Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L15/00—Compositions of rubber derivatives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L7/00—Compositions of natural rubber
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
  • B60C1/00—Tyres characterised by the chemical composition or the physical arrangement or mixture of the composition
  • B60C1/0016—Compositions of the tread
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
  • C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
  • C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
  • C08K2003/2296—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals of zinc
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
  • C08L2205/03—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing three or more polymers in a blend

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a tire tread composed of a specified rubber composition and a tire having the tire tread.
• Fuel efficiency is an important characteristic that is required for tires taking a role of transportation by a vehicle for the reason of increase in cost due to a soaring fuel price and environmental restriction. Further, durability is demanded for tires. In particular, since damage such as tip cut arises on a tire tread, durability (tip cut resistance) needs to be secured for a tire tread. Therefore, natural rubber allowing low heat build-up property and rubber strength to be obtained is used for a tire tread in many cases.
• abrasion resistance is also demanded, and for this purpose, abrasion resistance is intended to be improved by blending butadiene rubber to a rubber composition.
• butadiene rubber is blended, while abrasion resistance tends to be improved, tip cut resistance is deteriorated, and it was difficult to improve the both characteristics.
• JP 2000-344955 A a method of using a diene rubber (modified rubber) modified with an organosilicon compound having amino group and alkoxy group was proposed as a method of improving fuel efficiency, but making abrasion resistance compatible with tip cut resistance was not considered.
• An object of the present invention is to provide a tire tread composed of a rubber composition being excellent in abrasion resistance and tip cut resistance and a tire having the tire tread.
• the inventors of the present invention have made intensive studies, and as a result, have found that the above-mentioned problem can be solved by applying a specified silica and a highly reactive silane coupling agent to a rubber component comprising a modified natural rubber and a styrene-butadiene rubber, and have made further studies and thus have completed the present invention.
• the present invention relates to:
• a tire tread composed of a rubber composition comprising: 100 parts by mass of a rubber component comprising 40 to 75% by mass, preferably 45 to 75% by mass, more preferably 50 to 75% by mass, further preferably 55 to 75% by mass of a modified natural rubber having a nitrogen content of 0.50% by mass or less, preferably 0.40% by mass or less, more preferably 0.30% by mass or less, further preferably 0.20% by mass or less, further preferably 0.10% by mass or less and 5 to 35% by mass, preferably 10 to 30% by mass, more preferably 15 to 30% by mass, further preferably 20 to 30% by mass of a styrene-butadiene rubber, 10 to 60 parts by mass, preferably 15 to 50 parts by mass, more preferably 20 to 40 parts by mass of silica having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of 180 m 2 /g or more, preferably 180 to 500 m 2 /g, more preferably 190 to 500 m 2 /g, further preferably 200 to
• R 1 represents hydrogen, halogen, a branched or non-branched alkyl group having 1 to 30, preferably 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a branched or non-branched alkenyl group having 2 to 30, preferably 2 to 12 carbon atoms, a branched or non-branched alkynyl group having 2 to 30, preferably 2 to 12 carbon atoms, or the alkyl group in which hydrogen at its terminal has been replaced by hydroxyl or carboxyl
• R 2 represents a branched or non-branched alkylene group having 1 to 30, preferably 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a branched or non-branched alkenylene group having 2 to 30, preferably 2 to 12 carbon atoms, or a branched or non-branched alkynylene group having 2 to 30, preferably 2 to 12 carbon atoms, or R 1 and R 2 may form a ring structure
• the tire tread and the tire having the tire tread of the present invention are excellent in abrasion resistance and tip cut resistance. Further, the tire tread and the tire having the tire tread of the present invention can be excellent also in fuel efficiency (low heat build up property).
• the specified tire tread according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is featured by being composed of a rubber composition comprising 100 parts by mass of a rubber component comprising 40 to 75% by mass of a modified natural rubber having a nitrogen content of 0.50% by mass or less and 5 to 35% by mass of a styrene-butadiene rubber, 10 to 60 parts by mass of silica having a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of 180 m 2 /g or more, and 3 to 15 parts by mass of a silane coupling agent based on 100 parts by mass of silica, wherein the silane coupling agent is a compound comprising the bonding unit I represented by the formula (1) and the bonding unit II represented by the formula (2).
