US20130280334A1 - Nanostructured Gels Capable of Controlled Release of Encapsulated Agents - Google Patents

Nanostructured Gels Capable of Controlled Release of Encapsulated Agents Download PDF

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US20130280334A1
US20130280334A1 US13/825,486 US201113825486A US2013280334A1 US 20130280334 A1 US20130280334 A1 US 20130280334A1 US 201113825486 A US201113825486 A US 201113825486A US 2013280334 A1 US2013280334 A1 US 2013280334A1
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Prior art keywords
self
agent
gelator
assembled
gel composition
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Inventor
Jeffrey M. Karp
Praveen Kumar Vemula
Nathaniel R. Campbell
Abdullah M. Syed
Sufeng Zhang
Omid C. Farokhzad
Robert S. Langer
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Brigham and Womens Hospital Inc
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Brigham and Womens Hospital Inc
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Priority to US13/825,486 priority Critical patent/US20130280334A1/en
Assigned to NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS), U.S. GOVERNMENT reassignment NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS), U.S. GOVERNMENT CONFIRMATORY LICENSE (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Assigned to THE BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL, INC. reassignment THE BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SYED, ABDULLAH M., KARP, JEFFREY M., ZHANG, SUFENG, VEMULA, PRAVEEN KUMAR, CAMPBELL, NATHANIEL R., FAROKHZAD, OMID C.
Assigned to MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY reassignment MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LANGER, ROBERT S.
Assigned to THE GENERAL HOSPITAL CORPORATION reassignment THE GENERAL HOSPITAL CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CAMPBELL, NATHANIEL R., VEMULA, PRAVEEN KUMAR
Assigned to CAMPBELL, NATHANIEL R., VEMULA, PRAVEEN KUMAR reassignment CAMPBELL, NATHANIEL R. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: THE GENERAL HOSPITAL CORPORATION
Publication of US20130280334A1 publication Critical patent/US20130280334A1/en
Assigned to ZHANG, SUFENG reassignment ZHANG, SUFENG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: THE BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL, INC.
Assigned to MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, THE BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL, INC. reassignment MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ZHANG, SUFENG
Assigned to THE BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL, INC., MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY reassignment THE BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ZHANG, SUFENG
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
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    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
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    • A61K47/16—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing nitrogen, e.g. nitro-, nitroso-, azo-compounds, nitriles, cyanates
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    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
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Definitions

  • This invention relates to self-assembled gels including gelators having a relatively small molecular weight, and more particularly to self-assembled gels including generally recognized as safe (GRAS) gelators.
  • GRAS generally recognized as safe
  • Local delivery of drugs can provide high local drug concentration while minimizing systemic toxicity, which can often be observed with oral dosing.
  • systemic toxicity can often be observed with oral dosing.
  • local depots are generally administered less frequently and include an initial burst followed by a continuous release, to maximize efficiency of therapy, it is desirable that a drug is only released when needed.
  • Delivering drugs to patients in a safe, effective, and compliant manner is a major challenge for the treatment of many types of disease.
  • the ability of drugs to reach target tissues from the point of oral administration can be limited by multiple barriers including enzymatic and acidic degradation in the stomach, absorption across the intestinal epithelium, hepatic clearance, and nonspecific uptake.
  • Effective oral dosing to achieve high concentrations of drugs within specific tissues while minimizing systemic toxicity can present a significant challenge.
  • Conventional polymeric drug delivery systems such as implants, injectable microspheres, and patches are used by tens of millions of people annually, yet often produce a sharp initial increase in concentration to a peak above the therapeutic range, followed by a fast decrease in concentration to a level below the therapeutic range. Additionally, noncompliance with oral medication is a leading cause of hospitalizations.
  • the holy grail of drug delivery is an autonomous system that can titrate the amount of drug released in response to a biological stimulus, thereby ensuring that the drug is released when needed at a therapeutically relevant concentration.
  • Such a system can rapidly release drug in response to fluctuations due to the severity of disease (this is often reflected by the local inflammatory state), patient-to-patient variability, and environmental factors.
  • the disclosure relates, at least in part, to self-assembled gel compositions including one or more generally recognized as safe (GRAS) gelators.
  • GRAS generally recognized as safe
  • Substances and agents such as small molecular agents, drugs, drug-candidates, vitamins, proteins, dyes and sensors can be encapsulated within the assembled structures.
