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  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
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  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
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  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
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  • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
  • A61K2039/55566—Emulsions, e.g. Freund's adjuvant, MF59
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K2039/70—Multivalent vaccine
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  • C12N2710/14011—Baculoviridae
  • C12N2710/14041—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
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  • C12N2760/16011—Orthomyxoviridae
  • C12N2760/16111—Influenzavirus A, i.e. influenza A virus
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  • C12N2760/00011—Details
  • C12N2760/18011—Paramyxoviridae
  • C12N2760/18111—Avulavirus, e.g. Newcastle disease virus
  • C12N2760/18134—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of medicine, preferably to the field of infectious diseases.
• the present invention relates to influenza proteins and vaccines.
• the present invention relates to the use of any of such proteins or vaccines for the treatment and prevention of influenza infections, furthermore for the prevention of intra- and inter-species transmission of influenza virus.
• Influenza infection remains an important infection in animals and humans. Influenza is caused by viruses that undergo continuous antigenic changes/modifications and that possess an animal reservoir. Thus new epidemics and pandemics may occur in the future, and eradication of the disease will be difficult to achieve. Influenza viruses are well known in the art and described more in detail for example by P. Palese, Nature Medicine , vol. 10, no. 12, pp. S 82 to S 86 of December 2004, with further references. Briefly, the genome of the influenza A virus consists of eight single-stranded segments, and the viral particles has two major glycoproteins on its surface: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). With at least 16 different hemagglutinin (H1 to H16) and 9 different neuraminidase (N1 to N9) subtypes, there is a considerable antigenic variation among influenza viruses.
• H hemagglutinin
• N neuraminidase
• Influenza virus of type H5N1 Fowl Plague virus has been demonstrated to infect poultry, pigs and man.
• the viruses can also be transmitted directly from avian species to humans (Claas et al., Lancet 1998, 351: 472; Suarez et al., J. Virol. 1998, 72: 6678; Subbarao et al., Science 1998, 279: 393; Shortridge, Vaccine 1999, 17 (Suppl. 1): S26-S29).
• Mortality in known human clinical cases approaches about 50%.
• Pigs have been an important vector for influenza pandemics.
• Pigs, camels, and seals, preferably pigs can serve as a ‘mixing chamber’ for avian influenza viruses, and therefore represent a potential risk factor for overcoming the species hurdles from poultry, the naturally reservoir of influenza viruses, to mammals.
• Current influenza vaccines include a subunit vaccine (Babai et al., Vaccine 1999, 17(9-10):1223-1238; Crawford at al., Vaccine 1999, 17(18):2265-2274; Johansson et al., Vaccine 1999, 17(15-16):2073-2080) attenuated vaccine (Horimoto et al., Vaccine 2004, 22(17-18):2244-2247), DNA vaccine (Watabe et al., Vaccine 2001, 19(31):4434-4444) and inactivated influenza vaccine (Cao at al., Vaccine 1992, 10(4):238-242), with the latter being the most widely used on a commercial scale (Lipatov at al., J Virol 2004, 78(17):8951-8959).
• Subunit vaccines recombinant hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (Babai et al., Vaccine 1999, 17(9-10):1223-1238; Crawford et al., Vaccine 1999, 17(18):2265-2274; Johansson et al., Vaccine 1999, 17(15-16):2073-2080) may be an attractive alternative to the inactivated vaccine, although none are currently in use as commercial vaccines. The preparation of such vaccines is obviously safer than for an inactivated vaccine. Moreover, subunit vaccines do not generate antibody responses to internal influenza viral proteins and thus allow distinction between vaccinated and infected animals (Crawford at al., Vaccine 1999, 17(18):2265-2274).
• Hemagglutinin protein is the receptor-binding and membrane fusion glycoprotein of influenza virus and the target for infectivity-neutralizing antibodies.
• the entire hemagglutinin protein (HA) from the H5N1 is composed of 568 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 56 kDa.
• the HA molecule consists of HA1 and HA2 subunits, with the HA1 subunit mediating initial contact with the cell membrane and HA2 being responsible for membrane fusion (Chizmadzhev, Bioelectrochemistry 2004, 63(1-2):129-136).
• Baculovirus/insect cell systems have been used to express hemagglutinin genes isolated from avian influenza subtypes (Babai at al., Vaccine 1999, 17(9-10):1223-1238; Crawford et al., Vaccine 1999, 17(18):2265-2274; Johansson et al., Vaccine 1999, 17(15-16):2073-2080); Nwe et al., BMC Mircobiology 2006, 6(16):doi:10.1186/1471-2180-6-16).
• those recombinant proteins seem not to be protective in any case, or only less effective at least for some species (Treanor et al., Vaccine 2001, 19: 1732-1737).
• Lin et al. J Vet Med Sci. 2008 70(11):1147-52 discloses the use of a baculovirus/insect cell system for the production of H5 protein of clade 2 H5N1 virus A/duck/China/E319-2/03, which is usable for a prime-booster vaccination for preventing an infection with the clade 2 virus A/duck/China/E319-2/03.
• VLPs virus-like particles
• neuraminidase hemagglutinin
• matrix 1 protein from clade 2 H5N1 virus for inducing a cross-clade protective immune response against a challenge with clade 1 H5N1 virus A/VN/1203/2004 in mice.
• VLPs virus-like particles
• the production of VLPs is not without problems, since in order to generate a functional VLP that effectively mimic a real virus, multiple virus structural proteins are needed which must then be correctly assembled into a particle that reproduces the confirmation of the outer shell (capsid) of the infectious virus. Further, study also reals that in vitro assembly of VLPs competes with aggregation (Ding at al. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 107 (3): 550-560).
• H5 protein of clade 1 H5N1 induces, in particular by a single-shot vaccination, a cross-clade protective immune response to influenza viruses with H5N1 HA.
• H5 protein of clade 1 H5N1 virus which is for reasons of clarity also termed “H5 protein (1)” herein, comprises or consists of a polypeptide sequence having at least 98% sequence identity with the polypeptide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
• a “single-shot vaccination” refers to an immunogenic composition that is effective at reducing the incidence of or severity of infection after a single dose thereof, without the need for a booster.
• the invention is thus directed to H5 protein (1) of clade 1 H5N1 virus for use in a method of treating or preventing infections with H5N1 virus of a different clade, namely of a clade different from clade 1 or from any clade with the exception of clade 1, respectively, wherein said H5 protein (1) comprises or consists of a polypeptide sequence having at least 98% sequence identity with the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.
• clade or “clades” as used herein relates to the clade(s) of the WHO Nomenclature System for the highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1), which is summarized at the WHO website URL: who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/guidelines/nomencature/en/(12 Aug. 2011), which is incorporated herein by reference.
• new sublineages (potential H5N1 clades) periodically emerge. Once these sublineages meet the same three specific clade definition criteria as the initial 10 clades (numbered 0-9), they are designated as separate clades (WHO/OIE/FAO H5N1 Evolution Working Group Emerg. Inf. Dis. 14, 7 (2008).
• These new clades are defined as second (or third, etc) order clades and assigned a numerical ‘address’ which links them to their original clade using a hierarchical decimal numbering system. For example, within the antigenically distinct clade 2.3, third order clades meeting the clade definition are designated as clades 2.3.1 and 2.3.2 and so on. This logical hierarchal numbering system is objectively related to HA phylogeny.
• the web based tool “Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 HA clade prediction” can be used, which is described by Lu, Davis, Rowley, and Donis: “A Web-based tool for the clade designation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses” in Options for the Control of Influenza VI. J. M. Katz, N. Cox & A. W. Hampson (Eds.) London: Blackwell, 2007, herein incorporated by reference, and which is found at the website URL: h5n1.flugenome.org/grouping.php (12 Aug. 2011).
• H5 protein of clade 1 H5N1 virus is thus a HA with an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence of a clade 1 according to the above-mentioned WHO Nomenclature System for H5N1.
• a clade 2.3.1 H5N1 virus for instance, is hence a H5N1 falling under the criteria of a clade 2.3.1 according to the above-mentioned WHO Nomenclature System for H5N1.
• the H5 protein (1) according to the invention namely the H5 protein of clade 1 H5N1 virus as described herein, comprises or consists of a polypeptide sequence having at least 98.1%, preferably at least 98.2%, more preferably at least 98.3%, and most preferably at least 98.4% sequence identity with the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.
• Sequence identity in the context of the invention is understood as being based on determined pairwise similarity between protein sequences.
• the determination of percent similarity between two sequences is preferably accomplished using a computational algorithm, in particular the well-known Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (Altschul S F, Gish W, Miller W, Myers E W, Lipman D J: Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 1990, 215(3):403-410).
• percent sequence identity of an amino acid sequence is determined using the BLAST blastp homology search algorithm using the following parameters: an expected threshold of 10, word size 3, BLOSUM62 matrix, gap opening penalty of 11, a gap extension penalty of 1, and conditional compositional score matrix adjustment.