• silica is acceleratedly distributed, in a rubber component comprising a natural rubber (NR) and a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), into an NR phase being a main polymer not only into an SBR phase in which silica is usually easy to be maldistributed by previously eliminating impurities from NR and making its purity high and using a highly reactive silane coupling agent in order to enhance reactivity of the silane coupling agent with the NR, and as a result, the whole rubber composition is reinforced uniformly and abrasion resistance and tip cut resistance are enhanced.
• NR natural rubber
• SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
• the rubber component comprises a specific modified natural rubber and a styrene-butadiene rubber.
• the modified natural rubber is a natural rubber from which natural component, mainly protein, other than a natural polyisoprenoid component contained in a natural rubber latex is reduced or removed (preferably a natural rubber from which impurities such as phospholipid and gel content also have been removed).
• a structure of natural rubber particles contained in a natural rubber latex is such that isoprenoid component is coated with impurity components. It is conjectured that by removing impurities on the surfaces of the natural rubber particles, the structure of the isoprenoid component changes and an interaction with compounding agents also changes, and as a result, effects of reducing energy loss and improving durability are obtained. Further, by removing impurities from the natural rubber latex, odors peculiar to natural rubber can also be reduced.
• a modifying method is not limited, and known methods such as saponification treatment, enzyme treatment, and mechanical treatments such as ultrasonic treatment and centrifuging treatment can be used. Among these, saponification treatment is preferable from the viewpoint of production efficiency, cost and dispersibility of a white filler.
• Examples of the natural rubber latex include a raw latex (field latex) collected by tapping of Hevea brasiliensis (Para rubber tree), a concentrated latex (refined latex) obtained by subjecting raw latex to concentration by a centrifuge separation method or a creaming method, a high ammonia latex obtained by adding ammonia by a usual method, an LATZ latex obtained by stabilization using zinc oxide, TMTD (tetramethylthiuram disulfide) and ammonia and the like.
• a field latex is preferable for the reason that modification by controlling a pH value is easy.
• a content of a rubber component (solid rubber content) in the natural rubber latex is preferably 5 to 40% by mass, more preferably 10 to 30% by mass from the viewpoint of a stirring efficiency and the like.
• Examples of the method of saponification treatment include those described in JP 2010-138359 A and JP 2010-174169 A.
• the saponification treatment can be carried out by adding a basic compound and a surfactant as required to a natural rubber latex and allowing a mixture to stand at a predetermined temperature for a given period of time, and stirring may be conducted according to necessity.
• the basic compound is not limited particularly, and from a point of capability of removing protein and the like, a basic inorganic compound is suitable.
• the basic inorganic compound include metal hydroxides such as alkali metal hydroxide and alkali-earth metal hydroxide; metal carbonates such as alkali metal carbonate and alkali-earth metal carbonate; metal hydrogencarbonate such as alkali metal hydrogencarbonate; metal phosphate such as alkali metal phosphate; metal acetate such as alkali metal acetate; metal hydride such as alkali metal hydride; ammonia and the like.
• Examples of the alkali metal hydroxide include lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and the like.
• Examples of the alkali-earth metal hydroxide include magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide and the like.
• Examples of the alkali metal carbonate include lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and the like.
• Examples of the alkali-earth metal carbonate include magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, barium carbonate and the like.
• Examples of the alkali metal hydrogencarbonate include lithium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate and the like.
• Examples of the alkali metal phosphate include sodium phosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate and the like.
• alkali metal acetate examples include sodium acetate, potassium acetate and the like.
• alkali metal hydride examples include sodium hydride, potassium hydride and the like.
• metal hydroxides, metal carbonates, metal hydrogencarbonates, metal phosphates and ammonia are preferable, and sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide which are alkali metal hydroxides are further preferable.
• These basic compounds may be used alone or may be used in combination of two or more thereof.
