US20160151340A1 - Bowel cleansing composition - Google Patents

Bowel cleansing composition Download PDF

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US20160151340A1
US20160151340A1 US14/903,779 US201414903779A US2016151340A1 US 20160151340 A1 US20160151340 A1 US 20160151340A1 US 201414903779 A US201414903779 A US 201414903779A US 2016151340 A1 US2016151340 A1 US 2016151340A1
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cleansing
bowel
bowel cleansing
ingredient
cleansing composition
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Yoon Sik Kang
Chung Yoon Shin
Hyun Suk Kang
Hyun Yee Kang
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Priority claimed from PCT/KR2014/008893 external-priority patent/WO2015056897A1/ko
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4402—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof only substituted in position 2, e.g. pheniramine, bisacodyl
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Their preparation
    • A23L2/52—Adding ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
    • A61K31/047—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates having two or more hydroxy groups, e.g. sorbitol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/365—Lactones
    • A61K31/375—Ascorbic acid, i.e. vitamin C; Salts thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
    • A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/08—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for nausea, cinetosis or vertigo; Antiemetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/10—Laxatives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a bowel cleansing composition. More specifically, the present invention relates to a novel bowel cleansing composition comprising high concentrations of a specific sugar alcohol and ascorbic acid in addition to picosulfate that is a laxative agent so as to improve the ease of administration by reducing the total dosage and yet improve bowel cleansing efficacy while ensuring safety.
  • colon cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide with incidences of colon cancer during the year 2012 estimated to be 1.4 million worldwide and expected to be 2.4 million in the year 2035.
  • colonoscopy is essential.
  • colonoscopy is very important because colon cancer can be prevented if colon polyps, which are considered to be the precursor of colon cancer, are detected during colonoscopy and removed.
  • bowel cleansing prior to the procedure is essential; since stool may be retained inside the colon even after fasting for days, it is necessary to cleanse the colon thoroughly by artificial methods prior to the examination.
  • methods have been developed where cleansing liquids comprised of laxative agents are ingested to empty the colon.
  • An ideal bowel cleansing agent should have high cleansing power, ease of administration, as well as safety.
  • the ease of administration is determined by the volume of the bowel cleansing agent to be ingested, the taste of the agent, and the occurrence of discomforts such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain following the ingestion of the agent.
  • a bowel cleansing agent has excellent cleansing power, if its administration is difficult, one cannot successfully complete the intake process in accordance with the dosing regimen, resulting in inadequate bowel cleansing.
  • the unpleasant experience with bowel cleansing often leads to the refusal of repeat examination, and rumors about the difficulties of administration may impede the popularization of colonoscopies harming public health.
  • bowel cleansing should minimize temporary disorders and should not cause irreversible chronic disorders.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • the required volume of the diluted PEG solution may be reduced to 3 L by including a stimulant laxative such as bisacodyl tablets in the regimen such that it is administered 6-12 hours prior to the ingestion of the PEG solution, or using a magnesium citrate (Trade name Citromag) solution in combination, or adding ascorbic acid (Trade name MoviPrep®).
  • a stimulant laxative such as bisacodyl tablets in the regimen such that it is administered 6-12 hours prior to the ingestion of the PEG solution
  • a magnesium citrate Trade name Citromag
  • ascorbic acid Trade name MoviPrep®
  • ascorbic acid and sodium ascorbate are added to make up for the anticipated reduction in cleansing efficacy.
  • picosulfate preparations comprising magnesium citrate were developed as bowel cleansing preparations.
  • a big advantage with picosulfate preparations is that they have greatly improved taste and thus, unlike PEG preparations, their consumption causes little discomfort due to unpleasant taste. For that reason, picosulfate preparations are most commonly used in Europe, but their relatively poor bowel cleansing power is the biggest problem with these preparations.
  • the recommended regimen for Ferring's Prepopik® (sodium picosulfate, magenisum oxide, and anhydrous citric acid) approved by the U.S. FDA indicates the total volume of ingestion amounting to 2.22 L, and according to actual use of this preparation it has been found to be problematic due to its relatively poor cleansing power compared to PEG solutions.
  • Picolight® which has the same composition as Prepopik®, is often used in a total volume of 3.5 L in clinical settings, which is 1.5-fold higher than its recommended dose.
  • picosulfate-containing bowel cleansing agents do not contain electrolytes and thus they rarely cause hyponatremia or hypopotassemia due to overdose, but severe side effects such as spasm, etc., have been reported. Due to the incorporation of magnesium into this preparation, hypermagenesemia may occur, and thus patients with renal disorders are banned from using the preparation.
