenic microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Briefly, a vaccine stimulates the immune system to recognize a specific pathogen, thereby making a defense system that protects against future encounters with that microorganism in nature. Vaccines may be divided into several major classes, specifically; inactivated or killed vaccines, subunit vaccines, wildtype vaccines and attenuated or modified-live vaccines. The wildtype and attenuated vaccines give the recipient animal a mild infection. The mild infection often produces an immune response so as to prevent a greater, perhaps lethal infection from occurring in the future.
  • Apicomplexa is a phylum of unicellular and spore forming parasites with a complex life cycle.
  • Well-known human diseases caused by apicomplexa include babesiosis ( Babesia ), cryptosporidiosis ( Cryptosporidium parvum ), malaria ( Plasmodium ), and toxoplasmosis ( Toxoplasma gondii ).
  • Apicomplexan diseases also effect animals and livestock. Some such as Cryptosporidium parvum and Toxoplasma gondii effect both humans and animals.
  • Other apicomplexa such as Eimeria or Theileria only effect animals.
  • the apicomplexa life cycle is complicated in that it has both sexual and asexual reproductive stages. The life cycle often consists of a stage where it is excreted into the environment, and other stages that occur within the animal host. For many apicomplexa some stages of the life cycle take place in one host species and other stages take place in another host species.
  • Eimeria is generally host specific and is monoxenous, that is the life cycle is specific for a single host species.
  • Sporocysts a life-stage of Eimeria contained within oocysts, can be released prior to delivery to improve vaccine infectivity.
  • Eimeria causes coccidiosis in the wild and domesticated vertebrates such as cattle, chickens, fish, goats, pigs, rabbits, reptiles, sheep, and turkey.
  • Different Eimeria species have a preferred section of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract where they reproduce and cause damage to the epithelium of the GI tract.
  • GI gastrointestinal
  • Coccidiosis is a common disease in poultry. Control of coccidiosis has typically been achieved using ionophores or chemicals in the feed. Alternative control measures are currently being sought, due to costs of ionophores and chemicals, consumer demand, and the risk of developing resistant organisms, such as coccidia and others.
  • Vaccines for coccidiosis have the potential to drastically reduce or eliminate the need for ionophores or chemicals in feed for coccidiosis control.
  • vaccines are not widely used in part due to the lack of uniformity with mass vaccine application. As presently delivered, Eimeria vaccines in poultry result in inefficient first round infectivity and immunity, and typically result in a large na ⁇ ve population susceptible to disease.
  • na ⁇ ve population depend on recycling in the grow out farms to induce immunity.
  • Output from birds infected in the first-round yield massive infection of the residual na ⁇ ve population.
  • Resolution of naivety yields high oocyst output in the period following the first-round infection, which results in susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections, such as necrotic enteritis, requiring antibiotics for resolution.
  • Effective vaccination of all birds at the day of hatch would avoid the morbidity, mortality and lack of weight gain associated with Eimeria infection. See PCT Publication WO 2017/083663A1, Karimpour.
  • This system consists of two low viscosity aqueous solutions that form a gel upon combining.
  • the advantages of this system are ease of mixing, low pressure delivery and prevention of dehydration at administration.
  • the system includes a first vessel containing unbroken oocysts in a first solution, a second vessel containing a second solution, a delivery device in fluid communication with the first and second vessels, and a delivery device outlet.
  • the first solution is moved from the first vessel to the first delivery device outlet to create a first spray.
  • the second solution is moved from the second vessel to the second delivery device outlet to create a second spray.
  • the first and second solutions react to form a gel containing the oocyst solution.
  • Yet another embodiment is directed to a system for disrupting the outer membrane of an oocyst, releasing at least some intact sporocysts, and subsequently delivering the resulting mixture to an animal.
  • the system includes a first vessel containing unbroken oocysts in a first solution, a processing chamber, and a first delivery device having a first delivery outlet.
  • the system also includes a second vessel containing a second solution, and a second delivery device having a second delivery outlet.
  • Formulations used for delivery of oocyst-based vaccines may be aqueous solutions or more complex solutions, including gels.
  • Simple aqueous solutions typically provide no components to protect oocysts from drying out after spray application.