• the surfactant is not limited particularly, and examples thereof include known anionic surfactants such as a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate, nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants and the like. From the viewpoint that saponification can be carried out satisfactorily without coagulation of a rubber, anionic surfactants such as a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate are suitable. It is noted that in the saponification treatment, adding amounts of the basic compound and the surfactant, a saponification temperature and a saponification time may be set appropriately.
• a coagulation drying step is a step of coagulating a highly purified product obtained in a modification step and thereafter drying a coagulated product to obtain a modified natural rubber. It can be considered that since impurities on the surfaces of the natural rubber particles have been removed in the modification step, a rubber composition comprising the natural rubber obtained in the coagulation drying step is excellent in rubber properties.
• a coagulation method is not limited particularly, and examples thereof include a method of adding an acid such as formic acid, acetic acid or sulfuric acid to adjust a pH value thereof to be 4 to 7 and further adding a high-molecular flocculant as required, followed by stirring, or the like.
• an acid such as formic acid, acetic acid or sulfuric acid
• a high-molecular flocculant as required, followed by stirring, or the like.
• a drying method is not limited particularly, and the drying can be carried out using a usual dryer which is used in a drying step of a usual method of preparing natural rubber, for example, TSR, such as a trolley dryer, a vacuum dryer, an air dryer or a drum dryer.
• a usual dryer which is used in a drying step of a usual method of preparing natural rubber, for example, TSR, such as a trolley dryer, a vacuum dryer, an air dryer or a drum dryer.
• a cleaning method is not limited particularly as far as it is a means for enabling impurities contained in the whole rubber to be removed sufficiently, and there are, for example, a method of subjecting to centrifugation after diluting and cleaning a rubber with water, a method of allowing to stand to float rubber and eliminating only an aqueous phase to take out a rubber. Further, if the cleaning is carried out after treatment of the obtained coagulated rubber with a basic compound, impurities confined in the rubber at the time of coagulation can be re-dissolved and then cleaned and thus, the strongly adhered impurities in the coagulated rubber can be removed.
• a nitrogen content of the modified natural rubber is 0.50% by mass or less. When the nitrogen content is within this range, an effect of the disclosure can be exhibited.
• the nitrogen content is preferably 0.40% by mass or less, more preferably 0.30% by mass or less, further preferably 0.20% by mass or less, further preferably 0.10% by mass or less.
• the nitrogen content can be measured by a conventional method, for example, a Kjeldahl method or the like. Nitrogen is derived from protein. It is noted that a lower limit of the nitrogen content is preferably as small as possible, and is, for example, 0.06% by mass or 0.01% by mass is considered to be small sufficiently.
• a phosphorous content of the modified natural rubber is 200 ppm or less.
• the phosphorous content is preferably 150 ppm or less, more preferably 100 ppm or less.
• the phosphorous content can be measured by a conventional method, for example, an ICP spectrometry (inductively coupled plasma spectrometry).
• Phosphorous is derived from phospholipid (a phosphorous compound).
• a gel content of the modified natural rubber is preferably 20% by mass or less. When the gel content is within this range, rubber properties such as fuel efficiency tend to be improved.
• the gel content is more preferably 10% by mass or less, further preferably 7% by mass or less.
• the gel content means a value of gel content rate measured as an insoluble matter to toluene which is a non-polar solvent, and hereinafter may be called simply “a gel content” or “a gel portion”.
• a measuring method of the content rate of the gel portion is as mentioned below. First, a natural rubber sample is dipped in dehydrated toluene, followed by allowing to stand in a light-shielded dark place for one week.
• the toluene solution is subjected to 30-minute centrifuging at 1.3 ⁇ 10 5 rpm to separate into an insoluble gel portion and a portion soluble in toluene.
• Methanol is added to the insoluble gel portion for solidification, followed by drying.
• the gel content is obtained from a ratio of mass of the gel portion to a mass of the starting sample.
• a content of the modified natural rubber in the rubber component is 40 to 75% by mass. If the content of the modified natural rubber deviates from this range, there is a tendency that an effect of the disclosure is not exhibited sufficiently.
• the content of the modified natural rubber is preferably 45% by mass or more, more preferably 50% by mass or more.