• the database to search against is the set of non-redundant protein sequences (nr).
• the BLAST homology search algorithm is described in Altschul SF (1990), J Mol Biol 1990, 215(3):403-410, which is herein incorporated by reference.
• a variant may, for example, differ from the reference accession number BAE07201 molecule without signal peptide (N-terminal 16 amino acid residues are not shown in SEQ ID NO:1) by as few as 1 to 15 amino acid residues, as few as 1 to 10 amino acid residues, such as 6-10, as few as 5, as few as 4, 3, 2, or even 1 amino acid residue.
• the H5 protein (1) according to the invention i.e. the H5 protein (1) of clade 1 H5N1 virus for use in a method of treating or preventing infections with H5N1 virus of a different clade
• Said preferred H5 protein (1) is also termed Mut k+ or mutK+ in the following.
• such H5 protein and any further H5 protein according to the invention is an isolated H5 protein.
• H5 protein (1) of clade 1 H5N1 preferably means “H5 protein (1) as single antigen of clade 1 H5N1 virus” or in particular “H5 protein (1) as single antigen”.
• H5 hemagglutinin 5
• H5 protein H5 protein
• Mut k+ refers to the amino acid position as exemplarily given in SEQ ID NO:2.
• SEQ ID NO:2 represents the amino sequence of the hemagglutinin of strain duck/China/E319-2/03 but lacking the amino terminal signal peptide.
• amino acid residue is meant which corresponds to amino acid 223 of SEQ ID NO:2.
• this does not mean that the H5 protein Mut k+ according to the invention has the identical amino acid sequence with SEQ ID NO:2. It only says, that the corresponding amino acids of the H5 proteins according to the inventions code for the amino acid residue, as explicitly mentioned.
• amino acid 223 would be Serine (S).
• S Serine
• the terms “223N”, or “155N” exemplarily mean, that the amino acid at positions 223 and 155, respectively—numbering according to the amino acid positions of SEQ ID NO:2—,that shall code for the amino acid Asparagine (N).
• H5 protein (1) having the amino acid 223N a H5 amino acid molecule that normally codes for Serine at amino acid position 223—numbering according to the amino acid positions of SEQ ID NO:2—that amino acid shall be substituted by an Asparagine (N).
• 328K+ or “modification 328K+” means, that at amino acid position 328 of H5 protein—numbering according to the amino acid positions of SEQ ID NO:2—, a second Lysine (K+) is inserted.
• a second Lysine (K+) is inserted.
• no further Lysine (K) shall be inserted.
• most of the known H5 sequences code at amino acid positions 328 and 329 for Lysine-Arginine.
• the term 328K+ modification means, that a second Lysine (K) shall be inserted between Lysine at position 328 and Arginine at position 329.
• the modified sequence would read then Lysine-Lysine-Arginine (KKR).
• the hemagglutinin of strain duck/China/E319-2/03 is shifted to a H5 protein (1) of clade 1 H5N1, since it resembles the H5 sequence of the clade 1 H5N1 virus A/HongKong/213/2003, the year/location/host of this HK isolate, and shows reactivity with clade-1-specific antibodies.
• the Mut K+ sequence is classified as a H5 sequence of a clade 1 H5N1.
• the designed Mut K+ sequence is thus understood and defined to be a H5 protein of clade 1 H5N1 virus.
• any designed H5 protein is understood and defined as a H5 protein of clade 1 H5N1 virus according to the invention, if it is encoded by a nucleotide sequence which fulfils the criteria of a nucleotide sequence of a clade 1 according to the above-mentioned WHO Nomenclature System for H5N1.
• the present invention is implemented with a H5 protein and any modified forms of H5 protein, including any deletion, substitution and/or insertion mutant of H5 protein, wherein those H5 proteins having the amino acid 223N and the modification 328K+, wherein numbering of the amino acid positions of the H5 protein refers to the amino acid position as exemplarily given in SEQ ID NO:2 and wherein the modification 328K+ means that at amino acid position 328 of H5 protein a second Lysine (K+) is inserted.
• any of the H5 proteins as provided herewith are antigenic, which mean they show antigenic properties in an standard hemagglutinin inhibition assay for influenza viruses.
• the present invention also relates to any part of the H5 protein (1), which means any peptide-fragment which shows antigenic properties in an standard hemagglutinin inhibition assay, having in one embodiment at least the amino acid 223N and the modification 328K+, wherein numbering of the amino acid positions of the H5 protein refers to the amino acid position as exemplarily given in SEQ ID NO:2 and wherein the modification 328K+ means that at amino acid position 328 of H5 protein a second Lysine (K+) is inserted.
• H5 protein (1) means any peptide-fragment which shows antigenic properties in an standard hemagglutinin inhibition assay, having in one embodiment at least the amino acid 223N and the modification 328K+, wherein numbering of the amino acid positions of the H5 protein refers to the amino acid position as exemplarily given in SEQ ID NO:2 and wherein the modification 328K+ means that at amino acid position 328 of H5 protein a second Lysine (K+) is inserted.
• a H5 protein (1) shows antigenic properties if it inhibits hemagglutination in a standard hemagglutinin inhibition assay, for example, as described in Example 2.
• said antigenic part of H5 protein (1) comprises 200, 180, 160, 150, 140, 130, 120, 110 or most preferably 105 contiguous amino acids of the amino acid sequence that codes for the H5 protein as mentioned above, modified or non-modified, which shows antigenic properties in an standard hemagglutinin inhibition assay as described in Example 2.
• a standard hemagglutinin inhibition assay for example is also described in Stephenson et al., Virus Research vol. 103, pp. 91-95 (2004) with further references.
• the HI assay as described in Example 2 shall be understood to be the relevant reference assay in connection with all aspects of the invention as described herein:
• HI assay was performed to detect the presence of HA-specific antibodies.
• a heterologous H5N2 virus A/chicken/Mexico/232/94, was used at a concentration of four hemagglutinating units [4 HA units] in the HI assay.
• In U-bottomed microtiter plates serial two-fold serum dilutions in PBS were subsequently mixed with equal volumes (25 ⁇ L) containing 4 HA units of virus, and incubated at room temperature (about 25° C.) for 30 min.
• Chicken red blood cells at a concentration of 0.5% in PBS, were added to the serum-virus containing wells and incubated for 40 min at room temperature.
• the HI titers were determined as reciprocals of the highest serum dilutions in which inhibition of hemagglutination was observed.
• Haesebrouck and Pensaert (1986) found “that there may exist a correlation between the HI titers against the challenge virus and protection from challenge”. Haesebrouck and Pensaert (1986) also determined that pigs with HI titers of ⁇ 40 were “completely resistant to challenge and no replication of the virus occurred in the respiratory tract at challenge”. Thus, the development of HI titers ⁇ 40 in the vaccinated swine would correlate to protection. (F. Haesebrouck and M. B. Pensaert, 1986).
• an antigenic part of the H5 protein (1) according to the invention includes, but is not limited to deletion mutants of H5 protein, which comprises:
• those surrounding amino acids of amino acid 223N and/or 328K+ are encoded by SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:5.
• H5 proteins (1) according to the invention are:
• H5 proteins (1) as provided herewith include the H5 proteins as described by Hoffmann et al, PNAS, vol. 106, no. 36, pp. 12915-12920 of Sep. 6, 2005, wherein that H5 proteins includes one or more of the modifications as described above, at least the amino acid 223N and the modification 328K+, wherein numbering of the amino acid positions of the H5 protein refers to the amino acid position as exemplarily given in SEQ ID NO:2 and wherein the modification 328K+ means that at amino acid position 328 of H5 protein a second Lysine (K+) is inserted.
• the disclosure of this reference shall be entirely included herein by reference.
• H5 proteins (1) as provided herewith include H5 proteins which comprise a peptide that comprises the amino acid 223N and the modification 328K+, wherein numbering of the amino acid positions of the H5 protein refers to the amino acid position as exemplarily given in SEQ ID NO:2 and wherein the modification 328K+ means that at amino acid position 328 of H5 protein a second Lysine (K+) is inserted, and:
• Sequence homology refers to a method of determining the relatedness of two sequences. To determine sequence homology, two or more sequences are optimally aligned, and gaps are introduced if necessary. In contrast to sequence identity, conservative amino acid substitutions are counted as a match when determining sequence homology.
• a polypeptide or polynucleotide having 95% sequence homology with a reference sequence 85%, preferably 90%, even more preferably 95% of the amino acid residues or nucleotides in the reference sequence must match or comprise a conservative substitution with another amino acid or nucleotide, or a number of amino acids or nucleotides up to 15%, preferably up to 10%, even more preferably up to 5% of the total amino acid residues or nucleotides, not including conservative substitutions, in the reference sequence may be inserted into the reference sequence.