  • Gel formulations can protect oocysts from drying out, however, it is difficult to uniformly mix a vaccine into a high viscosity gel, and likewise it may be difficult to dispense the high viscosity product onto the recipients.
  • oocysts to release sporocysts can improve vaccine efficacy, however, as sporocysts are no longer encapsulated within their natural protective carrier, the oocyst wall, it is important to provide a protective environment to ensure viability.
  • a two-component system may be used for spray delivery in which both components are low viscosity aqueous solutions as described hereinafter. Upon combining, the components form a protective gel surrounding the sporocysts. This solution avoids the difficulties associated with either mixing vaccine into a viscous solution or dispensing/spraying a pre-mixed vaccine in a high viscosity solution (e.g., a gel).
  • a preferred commercial bird to be vaccinated by the method of the invention is a chicken.
  • a preferred composition to be administered to a chicken comprises sporocysts, or a mixture of sporocysts and oocysts, of one or more species of Eimeria selected from the group consisting of E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. mitis, E. praecox, E. hagani, E. mivati, and E. brunetti.
  • Another preferred commercialized bird to be vaccinated by the method of the invention is a turkey.
  • a preferred composition to be administered to a turkey comprises sporocysts, or a mixture of sporocysts and oocysts, of one or more species of Eimeria selected from the group consisting of E. meleagrimitis, E. adenoeides, E. gallopavonis, E. dispersa, E. meleagridis, E. innocua, and E. subrotunda.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of the gel embodiment (1).
  • FIG. 2A is a graphic representation of the life cycle of Eimeria oocysts and vaccines.
  • FIG. 2B is a graphic representation of the life cycle of Eimeria oocysts in a chicken.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of the gel embodiment (2).
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing of the gel embodiment (3).
  • Eimeria means and includes Eimeria species infecting chickens consisting of E. maxima, E. mitis, E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. necatrix, E. praecox, E. hagani, E. mivati, and any combination thereof.
  • Eimeria includes species infecting turkeys such as E. meleagrimitis, E. adenoeides, E. gallopavonis, E. dispersa, E. innocua, E. meleagridis, and E. subrotunda, and any combination thereof.
  • Eimeria also includes species infecting cattle such as E. zuernii, E. bovis, E.
  • Eimeria also include E. ahsata, E. bakuensis, E. crandallis, E. faurei, E. granulosa, E. intricata, E. marsica, E. ovinoidalis, E. pallida, E. parva, E. weybridgensis, and any combination thereof.
  • Eimeria includes E. intestinalis, E. vejdovskyi, E. piriformis, E. coecicola, E. irresidua, E. jlavescens, E. exigua, E. magna, E. perforans, E. media, E. sitesdae, and any combination thereof.
  • animal and “animal subjects” include but are not limited to mammalian and/or avian subjects. Suitable mammalian subjects include but are not limited to primate subjects (e.g., human subjects and non-human primate subjects such as simian), porcine, bovine (e.g., cattle), caprine, equine, feline, ovine, canine, murine (e.g., mouse, rat) and lagomorph subjects.
  • primate subjects e.g., human subjects and non-human primate subjects such as simian
  • porcine e.g., bovine
  • caprine equine, feline, ovine
  • canine e.g., murine (e.g., mouse, rat)
  • lagomorph subjects e.g., lagomorph subjects.
  • avian and “avian subjects” are intended to include males and females of any avian species, but are primarily intended to encompass poultry that are commercially raised for eggs, meat or as pets. Accordingly, the terms “avian” and “avian subject” are particularly intended to encompass but not be limited to chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, quail, pheasant, parakeets, parrots, cockatoo, cockatiel, ostrich, emu and the like. In particular embodiments, the avian subject is a chicken or a turkey.
  • low viscosity is defined as approximately 1 centipoise at 20 degrees Celsius.
  • preening or “preen” is defined as the act of a chicken, or other animal, ingesting oocysts, or other materials, through the act of grooming oneself, or another animal, and subsequently consuming the preened material to initiate infection.
  • the term “take”, “percent take”, or “% take”, within the context of vaccine infectivity, is defined as the subject having been shown to be positive for an apicomplexan infection, including but not limited to, Eimeria following vaccination.
  • phrases such as “between X and Y” and “between about X and Y” should be interpreted to include X and Y.