• the content of the modified natural rubber is preferably 70% by mass or less, more preferably 65% by mass or less, further preferably 60% by mass or less.
• SBR is not limited particularly, and examples thereof include an un-modified emulsion-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (E-SBR) and an un-modified solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (S-SBR) and modified SBRs thereof such as a modified emulsion-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (modified E-SBR) and a modified solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (modified S-SBR).
• E-SBR emulsion-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber
• S-SBR modified solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber
• oil-extended type SBR having flexibility adjusted by adding an extender oil thereto and a non-extending type SBR in which an extender oil is not added, and either of them can be used.
• modified SBRs are not limited particularly as far as it is a styrene-butadiene rubber having a styrene content of 15 to 50% by mass, a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 200,000 or more and a terminal-modifying ratio of 30 to 100%, and either of a solution-polymerized SBR (S-SBR) and an emulsion-polymerized SBR (E-SBR) can be used.
• S-SBR solution-polymerized SBR
• E-SBR emulsion-polymerized SBR
• terminal-modified SBRs not only terminal-modified SBRs but also main chain-modified SBRs and SBRs coupled with tin or a silicon compound (a condensate, one having a branched structure, and the like) can also be used.
• a terminal-modifying group is not limited particularly as far as it is a group having affinity for silica, and examples of a group to be introduced include alkoxysilyl, amino, hydroxyl, glycidyl, amide, carboxyl, ether, thiol, cyano, hydrocarbon, isocyanate, imino, imidazole, urea, carbonyl, oxycarbonyl, sulfide, disulfide, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, thiocarbonyl, ammonium, imide, hydrazo, azo, diazo, nitrile, pyridyl, alkoxy, oxy, epoxy, metallic atoms such as tin and titanium
• these functional groups may have a substituent group.
• primary, secondary and tertiary amino especially glycidyl amino
• epoxy especially one having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
• alkoxy preferably one having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
• alkoxysilyl preferably one having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
• hydrocarbon radical are preferable.
• the modified SBR can be prepared by, for example, a method described in JP 2014-019841 A.
• a styrene content of the SBR is preferably not less than 5.0% by mass, more preferably not less than 10.0% by mass, for the reason that sufficient grip performance and rubber strength can be obtained. Further, the styrene content of the SBR is preferably not more than 60.0% by mass, more preferably not more than 50.0% by mass, from the viewpoint of fuel efficiency. It is noted that the styrene content of the SBR as used herein is calculated in accordance with 1 H-NMR measurement.
• a vinyl content of the SBR (an amount of 1,2-bond butadiene unit) is preferably not less than 10.0%, more preferably not less than 15.0%, for the reason that sufficient grip performance and rubber strength can be obtained.
• the vinyl content of the SBR is preferably not more than 65.0%, more preferably not more than 60.0%. It is noted that the vinyl content of the SBR as used herein can be determined by an infrared absorption spectrum analysis method.
• a content of the SBR in the rubber component is 5 to 35% by mass. If the content of the SBR deviates from this range, there is a tendency that an effect of the disclosure is not exhibited sufficiently.
• the content of the SBR is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 15% by mass or more, further preferably 20% by mass or more. On the other hand, the content of the SBR is preferably 30% by mass or less. It is noted that when an oil-extended type SBR is used as the SBR, the content of SBR in the rubber component is a content of SBR itself as a solid content contained in the oil-extended type SBR.
• Examples of other rubber components include un-modified natural rubber (NR), epoxidized natural rubber (ENR), isoprene rubber (IR), butadiene rubber (BR), styrene-isoprene rubber (SIR), styrene-isoprene-butadiene rubber (SIBR), ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), chloroprene rubber (CR), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) and the like.
• NR un-modified natural rubber
• EMR isoprene rubber
• BR butadiene rubber
• SIR styrene-isoprene rubber
• SIBR styrene-isoprene-butadiene rubber
• EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene rubber
• CR chloroprene rubber
• NBR acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber
• One or more rubbers can be used as the other rubber components.
• BRs which are commonly used in a field concerned can be used suitably as the BR, and a high cis BR having a cis content (a cis-1,4 bond content) of not less than 90.0% is preferable.