  • picosulfate-containing bowel cleansing agents developed for solving the ingestion difficulties with PEG preparations have improved compliance but show poor bowel cleansing efficacy. Consequently, patients still have to ingest large amounts ranging from 2.3 L to 3.5 L, and there exist problems of electrolyte abnormalities and hypermagenesemia.
  • the present invention has the objective of providing a novel bowel cleansing composition that is equipped not only with excellent cleansing efficacy to greatly improve the proportion of adequate bowel preparation that is still at about 70% at most but also with ease of administration owing to the improved taste as well as safety for the human body.
  • the present invention has another objective of providing a novel bowel cleansing composition which allows for economical mass production and commercialization.
  • the bowel cleansing composition comprises as a first cleansing ingredient at least one sugar alcohol selected from xylitol, sorbitol, glycerol, erythritol, threitol, arabitol, ribitol, mannitol, galactitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol, maltotriitol, maltotetraitol, and polyglycitol; as a second cleansing ingredient ascorbic acid or a mixture of ascorbic acid and a salt of ascorbic acid; as a third cleansing ingredient picosulfate; and an aqueous solvent, wherein the concentration of the first cleansing ingredient is 10 g/L to 500 g/L based on the total composition, the concentration of the second cleansing ingredient is 15 g/L to 500 g/L based on the total composition, the concentration of
  • the bowel cleansing composition according to the present invention displays superior cleansing efficacy as well as improved taste compared to existing bowel cleansing compositions.
  • the bowel cleansing composition according to the present invention also greatly enhances the ease of administration and compliance by significantly reducing the volume of ingestion.
  • the bowel cleansing composition according to the present invention improves patient discomfort by minimizing discomforts such as nausea, abdominal pain and vomiting during its consumption.
  • bicarbonates such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, etc.
  • electrolyte abnormalities such as hyponatremia, hypopotassemia, etc., which occurred with the existing bowel cleansing agents comprising picosulfate, can be prevented. Since the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention does not contain any magnesium, it can be safely used without severe side effects in patients with renal disorders.
  • the present invention achieves superior cleansing efficacy and antibacterial effect relative to the volume of the consumed fluid, eliminating the risk of production of combustible gases in the colon after bowel cleansing preparation ensuring safety in the human body.
  • the most stressful part about the bowel cleansing preparation procedure from the viewpoint of the patients includes large volumes of ingestion, unpleasant taste, discomforts such as abdominal pain and vomiting.
  • Picosulfate-containing bowel cleansing agents improve discomfort after administration but are still inconvenient in that large volumes amounting to 3.5 L need to be ingested due to their insufficient cleansing efficacy.
  • the present invention enhances bowel cleansing efficacy, thereby reducing the volume of ingestion to 2 L or less including water and thus leading to improved compliance. As such problems were solved, less patients complained of pain during administration.
  • the present invention is significant in that, despite a greatly reduced volume being consumed, bowel cleansing efficacy was more improved and the potential risk of the generation of intestinal combustible gas can be eliminated as much as possible by using a specific sugar alcohol in combination with ascorbic acid.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention can make the bowel preparation procedure significantly easier and safer, thereby greatly contributing to the popularization of colonoscopy and, as a result, maximizing the early detection of colon cancer as well as the prevention of colon cancer by polypectomy.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention may also be utilized in treating and alleviating constipation.
  • the preparation process of the invention allows for economical mass production and commercialization of the bowel cleansing composition.
  • FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 are photographs obtained from the respective laboratories which show the results of culturing intestinal bacterial after treatment with the bowel cleansing compositions according to one Example and the Comparative Examples.
  • FIG. 3 shows photographs representing the cleanliness of the colon following the ingestion of the bowel cleansing compositions according to one Example and the Comparative Examples.
  • FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B show graphs representing the rates of effective and insufficient bowel cleansing following the consumption of the bowel cleansing compositions according to one Example and the Comparative Examples.
  • FIG. 5 is a photograph showing a substantial amount of intracolonic bubbles generated after consumption of a bowel cleansing composition prepared according to prior art.