• the homolog sequence comprises at least a stretch of 50, even more preferred of 100, even more preferred of 250, even more preferred of 500 nucleotides.
• sequence homology is ascertained on a position-by-position basis, e.g., the sequences are “homolog” at a particular position if at that position, the nucleotides or amino acid residues are identical. The total number of such position identities is then divided by the total number of nucleotides or amino acid residues in the reference sequence to give % sequence homology. Sequence homology can be readily calculated by known methods, including but not limited to, those described in Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. N., ed., Oxford University Press, New York (1988), Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D.
• Methods to determine sequence homology are codified in publicly available computer programs which determine sequence identity between given sequences. Examples of such programs include, but are not limited to, the GCG program package (Devereux, J., et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 12(1):387 (1984)), BLASTP, BLASTN and FASTA (Altschul, S. F. et al., J. Molec. Biol., 215:403-410 (1990).
• the BLASTX program is publicly available from NCBI and other sources (BLAST Manual, Altschul, S. et al., NCVI NLM NIH Bethesda, Md. 20894, Altschul, S. F. et al., J. Molec. Biol., 215:403-410 (1990), the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference). These programs optimally align sequences using default gap weights in order to produce the highest level of sequence homology between the given and reference sequences.
• H5 proteins (1) include H5 proteins which comprise the 328K+ modification as mentioned above, and the amino acid sequence provided in TABLE 1, or any immunogenic part thereof:
• the present invention also relates to H5 proteins (1) having at least the amino acid 223N and the modification 328K+, wherein numbering of the amino acid positions of the H5 protein refers to the amino acid position as exemplarily given in SEQ ID NO:2 and wherein the modification 328K+ means that at amino acid position 328 of H5 protein a second Lysine (K+) is inserted, and comprises:
• the H5 protein (1) for use in a method of treating or preventing infections with H5N1 virus of a different clade is recombinantly expressed and/or produced by a baculovirus expression system, preferably in cultured insect cells.
• H5 protein (1) as mentioned herein is thus, in particular, equivalent to the term “recombinant H5 protein” used herein.
• said H5N1 virus of a different clade is preferably selected from the group consisting of clade 0 H5N1 virus, clade 2 H5N1 virus, clade 3 H5N1 virus, clade 4 H5N1 virus, clade 5 H5N1 virus, clade 6 H5N1 virus, clade 7 H5N1 virus, clade 8 H5N1 virus and clade 9 H5N1 virus.
• the H5N1 virus of a different clade is clade 2.2 H5N1 virus or a clade 2.3 H5N1 virus.
• the H5N1 virus of a different clade is a clade 2.2.1 H5N1 virus or a clade 2.3.2 H5N1 virus.
• H5 protein of the H5N1 virus of a different clade is termed “H5 protein (2)” hereinafter.
• H5 protein (2) as mentioned herein is in particular a H5 protein coded by the genome of a H5N1 of any clade with the exception of clade 1.
• the H5N1 virus of a different clade is a H5N1 virus of North African or of Vietnamese origin, wherein said H5N1 virus of North African origin is preferably a H5N1 virus comprising a H5 protein (2) of influenza virus,
• said H5 protein (2) according to (a) is a Subclade A protein
• said H5 protein according to (b) or (c) is a Subclade B protein
• amino acid in particular refers to an amino acid residue or, respectively, to an amino acid which has been covalently linked via peptide bonds to two further amino acids or, if the amino acid is N- or C-terminally located in the peptide sequence, to one further amino acid.
• the H5N1 virus of a different clade comprises H5 protein (2) having
• the H5N1 virus of a different clade preferably comprises H5 protein (2) which consists of or comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least 95%, preferably at least 96%, more preferably at least 97%, still more preferably at least 98%, yet more preferably at least 99%, or in particular preferred 100% homolog with any one of the sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 15 or 20, and wherein such H5 protein (2) comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 are in particular more preferred.
• the present invention is directed to the H5 protein (1) described herein for use in a method of treating or preventing infections
• the present invention also relates to nucleic acid molecules, which code for any of the H5 proteins (1), as described supra, for use in a method of treating or preventing infections with H5N1 virus of a different clade.
• those nucleic acid molecules are RNA, DNA or copy (c)DNA molecules.
• the present invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule, preferably a cDNA molecule coding for a H5 protein or any modified forms of H5 protein, including any deletion, substitution and/or insertion mutant of H5 protein, wherein those H5 proteins having the amino acid 223N and the modification 328K+, wherein numbering of the amino acid positions of the H5 protein refers to the amino acid position as exemplarily given in SEQ ID NO:2 and wherein the modification 328K+ means that at amino acid position 328 of H5 protein a second Lysine (K+) is inserted.
• a nucleic acid molecule preferably a cDNA molecule coding for a H5 protein or any modified forms of H5 protein, including any deletion, substitution and/or insertion mutant of H5 protein, wherein those H5 proteins having the amino acid 223N and the modification 328K+, wherein numbering of the amino acid positions of the H5 protein refers to the amino acid position as exemplarily given in SEQ ID NO:2 and where
• the present invention also relates to a nucleic acid molecule, preferably a cDNA molecule coding for any part of the H5 protein (1), which means encoding for any peptide-fragment which shows antigenic properties in an standard hemagglutinin inhibition assay as described supra, and having at least the amino acid 223N and the modification 328K+, wherein numbering of the amino acid positions of the H5 protein refers to the amino acid position as exemplarily given in SEQ ID NO:2 and wherein the modification 328K+ means that at amino acid position 328 of H5 protein a second Lysine (K+) is inserted.
• a nucleic acid molecule preferably a cDNA molecule coding for any part of the H5 protein (1), which means encoding for any peptide-fragment which shows antigenic properties in an standard hemagglutinin inhibition assay as described supra, and having at least the amino acid 223N and the modification 328K+, wherein numbering of the amino acid positions of the H
• nucleic acid molecules which code for an antigenic part of H5 protein, comprise 600, 540, 480, 450, 420, 390, 360, 330 or most preferably 315 contiguous nucleotides of the nucleotide sequence that codes for the H5 protein as mentioned above, modified or non-modified, and which shows antigenic properties in an standard hemagglutinin inhibition assay as described herein.
• antigenic parts of the H5 protein (1) are described supra. It is in the common knowledge of a person skilled in the art to construct any such nucleic acid molecules, preferably cDNA molecules which codes for the antigenic part of the H5 protein as described supra. This also include but is not limited to the construction of nucleic acid molecules, preferably of cDNA molecules, which codes for antigenic parts of the H5 protein as mentioned above including deletion mutants of H5 protein, which comprises:
• those surrounding nucleotides of the nucleotides which code for amino acids 223N and/or 328K+, coding for SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:5.
• nucleic acid molecules encoding for the H5 protein (1) according to the invention are:
• H5 proteins (1) as provided herewith include the H5 proteins as described by Hoffmann et al, PNAS, vol. 106, no. 36, pp. 12915-12920 of Sep. 6, 2005, wherein that H5 proteins includes one or more of the modifications as described above, at least the amino acid 223N and the modification 328K+, wherein numbering of the amino acid positions of the H5 protein refers to the amino acid position as exemplarily given in SEQ ID NO:2 and wherein the modification 328K+ means that at amino acid position 328 of H5 protein a second Lysine (K+) is inserted.
• the disclosure of this reference shall be entirely included herein by reference.
• the present invention also relates to any nucleic acid molecule, preferably a cDNA molecule coding for any of such proteins described by Hoffmann et al, PNAS, vol. 106, no. 36, pp. 12915-12920 of Sep. 6, 2005, wherein that H5 proteins includes one or more of the modifications as described above, at least the amino acid 223N and the modification 328K+, wherein numbering of the amino acid positions of the H5 protein refers to the amino acid position as exemplarily given in SEQ ID NO:2 and wherein the modification 328K+ means that at amino acid position 328 of H5 protein a second Lysine (K+) is inserted.
• H5 proteins includes one or more of the modifications as described above, at least the amino acid 223N and the modification 328K+, wherein numbering of the amino acid positions of the H5 protein refers to the amino acid position as exemplarily given in SEQ ID NO:2 and wherein the modification 328K+ means that at amino acid position 328 of H5 protein
• the present invention also relates to a vector that comprises any of such nucleic acid molecules as described supra.
• the present invention relates to a vector, that includes the coding sequence of any such H5 protein (1), or part thereof as described supra.
• said vector is an expression vector, which allows the expression of any such H5 protein (1) or part thereof as described supra.
• Vectors according to the invention are those which are suitable for the transfection or infection of bacterial, yeast or animal cells, in vitro or in vivo.
