US20180119297A1 - Continuous supply of power to an electrolysis plant - Google Patents

Continuous supply of power to an electrolysis plant Download PDF

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Publication number
US20180119297A1
US20180119297A1 US15/128,819 US201515128819A US2018119297A1 US 20180119297 A1 US20180119297 A1 US 20180119297A1 US 201515128819 A US201515128819 A US 201515128819A US 2018119297 A1 US2018119297 A1 US 2018119297A1
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Prior art keywords
electrolysis
energy potential
electrolysis plant
power supply
plant
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Abandoned
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US15/128,819
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English (en)
Inventor
Jochen Herold
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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Assigned to SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT reassignment SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: Herold, Jochen
Publication of US20180119297A1 publication Critical patent/US20180119297A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
    • C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
    • C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
    • C25B15/02—Process control or regulation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for continuously supplying power to an electrolysis plant with a replacement power supply following a failure of a power supply and to an electrolysis plant with an electrolysis stack.
  • Electrolysis plants are electro-chemical plants for conversion of water and electric current into hydrogen and oxygen.
  • Electrolysis plants are of an increasingly important technical significance, in particular for obtaining energy from regenerative energy sources.
  • surplus wind or solar energy can be used to produce hydrogen by means of electrolysis.
  • the hydrogen can be used hereafter on-demand and independent of wind or sun conditions as an energy carrier for energy recovery. This enables a stabilization required for technical and economic reasons of the naturally discontinuous regenerative energy production to be achieved.
  • electrolysis plants used can enter an uncontrolled operating state in the event of a power failure. This is the case for example if equipment necessary for operation, such as pumps, control devices, rectifiers or electric components, are no longer supplied with power and suddenly shut down.
  • the electrolysis plant is supplied with power after a failure of the power supply by a battery-backed energy source or power source.
  • a capacitor-backed energy source is used for continuous supply of power to the electrolysis plant.
  • An object of the invention is to specify an advantageous teaching for continuous supply of power to an electrolysis plant after a power failure.
  • the underlying object of the invention is to realize a continuous supply of power to an electrolysis plant that is favorable in terms of outlay and maintenance as well as advantageous in terms of safety.
  • the electrolysis plant is supplied with power in the replacement power supply as an alternative after the failure of the power supply of the electrolysis plant from an energy potential present in an electrolysis stack of the electrolysis plant and able to be converted into power, wherein the energy potential present in an electrolysis stack of the electrolysis plant and able to be converted into power is reduced in a controlled manner.
  • the invention is based—expressed in simple terms—on the idea that, at the point at which the power failure of the electrolysis plant occurs, an energy potential present in the electrolysis stack of the electrolysis plant itself and able to be converted into power is used in order to maintain the power supply of the electrolysis plant (continuously if possible).
  • the energy potential present in the electrolysis stack of the electrolysis plant and able to be converted into power is used in this way in a controlled manner for further power supply of the electrolysis plant, wherein this energy potential is reduced in a controlled manner by this method.
  • the energy potential present in the electrolysis stack of the electrolysis plant and able to be converted into power can be reduced in a controlled manner such that an energy is taken from the potential and used explicitly for supply of power to the electrolysis plant or to parts of said plant.
  • a controlled manner can also mean that the energy potential is reduced with the ability to be influenced technically according to time, amount, location or origin.
  • the controlled reduction occurs for example according to a predeterminable sequence of the different types of energy potential, according to a predeterminable amount of energy consumed or according to a predeterminable time, until there is an almost complete reduction of the energy potential.
  • the power supply failure can be an intended or an unintended interruption of the power supply.
  • the failure of the power supply is typically caused by an AC mains failure, by a power supply failure caused by some other kind of fault or by a maintenance or operation-related switching off of the power supply of the electrolysis plant or of at least one electrolysis stack of the electrolysis plant.
  • An energy potential present in the electrolysis plant can be a chemical, electro-chemical, electric, mechanical or pressure-based energy potential or can be composed of a number of such different types of energy potentials.