  • the bowel cleansing composition comprises as a first cleansing ingredient at least one sugar alcohol selected from xylitol, sorbitol, glycerol, erythritol, threitol, arabitol, ribitol, mannitol, galactitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol, maltotriitol, maltotetraitol, and polyglycitol; as a second cleansing ingredient, ascorbic acid or a mixture of ascorbic acid and a salt of ascorbic acid; as a third cleansing ingredient picosulfate; and an aqueous solvent, wherein the concentration of the first cleansing ingredient is 10 g/L to 500 g/L based on the total composition, the concentration of the second cleansing ingredient is 15 g/L to 500 g/L based on the total composition; the concentration of the second
  • Sugar alcohols used in the present invention as the first cleansing ingredient are a cleansing ingredient that works as a laxative when used at a high concentration.
  • the sugar alcohol used as the first cleansing ingredient for the present invention is one or more selected from xylitol, sorbitol, glycerol, erythritol, threitol, arabitol, ribitol, mannitol, galactitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol, maltotriitol, maltotetraitol, and polyglycitol.
  • sugar alcohol used as the first cleansing ingredient may include xylitol or sorbitol or a mixture of xylitol and sorbitol.
  • sorbitol has been deemed as a substance that should not be used for bowel preparation after an incidence of colonic gas explosion during a colopolypectomy procedure following bowel preparation using sorbitol was reported.
  • Ladas et al. shows that such incidence of explosion is not limited to mannitol or sorbitol, but occurs also after bowel preparation with a PEG formulation or a phosphate formulation.
  • a total of 20 gas explosions associated with bowel preparations were reported between 1952 and 2006, including four explosions during colopolypectomy of which two involved bowel preparation with PEG formulations, one with a phosphate formulation and another with mannitol ⁇ “Colonic gas explosion during therapeutic colonoscopy with electrocautery”, Ladas S D, Karamanolis G, Ben-Soussan E., World J Gastroenterol , 13, 5295-8, 2007>.
  • Colonic gas explosions during surgery or therapeutic endoscopy after bowel preparation are believed to be caused by the combustible gases hydrogen and methane produced by the fermentation of sugar alcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol by intestinal bacteria.
  • the explosive ranges for methane and hydrogen are 5-15 vol % and 4-75 vol %, respectively.
  • the present invention achieves superior cleansing efficacy and antibacterial effect relative to the volume of consumed fluid, eliminating the risk of explosion arising from inadequate bowel preparation ensuring safety.
  • the concentration of the first cleansing ingredient used in the present invention ranges from 10 g/L to 500 g/L, 20 g/L to 200 g/L, or 50 g/L to 150 g/L based on the total preparation, without limitation. If the concentration of the first cleansing ingredient is higher than the above range, production of the combustible gases hydrogen and methane may increase. If the concentration of the first cleansing ingredient is lower than the above range, it may lead to incomplete bowel cleansing.
  • Ascorbic acid which is used as the second cleansing ingredient in the present invention, is a water-soluble vitamin known as vitamin C, an essential vitamin playing various roles in maintaining health.
  • vitamin C an essential vitamin playing various roles in maintaining health.
  • specialty beverages containing ascorbic acid are being marketed. These specialty beverages are manufactured to contain ascorbic acid at concentrations up to 10 mg/mL (i.e., 10 g/L).
  • ascorbic acid is the main cleansing ingredient which is used in a high concentration to work as a laxative and its antibacterial activity inhibits intestinal bacteria such that the production of colonic gases is minimized.
  • the second cleansing ingredient is incorporated at a high concentration of 15 g/L to 500 g/L, 20 g/L to 300 g/L, or 30 g/L to 200 g/L based on the total composition. If the concentration of the second cleansing ingredient is higher than the above range, the excessively high acidity of the preparation may lead to excessive sour taste, making it difficult to consume the preparation, and may severely stimulate the stomach to cause nausea, retching, vomiting, and heartburn during the consumption of the preparation. On the other hand, if the concentration of the second cleansing ingredient is lower than the above range, the reduced antibacterial effect may lead to the excessive production of combustible gases in the colon.
  • a salt of ascorbic acid used as the second cleansing ingredient in the present invention refers to an alkaline metal or alkaline earth metal salt of ascorbic acid.
  • alkaline metal include, but are not limited to, sodium or potassium
  • examples of the alkaline earth metal include, but are not limited to, calcium.
  • the salt of ascorbic acid used in the present invention may be sodium ascorbate or calcium ascorbate.
  • a salt of ascorbic acid reduces the acidity of a solution compared to ascorbic acid alone, enhancing the bowel cleansing efficacy by inhibiting the absorption of ascorbic acid which is known to increase with acidity.