• Vectors and methods for making and/or using vectors (or recombinants) for expression can be by or analogous to the methods disclosed in: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,603,112, 4,769,330, 5,174,993, 5,505,941, 5,338,683, 5,494,807, 4,722,848, 5,942,235, 5,364,773, 5,762,938, 5,770,212, 5,942,235, 382,425, PCT publications WO 94/16716, WO 96/39491, WO 95/30018, Paoletti, “Applications of pox virus vectors to vaccination: An update, “PNAS USA 93: 11349-11353, October 1996, Moss, “Genetically engineered poxviruses for recombinant gene expression, vaccination, and safety,” PNAS USA 93: 11341-11348, October 1996, Smith et al., U.S.
• a viral vector for instance, selected from pig herpes viruses, such as Aujeszky's disease virus, porcine adenovirus, poxviruses, especially vaccinia virus, avipox virus, canarypox virus, and swinepox virus, as well as DNA vectors (DNA plasmids) are advantageously employed in the practice of the invention.
• pig herpes viruses such as Aujeszky's disease virus, porcine adenovirus, poxviruses, especially vaccinia virus, avipox virus, canarypox virus, and swinepox virus, as well as DNA vectors (DNA plasmids) are advantageously employed in the practice of the invention.
• the present invention provides methods of producing and/or recovering high amounts of recombinant H5 protein: i) by permitting infection of susceptible cells in culture with a recombinant viral vector containing H5 DNA coding sequences, wherein H5 protein is expressed by the recombinant viral vector, and ii) thereafter recovering the H5 protein from cell culture.
• High amounts of H5 protein means, but are not limited to, more than about 20 ⁇ g/mL cell culture, preferably more than about ⁇ g/mL, even more preferred more than about 30 ⁇ g/mL, even more preferred more than about 40 ⁇ g/mL, even more preferred more than about 50 ⁇ g/mL, even more preferred more than about 60 ⁇ g/mL, even more preferred more than about 80 ⁇ g/mL, even more preferred more than about 100 ⁇ g/mL, even more preferred than about 150 ⁇ g/mL, most preferred more than about 190 ⁇ g/mL.
• the H5 protein (1) is recovered by harvesting the whole (i.e. intact) SF+ cells expressing the H5 protein.
• Preferred cells are those susceptible for infection with an appropriate recombinant viral vector, containing a H5 DNA and expressing the H5 protein (1).
• the cells are insect cells, and more preferably, they include the insect cells sold under the trademark SF+ insect cells (Protein Sciences Corporation, Meriden, Conn.).
• Preferred cell cultures have a cell count between about 0.3 ⁇ 2.0 ⁇ 10 6 cells/mL, more preferably from about 0.35 ⁇ 1.9 ⁇ 10 6 cells/mL, still more preferably from about 0.4 ⁇ 1.8 ⁇ 10 6 cells/mL, even more preferably from about 0.45 ⁇ 1.7 ⁇ 10 6 cells/mL, and most preferably from about 0.5 ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ 10 6 cells/mL.
• Preferred viral vectors include baculovirus such as BaculoGold (BD Biosciences Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.), in particular provided that the production cells are insect cells.
• BaculoGold BD Biosciences Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.
• the production cells are insect cells.
• the baculovirus expression system is preferred, it is understood by those of skill in the art that other expression systems will work for purposes of the present invention, namely the expression of H5 into the supernatant of a cell culture. Such other expression systems may require the use of a signal sequence in order to cause H5 expression into the media.
• growth media will also be determinable by those of skill in the art with a preferred growth media being serum-free insect cell media such as Excell 420 (JRH Biosciences, Inc., Lenexa, Kans.) and the like.
• the recombinant viral vector containing the H5 DNA sequences has a preferred multiplicity of infection (MOI) of between about 0.03-1.5, more preferably from about 0.05-1.3, still more preferably from about 0.09-1.1, and most preferably from about 0.1-1.0, when used for the infection of the susceptible cells.
• MOI multiplicity of infection
• the MOls mentioned above relates to one mL of cell culture fluid.
• the method described herein comprises the infection of 0.35 ⁇ 1.9 ⁇ 10 6 cells/mL, still more preferably of about 0.4 ⁇ 1.8 ⁇ 10 6 cells/mL, even more preferably of about 0.45 ⁇ 1.7 ⁇ 10 6 cells/mL, and most preferably of about 0.5 ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ 10 6 cells/mL with a recombinant viral vector containing a H5 DNA and expressing the H5 protein having a MOI (multiplicity of infection) of between about 0.03-1.5, more preferably from about 0.05-1.3, still more preferably from about 0.09-1.1, and most preferably from about 0.1-1.0.
• MOI multiplicity of infection
• the infected cells are then incubated over a period of up to ten days, more preferably from about two days to about ten days, still more preferably from about four days to about nine days, and most preferably from about five days to about eight days.
• Preferred incubation conditions include a temperature between about 22-32° C., more preferably from about 24-30° C., still more preferably from about 25-29° C., even more preferably from about 26-28° C., and most preferably about 27° C.
• the SF+ cells are observed following inoculation for characteristic baculovirus-induced changes. Such observation may include monitoring cell density trends and the decrease in viability during the post-infection period. It was found that peak viral titer is observed 3-5 days after infection and peak H5 protein expression in the cells is obtained between days 5 and 8, and/or when cell viability decreases to less than 10%.
• one aspect of the present invention provides a method of producing and/or recovering recombinant H5 protein, preferably in amounts described above, by i) permitting infection of a number of susceptible cells (see above) in culture with a recombinant viral vector with a MOI as defined above, ii) expressing H5 protein by the recombinant viral vector, and iii) thereafter recovering the H5 protein from the cells obtained between days 5 and 8 after infection and/or cell viability decreases to less then 10%.
• the recombinant viral vector is a recombinant baculovirus containing H5 DNA coding sequences and the cells are SF+ cells.
• the culture be periodically examined for macroscopic and microscopic evidence of contamination or for atypical changes in cell morphology during the post-infection period. Any culture exhibiting any contamination should be discarded.
• H5 protein (1) that will be used in an immunogenic or immunological composition such as a vaccine
• the inclusion of an inactivation step is preferred in order to inactivate the viral vector.
• an “immunogenic or immunological composition” refers to a composition of matter that comprises at least one antigen which elicits an immunological response in the host of a cellular and/or antibody-mediated immune response to the composition or vaccine of interest.
• an “immunological response” includes but is not limited to one or more of the following effects: the production or activation of antibodies, B cells, helper T cells, suppressor T cells, and/or cytotoxic T cells and/or gamma-delta T cells, directed specifically to an antigen or antigens included in the composition or vaccine of interest.
• the host will display either a therapeutic or protective immunological response such that resistance to new infection will be enhanced and/or the clinical severity of the disease reduced. Such protection will be demonstrated by either a reduction or lack of symptoms normally displayed by an infected host, a quicker recovery time and/or a lowered viral titer in the infected host.
• vaccine refers to that term as it is used by those of skill in the art. More particularly, “vaccine” refers to an immunogenic composition that, when administered to an animal in need thereof, results in a reduction in the incidence of or severity of clinical signs of influenza infection up to an including the complete prevention of such clinical signs.
• the reduction in incidence or severity is at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, still more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, still more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, still more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, and most preferably 100% in comparison to an animal or group of animals that did not receive the compositions of the present invention but that were exposed to infectious levels of influenza virus that would normally result in influenza infection resulting in exhibiting clinical signs.
• the present invention also relates to a method of producing and/or recovering recombinant H5 protein, preferably in amounts described above, by i) permitting infection of a number of susceptible cells (see above) in culture with a recombinant viral vector with a MOI as defined above, ii) expressing H5 protein by the recombinant viral vector, iii) recovering the H5 expressed in cells obtained between days 5 and 8 after infection and/or cell viability decreases to less then 10%, and iv) inactivating the recombinant viral vector.
• this inactivation is done either just before or just after the filtration step, with after the filtration step being the preferred time for inactivation.
• Any conventional inactivation method can be used for purposes of the present invention.
• inactivation can be performed by chemical and/or physical treatments.
• the volume of harvest fluids is determined and the temperature is brought to between about 32-42° C., more preferably between about 34-40° C., and most preferably between about 35-39° C.
• Preferred inactivation methods include the addition of cyclized binary ethylenimine (BEI), preferably in a concentration of about 1 to about 20 mM, preferably of about 2 to about 10 mM, still more preferably of about 2 to about 8 mM, still more preferably of about 3 to about 7 mM, most preferably of about 5 mM.
• BEI binary ethylenimine
• the inactivation includes the addition of a solution of 2-bromoethyleneamine hydrobromide, preferably of about 0.4M, which has been cyclized to 0.2M binary ethylenimine (BEI) in 0.3N NaOH, to the fluids to give a final concentration of about 5 mM BEI.
• the fluids are then stirred continuously for 72-96 hours and the inactivated harvest fluids can be stored frozen at ⁇ 40° C. or below or between about 1-7° C.
