US20160332882A1 - A conductive carbon powder, a method for the manufacturing thereof and use thereof - Google Patents

A conductive carbon powder, a method for the manufacturing thereof and use thereof Download PDF

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US20160332882A1
US20160332882A1 US15/107,194 US201415107194A US2016332882A1 US 20160332882 A1 US20160332882 A1 US 20160332882A1 US 201415107194 A US201415107194 A US 201415107194A US 2016332882 A1 US2016332882 A1 US 2016332882A1
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Prior art keywords
polymer
lignin
conductive carbon
carbon powder
conductive
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Niklas Garoff
Stephan Walter
Gunnar Seide
Thomas Gries
Wilhelm Steinmann
Andreas De Palmenaer
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Stora Enso Oyj
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Stora Enso Oyj
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Assigned to STORA ENSO OYJ reassignment STORA ENSO OYJ ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GRIES, THOMAS, Seide, Gunnar, DE PALMENAER, Andreas, STEINMANN, WILHELM, GAROFF, NIKLAS, WALTER, STEPHAN
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    • C01B31/02—
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/05—Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07G—COMPOUNDS OF UNKNOWN CONSTITUTION
    • C07G1/00—Lignin; Lignin derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/02—Elements
    • C08K3/04—Carbon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K7/00—Use of ingredients characterised by shape
    • C08K7/02—Fibres or whiskers
    • C08K7/04—Fibres or whiskers inorganic
    • C08K7/06—Elements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
    • C08L23/12—Polypropene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L97/00—Compositions of lignin-containing materials
    • C08L97/005—Lignin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
    • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
    • C09C1/44—Carbon
    • C09C1/48—Carbon black
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F1/00—General methods for the manufacture of artificial filaments or the like
    • D01F1/02—Addition of substances to the spinning solution or to the melt
    • D01F1/10—Other agents for modifying properties
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F9/00—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments
    • D01F9/08—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments of inorganic material
    • D01F9/12—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof
    • D01F9/14—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments
    • D01F9/16—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from products of vegetable origin or derivatives thereof, e.g. from cellulose acetate
    • D01F9/17—Carbon filaments; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture thereof by decomposition of organic filaments from products of vegetable origin or derivatives thereof, e.g. from cellulose acetate from lignin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/04—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of carbon-silicon compounds, carbon or silicon
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
    • H01B1/24—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material the conductive material comprising carbon-silicon compounds, carbon or silicon
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B7/00—Insulated conductors or cables characterised by their form
    • H01B7/02—Disposition of insulation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/40—Electric properties
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K2201/00—Specific properties of additives
    • C08K2201/001—Conductive additives

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a conductive carbon powder emanating essentially from lignin, a method for the manufacturing thereof and use thereof.
  • Said powder may emanate from an electrically conductive carbon intermediate product, in turn emanating essentially from lignin.
  • uses thereof and compositions comprising said carbon powder are disclosed. Additionally methods for manufacturing said conductive carbon powder, also involving an electrically conductive carbon intermediate product emanating essentially from lignin, are disclosed together with a method for making said compositions.
  • Conductive plastics are used in many different applications where electromagnetic interference and electrostatic discharge must be avoided. Examples include packaging material for consumer electronics, computer or mobile phone housings, piping and tanks for flammable liquids such as gasoline tanks, wires and cables.
  • Conventional plastics thermoplastics and thermosets
  • They can be rendered dissipative or even conductive by adding pulverized conductive material at levels beyond the so called percolation threshold.
  • the resulting compound comprising the plastic and the conductive material is called conductive plastic.
  • the mechanical performance of the plastic suffers from adding pulverized conductive material as impact strength and ductility decrease. High-performing conductive materials attain the percolation threshold at low addition levels, retaining the mechanical performance of the plastic.
  • the most commonly used conductive material is conductive carbon black, a special and expensive grade of carbon black.
  • Carbon black is produced by pyrolysing oil with fuel gas in a furnace.
  • pyrolysis is followed by expensive post treatment steps to increase conductivity, notably steam exposure to increase the surface area and extraction to remove contaminants.
  • Carbon blacks and especially conductive carbon blacks have a strongly negative impact on the environment and a high CO2 footprint due to the fact that fossil raw materials are used in a highly energy intense production process.
  • cellulosic fibers are separated from softwoods, hardwoods, and annual plant biomass, for further processing to paper, board, tissue products or chemicals. Separation is done in a liquid, e.g. the so called white liquor in Kraft pulping or organic solvent as in organosolv processes.
  • Lignin can be isolated from the spent liquor and thereafter be used as a biofuel, or as raw material for chemicals and materials.