  • the mass ratio of ascorbic acid to the salt of ascorbic acid may range from 99:1 to 60:40. If the mass ratio of ascorbic acid to the salt of ascorbic acid is outside the above range, excessive amounts of sodium, calcium, potassium or magnesium may be absorbed to the body, causing electrolyte abnormalities or resulting in hypercalcemia or hypermagnesemia.
  • Picosulfate used as the third cleansing ingredient in the present invention is used as a stimulant laxative. Picosulfate is usually administered once or twice daily at a dose of 7.5 mg at one time.
  • the concentration of picosulfate used as the third cleansing ingredient in the present invention may be 1 mg/L to 100 mg/L, 10 mg/L to 80 mg/L, or 15 mg/L to 70 mg/L, based on the total composition.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention may additionally comprise an anti-foaming agent in order to remove colonic gases or bubbles frequently seen after bowel preparation.
  • an anti-foaming agent includes, without limitation, simethicone.
  • a diluted simethicone solution is prepared and injected into the colon through a small channel in the scope.
  • Another approach involves separate administration of a separately provided simethicone preparation at the last stage of bowel preparation.
  • the area that can be covered by a single application of diluted simethicone is very limited.
  • inconvenience arises as the application of diluted solution may need to be repeated as many as ten times or more.
  • the volume of the preparation is typically as small as 10 ml, which may be insufficient to prevent the formation of bubbles throughout the colon.
  • the present invention incorporates a diluted anti-foaming agent such as simethicone into the bowel cleansing composition so that foaming is very effectively inhibited across the regions of colon reached by the bowel cleansing liquid even with a small volume of the anti-foaming agent.
  • a diluted anti-foaming agent such as simethicone
  • the concentration of the anti-foaming agent used in the present invention may be 100 mg/L to 2 g/L, 150 mg/L to 1.5 g/L, or 200 mg/L to 1 g/L based on the total preparation in the case of simethicone, but is not limited to the above ranges in the case of anti-foaming agents other than simethicone. If the concentration of the anti-foaming agent exceeds the upper limit of the above range, it may cause adverse effects such as abdominal pain, rash, swelling of the face or tongue, breathing difficulties, etc.
  • Aqueous solvents that can be used in the present invention include water, carbonated water, alkaline ionized water, and beverages, for example.
  • beverages include coffee, various juices, cola, clear sodas, and gin and tonic.
  • carbonated water or alkaline ionized water can be used as the aqueous solvent.
  • carbonated water is known to be effective in improving constipation in elderly people suffering from chronic constipation.
  • Alkaline ionized water may increase the cleansing efficacy by partially neutralizing the acidity of the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention, leading to reduced absorption of ascorbic acid.
  • the volume of the aqueous solvent can be, without limitation, 0.1 L to 1.0 L, 0.1 L to 0.9 L, 0.2 L to 0.8 L, or 0.3 L to 0.7 L. If the volume of the solvent is less than 0.1 L, ingredients may not be completely dissolved in the solvent. If the volume of the solvent is greater than 1.0 L, the large volume may lead to reduced compliance.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention may additionally comprise ingredients for improving compliance and alleviating upper gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, retching and vomiting that are frequently observed during bowel preparation.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention containing a large amount of ascorbic acid and citric acid is high in acidity and may be difficult to consume due to excessive sour taste, it may comprise a bicarbonate salt such as sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate to neutralize the acidity.
  • Sodium bicarbonate can be used at a concentration ranging from 0.1 g/L to 10 g/L based on the total preparation. If used beyond the above range, it may lead to reduced compliance due to excessive saltiness and cause hypernatremia. Potassium bicarbonate can be used at a concentration ranging from 0.1 g/L to 20 g/L based on the total preparation. If used beyond the above range, it can cause hyperkalemia due to the intake of potassium exceeding its daily recommended dose. Hyperkalemia poses the risk of heart disorders, for example.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention may further comprise an extract, powder or concentrate of ginger, peppermint, chamomile or the like in the form of aqueous solution for the purpose of enhancing the compliance by alleviating symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain.
  • These ingredients work as gastrointestinal soother and can be incorporated at a concentration of 5 g/L to 50 g/L based on the total bowel cleansing composition. If used excessively beyond the above range, such gastrointestinal soothers may reduce the cleansing efficacy by inhibiting bowel movement.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention may further comprise known cleansing ingredients or adjuncts for augmenting the cleansing effect.