• a sodium thiosulfate solution preferably at 1.0M is added to neutralize any residual BEI.
• the sodium thiosulfate is added in equivalent amount as compared to the BEI added prior to for inactivation. For example, in the event BEI is added to a final concentration of 5 mM, a 1.0M sodium thiosulfate solution is added to give a final minimum concentration of 5 mM to neutralize any residual BEI.
• one further aspect of the present invention relates to a method of producing recombinant H5 protein, preferably in amounts described above, by i) permitting infection of a number of susceptible cells (see above) in culture with a recombinant viral vector with a MOI as defined above, ii) expressing H5 protein by the recombinant viral vector, iii) recovering the H5 expressed in the cells obtained between days 5 and 8 after infection and/or cell viability decreases to less then 10%, and iv) inactivating the recombinant viral vector.
• the recombinant viral vector is a baculovirus containing H5 DNA coding sequences and the cells are SF+ cells.
• Preferred inactivation steps are those described above.
• inactivation is performed between about 35-39° C. and in the presence of 2 to 8 mM BEI, still more preferred in the presence of about 5 mM BEI.
• the method described above also includes a neutralization step after step iv).
• This step v) comprises adding of an equivalent amount of an agent that neutralizes the inactivation agent within the solution.
• the inactivation agent is BEI
• addition of sodium thiosulfate to an equivalent amount is preferred.
• step v) comprises adding of a sodium thiosulfate solution to a final concentration of about 1 to about 20 mM, preferably of about 2 to about 10 mM, still more preferably of about 2 to about 8 mM, still more preferably of about 3 to about 7 mM most preferably of about 5 mM, when the inactivation agent is BEI.
• each lot of harvested H5 protein will be tested for inactivation by passage in the anchorage dependent, baculovirus susceptible insect cells, such as Sf9 cells.
• 150 cm 2 of appropriate cell culture monolayer is inoculated with 1.0 mL of inactivated H5 fluids and maintained at 25-29° C. for 14 days with at least two passages.
• the cell monolayers are examined for cytopathogenic effect (CPE) typical of H5 baculovirus.
• CPE cytopathogenic effect
• positive virus controls are also used.
• Such controls can consist of one culture of Sf9 cells inoculated with a non-inactivated reference H5 baculovirus and one flask of Sf9 cells that remain non-inoculated. After incubation and passage, the absence of virus-infected cells in the BEI treated viral fluids would constitute a satisfactory inactivation test.
• the control cells inoculated with the reference virus should exhibit CPE typical of H5 baculovirus and the non-inoculated flask should not exhibit any evidence of H5 baculovirus CPE.
• the supernatant samples could be collected and inoculated onto a Sf9 96 well plate, which has been loaded with Sf9 cells, and then maintained at 25-29° C.
• the plate is then fixed and stained with anti-H5 antibody conjugated to FITC or any labeled antibody directed to baculovirus specific proteins (i.e. gp64).
• baculovirus specific proteins i.e. gp64
• the absence of CPE, H5 expression, or expression of baculovirus specific proteins (i.e. gp64) in the BEI treated viral fluids constitutes a satisfactory inactivation test.
• the control cells inoculated with the reference virus should exhibit CPE and IFA activity and the non-inoculated flask should not exhibit any evidence of H5 baculovirus CPE and contain no IFA activity.
• an inactivation test for determining the effectiveness of the inactivation of the recombination viral vector expressing H5 protein (1) comprises the steps: i) contacting at least a portion of the culture fluid containing the recombinant viral vector with an inactivating agent, preferably as described above, ii) adding a neutralization agent to neutralize the inactivation agent, preferably as described above, and iii) determining the residual infectivity by the assays as described above.
• the relative amount of recombinant H5 protein in a sample can be determined in a number of ways. Preferred methods of quantitation include SDS-PAGE densitometry, ELISA, and animal vaccination studies that correlate known quantities of vaccine with clinical outcomes (serology, etc.).
• SDS-PAGE is utilized for quantitation, the sample material containing an unknown amount of recombinant H5 protein is run on a gel, together with samples that contain different known amounts of recombinant H5 protein. A standard curve can then be produced based on the known samples and the amount of recombinant H5 in the unknown sample can be determined by comparison with this standard curve. Because ELISAs are generally recognized as the industry standard for antigen quantitation, they are preferred for quantitation.
• Vaccines Comprising H5 Proteins (1 or Nucleic Acid Molecules or Vectors Coding for Those
• the invention further provides a combination of
• the combination described herein is preferably included in a multivalent combination vaccine or the combination described herein is in particular directed to a combined vaccination, more particular to an administration of the H5 protein (1) described herein and of the inactivted Newcastle disease virus within a maximum of 24 hours to an animal, in particular poultry, or human being in need thereof.
• the inactivated Newcastle disease virus is an inactivated whole Newcastle disease virion.
• the inactivated Newcastle disease virus is an inactivated Newcastle disease virus obtained by inactivation of a Newcastle disease virus comprising a RNA polynucleotide having at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, still more preferably at least 95% or in particular 100% sequence identity with a RNA copy of the polynucleotide set forth in SEQ ID NO: 51 (cDNA sequence of LaSota strain virus), which has been inactivated.
• the inactivated Newcastle disease virus is an inactivated Newcastle disease LaSota strain virus.
• the inactivated Newcastle Disease Virus is a Newcastle Disease Virus which has been inactivated with a reagent selected from the group consisting of Formaldehyde, binary ethyleneimine (BEI), Beta-Propio-Lactone (BPL), and combinations thereof.
• a reagent selected from the group consisting of Formaldehyde, binary ethyleneimine (BEI), Beta-Propio-Lactone (BPL), and combinations thereof.
• the amount of inactivated Newcastle disease virus in the combination described herein is preferably between 10 2 and 10 10 equivalents of egg infectious doses (EID50), preferably between 10 6 and 10 9 EID50, in particular preferably between 10 7 and 10 9 EID50.
• EID50 egg infectious doses
• the amount of the H5 protein (1) in the combination described herein is preferably the same as mentioned hereinafter.
• the amount of the H5 protein (1) according to the invention is preferably between 10 and 1000 Hemagglutination units (HAU's) per dose, more preferably between 50 and 950 HAU's per dose, even more preferably between 100 and 900 HAU's per dose, even more preferably between 200 and 800 HAU's per dose, even more preferably between 300 and 700 HAU's per dose, still more preferably between 300 and 500 HAU's per dose.
• HAU's Hemagglutination units
• the present invention relates to vaccines or pharmaceutical compositions in general, that comprises,
• composition “Pharmaceutical/vaccine composition” as described herein, includes but is not limited to, vaccines for the reduction or prevention of an infection or to a composition of matter for the treatment and lessening of an infection.
• nucleic acid based vaccines preferably cDNA vaccines, coding for influenza hemagglutinin are described for example in Deck et al, Vaccine 1997; 15(1):71-78; Ulmer et al., Science 1993; 259:1745-1749; Ulmer et al., Vaccine 1994; 12(16):1541-1544. Any of those methods can be used for the production of nucleic acid based vaccines, preferably cDNA vaccines, coding for an influenza H5 protein as described herein.
• a vaccine which comprises H5 protein (1) or parts thereof as described herein, can be produced by conventional approaches, e.g. by recombinant expression techniques or by biochemical purification and separation techniques.
• Recombinant expression techniques including the expression in insect cells are well known in the art, and described for example in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual , Second Edition (1989) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach, Volumes I and II (D. N. Glover ed. 1985); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M. J. Gait ed. 1984); Nucleic Acid Hybridization [B. D. Hames & S. J.
• pombe or mammalian cell expression systems such as the BHK-, CHO- and/or NSO-based expression systems.
• mammalian cell expression systems such as the BHK-, CHO- and/or NSO-based expression systems.
• Such systems are well known in the art and generally available, e.g. commercially through Clontech Laboratories, Inc. 4030 Fabian Way, Palo Alto, Calif. 94303-4607, USA.
• Further expression strategies are for example described in Lüschow et al., Vaccine no. 19 (2001), pp. 4249-4259, or Veit et al., PNAS vol. 103 (2006), pp. 8197-8202.
• recombinant adeno-associated virus systems are well established and for example described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,146 or WO200203872 with further references.
• vaccinia (pox) virus based expression systems for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,183 with further references, are also well established and suitable to produce recombinant antigen(s), antigenic composition(s) as used according to the invention.
• Further suitable expression systems make use of recombinant popova viruses, such as SV40, fowl pox virus, pseudorabies viruses and retroviruses.
• the relevant pharmaceutical/vaccine compositions as described herein can also comprise inactivated virus which comprises H5 protein (1) as described herein, an apathogenic version of a live virus comprising H5 protein (1) as described herein, preparation and/or fragments of a virus, wherein said preparation and/or fragment comprise the H5 protein (1) as described herein.