  • the encapsulated substance or substances can be subsequently delivered through hydrolytic or other forms of degradation of the self-assembled gels or in response to an external stimulus, such as a specific enzyme.
  • the self-assembled gels can be formed of one or more amphiphilic gelators, which can encapsulate one or more different agents (e.g., therapeutic agents).
  • the new amphiphilic gelators can act in synergy with the encapsulated agent, such that a therapeutic effect of the encapsulated agent is enhanced compared to a non-encapsulated agent.
  • self-assembled gels can encapsulate and release two or more different agents that can act synergistically to achieve enhanced efficacy.
  • self-assembled gels can include vitamins or vitamin derivatives in combination with either another vitamin derivative or a GRAS gelator.
  • the self-assembled gels can increase stability of agents, such as encapsulated therapeutic agents and/or vitamins, e.g., from photo/ultra-violet degradation, and can deliver high concentrations of vitamins or GRAS agents.
  • the disclosure also relates, at least in part, to self-assembled hydrogel compositions including an enzyme-cleavable GRAS gelator, such as a GRAS gelator including a molecular weight of 2,500 or less.
  • the hydrogel compositions can self-assemble under specific assembly conditions.
  • Hydrogels can offer advantages such as the ability to hydrate in aqueous conditions and enhanced biological compatibility, and can be well suited for biological administration (e.g., implantation of wet hydrogels).
  • the disclosure relates, at least in part, to organogels formed of GRAS gelators such as ascorbyl alkanoate, sorbitan alkanoate, triglycerol monoalkanoate, sucrose alkanoate, and/or glycocholic acid.
  • the disclosure features self-assembled gel compositions including enzyme-cleavable, generally recognized as safe (GRAS) first gelators having a molecular weight of 2500 or less.
  • the GRAS first gelators can include ascorbyl alkanoate, sorbitan alkanoate, triglycerol monoalkanoate, sucrose alkanoate, glycocholic acid, and/or any combination thereof.
  • the GRAS first gelators can self-assemble into gels including nano structures.
  • the disclosure features self-assembled gel compositions capable of controlled release of agents.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions include enzyme-cleavable, generally recognized as safe (GRAS) first gelators having a molecular weight of 2500 or less; and one or more agents, e.g., any agents as described herein.
  • the GRAS first gelators can include ascorbyl alkanoate, sorbitan alkanoate, triglycerol monoalkanoate, sucrose alkanoate, glycocholic acid, and/or any combination thereof, and can self-assemble into gels including nanostructures.
  • the agents can be encapsulated within or between the nanostructures, can be non-covalently bonded to the nanostructures, or both.
  • the disclosure features methods of forming self-assembled gel compositions.
  • the methods include combining enzyme-cleavable generally recognized as safe (GRAS) gelators having a molecular weight of 2500 or less and solvents to form a mixture; heating or sonicating the mixture; stirring or shaking the mixture for a time sufficient to form a homogeneous solution; and cooling the homogenous solution for a time sufficient to enable the formation of self-assembled gel compositions.
  • the GRAS gelators can include ascorbyl alkanoate, sorbitan alkanoate, triglycerol monoalkanoate, sucrose alkanoate, glycocholic acid, and/or any combination thereof.
  • the methods further include lyophilizing self-assembled gels to form xerogels.
  • the disclosure features methods of forming a self-assembled gel composition.
  • the methods include combining enzyme-cleavable generally recognized as safe (GRAS) first gelators having a molecular weight of 2500 or less and second gelators to form a mixture; heating or sonicating the mixture; stirring or shaking the mixture for a time sufficient to form a homogeneous solution; and cooling the homogenous solution for a time sufficient to enable the formation of self-assembled gel compositions.
  • GRAS enzyme-cleavable generally recognized as safe
  • the GRAS first gelators can include ascorbyl alkanoate, sorbitan alkanoate, triglycerol monoalkanoate, sucrose alkanoate, glycocholic acid, and/or any combination thereof, and second gelators can include alpha tocopherol acetate, retinyl acetate, and/or retinyl palmitate.
  • the methods further include lyophilizing the self-assembled gel to form a xerogel.
  • the disclosure features self-assembled gel compositions including amphiphilic 3-aminobenzamide derivatives having a molecular weight of 2500 or less.
  • the amphiphilic 3-aminobenzaminde derivatives can self-assemble into gels comprising nanostructures.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can further include an agent, and the agent can be encapsulated within or between the nanostructures or non-covalently bonded to the nanostructures.