  • additional cleansing ingredients and adjuncts include citric acid, magnesium component such as magnesium oxide, docusate sodium, senna extract (e.g., sennoside), aloe extract (e.g., aloin), garlic extract (e.g., alliin and allicin) etc. and pectin, zinc component such as zinc oxide, caffeine, etc.
  • Citric acid is a natural substance present in citrus fruits in high concentrations. It makes sour taste and is used as a preservative in a variety of beverages and food. Citric acid is classified as a very safe substance, and the FDA and the FAO/WHO have recognized that the ingestion of excessive amounts of citric acid causes little harm.
  • citric acid can be incorporated as an additional cleansing ingredient working as a laxative.
  • the concentration of citric acid may be 1 g/L to 15 g/L based on the total preparation. If its concentration exceeds the above range, patient compliance may be reduced due to heartburn and strong sour taste.
  • Magnesium is also a substance than can function as a laxative. However, it should be used with caution in people with renal disorders because administering an excess amount greater than 3 g at one time may cause adverse effects from hypermagnesemia.
  • Pectin and zinc can enhance the laxative effect of ascorbic acid by inhibiting its gastrointestinal absorption.
  • Pectin can be used at a concentration of 0.1 g/L to 2 g/L based on the total preparation, and may not be dissolved if used at a concentration greater than the above range.
  • Zinc oxide can be used at a concentration of 10 mg/L to 400 mg/L based on the total preparation, and its excessive intake beyond the above range may cause vomiting, retching, etc.
  • Caffeine may be used to fight the sluggishness that may be felt during bowel preparation and enhance the cleansing efficacy. Up to 30 mg of caffeine can be used based on the total preparation. Excessive intake of caffeine beyond the above range can cause tachycardia, anxiety, sleep disturbance, etc.
  • Substances that may be used as adjunctive laxatives also include docusate sodium (10 mg/L to 400 mg/L. Excessive intake can cause vomiting, abdominal pain, etc.), senna extract (sennoside, 10 mg/L to 50 mg/L, Excessive intake can cause vomiting, abdominal pain, etc.), aloe extract (aloin, 10 mg/L to 50 mg/L. Prolonged excessive intake can cause reduced bowel function), garlic extracts (alliin and allicin, 10 mg/L to 5 g/L, Excessive intake can cause severe abdominal pain and vomiting), and the like.
  • docusate sodium (10 mg/L to 400 mg/L. Excessive intake can cause vomiting, abdominal pain, etc.
  • senna extract sennoside, 10 mg/L to 50 mg/L, Excessive intake can cause vomiting, abdominal pain, etc.
  • aloe extract aloin, 10 mg/L to 50 mg/L. Prolonged excessive intake can cause reduced bowel function
  • the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention may include sweeteners to improve taste.
  • suitable sweeteners include, without limitation, sucralose, maltodextrin, glucose, sucrose, dextrose, saccharin, aspartame, and stevia.
  • Such sweeteners can be used in a range from 0.01 mg/L to 10 g/L based on the total bowel cleansing composition. Using an excessive amount beyond the above range may cause discomforts such as nausea and retching.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention may additionally include suitable amounts of edible fruit flavorings to enhance compliance.
  • Such fruit flavorings may be strawberry flavor, orange flavor, apple flavor, grape flavor, lemon flavor, banana flavor, cherry flavor, etc.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention may additionally comprise a suitable amount of antioxidant to prevent the oxidation of ascorbic acid.
  • antioxidant includes, without limitation, ferulic acid, amino acids such as glycine and histidine, hyaluronic acid, and tocopherol.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention may additionally comprise a chelating agent to chelate the trace amounts of iron and copper ions potentially contained in the aqueous solvent.
  • chelating agents include, without limitation, the Versene CA chelating agent (The Dow Chemical Company).
  • the bowel cleansing composition according to the present invention can be a one-part product or a two-part product.
  • the bowel cleansing composition can be packaged as a one-part product in which the entire ingredients including a first cleansing ingredient, a second cleansing ingredient, and a third cleansing ingredient, and, as necessary, an anti-foaming agent, a gastrointestinal soother, and other additives are packaged in a container together with an aqueous solvent.
  • the bowel cleansing composition can be packaged as a two-part product.
  • the first cleansing ingredient, the second cleansing ingredient, and the third cleansing ingredient may be packaged together while the aqueous solvent is separately packaged; the second cleansing ingredient and the aqueous solvent are packaged together while the first cleansing ingredient and the third cleansing ingredient are separately packaged; the first and third cleansing ingredients and the aqueous solvent are packaged together while the second cleansing ingredient is separately packaged; the first and third cleansing ingredients and part of the aqueous solvent are packaged together while the second cleansing ingredient and part of the aqueous solvent are packaged together; or the first, second, and third cleansing ingredients and part of the aqueous solvent may be packaged together while the remaining part of the aqueous solvent is separately packaged, but not limited thereto.