• compositions/vaccines together with antigen
• the expert may use known injectable, physiologically acceptable sterile solutions.
• aqueous isotonic solutions such as e.g. saline or corresponding plasma protein solutions, are readily available.
• the pharmaceutical composition/vaccine may be present as lyophylisates or dry preparations, which can be reconstituted with a known injectable solution directly before use under sterile conditions, e.g. as a kit of parts.
• compositions of the present invention can include one or more veterinary-acceptable carriers.
• a veterinary-acceptable carrier includes but is not limited to any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, adjuvants, stabilizing agents, diluents, preservatives, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic agents, adsorption delaying agents, and the like.
• Diluents can include water, saline, dextrose, ethanol, glycerol, and the like.
• Isotonic agents can include sodium chloride, dextrose, mannitol, sorbitol, and lactose, among others.
• Stabilizers include albumin and alkali salts of ethylendiamintetracetic acid, among others.
• a preservative as used herein refers to an anti-microbiological active agent, such as for example Gentamycin, Merthiolate, and the like. In particular adding of a preservative is most preferred for the preparation of a multi-dose composition. Those anti-microbiological active agents are added in concentrations effective to prevent the composition of interest for any microbiological contamination or for inhibition of any microbiological growth within the composition of interest.
• Adjuvants can include aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate, saponins e.g., Quil A, QS-21 (Cambridge Biotech Inc., Cambridge Mass.), GPI-0100 (Galenica Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Birmingham, Ala.), water-in-oil emulsion, oil-in-water emulsion, water-in-oil-in-water emulsion.
• the emulsion can be based in particular on light liquid paraffin oil (European Pharmacopoeia type); isoprenoid oil such as squalane or squalene; oil resulting from the oligomerization of alkenes, in particular of isobutene or decene; esters of acids or of alcohols containing a linear alkyl group, more particularly plant oils, ethyl oleate, propylene glycol di-(caprylate/caprate), glyceryl tri-(caprylate/caprate) or propylene glycol dioleate; esters of branched fatty acids or alcohols, in particular isostearic acid esters.
• light liquid paraffin oil European Pharmacopoeia type
• isoprenoid oil such as squalane or squalene
• oil resulting from the oligomerization of alkenes in particular of isobutene or decene
• the oil is used in combination with emulsifiers to form the emulsion.
• the emulsifiers are preferably nonionic surfactants, in particular esters of sorbitan, of mannide (e.g. anhydromannitol oleate), of glycol, of polyglycerol, of propylene glycol and of oleic, isostearic, ricinoleic or hydroxystearic acid, which are optionally ethoxylated, and polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene copolymer blocks, in particular the Pluronic products, especially L121. See Hunter et al., The Theory and Practical Application of Adjuvants (Ed. Stewart-Tull, D. E. S.).
• Emulsigen-based adjuvants such as EMULSIGEN®, EMULSIGEN-D®, EMULSIGEN-P®, EMULSIGEN-75® (MVP Laboratories, Inc. Omaha, Nebr., USA).
• compositions that comprise H5 protein, preferably recombinant H5 protein as described herein, have been effectively adjuvanted with oil-in water emulsions, preferably with such Emulsigen-based adjuvants, more preferably with EMULSIGEN® and EMULSIGEN-D®.
• an adjuvant is a compound chosen from the polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid and the copolymers of maleic anhydride and alkenyl derivative.
• Advantageous adjuvant compounds are the polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid which are cross-linked, especially with polyalkenyl ethers of sugars orpolyalcohols. These compounds are known by the term carbomer (Phameuropa Vol. 8, No. 2, June 1996). Persons skilled in the art can also refer to U.S. Pat. No.
• 2,909,462 which describes such acrylic polymers cross-linked with a polyhydroxylated compound having at least 3 hydroxyl groups, preferably not more than 8, the hydrogen atoms of at least three hydroxyls being replaced by unsaturated aliphatic radicals having at least 2 carbon atoms.
• the preferred radicals are those containing from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, e.g. vinyls, allyls and other ethylenically unsaturated groups.
• the unsaturated radicals may themselves contain other substituents, such as methyl.
• the products sold under the name Carbopol; (BF Goodrich, Ohio, USA) are particularly appropriate. They are cross-linked with an allyl sucrose or with allyl pentaerythritol.
• Carbopol 974P, 934P and 971P there may be mentioned Carbopol 971P.
• Carbopol 971P Most preferred is the use of Carbopol 971P.
• the copolymers of maleic anhydride and alkenyl derivative the copolymers EMA (Monsanto) which are copolymers of maleic anhydride and ethylene.
• EMA Monsanto
• the dissolution of these polymers in water leads to an acid solution that will be neutralized, preferably to physiological pH, in order to give the adjuvant solution into which the immunogenic, immunological or vaccine composition itself will be incorporated.
• Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, the RIBI adjuvant system (Ribi Inc.), Block co-polymer (CytRx, Atlanta Ga.), SAF-M (Chiron, Emeryville Calif.), monophosphoryl lipid A, Avridine lipid-amine adjuvant, heat-labile enterotoxin from E. coli (recombinant or otherwise), cholera toxin, or muramyl dipeptide among many others.
• the adjuvant is added in an amount of about 100 ⁇ g to about 10 mg per dose. Even more preferred the adjuvant is added in an amount of about 100 ⁇ g to about 10 mg per dose. Even more preferred the adjuvant is added in an amount of about 500 ⁇ g to about 5 mg per dose. Even more preferred the adjuvant is added in an amount of about 750 ⁇ g to about 2.5 mg per dose. Most preferred the adjuvant is added in an amount of about 1 mg per dose.
• the pharmaceutical/vaccine compositions can further include one or more other immunomodulatory agents such as, e.g., interleukins, interferons, or other cytokines.
• the pharmaceutical/vaccine compositions can also include Gentamicin and Merthiolate. While the amounts and concentrations of adjuvants and additives useful in the context of the present invention can readily be determined by the skilled artisan, the present invention contemplates compositions comprising from about 50 ⁇ g to about 2000 ⁇ g of adjuvant and preferably about 250 ug/1 ml dose of the vaccine composition. In another preferred embodiment, the present invention contemplates vaccine compositions comprising from about 1 ug/ml to about 60 ⁇ g/ml of antibiotics, and more preferably less than about 30 ⁇ g/ml of antibiotics.
• the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical/vaccine composition
• a pharmaceutical/vaccine composition comprising
• the adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of:
• the adjuvants is a oil-in-water emulsion such as an emulsigen-based adjuvant selected from the group consisting of EMULSIGEN®, EMULSIGEN-D®, EMULSIGEN-P®, EMULSIGEN-75®, EMULSIGEN® and EMULSIGEN-P®.
• EMULSIGEN® and EMULSIGEN-P® are used in the formulation of the current invention.
• the pharmaceutical/vaccine compositions as provided herewith comprise one or more antigen.
• that further antigen is an antigen of a poultry or mammalian pathogen.
• that additional antigen is an further influenza antigen such as hemagglutinin H5, H7, H9, or any other hemagglutinin of influenza virus, wherein the H5 is preferably a H5 protein of a H5N1 virus of a clade different than clade 1, in particular of a H5N1 virus of North African origin, such as the H5 protein (2) described herein.
• the additional antigen(s) can be added in a purified form, as part of an antigenic preparation, in the form of a killed microorganism or in the form of a modified live microorganism.
• antigen means, but is not limited to, peptides, polypeptides, glycopeptides, or polysaccharides which are capable of specifically interacting with an antigen recognition molecule of the immune system, such as an immunoglobulin (antibody) or T cell antigen receptor in order to elicit, activate or stimulate an immune response directed to said antigen in a host to which said antigen is administered.
• an antigen recognition molecule of the immune system such as an immunoglobulin (antibody) or T cell antigen receptor
• antigen also refers to nucleic acid molecules, preferably DNA- or RNA-molecules, each of which codes for and express a peptide, polypeptide, or glycopeptide that is capable of specifically interacting with an antigen recognition molecule of the immune system, such as an immunoglobulin (antibody) or T cell antigen receptor in order to elicit, activate or stimulate an immune response against the antigen that is coded by the nucleic acid molecule.
• an antigen recognition molecule of the immune system such as an immunoglobulin (antibody) or T cell antigen receptor in order to elicit, activate or stimulate an immune response against the antigen that is coded by the nucleic acid molecule.
• the antigen used for the preparation of the pharmaceutical composition which is used according to the invention is a microorganism or an antigenic part and/or preparation of said microorganism.
• immuno as used herein, means but is not limited to, any cause or enhancement of an immune response.
• immuno response is already described supra.