  • an energy potential is present in an electrolysis stack or in another part of the electrolysis plant, advantageously in a pressure container, in the form of pressurized operating gases (hydrogen, oxygen).
  • a further energy potential can be present in the form of an electro-chemical or chemical potential in the electrolysis plant.
  • the electro-chemical or chemical energy potential is present for example in the form of a gas cushion of an operating gas, especially hydrogen, capable of reaction, which adheres to an electrode or to a polymer electrolyte membrane of the electrolysis plant and by reversing a functional principle of the electrolysis plant (i.e. operation as fuel cell) is able to be converted into an electric current.
  • An energy potential can also be present in the form of electric energy in electric or electronic components of the electrolysis plant, for example in a rectifier or in its capacitive elements.
  • the electrolysis plant After the power supply failure the electrolysis plant is supplied with power as an alternative from the energy potential present in the electrolysis stack and able to be converted into power, i.e. a replacement power supply is obtained.
  • the electrolysis plant is preferably supplied continuously with power from the existing energy potential. Continuously in the given context means at least almost continuously. Between the power supply failure and an onset of the continuous power supply an unavoidable interruption of the power supply in terms of operation and safety for a limited time can occur. Expediently the power is supplied after a conversion of the energy potential into electric energy.
  • a fire risk usually emanating from a battery-backed continuous power supply can be excluded.
  • a capacitive power supply usually restricted in its energy potential can at least be dimensioned with lower output, which brings with it cost savings.
  • an especially easy-to-maintain power supply is realized, since no additional high-maintenance plant components are needed to bring it about.
  • no comprehensive additional plant components for realizing continuous supply of power are needed, so that an especially space-saving solution can be achieved.
  • a complementary presence of two power supplies, for example one capacitive power supply and one power supply fed from the energy potential of the electrolysis plant is likewise possible.
  • the invention also makes provision for an electrolysis plant with an electrolysis stack and a control unit.
  • the electrolysis plant is configured to carry out the method for continuous power supply of an electrolysis plant with a replacement power supply after a power supply failure.
  • the control unit is configured for activation of at least one load of the electrolysis plant to consume power from an energy potential of the electrolysis plant.
  • the load is an electric or electronic component that is relevant for operation or further operation that is non-critical in safety terms or also for a controlled shutdown of the electrolysis plant.
  • the at least one load is an electrically-actuated drain valve for reducing a pressure within the electrolysis plant.
  • the load can also be a display element for visualization of the energy potential present in the electrolysis plant or a hazard potential of the electrolysis plant.
  • the invention and/or each described development can also be realized by a computer program product, having a storage medium on which a computer program that carries out the invention and/or the development is stored.
  • the replacement power supply is fed at least partly from an electro-chemical energy potential, which is present in an electrolysis stack of the electrolysis plant, wherein the electrolysis stack is operated at least partly as a fuel cell for replacement power supply and for reducing the energy potential.
  • the electro-chemical energy potential can be contained in a hydrogen-water mixture present at an electrode or at a polymer electrolyte membrane of the electrolysis stack. After the power supply failure an electric current can be generated in this way by an electro-chemical reaction of the hydrogen-water mixture at the electrode or polymer electrolyte membrane for feeding the replacement power supply. I.e. the electrolyte stack is operated temporarily as a fuel cell, until the hydrogen-water mixture present is depleted. In this way an especially inexpensive and easy-to-maintain continuous power supply in the form of a so-called self-maintenance of the electrolysis plant can be achieved.
  • a further advantage is that in this way a hazard potential emanating from the hydrogen-water mixture, which is a result of the danger of explosion of the mixture, can be minimized. Consequently it is of particular advantage that enhanced safety is achieved for the operating personnel, the environment and the electrolysis plant itself.
  • the replacement power supply is fed for at least some of the time from a pressure-based energy potential that is present in the electrolysis stack of the electrolysis plant, and/or from an electric energy potential that is present in the electrolysis plant.
  • the electric energy potential can be contained as so-called residual potential in a rectifier or in its capacitive components or in other capacitive electric elements of the electrolysis plant.
  • the pressure-based energy potential can be contained in a pressurized working gas or working gas mixture of the plant.
  • the replacement power supply is fed for at least some of the time from the pressure-based energy potential which is present in an electrolysis stack of the electrolysis plant, wherein the pressure-based energy potential is converted into electric energy by means of a turbine unit for supplying replacement power and for reducing the energy potential.