  • phrases such as “between about X and Y” mean “between about X and about Y.”
  • phrases such as “from about X to Y” mean “from about X to about Y.”
  • the terms “about” and/or “approximately” may be used in conjunction with numerical values and/or ranges.
  • the term “about” is understood to mean those values near to a recited value.
  • “about 40 [units]” may mean within ⁇ 25% of 40 (e.g., from 30 to 50), within ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 9%, ⁇ 8%, ⁇ 7%, ⁇ 6%, ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 4%, ⁇ 3%, ⁇ 2%, ⁇ 1%, less than ⁇ 1%, or any other value or range of values therein or there below.
  • the term “about” may mean ⁇ one half a standard deviation, ⁇ one standard deviation, or ⁇ two standard deviations.
  • the phrases “less than about [a value]” or “greater than about [a value]” should be understood in view of the definition of the term “about” provided herein.
  • the terms “about” and “approximately” may be used interchangeably.
  • ranges are provided for certain quantities. It is to be understood that these ranges comprise all subranges therein. Thus, the range “from 50 to 80” includes all possible ranges therein (e.g., 51-79, 52-78, 53-77, 54-76, 55-75, 60-70, etc.). Furthermore, all values within a given range may be an endpoint for the range encompassed thereby (e.g., the range 50-80 includes the ranges with endpoints such as 55-80, 50-75, etc.).
  • a system may be comprised of a first component comprising a gelling component in a low viscosity aqueous solution, such as sodium alginate solution and a second component being a low viscosity aqueous solution containing a binder/cross-linker such as calcium chloride liquid solution.
  • a gelling component in a low viscosity aqueous solution, such as sodium alginate solution
  • a second component being a low viscosity aqueous solution containing a binder/cross-linker such as calcium chloride liquid solution.
  • Each spray component is an aqueous solution of relatively low viscosity as compared to a gel, thus facilitating mixing and spraying.
  • a gel is formed.
  • the newly formed gel can provide protection of the substance from the environment, resulting in an increase in the time the gel stays on the surface to which it was sprayed.
  • the two-component gel system may have many applications including but not limited to the food, agricultural, military, aerospace, chemical, biochemical, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic, printing and manufacturing industries, and any other application where a gel coating or gel application may be used.
  • Examples of uses of a two-part gel system include herbicide and pesticide applications, paint and other coating applications.
  • Another anticipated application may include a pharmaceutical dermatological preparation being applied in a two-stage process, where a first solution contains a first active ingredient and a second solution contains a second active ingredient. The first solution is applied to the skin followed by the second solution being applied to the skin. Upon mixing, the first and second solutions form a gel but also form a complete dermatological preparation, when the first and second active ingredients mix.
  • the first gel embodiment 100 shown in FIG. 1 , includes a first reservoir 12 holding a binding/crosslinking agent in solution 102 , this may be a calcium chloride solution, and an outlet 18 .
  • the first gel embodiment 100 also includes a pump, (not shown).
  • the first gel embodiment 100 also includes a first delivery device 46 in the form of a sprayer having a first nozzle 50 .
  • the first gel embodiment 100 further includes a second reservoir 86 containing a gelling component solution 90 .
  • a gelling component solution 90 In one embodiment this may be a sodium alginate solution.
  • the first gel embodiment 100 includes a second delivery device 47 in the form of a sprayer having a second nozzle 51 .
  • the second reservoir 86 is connected to the second delivery device 47 by means of a second reservoir outlet 88 .
  • the binding/crosslinking agent in solution 102 is pumped from the first reservoir 12 to the first nozzle 50 .
  • the gelling component solution 90 is pumped from the second reservoir 86 to the second nozzle 51 .
  • Both solutions 102 and 90 are delivered from the first and second nozzles 50 , 51 to a surface 61 .
  • the binding/crosslinking solution 102 mixes upon delivery with gelling component solution 90 on the solid surface 61 to form a gel.
  • the two sprays may be delivered sequentially or simultaneously.
  • the first reservoir 12 may contain the gelling component solution and the second reservoir 86 may contain the binding/crosslinking solution.
  • both solutions when both solutions are sprayed onto a surface 61 they will form a gel at a common location.