• the vaccine can be administered in an admixture with, or as a conjugate or chimeric fusion protein with, cholera toxin, such as cholera toxin B or a cholera toxin A/B chimera (Hajishengallis, J Immunol., 154:4322-32, 1995; Jobling and Holmes, Infect Immun., 60:4915-24, 1992).
• cholera toxin such as cholera toxin B or a cholera toxin A/B chimera
• Mucosal vaccines based on use of the cholera toxin B subunit have been described (Lebens and Holmgren, Dev Biol Stand 82:215-27, 1994).
• an admixture with heat labile enterotoxin (LT) can be prepared for mucosal vaccination.
• mucosal immunization strategies include encapsulating the virus in microcapsules (U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,109, U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,883, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,853,763) and using an immunopotentiating membranous carrier (WO 98/0558).
• Immunogenicity of orally administered immunogens can be enhanced by using red blood cells (rbc) or rbc ghosts (U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,577), or by using blue tongue antigen (U.S. Pat. No. 5,690,938).
• the present invention relates to a method for preparing a pharmaceutical/vaccine composition as described above, preferably a method for producing a vaccine which comprises a recombinant, baculovirus expressed H5 protein as described supra.
• this method includes the steps of transfecting a construct into a virus, wherein the construct comprises i) recombinant H5 cDNA as described herein, ii) infecting cells in growth media with the transfected virus, iii) causing the virus to express the recombinant H5 protein as described herein iv) recovering the expressed H5 protein from the culture v) and preparing the composition by blending the expressed H5 protein with a suitable adjuvant and/or other pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the vaccine composition of the present invention can also include diluents, isotonic agents, stabilizers, an/or preservatives.
• Diluents can include water, saline, dextrose, ethanol, glycerol, and the like.
• Isotonic agents can include anorganic or organic salts, e.g. sodium chloride, dextrose, mannitol, sorbitol, and lactose, saccharides, trehalose, mannitol, saccharose among others.
• Stabilizers include albumin and alkali salts of ethylendiamintetracetic acid, among others. Suitable adjuvants, are those described above.
• the H5 proteins (1) as provided herewith, the nucleic acid molecules coding for any such H5 proteins (1), the vectors comprising any such nucleic acid molecules coding for any such H5 proteins (1) as described herein, and any pharmaceutical/vaccine composition comprising any of such H5 protein (1), nucleic acid molecule or vector or the combination described herein can be used as a medicine, preferably for the treatment and prophylaxis of infections, caused by influenza virus, most preferably by influenza A virus.
• the H5 proteins (1) as provided herewith, the nucleic acid molecules encoding for any such H5 proteins, the vectors comprising any such nucleic acid molecules encoding for any such H5 proteins (1) as described herein, and any pharmaceutical/vaccine composition comprising any of such H5 protein (1), nucleic acid molecule or vector, as described herein, or the combination described herein can be used for the treatment or prophylaxis of human beings as well as in veterinary medicine.
• the treatment of poultry, preferably bird, chicken, duck, turkey and the like as well as mammals, preferably pigs, cattle, horses, seals, camels, dogs, cats, hamsters, mice and the like is preferred.
• “prophylaxis” refers to the reduction in the incidence of or severity of clinical signs of influenza infection up to an including the complete prevention of such clinical signs.
• the reduction in incidence or severity is at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, still more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, still more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, still more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%, and most preferably 100% in comparison to an animal or group of animals that did not receive the compositions of the present invention but that were exposed to infectious levels of influenza virus that would normally result in influenza infection resulting in exhibiting clinical signs.
• the present invention relates to the use of H5 proteins (1) as provided herewith, the nucleic acid molecules encoding for any such H5 proteins (1), the vectors comprising any such nucleic acid molecules encoding for any such H5 proteins (1) as described herein and any pharmaceutical/vaccine compositions comprising any of such H5 protein (1), nucleic acid molecule or vector as described herein or the combination described herein, can be used as a medicine, preferably as a medicine for human beings and/or as veterinary medicine, preferably for poultry, in particular for chicken.
• H5 proteins (1) as provided herewith, the nucleic acid molecules coding for any such H5 proteins (1), the vectors comprising any such nucleic acid molecules coding for any such H5 protein (1), as described herein, or the combination described herein can be used for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, preferably of a single-shot vaccine or a one dose vaccine, for the prophylaxis or treatment of infections caused by H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1, wherein said H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1 is preferably the H5N1 virus of a different clade as described herein.
• those pharmaceutical compositions/vaccine compositions can be used for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of human beings as well as for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of animals, such as poultry, preferably bird, chicken, duck, turkey and the like as well as mammals, preferably pigs, cattle, horses, seals, camels, dogs, cats, hamsters, mice and the like.
• the present invention also relates to a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of influenza virus infections caused by H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1, wherein said H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1 is preferably the H5N1 virus of a different clade as described herein, wherein the method comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the H5 protein (1) as described herein or of the combination described herein, to a subject in need of such a treatment.
• the present invention also relates to a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of influenza virus infections caused by H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1, wherein said H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1 is preferably the H5N1 virus of a different clade as described herein, wherein the method comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of any H5 nucleic acid molecule or vector as described herein, that codes for any H5 protein (1) as described herein, to a subject in need of such a treatment.
• the present invention also relates to a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of influenza virus infections caused by H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1, wherein said H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1 is preferably the H5N1 virus of a different clade described herein, wherein the method comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the vaccine comprising any such H5 protein (1), nucleic acid molecule or vector, as described herein, to a subject in need of such a treatment.
• the subject in need thereof can be a human being as well as an animal, preferably poultry, even more preferably bird, chicken, duck, turkey or a mammal, preferably pig, cattle, horse, seal, camel, dog, cat, hamster, mouse and the like.
• the administration is a single-shot administration or a one dose administration.
• the H5 protein as described herein can be used for vaccination at day 1 of age or later, e.g. at day 10, or at day 1 to 10, or at day 10 or later.
• influenza infection that can be treated by the administration of any H5 protein (1), the nucleic acid molecule or vector encoding for any such H5 protein, or any pharmaceutical/vaccine compositions as described herein, is caused by H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1, wherein said H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1 is preferably the H5N1 virus of a different clade as described herein and, as the case may be, also in combination with another avian, swine or human influenza virus or any combination or hybrid thereof.
• a further advantage of the present invention is that it benefits a ‘DIVA’ (Differentiation of Infected and Vaccinated Animals) concept with specific Elisa Kits for differentiating between vaccinated human beings or animals and human beings or animals infected with H5N1 virus.
• DIVA Differentiation of Infected and Vaccinated Animals
• the present invention relates to a kit of parts, that comprises i) any of such H5 protein (1) as described herein, the nucleic acid molecule or vector encoding for any such H5 protein, or any pharmaceutical/vaccine composition comprising any of such H5 protein, nucleic acid molecule or vector as described herein, and ii) a package leaflet indicating the use of such H5 protein, nucleic acid molecule, vector or vaccine for the treatment or prophylaxis of infections caused by H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1, wherein said H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1 is preferably the H5N1 virus of a different clade as described herein.
• the H5 protein (1) as described herein can be used for vaccination at day I on age or later.
• kit of parts as mentioned herein is for the use, or is used, respectively, for the treatment or prophylaxis of infections caused by H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1, wherein said H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1 is preferably the H5N1 virus of a different clade as described herein.
• kit in parts comprises at least one further antigen of a poultry or mammalian pathogen and the information indication the medicinal, human or veterinary use of that additional antigen, in particular the further antigen as mentioned above.
• the invention further provides a method for reducing viral shedding in a subject, comprising administering the H5 protein (1) described herein or the combination as described herein to a subject infected with or at risk of a viral infection with H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1, wherein said H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1 is preferably the H5N1 virus of a different clade as described herein.
• the invention also relates to the H5 protein (1) described herein or the combination as described herein for use in a method for reducing viral shedding in a subject, wherein said H5 protein (1) or said combination is to be administered to a subject infected with or at risk of a viral infection with H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1, and wherein said H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1 is preferably the H5N1 virus of a different clade as described herein.
• the invention provides the use of the H5 protein (1) described herein or of the combination as described herein for the preparation of a medicament for reducing viral shedding in a subject infected with or at risk of a viral infection with H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1, wherein said H5N1 virus of a clade other than clade 1 is preferably the H5N1 virus of a different clade as described herein.
• the H5 protein (1) according to the invention, the combination described herein, the vaccine as described herein or the kit mentioned herein is for use as a single-shot vaccine or in a one-dose vaccination.
• the recombinant baculovirus containing the H5 HA antigen was generated as follows: the coding sequences of the H5 HA (SEQ ID NO:3) was chemically synthesized and subcloned into the transfer vector pVL1392 (BD Biosciences Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.).
• the H5 HA MutK+ (SEQ ID NO:5) was generated by using oligonucleotide primers and the QuikChange® Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) and subcloned into the transfer vector pVL1392 (BD Biosciences Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.).