  • the disclosure features self-assembled gel compositions including an enzyme-cleavable, generally recognized as safe (GRAS) first gelator having a molecular weight of 2500 or less and a non-independent second gelator.
  • the first gelator and the non-independent second gelator each independently can have a concentration of from 0.01 to 20 percent by weight per gel volume.
  • the GRAS first gelator can include ascorbyl alkanoate, sorbitan alkanoate, triglycerol monoalkanoate, sucrose alkanoate, glycocholic acid, and any combination thereof.
  • the non-independent second gelator can include alpha tocopherol acetate, retinyl acetate, and retinyl palmitate.
  • Embodiments of the above-mentioned aspects can have one or more of the following features.
  • the ascorbyl alkanoates include ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl decanoate ascorbyl laurate, ascorbyl caprylate, ascorbyl myristate, ascorbyl oleate, and/or any combination thereof.
  • the ascorbyl alkanoates can include ascorbyl palmitate.
  • the sorbitan alkanoates include sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan decanoate, sorbitan laurate, sorbitan caprylate, sorbitan myristate, sorbitan oleate, and/or any combination thereof.
  • the sorbitan alkanoate can include sorbitan monostearate.
  • the triglycerol monoalkanoates include triglycerol monopalmitate, triglycerol monodecanoate, triglycerol monolaurate, triglycerol monocaprylate, triglycerol monomyristate, triglycerol monostearate, triglycerol monooleate, and/or any combination thereof.
  • the triglycerol monoalkanoates include triglycerol monopalmitate.
  • the sucrose alkanoates include sucrose palmitate, sucrose decanoate, sucrose laurate, sucrose caprylate, sucrose myristate, sucrose oleate, and/or any combination thereof.
  • the sucrose alkanoates can include sucrose palmitate.
  • the GRAS first gelators include glycocholic acid.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions include non-independent second gelators that can include alpha tocopherol acetate, retinyl acetate, and/or retinyl palmitate.
  • the non-independent second gelators can co-assemble with the GRAS first gelators to form the self-assembled gels.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can be solvent-free.
  • the gels can include from 0.5 (e.g., from one, from two, from three, from five, from 10, from 15, or from 20) to 25 (e.g., to 20, to 15, to 10, to five, to three, to two, or to one) percent by weight of the GRAS or non-GRAS first gelator and from 75 (e.g., from 80, from 85, from 90, from 95, from 97, from 98, or from 99) to 99.5 (e.g., to 99, to 98, to 97, to 95, to 90, to 85, or to 80) percent by weight of the non-independent second gelator.
  • the gel compositions can include independently from 0.01 (e.g., from 0.05, from 0.5, from one, from two, from three, from five, from 10, or from 15) to 25 percent (to 20, to 15, to 10, to five, to three, to two, to one, to 0.5, to 0.05) by weight per gel volume of the GRAS and/or of the non-independent second gelator.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can include a polar or non-polar solvent, such as water, benzene, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, acetonitrile, glycerol, 1,4-dioxane, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol, methanol, chloroform, hexane, acetone, N,N′-dimethyl formamide, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, pentyl alcohol, tetrahydrofuran, xylene, mesitylene, and/or any combination thereof.
  • a polar or non-polar solvent such as water, benzene, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, acetonitrile, glycerol, 1,4-dioxane, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol, methanol, chloroform, hexane, acetone, N,N′-dimethyl form
  • the gels can include between 0.01 and 18 (e.g., between 0.05 and 18, between 0.01 and 15, between 0.05 and 15, between 0.1 and 15, between 0.5 and 15, between one and 15, or between one and 10) weight/volume percent of one or more generally recognized as safe gelators in the solvent.
  • the nanostructures can include lamellae formed of the enzyme-cleavable GRAS first gelators.
  • the agents e.g., hydrophobic or hydrophilic
  • the agents can be encapsulated between the lamellae.