  • this first embodiment 100 applies anywhere an aqueous coating is used. As discussed above, this includes applications in the food, agricultural, manufacturing, chemical, biochemical, military, aerospace, nutraceutical, cosmetic, printing and pharmaceutical industries. It is anticipated that the two-part solution described herein may have advantages where one or more of the ingredients in the solution may be reactive to another ingredient in the solution. By applying the gel in a two-part solution, any reactivity may be avoided until the solution has been mixed into a gel form.
  • FIG. 2A portrays an overview of the external process that occurs with Eimeria oocyst uptake in chickens.
  • the day-of-hatch chicken is first inoculated with vaccine that contains sporulated oocysts (A).
  • the sporulated oocyst is then processed within the digestive tract of the chicken. This process is shown in greater detail in FIG. 2B .
  • the infection continues through multiple life stages, eventually resulting in the formation of unsporulated oocysts that are excreted in the chicken's feces (B).
  • the unsporulated oocysts are then exposed to heat, moisture and oxygen in the environment, and become sporulated over the course of several days (C).
  • the oocysts are not infective until they are sporulated. These sporulated oocysts are then ingested by the chicken, and the cycle repeats.
  • FIG. 2B portrays an enlarged view of the internal processes that occur with Eimeria oocyst uptake in chickens.
  • the boxed region shows a simplified depiction of the oocyst reproductive life cycle, wherein the sporulated oocyst membrane, containing four sporocysts, is disrupted, releasing sporocysts (D).
  • sporocyst Within each sporocyst are two sporozoites. Enzymatic reactions within the bird's intestines digest the endcap of the sporocyst wall (not shown), releasing the sporozoites. The motile sporozoites then seek out and infect intestinal cells (E) in different regions of the intestines in a species-specific manner. For example, in chickens E. acervulina infects the upper intestine, E. maxima infects the small intestine, and E. tenella infects the caecum.
  • E
  • the complete process takes approximately 7 days, with exact lengths of time varying by Eimeria species.
  • the excystation process and subsequent invasion of a host cell occurs between day 0 and day 3.
  • the asexual reproduction cycle occurs between day 3 and day 5.
  • the sexual reproduction phase and subsequent shedding of the oocyst in the feces occurs between day 5 and day 7.
  • Oocysts or sporocysts which are sprayed onto feathers may be subject to a limited time frame of viability because the live oocysts and sporocysts will quickly dehydrate and die if not maintained in an aqueous environment. Viability may be extended if the oocysts and/or sporocysts are enclosed in a gel to limit dehydration.
  • spraying a gel is problematic due to high viscosity, as is mixing a vaccine uniformly into a gel.
  • the second gel embodiment 110 shown in FIG. 3 , includes a first reservoir 12 holding an oocyst vaccine solution 82 containing oocysts suspended in a calcium chloride solution.
  • the second gel embodiment 110 also includes a pump, (not shown).
  • the second gel embodiment 110 also includes a first delivery device 46 in the form of a sprayer having a first nozzle 50 .
  • the first reservoir 12 is connected to the first delivery device 46 by means of a first reservoir outlet 18 .
  • the second gel embodiment 110 further includes a second reservoir 86 containing a sodium alginate solution 90 and a second delivery device 47 in the form of a sprayer having a second nozzle 51 .
  • the second reservoir 86 is connected to the second delivery device 47 by means of a second reservoir outlet 88 .
  • the oocyst-containing calcium chloride solution 82 is pumped from the first reservoir 12 to the first nozzle 50 .
  • the sodium alginate solution 90 is pumped from the second reservoir 86 to the second nozzle 51 .
  • Both solutions 82 , 90 are delivered simultaneously from the first and second nozzles 50 , 51 to the facial mucosa of a day-old hatchling for direct ingestion, or other region of the body for preening.
  • the oocyst calcium chloride solution 82 mixes upon delivery with the sodium alginate solution 90 to form a gel 62 .
  • the gel 62 is either ingested by the hatchling upon delivery of the solutions 82 , 90 onto the surface of the animal or during preening.
  • the oocysts suspended in the gel 62 avoid dehydration for a longer period of time, which provides further opportunity for the hatchling to ingest the gel and thus the oocysts while preening.