  • the turbine unit can comprise a turbine and a generator.
  • Turbines and generators are well proven and widely used technical means. In this way a conversion of the pressure-based energy potential into electric energy for feeding the replacement power supply that is simple-to-realize and reliable can be achieved.
  • a longer-lasting continuous power supply of the electrolysis plant can be achieved in this way. It is also of advantage that in this way a hazard potential emanating from the electric and/or pressure-based energy potential can be minimized and consequently enhanced safety for the operating personnel, the environment and the electrolysis plant itself can be achieved.
  • an electro-chemical energy potential is reduced, subsequently an electric energy potential and finally a pressure-based energy potential.
  • the energy potential contained in the hydrogen-water mixture can initially be reduced, subsequently the energy potential of the capacitive electric elements of the electrolysis plant and finally the pressure-based energy potential of the oxygen can be reduced.
  • a different, predetermined sequence of potential reduction is also conceivable.
  • a staged reduction of the overall energy potential in accordance with the levels of the hazard potentials emanating from the various energy potentials can be achieved and a hazard-free state of the electrolysis plant can be explicitly achieved.
  • a pressure-based energy potential can also be present in a pressure container of the plant.
  • the replacement power supply is fed at least some of the time from an electric energy potential of a rectifier unit of the electrolysis plant, wherein the rectifier unit is operated for at least some of the time as an energy source for replacement power supply and for reducing the energy potential.
  • the electric energy potential can be present in any given capacitive electric elements of the electrolysis plant.
  • hazard potential emanating from rectifiers of the electrolysis plant can be explicitly reduced in this way.
  • the energy potential present in the electrolysis plant can be reduced to a hazard-free level within between 1 minute and 20 minutes, especially within from 2 minutes to 15 minutes, preferably within from 6 minutes to 8 minutes.
  • the hazard-free level of the energy potential is achieved in a voltage-free and/or current-free and/or overpressure-free and/or reaction gas-free operating state of the electrolysis plant.
  • the electrolysis plant is supplied continuously with power by means of a capacitive energy store.
  • a continuous power supply of at least one load of the electrolysis plant is provided.
  • the load is a safety-relevant load, for example an electrically-actuated valve or a pump, which is necessary for controlled further operation or for controlled shut down of the electrolysis plant.
  • a safety-relevant load for example an electrically-actuated valve or a pump, which is necessary for controlled further operation or for controlled shut down of the electrolysis plant.
  • the power supply in the given context is provided continuously in the sense that the load does not experience any operational or safety-relevant interruption of the power supply.
  • the method is used to control the reduction of the energy potential present in the electrolysis plant to a hazard-free level.
  • control unit is prepared for activation of at least one load of the electrolysis plant for consuming power from an electro-chemical energy potential of the electrolysis stack.
  • the electro-chemical energy potential is present in a hydrogen-water mixture present at an electrode or a polymer electrolyte membrane of the electrolyte stack.
  • a flowing away of a current generated as a result of an electro-chemical reaction within the electrolysis stack can be achieved by this type of activation.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an electrolysis plant with a continuous power supply from an energy potential present in the electrolysis plant
  • FIG. 2 shows a diagram with schematic voltage curves and operating states of the electrolysis plant according to FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an electrolysis plant 2 .
  • the electrolysis plant has an electrolysis stack 4 (also called electrolysis cell) with a polymer electrolyte membrane 6 and electrodes 8 . To improve the presentation of the figure only one electrolysis cell or electrolysis stack is shown, regardless of the fact that electrolysis plants can usually have a plurality of electrolysis stacks.
  • the electrolysis plant 2 has a power supply 10 .
  • the power supply 10 can be provided for example via a supply line from an alternating current network.
  • the power supply 10 is connected to a rectifier unit 12 that has a capacitive element 14 .
  • the rectifier unit 12 is prepared for supplying the electrolysis stack 4 with direct current.
  • the power supply 10 is connected at least to one load 16 of the electrolysis plant 2 .
  • the power supply 10 is connected to a number of loads, which are embodied as pumps, valves, equipment units or display elements for example.
  • the load 16 is prepared for activation by a control unit 18 .
  • the electrolysis stack 4 and the load 16 or the entire electrolysis plant 2 are supplied with operating energy via the power supply 10 .
  • the electrolysis stack 4 is supplied with direct current or DC voltage by the rectifier unit 12 .