• the pVL1392 plasmids containing the genes coding for H5 HA antigen (SEQ ID NO:3) and H5 HA MutK+ (SEQ ID NO:5) were then co-transfected with DiamondBac® (Sigma) baculovirus DNA into Sf9 insect cells (BD Biosciences Pharmingen) to generate the recombinant baculovirus containing the genes H5 HA coding for SEQ ID NO:3 and H5 HA mutK+ coding for SEQ ID NO:5.
• H5 HA SEQ ID NO:3
• H5 HA MutK+ SEQ ID NO:5
• MSVs Master Seed Viruses
• Insect cells infected with H5 HA baculoviruses As described above to generate MSV or Working Seed Viruses express H5 HA antigen (SEQ ID NO:3) and H5 HA MutK+ (SEQ ID NO:5) antigen as detected by polyclonal serum or monoclonal antibodies in an indirect fluorescent antibody assay or Western blot.
• spinner flasks containing SF+ cells were then incubated at 27 ⁇ 2° C. for 7 days and with stirring 100 rpm during that time.
• the flasks used ventilated caps to allow for air flow.
• the crude whole cell culture containing baculovirus infected SF+ cells and the cell culture supernatents of each culture were harvested.
• the crude whole cell H5 HA protein and H5 HA Mutk+ protein expressed in insect cells by baculovirus-based expression system were harvested.
• Baculoviruses were inactivated in the presence of 5 mM cyclized binary ethylenimine (BEI) (final concentration) between about 32 and 39° C. for 72 to 96 hours. After inactivation is completed, a 0.3 M sodium thiosulfate solution was added to a final concentration of 5 mM to neutralize any residual BEI. After neutralization, various adjuvants were added and the following vaccine/pharmaceutical compositions were generated.
• BEI binary ethylenimine
• An experimental vaccine comprised of cultured insect cells and supernatant expressing recombinant H5 HA. The vaccine was adjuvanted with Emulsigen.
• An experimental vaccine comprised of cultured insect cells and supernatant expressing recombinant H5 HA. The vaccine was adjuvanted with Emulsigen-D.
• An experimental vaccine comprised of cultured insect cells and supernatant expressing recombinant H5 HA. The vaccine was adjuvanted with Polygen.
• Formulation An experimental vaccine comprised of cultured insect cells and supernatant expressing recombinant H5 HA. The vaccine was adjuvanted with Emulsigen-P.
• Formulation An experimental vaccine comprised of cultured insect cells and supernatant expressing recombinant H5 HA.
• the vaccine was adjuvanted with Carbigen.
• Generic product 506 name Antigen Crude whole-cell H5 HA protein expressed in insect cells by a baculovirus-based expression system.
• An experimental vaccine comprised of cultured insect cells and supernatant expressing recombinant H5 HA.
• the vaccine was adjuvanted with Emulsigen-75.
• Generic product 507 name Antigen Crude whole-cell H5 HA protein expressed in insect cells by a baculovirus-based expression system.
• Formulation An experimental vaccine comprised of cultured insect cells and supernatant expressing recombinant H5 HA.
• the vaccine was adjuvanted with ISA 70.
• Generic product 508 name Antigen Crude whole-cell H5 HA mutK+ protein expressed in insect cells by a baculovirus-based expression system.
• An experimental vaccine comprised of cultured insect cells and supernatant expressing recombinant H5 HA. The vaccine was adjuvanted with Emulsigen.
• Generic product 509 name Antigen Crude whole-cell H5 HA mutK+ protein expressed in insect cells by a baculovirus-based expression system.
• An experimental vaccine comprised of cultured insect cells and supernatant expressing recombinant H5 HA. The vaccine was adjuvanted with Emulsigen-D.
• Generic product 510 name Antigen Crude whole-cell H5 HA mutK+ protein expressed in insect cells by a baculovirus-based expression system.
• An experimental vaccine comprised of cultured insect cells and supernatant expressing recombinant H5 HA. The vaccine was adjuvanted with Polygen.
• Generic product 511 name Antigen Crude whole-cell H5 HA mutK+ protein expressed in insect cells by a baculovirus-based expression system.
• An experimental vaccine comprised of cultured insect cells and supernatant expressing recombinant H5 HA. The vaccine was adjuvanted with Emulsigen-P.
• Generic product 512 name Antigen Crude whole-cell H5 HA mutK+ protein expressed in insect cells by a baculovirus-based expression system.
• An experimental vaccine comprised of cultured insect cells and supernatant expressing recombinant H5 HA. The vaccine was adjuvanted with Carbigen.
• Generic product 513 name Antigen Crude whole-cell H5 HA mutK+ protein expressed in insect cells by a baculovirus-based expression system.
• An experimental vaccine comprised of cultured insect cells and supernatant expressing recombinant H5 HA. The vaccine was adjuvanted with Emulsigen-75.
• An experimental vaccine comprised of cultured insect cells and supernatant expressing recombinant H5 HA. The vaccine was adjuvanted with ISA 70.
• a combination vaccine comprising H5 HA Mutk+ (Fraction 1) and inactivated Newcastle disease virus (Fraction 2), named “BACULO AI+ND KV” has been evaluated in animal trials.
• the vaccine was formulated with the haemmagglutinin H5 produced in the Baculovirus expression system based on the MutK+ construct (Examples 1 and 2).
• the origin of the Newcastle Disease (ND) virus fraction is the whole virus.
• H5 hemagglutinin H5 hemagglutinin
• Avian Influenza AI
• AI fraction is inactivated with binary ethyleneimine (BEI). No residual infectivity coming from Baculovirus vector is allowed.
• BEI binary ethyleneimine
• Newcastle Disease Virus ND
• LaSota Strain. Newcastle Disease fraction ND
• ND fraction is inactivated with Formaldehyde, BEI or Beta-Propio-Lactone (BPL). No residual infectivity coming from ND virus is allowed.
• Inactivated harvest material from H5 HA protein and ND are blended into a water/oil emulsion.
• the mixture includes mineral oil as an adjuvant.
• a dose of 0.5 ml was administered unless otherwise stated. Animals were vaccinate at 10 days of age.
• Challenge virus was A/Chicken/Egypt/1063/2010, which is classified as subclade 2.2.1.1 HP AIV H5N1 subtype. This is the official challenge strain used in Egypt for evaluation of vaccine batches. The challenge dose was 10 6 EID 50 .
• SEQ ID NO: 1 corresponds to H5 of A/Hong Kong/213/2003(H5N1) without signal peptide
• SEQ ID NOs: 2-7 correspond to SEQ ID NOs: 1-6 of the international (PCT) application number PCT/US2007/082699,
• SEQ ID NO: 8 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “1709-6”.
• SEQ ID NO: 9 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “1553-1/A1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 10 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “1553-15/A1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 11 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “2095-50/A1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 12 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-2/A1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 13 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-5/A1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 14 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-7/A1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 15 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-8/A1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 16 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-9/A1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 17 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-12/A1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 18 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-20/A1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 19 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-44/A1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 20 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “1553-2/B1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 21 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “1553-6/B1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 22 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “1553-13/B2”.
• SEQ ID NO: 23 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “1553-26/B2”.
• SEQ ID NO: 24 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “1553-28/B1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 25 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “2095-39/B2”.
• SEQ ID NO: 26 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “2095-46/B1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 27 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “2095-49/B1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 28 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “2095-65/B1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 29 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “2095-68/B2”.
• SEQ ID NO: 30 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “2095-70/B2”.
• SEQ ID NO: 31 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “2095-73/B2”.
• SEQ ID NO: 32 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “2095-75/B2”.
• SEQ ID NO: 33 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-3/B1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 34 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-4/B1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 35 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-13/B1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 36 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-14/B2”.
• SEQ ID NO: 37 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-19/B3”.
• SEQ ID NO: 38 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-21/B2”.
• SEQ ID NO: 39 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-43/B1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 40 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-50/B1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 41 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-52/B1”,
• SEQ ID NO: 42 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-55/A1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 43 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-56/A1”.
• SEQ ID NO: 44 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-78/B2”.
• SEQ ID NO: 45 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “4794-17/B”.
• SEQ ID NO: 46 corresponds to H5 sequence of H5N1 “4794-18/B”.
• SEQ ID NO: 47 corresponds to H5 sequence translated from SEQ ID NO: 50,
• SEQ ID NO: 48 codes for a H5 sequence of H5N1 “3982-8/A1” (SEQ ID NO: 15),
• SEQ ID NO: 49 codes for a H5 sequence of H5N1 “1553-2/B1” (SEQ ID NO: 20),
• SEQ ID NO: 50 corresponds to the consensus sequence obtained after analysis of the 38 H5 HA gene sequences coding for SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 46,
• SEQ ID NO: 51 corresponds to the cDNA of Newcastle Disease Virus LaSota strain.

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