  • the calcium chloride or the sodium alginate solution may be mixed with the oocyst-based vaccine.
  • the solutions 82 , 90 may be sprayed independently in either order or simultaneously to achieve the same result, namely to form a gel based mixture.
  • the first reservoir 12 may contain the sodium alginate solution and the second reservoir 86 may contain the calcium chloride solution.
  • the oocysts may be in either of the two components for the gel forming system.
  • a preferred formulation includes 2% sodium alginate with calcium chloride at between 3 and 4%, most preferably between 3.5 and 3.8%, to ensure rapid formation of gel with sufficient viscosity to maintain encapsulation of oocysts or sporocysts during preening.
  • Propylene glycol alginate may be used as a substitute for sodium alginate.
  • Another alternative formulation to sodium alginate and calcium chloride includes formation of a calcium pectate gel by combination of calcium lactate or calcium gluconate solution with an appropriate pectin-containing solution such as low methoxyl (LM) pectin or amidated low methoxyl (LMA) pectin.
  • LM low methoxyl
  • LMA amidated low methoxyl
  • a third gel embodiment 120 involves the two-component solution described above for the first 100 and second 110 gel embodiments.
  • the third gel embodiment 120 incorporates the use of a processing system 24 to disrupt at least some of the oocyst membranes, thus releasing at least some of the sporocysts into one of the two solutions and subsequently delivering the solutions as sprays that form a gel when the two solutions combine.
  • the third gel embodiment 120 includes a first reservoir 12 holding oocyst vaccine solution 82 containing oocysts suspended in calcium chloride.
  • the third gel embodiment 120 also includes a pump 20 .
  • a pump outlet 22 is fixed between the pump 20 and a processing system 24 .
  • the third gel embodiment 120 includes a processing system 24 comprising a homogenizer 32 .
  • a first nozzle 50 is connected to the processing system 24 .
  • the inlet for the homogenizer 32 is fluidly connected to the first reservoir outlet 18 .
  • the outlet for the homogenizer 32 is fluidly connected to a second reservoir 40 , leading to the first delivery device 46 .
  • the outlet for the third reservoir 86 is fluidly connected to the second delivery device 47 .
  • the oocyst solution 82 is pumped by means of pump 20 from the first reservoir 12 through the processing system 24 .
  • the homogenizer includes a high-pressure source 26 , controlled by a pressure valve 28 .
  • the high-pressure homogenizer 32 moves the oocysts in solution 82 in through the inlet 36 into the vessel 30 .
  • the homogenizer 32 moves the solution 82 through the small orifice (not shown) causing at least some of the oocyst membranes to be disrupted and thus releasing at least some of the sporocysts.
  • the solution is moved through the outlet 38 through the inlet 42 into the second container 40 .
  • the oocysts, disrupted membranes, and sporocysts in solution with calcium chloride result in an amended solution 85 .
  • the amended solution 85 is moved directly to the first nozzle 50 .
  • the high-pressure homogenizer 32 may be directly connected to the delivery device 46 . In this way, the solution produced by the homogenizer 32 is delivered directly rather than temporarily stored in the second reservoir 40 .
  • either the calcium chloride or the sodium alginate solution may be mixed with the oocyst-based vaccine prior to being pumped through the delivery devices.
  • the solutions 85 , 90 may be sprayed independently in either order or simultaneously to achieve the same result, namely, to form a gel-based mixture on the surface of the animal subject that has been sprayed.
  • Gel beads containing nutrients, medications, or vaccines may be produced in situ and introduced into fish tanks, or open water containing farmed fish for consumption.
  • Eimeria which infect fish include, but are not limited to, E. aurati, E. baueri, E. lepidosirenis, E. leucisci, E. rutili, and E. vanasi. Shearing processes may be applied to these species where applicable to facilitate release of more infective life stages for the purpose of vaccination.
  • a vaccine for Eimeria which infect fish may be administered using the gel forming process with gel beads distributed into tanks or waters for consumption by fish.
  • Drones may incorporate vision systems with on-the-fly two-component gel delivery specifically and efficiently to whole plants or trees or even individual plant blossoms in an orchard or to affected or injured animals in a herd.
  • the low viscosity of the individual liquid components would facilitate low pressure delivery, compared to higher pressure systems which would be required to deliver a gel directly.