• the cis content of the BR is more preferably not less than 95.0%. It is noted that the cis content as used herein is a value measured by an infrared absorption spectrum analysis method.
• terminal- and/or main chain-modified BRs and modified BRs coupled with tin or a silicon compound can also be used as the BR.
• terminal- and/or main chain-modified BRs modified with a functional group having an interaction with silica in particular modified BRs having at least one selected from the group consisting of silyl, amino, amide, hydroxyl and epoxy.
• a content of the BR in the rubber component may be not less than 0% by mass, preferably 3% by mass or more, more preferably 5% by mass or more from the viewpoint of abrasion resistance. Further, the content of the BR in the rubber component is preferably 45% by mass or less, more preferably 40% by mass or less, more preferably 35% by mass or less, further preferably 30% by mass or less from the viewpoint of abrasion resistance.
• a specified silica is used as a filler, and further other fillers may be used.
• any of fillers such as carbon black, calcium carbonate and clay which are generally used in a field concerned can be used as the other fillers.
• carbon black is preferable.
• Silica is not limited particularly, and examples thereof include silica prepared by a dry method (anhydrous silica) and silica prepared by a wet method (hydrous silica), and hydrous silica prepared by a wet method is preferred for the reason that many silanol groups are contained.
• a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area (N 2 SA) of silica is not less than 180 m 2 /g.
• the N 2 SA is preferably not less than 190 m 2 /g, more preferably not less than 200 m 2 /g.
• the N 2 SA is preferably not more than 500 m 2 /g, more preferably not more than 300 m 2 /g from the viewpoint of fuel efficiency and processability.
• the N 2 SA of silica is a value measured by a BET method in accordance with ASTM D3037-81.
• silica having a large N 2 SA is known as a fine particle silica and control of dispersion of the silica is generally difficult.
• uneven distribution of the silica in the rubber composition can be inhibited and excellent rubber performances can be exhibited in good balance.
• the content of silica is 10 to 60 parts by mass based on 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.
• the content of silica is preferably not less than 15 parts by mass, more preferably not less than 20 parts by mass.
• the content of silica is preferably not more than 50 parts by mass, more preferably not more than 40 parts by mass
• Carbon black is not limited particularly, and GPF, FEF, HAF, ISAF, SAF and the like can be used alone or can be used in combination of two or more thereof.
• GPF, FEF, HAF, ISAF, SAF and the like can be used alone or can be used in combination of two or more thereof.
• fine particle carbon black having a large nitrogen adsorption specific surface area (N 2 SA) from the viewpoint of exhibiting an effect of the disclosure sufficiently.
• a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area (N 2 SA) of the carbon black is preferably not less than 80 m 2 /g, more preferably not less than 100 m 2 /g, further preferably not less than 120 m 2 /g, further preferably not less than 150 m 2 /g, further preferably not less than 175 m 2 /g. Further, the N 2 SA is preferably not more than 300 m 2 /g, more preferably not more than 250 m 2 /g. It is noted that the N 2 SA of the carbon black is measured in accordance with JIS K6217-2, Method A.
• the content of the carbon black is preferably not less than 1 part by mass, more preferably not less than 10 parts by mass based on 100 parts by mass of the rubber component. On the other hand, the content of the carbon black is preferably not more than 100 parts by mass, more preferably not more than 70 parts by mass. When the content of the carbon black is within the above-mentioned range, good fuel efficiency and abrasion resistance can be obtained.
• the content of the whole fillers including the silica is preferably 30 to 150 parts by mass based on 100 parts by mass of the rubber component. When the content is within the above-mentioned range, there is a tendency that an effect of the disclosure is exhibited sufficiently.
• the content of the fillers is preferably not less than 40 parts by mass, more preferably not less than 50 parts by mass, further preferably not less than 60 parts by mass.
• the content of the fillers is preferably not more than 120 parts by mass, more preferably not more than 100 parts by mass, further preferably not more than 90 parts by mass.
• the silane coupling agent is a compound comprising a bonding unit I represented by the following formula (1) and a bonding unit II represented by the following formula (2).