  • the agents can include a steroid, an anti-inflammatory agent, a chemotherapeutic, a PARP-inhibitor, a polypeptide, a nucleic acid, a polynucleotide, a polyribonucleotide, an anti-pain agent, an anti-pyretic agent, an anti-depression agent, a vasodilator, a vasoconstrictor, an immune-suppressant, a tissue regeneration promoter, a vitamin, a small interfering RNA, a polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(ethylene glycol), poly(ethylene oxide), hyaluronic acid, chitosan, carboxy methylcellulose, poly(ethylene glycol) di-acrylate, and poly(g
  • amphiphilic 3-aminobenzamide derivatives can a structure of formula (I):
  • A is CR 1 R 2 or O, wherein R 1 and R 2 are each independently H or halogen;
  • E is C 1-2 alkyl, C 1-2 haloalkyl, or absent;
  • D is selected from the group consisting of C 3-20 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, aryl, C 3-20 cycloalkyl, wherein each are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 groups selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-8 alkyl, halo, C 1-8 haloalkyl, and nitro.
  • amphiphilic 3-aminobenzamide derivatives can be selected from:
  • the amphiphilic 3-aminobenzamide derivatives when applied to a biological system, can potentiates an efficacy (e.g., enhance the efficacy, and/or act synergistically with) of agents, such as chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., temozolomide, carmustine (bis-chloroethylnitrosourea), camptothecin, or and/paclitaxel).
  • agents such as chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., temozolomide, carmustine (bis-chloroethylnitrosourea), camptothecin, or and/paclitaxel).
  • the self-assembled gel compositions described herein can provide controlled release of agents.
  • the gel compositions can be adapted to be controllably disassembled.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions are lubricious and/or have recoverable rheological properties. In some embodiments, the self-assembled gel compositions have an elastic modulus of from 10 to 10,000 Pascal and a viscous modulus of from 10 to 10,000 Pascal.
  • Embodiments and/or aspects can provide one or more of the following advantages.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can enhance the stability and facilitate delivery of encapsulated agents or of gelators forming the gel.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can provide controlled release of an encapsulated agent, for example, upon exposure to a specific stimulus.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can act in synergy with an encapsulated agent, such that the efficacy of the agent is enhanced.
  • the gel compositions are relatively stable and easy to synthesize.
  • FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of a self-assembling gel composition, an agent encapsulation process, and a gel disassembly process.
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B are graphs showing agent release from an ascorbic palmitate (“Asc-Pal”) self-assembled gel fibers in response to lipase, MMP-2, and MMP-9 at 37° C. in vitro.
  • A Enzyme was added on day 0, and release kinetics were continuously monitored.
  • B After 4 days of enzyme addition, media were changed to remove the enzyme (dotted arrow); on day 11, fresh enzyme was added (solid arrow), triggering the release of dye.
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B are graphs showing (A) synovial fluid collected from arthritis patients mediated fiber disassembly and dye release over a 15-day period, whereas dye was not released from gels incubated with PBS. (B) Gel fibers were incubated with synovial lysates prepared from ankle tissue of arthritic mice with and without protease inhibitors.
  • FIGS. 4A and 4B are graphs showing dynamic rheology of Asc-Pal fibrous hydrogels assessed with a parallel-plate rheometer.
  • FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of a self-assembling gel including a 3-aminobenzamide derivative and optionally an encapsulated tomozolomide.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing increased stability of temozolomide (TMZ) in gel and xerogel formed from an Abz-Chol amphiphile.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing a release of tomozolomide from gel fibers and xerogel fibers into DPBS at 37° C. (inset: release over first 12 hours).
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing a cumulative release of tomozolomide in DPBS at 37° C. from a transwell formulation, measured by high performance liquid chromatograph (“HPLC”).
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing controlled release of camptothecin from self-assembled hydrogel fibers of SMS (6%, wt/v) in the absence and presence of esterase enzyme (10,000 units) at 37° C.
  • FIGS. 10A and 10B are graphs showing viability of (A) glioma cells (G55) and (B) fibroblasts (NIH3T3) in the presence of camptothecin-encapsulated self-assembled SMS gel fibers.
  • FIGS. 11A and 11B are graphs summarizing cytotoxicity of glioblastoma cancer cell lines ((A) G55 and (B) U87) using chemotherapeutic agent (CPT) and PARP-inhibitor (AGO14699) loaded Sorbitan Monostearate gels, individual and combination.
  • CPT chemotherapeutic agent
  • AGO14699 PARP-inhibitor
  • FIG. 12 is a graph showing controlled release of TA from self-assembled SMS hydrogels (6%, wt/v) in the absence and presence of esterase enzyme (10,000 units) at 37° C.
