Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
  • C21D6/008—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Si
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/0221—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the working steps
  • C21D8/0226—Hot rolling
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/0221—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the working steps
  • C21D8/0236—Cold rolling
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/0247—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment
  • C21D8/0268—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment between cold rolling steps
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/04—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing
  • C21D8/0421—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing characterised by the working steps
  • C21D8/0436—Cold rolling
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/04—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing
  • C21D8/0447—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing characterised by the heat treatment
  • C21D8/0468—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips to produce plates or strips for deep-drawing characterised by the heat treatment between cold rolling steps
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
  • C21D9/46—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
  • C21D9/46—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals
  • C21D9/48—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals deep-drawing sheets
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/005—Ferrite

Definitions

• This disclosure relates to a steel sheet for cans suitable for a can container material used for food cans and beverage cans and to a method of manufacturing the steel sheet.
• the disclosure relates to a high-strength steel sheet for two-piece cans excellent in formability and to a method of manufacturing the high-strength steel sheet.
• the high-strength steel sheet for two-piece cans is preferably applicable to a special-shaped two-piece can having a processed can body.
• the cans are often formed as special-shaped cans produced by subjecting the can body to bead forming or by forming a geometric shape on the can body.
• a special-shaped can composed of two pieces which may be referred to as a special-shaped two-piece can
• forming with a relatively high degree of working such as drawing or ironing is performed, and then the can body is formed. Therefore, the steel sheet used to manufacture the special-shaped two-piece can is required to have higher formability. In the can bottom subjected to a low degree of working, an increase in strength due to work hardening is small.
• the strength of the steel sheet at the can bottom tends to be insufficient.
• the steel sheet is required to have a strength equal to or higher than a conventional SR (Single Reduced) steel sheet. Therefore, it is effective to use a DR (Double Reduced) steel sheet for the can bottom portion because the DR steel sheet can be easily increased in strength even when it is reduced in thickness.
• the DR steel sheet is hardened mainly by work hardening, and this generally causes its formability to deteriorate. Deterioration in formability is not preferred for the can body as described above. Therefore, techniques to improve formability of the DR steel sheet are being studied.
• Japanese Patent No. 3140929 discloses a resin-coated steel sheet for dry-drawn and ironed cans.
• the resin-coated steel sheet is prepared by coating both sides of an electrolytically chromic acid-treated steel sheet with a thermoplastic resin to a thickness of 10 to 50 ⁇ m and then applying a high-temperature volatile lubricant to the surface of the coating.
• the electrolytically chromic acid-treated steel sheet contains, in mass %, C: 0.001 to 0.10%, Mn: 0.05 to 0.50%, Al: 0.015 to 0.13%, Si: 0.05% or less, P: 0.03% or less, and S: 0.03% or less, the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities.
• the electrolytically chromic acid-treated steel sheet has a crystal grain size of 6 to 30 ⁇ m, a center line average roughness of 0.05 to 0.6 ⁇ m, and a sheet thickness of 0.15 to 0.30 mm.
• Japanese Patent No. 2937788 discloses a method of manufacturing a resin-coated steel sheet for dry-drawn and ironed cans.
• the method includes: pickling a hot-rolled sheet containing, in mass %, C: 0.001 to 0.06%, Mn: 0.05 to 0.50%, Al: 0.015 to 0.13%, Si: 0.05% or less, P: 0.03% or less, and S: 0.03% or less, the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities; cold-rolling the pickled sheet; subjecting the cold-rolled sheet to continuous annealing; rolling the resultant sheet at a rolling reduction of 5 to 25% to obtain a rolled sheet having a center line average roughness of 0.05 to 0.6 ⁇ m and a thickness of 0.15 to 0.30 mm; subjecting the rolled sheet to electrolytic chromic acid treatment; coating both sides of the resulting rolled sheet with a thermoplastic resin to a thickness of 10 to 50 ⁇ m; and applying a high-temperature volatile lubric
• Japanese Patent No. 4630268 discloses a steel sheet for special-shaped cans.
• the steel sheet has a steel composition containing, in mass %, C: 0.02 to 0.07%, Si: 0.005 to 0.05%, Mn: 0.1 to 1.5%, P: 0.04% or less, S: 0.02% or less, Al: 0.005 to 0.1%, N: more than 0.003 to 0.007%, and B: 0.001 to 0.01%, the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities.