• R 1 represents hydrogen, halogen, a branched or non-branched alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a branched or non-branched alkenyl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, a branched or non-branched alkynyl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or the alkyl group in which hydrogen at its terminal has been replaced by hydroxyl or carboxyl
• R 2 represents a branched or non-branched alkylene group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a branched or non-branched alkenylene group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or a branched or non-branched alkynylene group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or R 1 and R 2 may form a ring structure.
• the compound comprising the bonding unit I represented by the formula (1) and the bonding unit II represented by the formula (2) inhibits increase in a viscosity during the processing as compared with a polysulfide silane such as bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide. It is considered that this is because the sulfide portion of the bonding unit I is a C—S—C bond and therefore, is thermally stable as compared with tetrasulfide and disulfide, thereby suppressing increase in a Mooney viscosity.
• a polysulfide silane such as bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)
• a scorching time is inhibited as compared with a mercapto silane such as 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane. It is considered that this is because while the bonding unit II has a mercaptosilane structure, since a —C 7 H 15 portion of the bonding unit I covers a —SH group of the bonding unit II, a reaction with a polymer hardly occurs and scorch (rubber burning) is hardly generated.
• a content of the bonding unit I is preferably not less than 30% by mole, more preferably not less than 50% by mole, and preferably not more than 99% by mole, more preferably not more than 90% by mole.
• a content of the bonding unit II is preferably not less than 1% by mole, more preferably not less than 5% by mole, further preferably not less than 10% by mole, and preferably not more than 70% by mole, more preferably not more than 65% by mole, further preferably not more than 55% by mole.
• a total content of the bonding unit I and the bonding unit II is preferably not less than 95% by mole, more preferably not less than 98% by mole, further preferably 100% by mole.
• the contents of the bonding unit I and the bonding unit II includes those for the case where the bonding unit I and the bonding unit II are positioned at the terminals of the silane coupling agent.
• a mode of the bonding unit I and the bonding unit II being positioned at the terminals of the silane coupling agent is not limited particularly, and may be such that units corresponding to the formulae (1) and (2) representing the bonding units I and II are formed.
• halogen of R 1 examples include chlorine, bromine, fluorine and the like.
• Examples of the branched or non-branched alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms of R 1 include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, 2-ethylhexyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl and the like.
• the number of carbon atoms of the alkyl group is preferably 1 to 12.
• Examples of the branched or non-branched alkenyl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms of R 1 include vinyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 1-octenyl and the like.
• the number of carbon atoms of the alkenyl group is preferably 2 to 12.
• Examples of the branched or non-branched alkynyl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms of R 1 include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl, undecynyl, dodecynyl and the like.
• the number of carbon atoms of the alkynyl group is preferably 2 to 12.
• Examples of the branched or non-branched alkylene group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms of R 2 include ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, nonylene, decylene, undecylene, dodecylene, tridecylene, tetradecylene, pentadecylene, hexadecylene, heptadecylene, octadecylene and the like.
• the number of carbon atoms of the alkylene group is preferably 1 to 12.
• Examples of the branched or non-branched alkenylene group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms of R 2 include vinylene, 1-propenylene, 2-propenylene, 1-butenylene, 2-butenylene, 1-pentenylene, 2-pentenylene, 1-hexenylene, 2-hexenylene, 1-octenylene and the like.
• the number of carbon atoms of the alkenylene group is preferably 2 to 12.
• Examples of the branched or non-branched alkynylene group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms of R 2 include ethynylene, propynylene, butynylene, pentynylene, hexynylene, heptynylene, octynylene, nonynylene, decynylene, undecynylene, dodecynylene and the like.
• the number of carbon atoms of the alkynylene group is preferably 2 to 12.
• the number of repetitions (x+y) being total of the number of repetitions (x) of the bonding unit I and the number of repetitions (y) of the bonding unit II is within a range of 3 to 300.
• the total number of repetitions (x+y) is within this range, since a —C 7 H 15 portion of the bonding unit I covers the mercaptosilane of the bonding unit II, decrease of a scorching time can be inhibited and good reactivity with silica and the rubber component can be secured.