  • FIGS. 13A-13 B are graphs showing A) encapsulation efficiency and B) loading efficiency of Asc-Pal hydrogels (20% ethanol v/v) at different concentration of Asc-Pal amphiphile (1-5% wt/v). In all samples, 2 mg of dexamethasone was used as starting concentration for encapsulation.
  • FIG. 14A-14B are graphs showing controlled release of dexamethasone from self-assembled hydrogels (ethanol:water, 1:3) of Asc-Pal (5%, wt/v) in the absence and presence of esterase enzyme (10,000 units) at 37° C. Controlled release was examined for A) 2 mg and B) 4 mg of dexamethasone encapsulated within Asc-Pal hydrogels. Similar release profile has been observed from both gels.
  • FIG. 15A-15B are graphs showing enzyme responsive degradation of Asc-Pal (3 and 6% wt/v) hydrogels to release ascorbic acid from A) low and B) high loading of dexamethasone. Release of ascorbic acid was measured with and without lipase enzyme (10,000 units) at 37° C. In the presence of enzyme, Asc-Pal was cleaved rapidly releasing ascorbic acid (within 2 hours), whereas absence of enzyme did not resulted in the presence of significant concentrations of ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid is unstable and degrades rapidly in PBS at 37° C., thus its concentration decreases over time.
  • FIG. 16 is a graph showing release of dexamethasone from Asc-Pal hydrogels that were doped with an excipient glycocholic acid. 1 mg of glycocholic acid was added during the preparation of hydrogels. 3 and 6% (wt/v) of amphiphile was used to prepare gels. Release of dexamethasone was been performed in the absence (3% APDGC-NE and 6% APDCG-NE) and in the presence of (3% APDGC-WE and 6% APDCG-WE) lipase enzyme (10,000 units) at 37° C.
  • FIG. 17 is a graph showing on-demand release of dexamethasone from dexamethasone-palmitate encapsulated self-assembled hydrogels (20% (v/v) DMSO in water) of Asc-Pal (8%, wt/v) in the absence and presence of esterase enzyme (10,000 units) at 37° C. From day-0 to day-11 gels were incubated in PBS, on day-11 lipase was added (arrow) that triggered release of dexamethasone.
  • FIG. 18 is a graph showing controlled release of indomethacin from self-assembled hydrogel of Asc-Pal (6%, wt/v) in the absence and presence of esterase enzyme (10,000 units) at 37° C.
  • FIG. 19 is a graph showing quantification of DNA in SMS hydrogel fibers.
  • Hydro- or organo-gel compositions as described herein consist of self-assembled macromolecular, nanostructure networks with a liquid filling the interstitial space of the network.
  • the network holds the liquid in place through its interaction forces and so gives the gel solidity and coherence, but the gel is also wet and soft and capable of undergoing some extent of deformation.
  • the gel state is neither solid nor liquid, but has some features of both.
  • Self-assembly has been used to develop molecularly defined and functional materials, including hydrogels.
  • Self-assembled hydrogel compositions can be formulated in a variety of physical forms, including microparticles, nanoparticles, coatings and films.
  • hydrogels are commonly used in clinical practice and experimental medicine for a wide range of applications, including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, diagnostics, cellular immobilization, separation of biomolecules or cells and barrier materials to regulate biological adhesions.
  • Hydrogel compositions are appealing for biological applications because of their high water content and biocompatibility.
  • C 2-6 alkenyl denotes a group containing 2 to 6 carbons wherein at least one carbon-carbon double bond is present, some embodiments are 2 to 4 carbons, some embodiments are 2 to 3 carbons, and some embodiments have 2 carbons. Both E and Z isomers are embraced by the term “alkenyl.” Furthermore, the term “alkenyl” includes di- and tri-alkenyls. Accordingly, if more than one double bond is present then the bonds may be all E or Z or a mixtures of E and Z.
  • alkenyl examples include vinyl, allyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 5-hexanyl, 2,4-hexadienyl and the like.
  • C 1-4 alkoxy denotes a group alkyl, as defined herein, attached directly to an oxygen atom. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy and the like.
  • alkyl denotes a straight or branched carbon group containing 3 to 20 carbons, and some embodiments are 1 to 8 carbons.
  • alkyl include, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, iso-pentyl, t-pentyl, neo-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl (i.e., —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-methylbutyl (i.e., —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 ), n-hexyl, lauryl, decanoyl, palmityl, caprylyl, myristyl, oleyl, stearyl and the like.
  • C 1-2 alkylene refers to a C 1-2 divalent straight carbon group.