• the relation B/N: 0.3 to 1.5 is satisfied, and at least one of the Lankford value (r value) in the direction of rolling and the Lankford value (r value) in the direction of the sheet width is 0.8 or less.
• JP '268 The technique described in JP '268 is for a three-piece can.
• at least one of the r value in the rolling direction and the r value in the sheet width direction is 0.8 or less and, therefore, the anisotropy of the steel sheet is large.
• the steel sheet with large anisotropy does not have the formability necessary for two-piece can forming including drawing.
• the high-strength steel sheet for two-piece cans has a specific controlled chemical composition. Moreover, the tensile strength of the high-strength steel sheet is controlled to 480 MPa or more, the elongation is controlled to 7% or more, the yield elongation is controlled to 3% or less, and the ferrite grain size is controlled to less than 6.0 ⁇ m. Therefore, the high-strength steel sheet for two-piece cans has the high strength necessary for a can bottom and also has the high formability necessary for a can body. With the high-strength steel sheet for two-piece cans, a special-shaped two-piece can be easily manufactured.
• the steel sheet used to manufacture food cans and beverage can can be reduced in thickness, and resource savings and cost reduction can be achieved so that industrially significant effects can be obtained.
• the high-strength steel sheet for two-piece cans has a chemical composition containing, in mass %, C: 0.020% to 0.080%, Si: 0.04% or less, Mn: 0.10% to 0.60%, P: 0.02% or less, S: 0.015% or less, Al: 0.010% to 0.100%, and N: 0.0005% to 0.0030%, the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities.
• the high-strength steel sheet for two-piece cans has the following physical properties: a tensile strength of 480 MPa or more, an elongation of 7% or more, and a yield elongation of 3% or less.
• the high-strength steel sheet for two-piece cans has a structure with a ferrite grain size of less than 6 ⁇ m.
• the high-strength steel sheet for two-piece cans contains, in mass %, C: 0.020% to 0.080%, Si: 0.04% or less, Mn: 0.10% to 0.60%, P: 0.02% or less, S: 0.015% or less, Al: 0.010% to 0.100%, and N: 0.0005% to 0.0030%, the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities.
• C 0.020% to 0.080%
• Si 0.04% or less
• Mn 0.10% to 0.60%
• P 0.02% or less
• S 0.015% or less
• Al 0.010% to 0.100%
• N 0.0005% to 0.0030%
• C is an element important to increase strength.
• the tensile strength can be 480 MPa or more. If the content of C exceeds 0.080%, elongation is reduced to less than 7% so that can manufacturability deteriorates. Therefore, the upper limit of the content of C must be 0.080%.
• the content of C is 0.030% or more. From the viewpoint of ensuring good canning property, it is preferable that the content of C is 0.060% or less.
• the content of Si must be 0.04% or less.
• the content of Si is 0.03% or less.
• Mn has the effect of increasing the hardness of the steel sheet through solid solution strengthening. Mn forms MnS, and this can prevent a reduction in hot ductility caused by S contained in the steel. To obtain these effects, the content of Mn must be 0.10% or more. Particularly, to ensure tensile strength through solid solution strengthening by Mn even when the rolling reduction during DR rolling is reduced, it is preferable that the content of Mn is 0.30% or more. If the content of Mn exceeds 0.60%, the elongation decreases significantly so that the canning property deteriorates. Therefore, the content of Mn must be 0.60% or less.
• the upper limit of the content of S is 0.015% or less.
• the content of Al is preferably 0.010% or more.
• the content of Al is preferably 0.050% or more and more preferably 0.060% or more. If the content of Al is excessively large, a large amount of alumina is formed. The formed alumina remains present in the steel sheet, causing deterioration in canning property. Therefore, the content of Al must be 0.100% or less.
• the content of Al is 0.080% or less.
• the content of N must be 0.0030% or less.
• the content of N is preferably 0.0025% or less. It is difficult to reduce the content of N to less than 0.0005% in a stable manner. To achieve a N content of less than 0.0005%, the cost of manufacturing increases. Therefore, the lower limit of the content of N is 0.0005%.
• the high-strength steel sheet for two-piece cans contains, in addition to the essential components described above, B as an optional component in an amount of 0.0030% or less.