  • the present invention solves one or more of the above problems, by providing according to a first aspect an electrically conductive carbon powder emanating (i.e. originating) essentially from lignin, preferably emanating fully from lignin.
  • the present invention also provides according to a second aspect an electrically conductive carbon intermediate product emanating essentially from lignin, having the form of a powder or a shaped body such as, a wafer, bar, rod, film, filament or fleece.
  • the present invention also provides according to a third aspect a method for manufacturing a conductive carbon powder according to the first and second aspect comprising the following steps:
  • the present invention also provides according to a fourth aspect a method for manufacturing an electrically conductive carbon powder according to the first and second aspect, comprising the following steps:
  • the present invention also provides according to a fifth aspect a method for manufacturing a carbonized intermediate product in filament form, comprising the following steps:
  • the present invention also provides according to a sixth aspect a conductive carbon powder obtainable by the method of the third or fourth aspect.
  • the present invention also provides according to a seventh aspect a conductive carbonized intermediate product in filament form obtainable by the method of the fifth aspect.
  • the present invention also provides according to an eighth aspect use of a conductive carbon powder according to the first, second or fifth aspect as additive for the manufacture of electrically conductive polymer compositions, used in applications such as housings for computers and mobile phones, automotive appliances, wires, cables, pipes and aeronautical appliances.
  • the present invention also provides according to a ninth aspect use of a conductive carbon powder according to the first, second or fifth aspect as additive for the manufacture of electrically conductive polymer compositions for protection against electromagnetic interference or electrostatic discharge.
  • the present invention also provides according to a tenth aspect a composition
  • a composition comprising a conductive carbon powder according to the first, second or fifth aspect and a polymer, preferably a thermoplastic or a thermoset or a mixture of such polymers.
  • Said polymer(s) may be of fossil origin.
  • the present invention also provides according to an eleventh aspect a method for the manufacturing of a composition according to a tenth aspect comprising mixing a conductive carbon powder with a polymer, preferably a thermoplastic or a thermoset or a mixture of such polymers.
  • the present invention also provides according to a twelfth aspect a polymer composition obtainable by a method according to the eleventh aspect.
  • the present invention also provides according to a thirteenth aspect use of a polymer composition according to the tenth or twelfth aspect in an electrically conductive material, such as a material used in computers, mobile phones, automotive appliances, wires, cables, pipes and aeronautical appliances.
  • an electrically conductive material such as a material used in computers, mobile phones, automotive appliances, wires, cables, pipes and aeronautical appliances.
  • the present invention also provides according to a fourteenth aspect a polymer composition for a semi-conductive layer of a cable comprising a conductive carbon powder according to the first, second or fifth aspect and a thermoplastic or a thermoset or a mixture of such polymers.
  • lignin embraces any lignin which may be used for making a conductive carbon powder.
  • examples on said lignin are, but are not limited to softwood lignin, hardwood lignin, lignin from one-year plants or lignins obtained through different fractionation methods such as, organosolv lignin or kraft lignin.
  • the lignin may e.g. be obtained by using the process disclosed in EP 1794363.
  • a conductive carbon powder embraces a powderous matter which consists of 80% or more of carbon, with a capability of rendering e.g. a thermoplastic or thermoset electrically conductive.
  • Said thermoplastic or thermoset may further be a polymer of fossil origin.
  • Said powder may further be a substitute for carbon black obtained from fossil sources.
  • additive embraces any additive that facilitates the manufacturing of a lignin-containing composition in e.g. melt-extrusion or melt-spinning for further processing to conductive carbonized lignin powder.
  • examples are, but are not limited to plasticizers (such as PEG, an example is PEG400), reactive agents that render lignin melt-extrudable such as aliphatic acids or lignin solvents.
  • a lignin solvent may be an aprotic polar solvent, such as an aliphatic amide, such as dimethylformamide (DMF) or dimethylacetamide (DMAc), a tertiary amine oxide, such as N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO), dimethylsulfoxid (DMSO), ethylene glycol, di-ethylene glycol, low-molecular-weight poly ethylene glycol (PEG) having a molecular weight between 150 to 20.000 g/mol or ionic liquids or any combination of said solvents and liquids.
  • an aprotic polar solvent such as an aliphatic amide, such as dimethylformamide (DMF) or dimethylacetamide (DMAc), a tertiary amine oxide, such as N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO), dimethylsulfoxid (DMSO), ethylene glycol, di-ethylene glycol, low-molecular-weight poly ethylene glycol (PEG) having
  • thermoplastic embraces any thermoplastic polymer (which may be of fossil origin) that may be useful in the context of using a conductive carbon powder (which also includes contexts where carbon black is used).