  • C 1-2 alkylene refers to, for example, —CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 —, and the like.
  • aryl denotes an aromatic ring group containing 6 to 14 ring carbons. Examples include phenyl, naphthyl, and fluorenyl.
  • C 3-20 cycloalkyl denotes a saturated ring group containing 3 to 20 carbons; some embodiments contain 3 to 17 carbons; some embodiments contain 3 to 4 carbons. Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopenyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and the like.
  • halogen or “halo” denotes to a fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo group.
  • C 1-2 haloalkyl denotes an C 1-2 alkyl group, defined herein, wherein the alkyl is substituted with one halogen up to fully substituted and a fully substituted C 1-2 haloalkyl can be represented by the formula C n L 2n+1 wherein L is a halogen and “n” is 1, or 2; when more than one halogen is present then they may be the same or different and selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I, preferably F.
  • C 1-2 haloalkyl groups include, but not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl and the like.
  • C 1-8 haloalkyl denotes an C 1-2 alkyl group, defined herein, wherein the alkyl is substituted with one halogen up to fully substituted and a fully substituted C 1-2 haloalkyl can be represented by the formula C n L 2n+1 wherein L is a halogen and “n” is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8; when more than one halogen is present then they may be the same or different and selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I, preferably F.
  • nitro refers to the group —NO 2 .
  • a “non-independent gelator” is a molecule that cannot, by itself, form a self-assembled gel, but can form an integral part of a self-assembled gel in the presence of another gelator that can promote gelation of the non-independent gelator, such as a GRAS gelator.
  • the non-independent gelator forms part of the gel structure (e.g., a lamellar structure) with the gelator that promotes gelation of the non-dependent gelator.
  • the non-independent gelator can be amphiphilic, having a hydrophilic group attached to a hydrophobic group, which can co-assemble with other hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups of an accompanying gelator molecule to form the gel structure.
  • “Hydrogels,” as known to those of skill in the art, are 3-D networks of molecules typically covalently (e.g., polymeric hydrogels) or non-covalently (e.g., self-assembled hydrogels) held together where water is the major component (usually greater than 80%). Gels can be formed via self-assembly of gelators or via chemical crosslinking of gelators. Water-based gelators can be used to form hydrogels, whereas organogelators are gelators that form gels (organogels) in solvents where organic solvents are the major component.
  • Organic gels are 3-D networks of molecules typically covalently (e.g., polymeric hydrogels) or non-covalently (e.g., self-assembled hydrogels) held together where an organic solvent is the major component (usually greater than 80%). Gels can be formed via self-assembly of gelators or via chemical crosslinking of gelators.
  • Gelators are molecules that can self-assemble through non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen-bonding, van der Waals interactions, hydrophobic interactions, ionic interactions, pi-pi stacking, or combinations thereof, in one or more solvents.
  • the gelators can form a gel by rigidifying the solvent through, for example, capillary forces.
  • Gelators can include hydrogelators (e.g., gelators that form hydrogels) and organogelators (e.g, gelators that form organogels). In some embodiments, gelators can form both hydrogels and organogels.
  • self-assembled gel compositions can include an amphiphilic gelator having a molecular weight of 2500 or less, such as an enzyme-cleavable, generally recognized as safe (GRAS) gelator having a molecular weight of 2500 or less.
  • GRAS enzyme-cleavable, generally recognized as safe
  • the generally recognized as safe gelator can include any agent listed on the FDA's GRAS list.
  • the GRAS gelator can include, but is not limited to, agents that are generally recognized, among experts qualified by scientific training and experience to evaluate their safety, as having been adequately shown through scientific procedures (or, in the case of a substance used in food prior to Jan. 1, 1958, through either scientific procedures or through experience based on common use in food) to be safe.
  • hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions of the gelator molecules can interact to form lamellae of gelator molecules.
  • the hydrophobic portions of gelators are located in the inner regions of a given lamella, and hydrophilic portions are located at the outer surfaces of the lamella.
  • the hydrophobic portions of gelators are located in the outer regions of a given lamella, and hydrophilic portions are located at the inner surfaces of the lamella.
  • the lamella can have a width of from about three (e.g., from about four) to about five (e.g., to about four) nanometers and a length of several microns (e.g., one micron, two microns, three microns, four microns, five microns, ten microns, twenty microns, or twenty five microns) or more.