• the content of B is preferably 0.0001% or more and more preferably 0.0003% or more. Even if the content of B is excessively large, the above effect is saturated. In addition, the elongation is reduced, and anisotropy deteriorates so that the canning property deteriorates. Therefore, preferably, the upper limit of the content of B is 0.0030%.
• the balance other than the above essential components and the optional component is Fe and unavoidable impurities.
• the unavoidable impurities include Cr: 0.08% or less, Cu: 0.02% or less, Ni: 0.02% or less, and O: 0.006% or less.
• the high-strength steel sheet for two-piece cans has a tensile strength of 480 MPa or more, an elongation of 7% or more, and a yield elongation of 3% or less.
• the technological significance of each of these physical properties will be described below. However, one important technological significance is that by combining these physical properties, the chemical composition described above, and a structure described later, the high strength necessary for the can bottom and the high formability necessary for the can body can be achieved simultaneously.
• the tensile strength of the steel sheet must be 480 MPa or more.
• the tensile strength is 490 MPa or more.
• a value obtained by a measurement method described in the Examples is used as the tensile strength of the steel sheet.
• the tensile strength is generally 580 MPa or less.
• the elongation must be 7% or more.
• the elongation is 9% or more.
• a high strength of 480 MPa or more can be achieved, and also an elongation of 7% or more can be achieved so that the canning property can be ensured.
• a value obtained by the measurement method described in the Examples is used as the elongation of the steel sheet. Elongation is generally 25% or less.
• the yield elongation must be 3% or less.
• the yield elongation is 2% or less.
• a value obtained by the measurement method described in the Examples is used as the yield elongation of the steel sheet.
• the ferrite grain size is less than 6 ⁇ m.
• the ferrite grain size must be less than 6.0 ⁇ m.
• the ferrite grain size is 5.5 ⁇ m or less.
• the grain size means the average crystal grain size.
• the content of the ferrite phase in the structure is preferably 95 vol % or more because elongation can be improved.
• the content of the ferrite phase is more preferably 98 vol % or more.
• phases other than the ferrite phase include cementite, pearlite, martensite, and bainite.
• One example of the method of manufacturing the high-strength steel sheet for two-piece cans is a manufacturing method including a heating step, a hot rolling step, a coiling step, a pickling step, a primary cold rolling step, a continuous annealing step, and a secondary cold rolling step. These steps will next be described.
• the heating step heats a slab to a heating temperature of 1,130° C. or higher. If the heating temperature before hot rolling is excessively low, part of AlN is not molten. The non-molten AlN may cause the occurrence of coarse AlN that reduces the canning property. Therefore, the heating temperature in the heating step is 1,130° C. or higher. Preferably, the heating temperature is 1,150° C. or higher. The upper limit of the heating temperature is not particularly specified. However, if the heating temperature is excessively high, an excessive amount of scales is formed, resulting in defects on the surface of the product. Therefore, preferably, the upper limit of the heating temperature is 1,260° C.
• the chemical composition of the slab corresponds to the chemical composition of the high-strength steel sheet for two-piece cans. Therefore, the chemical composition of the slab must be controlled to satisfy the chemical composition of the high-strength steel sheet for two-piece cans.
• the hot rolling step is the step of hot rolling the slab subjected to the heating step at a hot rolling finishing temperature of 820 to 930° C. If the hot rolling finishing temperature is higher than 930° C., the ferrite grain size of the hot-rolled sheet becomes large, and the ferrite grain size of an annealed sheet also becomes large. In this case, the tensile strength decreases, and the tensile strength and the elongation are not well-balanced. Therefore, the upper limit of the hot rolling finishing temperature is set to 930° C. If the hot rolling finishing temperature is lower than 820° C., the anisotropy of tensile characteristics becomes large, and the canning property deteriorates. Therefore, the lower limit of the hot rolling finishing temperature is 820° C. The lower limit is preferably 860° C.