  • water is split up into hydrogen and oxygen under the influence of the direct current by an electro-chemical reaction at the polymer electrolyte membrane 6 and the electrodes 8 .
  • the hydrogen can be used hereafter as an energy carrier or reactive intermediate product.
  • the oxygen can be discharged into the environment or supplied to a pressurized container. Typically, because of the aggregate state-related expansion of the reaction medium of water, not inconsiderable pressures in the range of between 30 bar and 50 bar occur within the electrolysis stack 4 .
  • the load 16 is also supplied with power by the power supply 10 .
  • the load can be a safety-relevant load, for example an electrically-actuated pressure-relief valve or a cooling device to avoid overheating of the electrolysis plant 2 .
  • the safety-relevant function of the load 16 is maintained by the power supply 10 .
  • the electrolysis stack 4 of the electrolysis plant 2 has an energy potential 20 .
  • the energy potential 20 is made up of a diversity of elements, namely an electro-chemical energy potential 22 , an electric energy potential 24 and a pressure-based energy potential 26 .
  • the pressure-based energy potential 26 can lie in a pressurized working medium of the electrolysis stack 4 , preferably in oxygen with a pressure of between 30 bar and 50 bar and a volume of from 10 cm 3 to 100,000 cm 3 .
  • the pressure-based energy potential 26 especially after a failure of the power supply, represents a hazard risk for the environment, the electrolysis plant 2 itself and its operating personnel.
  • the electric energy potential 24 is produced especially from a dual-layer capacitor or residual energy of an electrode. After a failure of the power supply 10 in particular, the electric energy potential 24 represents a hazard risk for the environment, the electrolysis plant 2 itself and its operating personnel. For example operating personnel, under the influence of the electric energy potential 24 , can suffer an electric shock and, as a result thereof, personal injury.
  • the electro-chemical energy potential 22 lies in a reaction capability of a hydrogen-water mixture present at the electrodes 8 or at the polymer-electrolyte membrane 6 .
  • the water-hydrogen mixture breaks down—if the power supply from the rectifier unit 12 is not present—into water and freed-up charge carriers.
  • an electric current which is preferably used for continuous power supply of the electrolysis plant, flows.
  • the electrolysis plant After failure of the power supply 10 the electrolysis plant is supplied with power as an alternative and preferably continuously from the energy potential 20 .
  • the load 16 is connected to the replacement power supply fed via a supply line 28 from the energy potential 20 , although electrolysis plants can usually have a plurality of loads.
  • a further electric energy potential 25 can be present in capacitive electric elements of the electrolysis plant.
  • the capacitive element 14 of the rectifier unit 12 is merely shown as a representative component, although the electrolysis plant can have a plurality of capacitive elements.
  • the load 16 is activated via the control unit 18 . In this way it is insured that the energy potential 20 present in the electrolysis stack 4 is reduced.
  • the feeding by the power supply line 28 of the replacement and preferably continuous power supply is done until the energy potential 20 is consumed.
  • the power supply line 28 of the continuous power supply can be fed simultaneously from the said different types of energy potential 22 , 24 and 26 or in a predeterminable sequence from said potentials. In this way it is achieved on the one hand that the hazard potential associated with the energy potential can be reduced in a controlled manner. On the other hand any safety-relevant function of the load 16 is maintained in order to achieve a controlled further operation or a controlled shutdown of the electrolysis plant 2 .
  • the load 16 is supplied with further power from a capacitive energy storage unit 30 .
  • the capacitive energy storage unit 30 can be dimensioned with significantly lower power and thus at significantly lower cost than normal.
  • the power can also be supplied via an electric energy potential 25 present in the capacitive component 14 of the rectifier unit 12 .
  • FIG. 2 shows a diagram with a curve of an electric voltage U 1 (left ordinate [V]) of the power supply 10 (cf. FIG. 1 ) and an electric voltage U 2 (right ordinate [V]) of the electrolysis stack 4 (cf. FIG. 1 ) in each case over time t (abscissa [s]).
  • corresponding curves of a voltage U 3 (ordinate [V]) of the load 16 (cf. FIG. 1 ) and an operating activity B (ordinate [ ⁇ ]) of the capacitive energy storage unit 30 (cf. FIG. 1 ) are shown in each case over the time t, wherein the three time axes shown are identical.
  • the diagram contains information relating to the reduction of the energy potential 20 or especially of the electro-chemical energy potential 22 over time. Over and above this it illustrates the realization of a power supply that is continuous in the technical sense to the load 16 or to the electrolysis plant 2 .
  • the supply of power to the load 16 from the electro-chemical energy potential 22 contained in the electrolysis stack 4 is continued up to point in time 36 .
  • the voltage U 2 of the electrolysis stack 4 has dropped to voltage value 48 .
  • the supply of power to the load is maintained from point in time 36 onwards by the capacitive energy storage unit 30 , so that the result is only a technically non-relevant adverse effect on the voltage value 44 of the load 16 at point in time 36 .