  • the gel system could be used as a frost-protectant system for plants, administered in spray bottles on a small scale or by drones on a commercial scale.
  • the system could be used to deliver medicaments to individual animals in herds.
  • Vaccines or medicines could be delivered to herds of livestock species such as, cows or horses, by drones.
  • the system could potentially be used to deliver medicines to humans.
  • Applications could include wound or burn treatment.
  • One advantage of a two-component gel delivery for treatment of wounds or burns would be to minimize the contact and/or abrasion of sensitive tissues.
  • the two aqueous solutions containing an antibiotic or a local anesthetic would be sprayed on and form a gel in situ without the need for direct contact with the burn.
  • Vaccine administered by spray was provided in a total volume of 100 uL (50 uL per eye).
  • Vaccine administered by eye drop was provided in a total of 50 uL (25 uL per eye).
  • An untreated group was also included. After vaccine administration, birds were placed in cages and grown under standard conditions until day 7. Birds were euthanized and intestinal contents were harvested from each bird on day 7. Oocysts in the feces were enumerated by the McMaster's floatation chamber technique. Infectivity rates are tabulated below.
  • Results indicate improved infectivity in the gel treatment, especially for E. maxima and E. acervulina. Positive and negative control results were according to expectations.
  • a system for delivering a gel to a surface comprising: a first vessel containing a binder/crosslinking agent in a first solution; a second vessel containing a gelling component in a second solution; and a delivery device in fluid communication with the first and second vessels, the delivery device having a delivery device outlet.
  • Statement 2 The system of Statement 1, whereby when the first solution is moved from the first vessel to the delivery device outlet to create a first spray on a fixed location, and the second solution is moved from the second vessel to the delivery device outlet to create a second spray on the fixed location, the first and second solutions react to form a gel at the fixed location.
  • Statement 4 The system of any of Statements 1-3, wherein the first solution or the second solution further comprise a product of interest as either a solution or a suspension.
  • Statement 5 The system of Statement 4, wherein the product of interest has application in at least one of a group of industries consisting of: food, agricultural, manufacturing, chemical, biochemical, military, aerospace, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic, printing, or a combination thereof.
  • Statement 6 The system of Statement 4, wherein the product of interest is an edible, a herbicide, a pesticide, a medicine, a biologic, a cosmetic, a nutraceutical, a pharmaceutical, a coating, an ink, a paint, or a combination thereof.
  • Statement 7 The system of Statement 4, wherein the product of interest is a vaccine.
  • Statement 8 The system of Statement 7, wherein the vaccine comprises oocysts.
  • Statement 9 The system of any of Statements 7-8, wherein the vaccine comprises sporocysts.
  • Statement 10 The system of Statement 3, wherein the calcium chloride is present in a concentration from about 1% to about 5%.
  • Statement 11 The system of Statement 3, wherein the sodium alginate is present in a concentration from about 0.5% to about 5%.
  • Statement 12 The system of any of Statements 1-11, wherein the delivery device is a sprayer.
  • a method for delivering a gel to a surface comprising the steps: providing a first vessel containing a binder/crosslinking agent in a first solution; providing a second vessel containing a gelling component in a second solution; providing a delivery device in fluid communication with the first and second vessels; moving the first solution from the first vessel through the delivery device outlet and onto a surface at a fixed location; and moving the second solution from the second vessel through the delivery device outlet and onto the surface at the fixed location to form a gel.
  • Statement 14 The method of Statement 13, wherein the first solution or the second solution further comprise a product of interest as either a solution or a suspension.
  • Statement 15 The method of Statement 14, wherein the product of interest has application in at least one of a group of industries consisting of: food, agricultural, manufacturing, chemical, biochemical, military, aerospace, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, nutraceutical, printing, or a combination thereof.
  • Statement 16 The method of Statement 14, wherein the product of interest is an edible, a herbicide, a pesticide, a medicine, a biologic, a cosmetic, a nutraceutical, a pharmaceutical, a coating, an ink, a paint, a dye, or a combination thereof.
  • Statement 17 The method of Statement 14, wherein the product of interest is a vaccine.
  • Statement 18 The method of Statement 17, wherein the vaccine comprises oocysts.

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