• the coiling step is the step of coiling the hot-rolled sheet obtained in the hot rolling step at a coiling temperature of 640° C. or lower. If the coiling temperature exceeds 640° C., the ferrite grain size of the hot-rolled sheet becomes large, and the ferrite grain size of the annealed sheet also becomes large. In this case, the tensile strength decreases, and the tensile strength and the elongation are not well-balanced. Therefore, the upper limit of the coiling temperature is set to 640° C. The lower limit of the coiling temperature is not particularly specified. From the viewpoint of reducing the yield elongation by forming AlN during coiling to reduce the amount of solute N, it is preferable that the coiling temperature is set to 570° C. or higher.
• the pickling step pickles the hot-rolled sheet subjected to the coiling step.
• the conditions of pickling are not particularly specified so long as surface scales can be removed.
• the pickling may be performed according to a routine procedure.
• the primary cold rolling step subjects the pickled hot-rolled sheet to primary cold rolling under the condition of a rolling reduction of 85% or more.
• the rolling reduction during the primary cold rolling must be 85% or more to reduce the ferrite grain size after annealing to thereby improve the balance between the tensile strength and formability. If the rolling reduction during the primary cold rolling is excessively large, the anisotropy of the tensile characteristics becomes large, and the canning property may deteriorate. Therefore, preferably, the rolling reduction during the primary cold rolling is 90% or less.
• the continuous annealing step subjects the cold-rolled sheet obtained in the primary cold rolling step to continuous annealing under the condition of an annealing temperature of 620° C. to 690° C.
• an annealing temperature of 620° C. to 690° C.
• the cold-rolled sheet must be recrystallized sufficiently during annealing. Therefore, the annealing temperature must be 620° C. or higher. If the annealing temperature is excessively high, the ferrite grain size becomes large. Therefore, the annealing temperature must be 690° C. or lower. No limitation is imposed on the annealing method. From the viewpoint of the uniformity of material quality, a continuous annealing method is preferred.
• the secondary cold rolling step subjects the annealed sheet obtained in the continuous annealing step to secondary cold rolling under the condition of a rolling reduction of 6 to 20%.
• the annealed sheet is strengthened by the secondary cold rolling and is also reduced in thickness.
• the rolling reduction must be 6% or more.
• the yield elongation decreases. If the rolling reduction during the secondary cold rolling is excessively large, formability deteriorates. Therefore, the rolling reduction must be 20% or less. When formability is particularly required, it is preferable that the rolling reduction is 15% or less.
• the high-strength steel sheet for two-piece cans is obtained in the manner described above.
• the steel sheet may be subjected to surface treatment such as Sn plating, Ni plating, or Cr plating, may be subjected to chemical conversion, or may have an organic coating such as a laminate.
• Molten steel containing components in one of steel symbols A to K shown in Table 1 with the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities was produced, and then a steel slab was obtained.
• the steel slab obtained was heated, hot-rolled, coiled, pickled to remove scales, subjected to primary cold rolling, and annealed for 15 s in a continuous annealing furnace under the conditions shown in Table 2 and was then subjected to DR rolling (secondary cold rolling) at a secondary rolling reduction shown in Table 2 to thereby obtain a steel sheet (one of steel sheet symbols Nos. 1 to 18) having a sheet thickness of 0.17 to 0.19 mm.
• DR rolling secondary cold rolling
• Each of the above steel sheets was subjected to surface treatment, i.e., (tin-free) chromium plating, and was coated with an organic coating to produce a laminated steel sheet.
• the organic coating was removed from each of the laminated steel sheets using concentrated sulfuric acid, and a JIS No. 5 tensile test piece was taken from each laminated steel sheet in its rolling direction.
• the tensile strength, elongation (total elongation), and yield elongation of the test piece were evaluated according to JIS Z 2241.
• a cross section in the rolling direction was embedded, polished, and etched with nital to allow grain boundaries to appear. Then the average crystal grain size was measured using a cutting method according to JIS G 0551 to evaluate the ferrite grain size.
• one of the laminated steel sheets was punched into a circular piece, and the circular piece was subjected to deep drawing, ironing or the like to obtain a cylindrical can. Then, the cylindrical can was subjected to beading in the circumferential direction of the can at three different places including the height center of the can body and places 15 mm vertically from the height center to thereby form a can similar to a two-piece can used as a beverage can.
• a can with no can body breakage during can manufacturing and with almost no stretcher strain was rated “Excellent.”
• a can with no can body breakage but with slight stretcher strain was rated “Good.”
• a can with can body breakage or significant stretcher strain was rated “Poor.”

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