• Examples of the usable silane coupling agent having the above-mentioned structure include NXT-Z30, NXT-Z45 and NXT-Z60 available from Momentive Performance Materials and the like. These silane coupling agents can be used alone, or can be used in combination of two or more thereof.
• the content of the silane coupling agent having the above-mentioned structure is 3 to 15 parts by mass based on 100 parts by mass of silica.
• the content of silane coupling agent is preferably not less than 4 parts by mass, more preferably not less than 5 parts by mass.
• the content of silane coupling agent is preferably not more than 12 parts by mass, more preferably not more than 10 parts by mass.
• the rubber composition may comprise compounding agents conventionally used in rubber industries, for example, a plasticizer or oil, zinc oxide, stearic acid, antioxidants, sulfur, a vulcanization accelerator and the like.
• vulcanization accelerator examples include guanidine-, aldehyde amine-, aldehyde ammonia-, thiazole-, sulfenamide-, thiourea-, thiuram-, dithiocarbamate-, and xanthate-based vulcanization accelerators. These vulcanization accelerators may be used alone or may be used in combination of two or more thereof.
• a content thereof based on 100 parts by mass of the rubber component is preferably not less than 0.3 part by mass, more preferably not less than 0.5 part by mass.
• the content of the vulcanization accelerator is preferably not more than 2.0 parts by mass, more preferably not more than 1.5 parts by mass.
• the content of the vulcanization accelerator is within the above-mentioned range, a suitable crosslinking density tends to be obtained.
• the rubber composition comprises the plasticizer
• a content thereof is not less than 1 part by mass, preferably not less than 3 parts by mass based on 100 parts by mass of the rubber component from the viewpoint of processability.
• the content of the plasticizer is not more than 40 parts by mass, preferably not more than 20 parts by mass from the viewpoint of abrasion resistance and steering stability.
• the content of the plasticizer includes contents of oils contained in an oil-extended rubber and insoluble sulfur.
• the oil examples include process oil, vegetable fats and oils, animal fats and oils and the like.
• a content thereof is preferably not less than 2 parts by mass, more preferably not less than 5 parts by mass based on 100 parts by mass of the rubber component from the viewpoint of processability. Further, the content of the oil is preferably not more than 40 parts by mass from the viewpoint of a load during a process.
• the rubber composition can be prepared by a method of kneading each of the above-mentioned components except the sulfur and the vulcanization accelerator using a Banbury mixer, a kneader or an open roll, and then adding the sulfur and the vulcanization accelerator to an obtained kneaded product, followed by further kneading a mixture and conducting vulcanization, or the like method.
• the rubber composition is excellent in physical properties of a rubber such as abrasion resistance, tip cut resistance and further fuel efficiency, and therefore, is used preferably on a tire member, especially a tire tread.
• the tire according to one embodiment of the present disclosure can be produced by a usual method using the above-mentioned rubber composition. Namely, the rubber composition is extrusion-processed into a shape of a tread at an unvulcanized stage, and further, the obtained extruded product is laminated with other tire members to form an unvulcanized tire on a tire molding machine by a usual forming method.
• the tire can be produced by heating and pressurizing this unvulcanized tire in a vulcanizer.
• the tire can be used on any vehicles, and especially can be used suitably as tires for heavy duty vehicles such as a truck and a bus.
• Stearic acid Stearic acid beads manufactured by NOF Corporation
• Antioxidant Nocrac 6c manufactured by OUCHI SHINKO CHEMICAL INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.
• Sulfur Powdered sulfur available from Tsurumi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
• Vulcanization accelerator Nocceler NS manufactured by OUCHI SHINKO CHEMICAL INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.
• a nitrogen content was measured using CHN CORDER MT-5 manufactured by Yanaco Bunseki Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha.
• a calibration curve for obtaining a nitrogen content was prepared using antipyrin as a reference material.
• about 10 mg each of samples of the modified natural rubber obtained in Preparation Example 1 and TSR were weighed, and an average value of three measurements was obtained as a nitrogen content of the sample.