  • anti-foaming agent, gastrointestinal soother, and other additives can be incorporated into the two-part product, as necessary, in various combinations.
  • a method of formulating the bowel cleansing composition as a two-part product that is packaged in the form of highly concentrated solution and a vehicle and using the product is now explained.
  • the entire ingredients including the first cleansing ingredient, second cleansing ingredient and third cleansing ingredient, and, if necessary, the anti-foaming agent, gastrointestinal soother, and other additives are dissolved in a minimal amount of an aqueous solvent to give a highly concentrated solution, and users may dilute the solution in a beverage (making up the remaining volume as an aqueous solvent) they have chosen as vehicle.
  • the volume of the aqueous solvent for forming the highly concentrated solution may be 0.05 L to 0.2 L, and the amount of the beverage of the user's choice, i.e., vehicle may be the remaining volume for an aqueous solvent.
  • each solid ingredient of the composition is separately packaged as well as the aqueous solvent, and users can mix the entire ingredients at the time of ingestion.
  • Various other forms of packaging can also be used and the form of the two-part product is not limited by the packaging methods described above.
  • the entire ingredients including the first cleansing ingredient, the second cleansing ingredient, and the third cleansing ingredient, and as necessary, the anti-foaming agent, gastrointestinal soother, and other additives can be mixed with the aqueous solvent at the same time, or each ingredient can be separately prepared and then mixed stepwise.
  • a process for preparing the bowel cleansing composition according to the present invention may comprise the steps of forming a first mixture comprising a sugar alcohol as a first cleansing ingredient; forming a second mixture comprising ascorbic acid or ascorbic acid and a salt of ascorbic acid as a second cleansing ingredient; forming a third mixture comprising picosulfate as a third cleansing ingredient; as necessary, forming a fourth mixture comprising an anti-foaming agent; as necessary, forming a fifth mixture comprising a gastrointestinal soother; and mixing the first mixture to fifth mixture with an aqueous solvent to form a bowel cleansing composition.
  • a process for preparing the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention may additionally include the steps of mixing in advance the first mixture to fifth mixture in any combinations prior to mixing the first, second, and third mixtures, and as necessary the fourth and fifth mixtures, with an aqueous solvent.
  • a process for preparing the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention may involve, for example, preparing in advance a highly concentrated solution comprising the first, second, and third mixture, and as necessary, the fourth and fifth mixtures, and part of the aqueous solvent, and then adjusting the solution to the above-described specific concentrations and quantities by diluting with various beverages at the time of ingestion.
  • the type of beverage that users can choose as a vehicle is not particularly limited as long as it is an aqueous solvent, including water, carbonated water, alkaline ionized water and a beverage, etc., and the beverage may be the same as or different from the aqueous solvent in the highly concentrated solution.
  • the kind of beverage as long as the effect of the present invention can be achieved.
  • beverages include drip coffee, various juices, cola, clear sodas, and gin and tonic.
  • the method of mixing for the individual ingredients, particle shape and size of solids, pH, preparation temperature, agitation conditions, containers, packaging material, vacuum packaging or gas-substituted packaging, and other packaging specifics may be adjusted as necessary depending on the form, type, shipping and storage method of the bowel cleansing composition to be prepared.
  • a dosing regimen for the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention may involve, without limitation, consuming 50-100 cc of the composition every 5-10 minutes for a total of 5-10 doses, starting at 3-5 hours before the scheduled colonoscopy depending on the bowel sensitivity of the subject.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention may be ingested over a time period of, for example, 1 hour to 1.5 hour and a suitable amount of bottled water or the like may be additionally taken in case of thirst.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention displays enhanced bowel cleansing efficacy despite a greatly reduced volume of ingestion.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention also achieves convenience of administration by requiring a very small volume of ingestion.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention causes no or minimal discomfort such as nausea, retching, and bloating as it does not contain unpalatable ingredients, and is safe as it inhibits the production of combustible gases in the colon.
  • the preparation process of the present invention allows for the economical mass production and commercialization of a high performance bowel cleansing composition.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention has excellent cleansing efficacy, ease of administration and safety, it can be utilized for bowel preparation prior to colonoscopy or the like, for preparation prior to colonic surgery and anal surgery for hemorrhoid or the like as well as for the treatment and alleviation of diseases such as chronic and acute constipation.