  • Several tens or hundreds of such lamellae can bundle together to form nanostructures, such as fibers and sheet-like structures.
  • the nanostructures can include nanoparticles, micelles, liposome vesicles, fibers, and/or sheets.
  • the nanostructures can have a minimum dimension (e.g., a thickness, a width, or a diameter) of 2 nm or more (e.g., 50 nm or more, 100 nm or more, 150 nm or more, 200 nm or more, 250 nm or more, 300 nm or more, 350 nm or more) and/or 400 nm or less (e.g., 350 nm or less, 300 nm or less, 250 nm or less, 200 nm or less, 150 nm or less, 100 nm or less, or 500 nm or less).
  • a minimum dimension e.g., a thickness, a width, or a diameter
  • 2 nm or more e.g., 50 nm or more, 100 nm or more, 150 nm or more, 200 nm or more, 250 nm or more, 300 nm or more, 350 nm or more
  • 400 nm or less e.g
  • the nanostructures e.g, fibers, sheets
  • the nanostructures can have a length and/or width of several microns (e.g., one micron, two microns, three microns, four microns, five microns, ten microns, twenty microns, or twenty five microns) or more.
  • the nanostructures can aggregate into networks, and/or be in the form of a liquid crystal, emulsion, fibrillar structure, or tape-like morphologies.
  • the fibers can have a diameter of about 2 nm or more, and can have lengths of hundreds of nanometers or more.
  • the fibers can have lengths of several microns (e.g., one micron, two microns, three microns, four microns, five microns, ten microns, twenty microns, or twenty five microns) or more.
  • the GRAS gelators can include ascorbyl alkanoate, sorbitan alkanoate, triglycerol monoalkanoate, sucrose alkanoate, glycocholic acid, or any combination thereof.
  • the alkanoate can include a hydrophobic C 1 -C 22 alkyl (e.g., acetyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, caprylyl, capryl, lauryl, myristyl, palmityl, stearyl, arachidyl, or behenyl) bonded via a labile linkage (e.g., an ester linkage) to an ascorbyl, sorbitan, triglycerol, or sucrose molecule.
  • a labile linkage e.g., an ester linkage
  • the ascorbyl alkanoate can include ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl decanoate, ascorbyl laurate, ascorbyl caprylate, ascorbyl myristate, ascorbyl oleate, or any combination thereof.
  • the sorbitan alkanoate can include sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan decanoate, sorbitan laurate, sorbitan caprylate, sorbitan myristate, sorbitan oleate, or any combination thereof.
  • the triglycerol monoalkanoate can include triglycerol monopalmitate, triglycerol monodecanoate, triglycerol monolaurate, triglycerol monocaprylate, triglycerol monomyristate, triglycerol monostearate, triglycerol monooleate, or any combination thereof.
  • the sucrose alkanoate can include sucrose palmitate, sucrose decanoate, sucrose laurate, sucrose caprylate, sucrose myristate, sucrose oleate, or any combination thereof.
  • the GRAS gelators include ascorbyl palmitate, sorbitan monostearate, triglycerol monopalmitate, sucrose palmitate, or glycocholic acid.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can include one or more non-independent second gelators, such as a vitamin derivative, that is or are different from a GRAS gelator.
  • non-independent second gelators such as a vitamin derivative
  • self-assembling gels can be formed of vitamins or vitamin derivatives in combination with another vitamin derivative, a GRAS gelator, or a non-GRAS gelator.
  • the non-independent gelators cannot assemble into a gel by itself.
  • first gelator such as a GRAS first gelator
  • second gelator can promote the gelation of a non-independent second gelator, such that both the first and second gelators can co-assemble into a gel and can both be integrated into the gel structure (e.g., lamellar, micellar, vesicular, or fibrous structures), where neither gel components are merely encapsulated by the gel.
  • the resulting gels can increase resistance to photo/ultra-violet degradation of vitamins and deliver high concentrations of vitamins or GRAS gelators.
  • the non-independent second gelators include a liquid amphiphile.
  • the non-independent second gelators can include alpha tocopherol acetate, retinyl acetate, and/or retinyl palmitate.
  • the resulting gels can include a solvent, or be solvent-free.
  • the gels can include from 0.5 (e.g., from one, from two, from three, from five, from 10, from 15, or from 20) to 25 (e.g., to 20, to 15, to 10, to five, to three, to two, or to one) percent by weight of the GRAS or non-GRAS first gelator and from 75 (e.g., from 80, from 85, from 90, from 95, from 97, from 98, or from 99) to 99.5 (e.g., to 99, to 98, to 97, to 95, to 90, to 85, or to 80) percent by weight of the non-independent second gelator.