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
US15/128,819 2014-03-24 2015-03-12 Continuous supply of power to an electrolysis plant Abandoned US20180119297A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP14161253.1 2014-03-24
EP14161253.1A EP2924149A1 (de) 2014-03-24 2014-03-24 Unterbrechungsfreie Stromversorgung einer Elektrolyseanlage
PCT/EP2015/055223 WO2015144446A1 (de) 2014-03-24 2015-03-12 Unterbrechungsfreie stromversorgung einer elektrolyseanlage

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US20180119297A1 true US20180119297A1 (en) 2018-05-03

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US15/128,819 Abandoned US20180119297A1 (en) 2014-03-24 2015-03-12 Continuous supply of power to an electrolysis plant

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US (1) US20180119297A1 (de)
EP (2) EP2924149A1 (de)
JP (1) JP6290445B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2943582C (de)
DK (1) DK3105368T3 (de)
NO (1) NO3105368T3 (de)
WO (1) WO2015144446A1 (de)

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DE102022113100A1 (de) * 2022-05-24 2023-11-30 Sma Solar Technology Ag Verfahren zum vormagnetisieren eines mittelspannungstransformators, steuereinheit und elektrolyseanlage
DE102022208558B3 (de) 2022-08-18 2024-02-22 Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Elektrolyseanlage

Citations (3)

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US20040126641A1 (en) * 2002-12-27 2004-07-01 Pearson Martin T. Regenerative fuel cell electric power plant and operating method
US6787259B2 (en) * 2002-09-12 2004-09-07 Metallic Power, Inc. Secondary power source for use in a back-up power system
US20050121315A1 (en) * 2003-12-05 2005-06-09 Baltrucki Justin D. System for generating hydrogen and method thereof

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DE2462122B2 (de) * 1974-10-10 1976-12-16 Ausscheidung aus: 24 48 427 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Schaltungsanordnung zur unterbrechungsfreien stromversorgung eines verbrauchers
JP2004112871A (ja) * 2002-09-13 2004-04-08 Ntt Power & Building Facilities Inc 無停電電源システム
JP2005097667A (ja) * 2003-09-24 2005-04-14 Air Liquide Japan Ltd フッ素ガス生成装置
JP4421515B2 (ja) * 2005-06-06 2010-02-24 株式会社Ｎｔｔファシリティーズ 直流無停電電源システム
DE102006058045B4 (de) * 2006-12-07 2012-11-22 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Überwachungsvorrichtung zur Überwachung und Notfallsteuerung von Elektrolyseeinrichtungen
JP5339473B2 (ja) * 2011-03-07 2013-11-13 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 可逆セルの運転制御方法
JP2013009548A (ja) * 2011-06-27 2013-01-10 Nippon Acp Kk 無停電電力供給システム
EP2624412A1 (de) * 2012-02-06 2013-08-07 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Stromversorgung

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6787259B2 (en) * 2002-09-12 2004-09-07 Metallic Power, Inc. Secondary power source for use in a back-up power system
US20040126641A1 (en) * 2002-12-27 2004-07-01 Pearson Martin T. Regenerative fuel cell electric power plant and operating method
US20050121315A1 (en) * 2003-12-05 2005-06-09 Baltrucki Justin D. System for generating hydrogen and method thereof

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Publication number Publication date
JP2017515972A (ja) 2017-06-15
EP2924149A1 (de) 2015-09-30
DK3105368T3 (en) 2018-04-23
NO3105368T3 (de) 2018-06-30
CA2943582C (en) 2018-09-11
WO2015144446A1 (de) 2015-10-01
CA2943582A1 (en) 2015-10-01
JP6290445B2 (ja) 2018-03-07
EP3105368B1 (de) 2018-01-31
EP3105368A1 (de) 2016-12-21

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