• a phosphor content was obtained using an ICP emission spectrometer (ICPS-8100 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). Further, 31P-NMR measurement of phosphorus was conducted for a component extracted with chloroform from a crude rubber and then refined and dissolved in a CDCl3 solvent, by means of an NMR analysis apparatus (400 MHz, AV 400M, manufactured by Bruker Japan K.K.) assuming that a measured peak of a phosphorus atom in a 80% aqueous phosphoric acid solution is a reference point (0 ppm).
• a 30 L stainless-steel polymerization reaction vessel was subjected to cleaning and drying, and an inside gas in the polymerization reaction vessel was replaced with dry nitrogen.
• 15.3 kg of industrial hexane (density: 680 kg/m 3 ), 912 g of 1,3-butadiene, 288 g of styrene, 9.1 ml of tetrahydrofuran and 6.4 ml of ethylene glycol diethyl ether were poured into the polymerization reaction vessel.
• n-butyl lithium a small amount of hexane solution of n-butyl lithium was poured into the polymerization reaction vessel as a scavenger for previously detoxicating impurities acting for devitalizing a polymerization initiator.
• Hexane solution of n-butyl lithium (content of n-butyl lithium: 19.2 mmol) were further poured into the polymerization reaction vessel, and the polymerization reaction was initiated. The polymerization reaction was conducted for three hours.
• a temperature inside the polymerization reaction vessel was adjusted to 65° C., the solution inside the polymerization reaction vessel was stirred at a stirring rate of 130 rpm, and 1,368 g of 1,3-butadiene and 432 g of styrene were fed continuously into the polymerization reaction vessel.
• a 20 ml THF solution containing 19.2 mmol of 2-[1-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-t-pentylphenyl) ethyl]-4,6-di-t-pentylphenyl acrylate was poured into the polymerization reaction vessel, and the polymer solution was stirred for 15 minutes.
• the obtained unvulcanized rubber composition was subjected to vulcanization at 170° C. for ten minutes to produce a vulcanized rubber sheet.
• the obtained unvulcanized rubber composition was extruded and molded into the shape of a tread, and then laminated with other tire members on a tire molding machine, followed by vulcanization at 170° C. for 10 minutes to manufacture a test tire (tire size: 195/65R15, tire for a passenger car).
• a loss tangent tan ⁇ at 30° C. of the vulcanized rubber sheet was measured using a viscoelasticity spectrometer manufactured by IWAMOTO Quartz GlassLab Co., Ltd. under the conditions of a frequency of 10 Hz, an initial strain of 10% and a dynamic strain of 2%.
• Each tan ⁇ was indicated with an index in accordance with the following equation, assuming the tan ⁇ of Comparative Example 1 to be 100.
• the index of low heat build-up property is 90 or more, it indicates that the low heat build-up property is maintained without being deteriorated.
• Rubber test pieces obtained from the treads of the test tires were subjected to a tensile test according to JIS K 6251 “Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Rubber—Method of Obtaining Tensile Characteristics”, to measure the elongation at break EB (%).
• EB of each formulation was indicated with an index in accordance with the following equation, assuming the elongation at break of Comparative Example 1 to be 100. The larger the index is, the higher the rubber strength is and the more excellent the tip cut resistance is.
• An amount of wear of the vulcanized rubber sheet was measured using an LAT tester under the conditions of a room temperature, a load of 1.0 kgf and a slip rate of 30%. Abrasion resistance was indicated with an index in accordance with the following equation, assuming the elongation at break of Comparative Example 1 to be 100.
• test tires were mounted with rims (rim size: 18 ⁇ 8J) with an inner pressure of 230 kPa and mounted on four wheels of a car (Land Cruiser 200).
• the car was run 3 rounds of an off-road test course (0.3 km per 1 round), and running performance and durability were evaluated by a sensorial evaluation by index of a test driver assuming the result of Comparative Example 1 to be 100, and an average value of running performance and durability was calculated. The larger the index is, the more excellent the overall evaluation of running performance and durability is.
• a tire tread being excellent in abrasion resistance and tip cut resistance and a tire having the tread can be provided.

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