  • Comparative Reference Example 1 was prepared for comparison with the solution of Example 1.
  • Comparative Reference Example 1 refers to a 10 mL PICOLYTE solution which is prepared by diluting the active ingredient in bottled water according to the recommended regimen.
  • the concentration of the active ingredient is the same as its concentration used in bowel cleansing.
  • Example 1 aliquots of the solutions from Example 1, Comparative Reference Example 1, and Control (bottled water) were mixed with a diluted solution of stool collected from 5 people, and 20 mL of the diluted solution each was stored in 500 mL containers for 18 hours at room temperature. Then, gas concentrations in each container were measured using a gas detector.
  • the diluted solutions of stool were prepared by sampling stools from fiver different subjects and diluting 3 g of the stool from each subject in 100 mL of bottled water, giving a total of 5 different diluted solutions of stool.
  • Example 1 Comparative Reference Example 1
  • Control bottled water
  • Geotech GA5000 gas analyzer can measure methane in vol % unit and hydrogen in the range of 0-1000 ppm.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of Example 1 gave no detectable hydrogen, as well as a methane concentration of 0.13%, which is lower than that of the control and that of the picosulfate bowel cleansing solution of Comparative Reference Example 1. That is, these results show that the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention is the safest with respect to the generation of colonic combustible gases.
  • the mixed solutions in the containers were submitted to two testing institutions, i.e., a laboratory at the Seoul Medical Science Institute (SCL), a CAP accredited and Korean Society for Laboratory Medicine (KSLM)/Laboratory Medicine Foundation accredited institution, and the KSLM accredited Green Cross Laboratories, where they were cultured for 48 hours and measured for the resulting colony counts.
  • SCL Seoul Medical Science Institute
  • KSLM Korean Society for Laboratory Medicine
  • KSLM Green Cross Laboratories
  • FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show the results from the culture of intestinal bacterial for Example 1, Comparative Reference Example 1, and Control, in accordance with the respective laboratories.
  • Example 1 the colony counts of the cultures of the diluted solutions of stool in the five subjects were all lower than those of Comparative Reference Example 1 using PICOLYTE and even those of the Control group. That is, it can be seen from Example 1 that bacteria capable of producing combustible gases such as hydrogen or methane were significantly suppressed. Although obtained from in vitro tests, these results demonstrate that with respect to the production of combustible gases in the colon, the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention is safer than any of the existing bowel cleansing agents.
  • Example 1 comprising xylitol, ascorbic acid, and picosulfate as main ingredients is very safe with regard to intestinal bacterial growth and the resulting production of combustible gases in the colon.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention may greatly contribute to reducing the incidence of postoperative infections when it is used as a laxative for bowel preparation before colonic surgery. Because contamination from the bowel contents may occur during colonic surgery, the preoperative administration of antibiotics to prevent surgical site infection due to such contamination is established as the standard. However, if the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention is used for preoperative bowel preparation, it inhibits bacteria in the bowel contents, reducing the possibility of infection even when contamination from the bowel contents occurs.
  • the existing bowel cleansing liquids are used not only for bowel cleansing prior to colonoscopy but also as the main laxative for preoperative bowel preparation before colonic surgery, the above-described effect may enhance the significance of the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention.
  • the novel bowel cleansing composition according to the present invention has the lowest risk as it minimizes the production of combustible hydrogen and methane gases compared to conventional colon cleansing preparations and inhibits bacterial growth.
  • Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were prepared for comparative experiments concerning the ease of administration, bowel cleansing efficacy and safety of the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention.
  • Example 1 The bowel cleansing compositions prepared in Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were evaluated for their cleansing performance and compliance.
  • Detailed dosing regimens for Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are described below.
  • Example 1 In the dosing regimen of Example 1, starting from 5 hours before the scheduled examination, a total of 500 ml of the bowel cleansing solution was ingested at a rate of 100 ml (5 mouthfuls, one half of a paper cup) every 30 minutes for a total of 5 times as a general rule. After ingestion of 100 ml of the bowel cleansing solution, 200 ml of bottled water was additionally ingested every 15 minutes. According to this regimen, ingestion of the bowel cleansing agent took 120 minutes in total.
  • one pouch provided in the product was ingested after dilution in 150 ml of water at 7 PM the day before the examination followed by additional 1 L of water over one hour, and the process was repeated once on the day of examination at 5 hours before starting the examination.