  • Said polymer may be, but is not limited to acrylates such as PMMA, PP (Polypropylene), PE (Polyethylene) such as HDPE (high density PE), MDPE (medium density PE), LDPE (low density PE), PA (Polyamide) such as nylon, PS (Polystyrene), Polyvinylchloride (PVC), polysulfone, ether ketone or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
  • the PE may further be cross-linked (PEX). It may further be co-polymers comprising two or more of said polymers or mixtures comprising two or more of said polymers.
  • thermoset embraces any thermoset polymer (which may be of fossil origin) that may be useful in the context of using a conductive carbon powder (which also includes contexts where carbon black is used).
  • Said polymer may be, but is not limited to polyurethanes, polyesters, phenol-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde, melamine, epoxy, cyanate esters, vulcanized rubber and polyimides. It may further be co-polymers comprising two or more of said polymers or mixtures comprising two or more of said polymers.
  • the additive is poly ethylene glycol.
  • the temperature ramp from room temperature is up to 1600° C.
  • the temperature ramp from room temperature is up to 1400° C.
  • the polymer is a thermoplastic or thermoset used for the manufacture of electrically conductive compounds, or a mixture of such polymers.
  • the polymer is a polyolefin, a co-polymer comprising a polyolefin or a mixture of polyolefins.
  • the polymer is a polypropylene (PP).
  • the conductive carbon powder when compounded gives a percolation threshold in the polymer compound at 1-40% addition level.
  • Said compounding involves mixing (blending) polymers and said carbon powder in a molten state.
  • the conductive carbon powder when compounded lowers the volume resistivity of the polymer compound after the percolation point to 10 0 -10 6 ⁇ cm.
  • thermoplastic is a polyolefin, a co-polymer comprising a polyolefin or a mixture of polyolefins.
  • the temperature range in the second thermal step may also be from room temperature up to 1600° C., or up to 1200° C. or up to 1000° C.
  • the temperature may be up to 300° C.
  • FIG. 1 discloses volume resistivity of compounds comprised of PP (HP 561R from Lyondell Basell) and 5% respectively 10% of the conductive carbon powder described in this invention. For comparison percolation curves are shown for reference compositions comprising PP and three different commercial conductive carbon blacks, respectively.
  • FIG. 2 discloses a comparison of volume resistivity of compressed carbon powder (applied pressure 31 MPa).
  • FIG. 3 discloses a comparison of volume resistivity of carbonized fibers.
  • a fiber was melt-spun from a mixture comprising of 88 w % softwood Kraft lignin, 7 w % Phthalic anhydride acid and 5 w % DMSO (97% purity, Sigma-Aldrich) using a laboratory twin-screw extruder with a single capillary (DSM Xplore micro-compounder).
  • the obtained lignin-containing compound had the form of a filament with a diameter of 150 ⁇ m.
  • the mixture from example 1 was extruded with a laboratory twin screw extruder (KEDSE 20/40′′ from Brabender GmbH & CO. KG) using a multifilament die with 62 capillaries.
  • the obtained lignin-containing compound had the form of a multi-filament bundle with a single filament diameter of 72 ⁇ m.
  • a mixture comprising 90 w % softwood lignin and 10% PEG 400 (Polyethylene Glycol from Sigma-Aldrich with a molecular weight of 400 Da) was prepared.
  • the mixture was extruded on a laboratory twin screw extruder using a die with 62 capillaries.
  • the obtained lignin-containing compound had the form of a multi-filament bundle with a single filament diameter of 90 ⁇ m.
  • a mixture was prepared as described in example three and put in a flat metal tube. Pressure was applied using a piston and as a result the lignin-containing compound attained the shape of a wafer.
  • the lignin-containing filament from example 1 was converted in a two-step thermal treatment to obtain a conductive carbon intermediate product.
  • a first step the filament was heated in air from room temperature to 250° C. with a varying heating rate of between 0.2° C./min and 5° C./min and then heated in the second step in nitrogen from room temperature to 1600° C. with a heating rate of 1° C./min.
  • the obtained conductive carbon intermediate product had the shape of a filament with a diameter of about 60 ⁇ m and yielded an electrical volume resistivity of 1.4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Ohm*cm. Volume resistivity was measured using a LCR meter.
  • the resulting carbonized multifilaments had a diameter of about 80 ⁇ m and yielded an electrical volume resistivity of 0.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Ohm*cm.
  • the obtained filaments from example 3 were where heat-treated in the same manner as described in example 5.
  • the resulting carbonized multifilaments had a diameter of about 75 ⁇ m and yielded an electrical volume resistivity of 0.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Ohm*cm.
  • the obtained filaments from example 3 were heat-treated according to the following steps. In a first step the filament was heated in air from room temperature to 250° C. with a varying heating rate between 0.2° C./min and 5° C./min and then heated in the second step in nitrogen from room temperature to 1000° C. with a heating rate of 2° C./min.
  • the obtained carbonized fiber yielded an electrical volume resistivity of 0.72 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Ohm*cm.
  • the obtained filaments from example 3 were heat-treated according to the following steps. In a first step the filament was heated in air from room temperature to 250° C. with a varying heating rate between 0.2° C./min and 5° C./min and then heated in the second step in nitrogen from room temperature to 1200° C. with a heating rate of 2° C./min.
  • the obtained carbonized fiber yielded an electrical volume resistivity of 0.33 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Ohm*cm.
  • the obtained filaments from example 3 were heat-treated according to the following steps. In a first step the filament was heated in air from room temperature to 250° C. with a varying heating rate between 0.2° C./min and 5° C./min and then heated in the second step in nitrogen from room temperature to 1400° C. with a heating rate of 2° C./min.
  • the obtained carbonized fiber yielded an electrical volume resistivity of 0.23 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Ohm*cm.
  • the obtained filaments from example 3 were heat-treated according to the following steps. In a first step the filament was heated in air from room temperature to 250° C. with a varying heating rate between 0.2° C./min and 5° C./min and then heated in the second step in nitrogen from room temperature to 1600° C. with a heating rate of 2° C./min.
  • the obtained carbonized fiber yielded an electrical volume resistivity of 0.54 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Ohm*cm.
  • the wafer from example 4 was heat treated in nitrogen atmosphere by increasing temperature from room temperature to 1600° C. at a heating rate of 1° C./min to obtain a carbonized wafer.
  • the carbonized wafer from example 12 was manually crushed utilizing a laboratory mortar to obtain a conductive carbonized lignin powder.
  • the conductive carbonized lignin powder from example 14 was compounded into a polypropylene matrix (HP 561 R from Lyondell Basell) using a DSM Xplore micro-compounder.
  • the MFR was 25 g/10 min (@230° C./2.16 kg/10 min).
  • the composition consisted of 95 w % polypropylene and 5 % of conductive carbonized lignin powder.
  • the extruded strands showed a volume resistivity of 5.2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Ohm*cm, which was many magnitudes lower than the volume resistivity of pure PP, reported in the literature, about 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 17 Ohm*cm (Debowska, M.
  • the conductive carbon powder from example 14 was compounded into a Polypropylene matrix (HP 561R from Lyondell Basell) using a DSM Xplore micro-compounder.
  • the composition consisted of 90 w % (PP) and 10% conductive carbonized lignin powder.
  • the extruded strands yielded a volume resistivity of 2.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Ohm*cm.
  • FIG. 1 reflects literature data (Debowska, M. et.al.: Positron annihilation in carbon black-polymer composites, Radiation Physics and Chemistry 58 (2000), H. 5-6, S. 575-579) regarding volume resistivity of conductive polymer compositions comprising different commercial conductive carbon blacks.
  • the commercial carbon blacks were SAPAC-6 (from CarboChem), Printex XE-2 (from Degussa) and Vulcan XC-72 (Cabot).
  • FIG. 1 discloses also, additionally, volume resistivity of compositions comprising PP (HP 561R from Lyondell Basell) and 5% and 10%, respectively, of conductive carbon powder described above.
  • the figure shows that conductive carbonized lignin powder provided by the present invention has at least the same conductivity performance as the best commercial carbon black (Printex XE-2).
  • the powder was filled into a hollow cylinder.
  • This cylinder was made of non-conductive PMMA which was cleaned thoroughly between each measurement. The inner diameter was 5 mm.
  • the inner diameter was 5 mm.
  • the second electrode was a copper stamp which was also gold plated and formed the second electrode. The stamp was then inserted into the cylinder thus slowly compressing the powder.
  • the applied pressure as well as the volume within the powder filled chamber was plotted.
  • the absolute resistance could be measured. Together with the documented position of the stamp a volume resistivity could be calculated.
  • Example 13-1 Example 13 as mentioned above
  • Example 13-2 Example 13, but not manually crushed with a lab mortar but cryo milled.

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  • Artificial Filaments (AREA)
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EP3143078A4 (en) * 2014-05-12 2018-04-25 Stora Enso Oyj Electrically dissipative polymer composition comprising conductive carbon powder emanating from lignin, a method for the manufacturing thereof and use thereof
CN115140726A (zh) 2014-12-11 2022-10-04 斯道拉恩索公司 用于碳化作为粉末的木质纤维素材料的新方法
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