  • Bowel cleansing efficacy was assessed in two aspects: ⁇ circle around (1) ⁇ colon cleanliness and ⁇ circle around (2) ⁇ the amount of bubbles.
  • a surgeon evaluated the level of colon cleanliness of a patient using a five-point scale (Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor, Fail) according to the criteria shown in Table 4 and FIG. 3 .
  • the evaluation was carried out in a blind test in which the surgeon performing the colonoscopy was not informed of the identity of the bowel cleansing composition consumed by the individual patients.
  • FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B present the above results classified as “effective bowel cleansing” referring to conditions adequate for colonoscopy and “insufficient bowel preparation” referring to conditions unsatisfactory or impossible for accurate colonoscopy. “Effective bowel preparation” includes conditions rated as Excellent or Good, and “insufficient bowel preparation” includes conditions rated as Fair, Poor, or Fail.
  • FIG. 5 is a photograph showing a substantial amount of intracolonic bubbles generated after the consumption of the bowel cleansing composition of Comparative Example 1.
  • Example 1 bubbles were not generated in 92.8% of the subjects, but in case of Comparative Examples 1 and 2, the percentage of subjects developing no bubbles was as low as about 1 ⁇ 3.
  • substantial amounts of bubbles were formed to the extent that examination was greatly interfered in more than one in three subjects.
  • bubbles form they can be washed away using pharmaceutical agents during colonoscopy.
  • excessive bubble formation interferes with the smooth progress of colonoscopy and also becomes the reason for missing small lesions.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of Example 1 the almost complete prevention of bubble formation allows for more time to be allotted to the observation of lesions while at the same time reducing procedure time, and also enhances the disease detection rate because the clear vision facilitates the detection of small lesions.
  • Ease of administration was assessed in four aspects: ⁇ circle around (1) ⁇ taste of the cleansing agent, ⁇ circle around (2) ⁇ discomfort after administration, ⁇ circle around (3) ⁇ willingness to recommend to family, and ⁇ circle around (4) ⁇ need for improvement.
  • Example 1 caused a level of discomfort that is lower than or similar to existing bowel cleansing agents with regard to all categories such as abdominal pain, bloating, vomiting, and thirst. Vomiting was quite frequent in Comparative Example 2, which appears to be associated with the unpleasant taste of PEG preparations.
  • Comparative Example 1 showed a relatively lower percentage of non-recommendation with a rate of 7%, which is slightly higher than that of Example 1. This may be viewed as being associated with its large volume of ingestion amounting to 2.3 L.
  • Example 1 shows the highest satisfaction as the percentage of subjects who saw the need for improvement is the lowest. In comparison, 7% of the subjects saw the need for improvement in Comparative Example 1 and 58% of the subjects saw the need for improvement in Comparative Example 2.
  • each bowel cleansing agent was assessed by conducting blood tests for the blood ascorbic acid concentration, and blood chemistry.
  • the reference range for blood ascorbic acid concentration is 2-20 ⁇ g/mL. It can be expected that the blood ascorbic acid concentration is transiently elevated above the reference range with Comparative Example 3 where 21.2 g of ascorbic acid is mixed in the ingested liquid as well as with Example 1 containing 25 g of ascorbic acid compounds. However, since ascorbic acid is water soluble, blood ascorbic acid exceeding the reference value is directly excreted via the kidney to reduce the blood concentration to normal.
  • MoviPrep® was able to be approved by the U.S. FDA as a bowel cleansing agent without difficulty despite having the same composition as CoolPrep (used in Comparative Example 2), which has been shown to cause transient elevation of the blood ascorbic acid level.
  • the bowel cleansing composition of Example 1 is a safe pharmaceutical preparation which does not cause hematochemical abnormalities.
  • the bowel cleansing composition according to the present invention displays superior cleansing efficacy as well as improved taste compared to existing bowel cleansing agents.
  • the bowel cleansing composition according to the present invention also greatly enhances the ease of administration and compliance by significantly reducing the volume of ingestion.
  • the bowel cleansing composition according to the present invention improves patient discomfort by minimizing discomforts during its consumption such as nausea, abdominal pain and vomiting.
  • bicarbonates such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, etc., it can prevent electrolyte abnormalities such as hyponatremia, hypopotassemia, etc., which can occur with the existing picosulfate-containing bowel cleansing agents. Since the bowel cleansing composition of the present invention does not contain any magnesium, it can be safely used in patients with renal disorders with no severe side effects.

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