  • the gels can include, independently, from 0.01 (e.g., from 0.05, from 0.5, from one, from two, from three, from five, from 10, or from 15) to 25 percent (to 20, to 15, to 10, to five, to three, to two, to one, to 0.5, to 0.05) by weight per gel volume of the GRAS or non-GRAS first gelator and the non-independent second gelator.
  • the resulting gels can be relatively stable and provide enhanced stability of the gel constituents (e.g., vitamin E and/or vitamin A derivatives).
  • the self-assembled gel compositions include a solvent.
  • solvents include water, benzene, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, acetonitrile, glycerol, 1,4-dioxane, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol, methanol, chloroform, hexane, acetone, N,N′-dimethyl formamide, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, pentyl alcohol, tetrahydrofuran, xylene, mesitylene, or any combinations thereof.
  • the gels can include between 0.01 and 18 (e.g., between 0.05 and 18, between 0.01 and 15, between 0.05 and 15, between 0.1 and 15, between 0.5 and 15, between one and 15, or between one and 10) weight/volume percent of the generally recognized as safe gelator in the solvent.
  • the gels can include from 0.5 to 25 percent by weight of the GRAS first gelator and 0.5 to 25 percent by weight of the non-independent second gelator.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions are lyophilized to remove a solvent, such that the resulting gels form xerogels.
  • Xerogels can be in a powder form, which can be useful for inhalation or for formation into pills for oral administration. As xerogels are solvent free, they can have improved shelf-life and can be relatively easily transported and stored.
  • the gels can be frozen (e.g., at ⁇ 80° C.) and vacuum-dried over a period of time to provide xerogels.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can be formed of amphiphilic 3-aminobenzamide derivatives including a molecular weight of 2,500 or less.
  • the 3-aminobenzamide derivatives can form nanostructures having a maximum dimension of 2 nm or more (see, supra).
  • the 3-aminobenzamide derivatives can further one or more agents encapsulated within the nanostructures or non-covalently bonded to the nanostructures.
  • amphiphilic 3-aminobenzamide derivatives have a structure of formula (I):
  • A is CR 1 R 2 or O, wherein R 1 and R 2 are each independently H or halogen;
  • E is C 1-2 alkylene, C 1-2 haloalkyl, or absent;
  • D is selected from the group consisting of C 3-20 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, aryl, C 3-20 cycloalkyl, wherein each are optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 groups selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-8 alkyl, halo, C 1-8 haloalkyl, and nitro.
  • A is CH 2 or O.
  • E is CH 2 or CH 2 CH 2 .
  • D is phenyl, optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 groups selected from nitro and C 1-4 alkoxy.
  • D is phenyl, optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 groups selected from nitro and methoxy.
  • D is ethylenyl
  • A is O; E is absent; and D is C 3-20 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 C 1-8 alkyl.
  • A is CH 2 or O; E is absent, and D is C 3-20 alkyl.
  • amphiphilic 3-aminobenzamide derivative has a structure of formula (I):
  • A is CH 2 or O
  • E is CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 , or absent
  • D is selected from the group consisting of C 3-20 alkyl, C 3-20 cycloalkyl, ethylenyl, and phenyl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 groups selected from nitro, C 1-4 alkoxy, and C 1-8 alkyl.
  • amphiphilic 3-aminobenzamide derivatives can include:
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can include one or more encapsulated agents.
  • the agents can be hydrophobic, such the agents can be relatively non-polar and thus prefer neutral molecules and non-polar solvents.
  • the agents can be hydrophilic.
  • the agents can have a molecular weight of less than or equal to about 500,000 Da.
  • the agents can include a steroid, an anti-inflammatory agent, a chemotherapeutic, a polypeptide, a nucleic acid, a polynucleotide, a polyribonucleotide, an anti-pain agent, an anti-pyretic agent, an anti-depression agent, a vasodilator, a vasoconstrictor, an immune-suppressant, a tissue regeneration promoter, a vitamin, a vitamin derivative, a dye, a sensor, and/or a small interfering RNA.
  • a steroid an anti-inflammatory agent, a chemotherapeutic, a polypeptide, a nucleic acid, a polynucleotide, a polyribonucleotide, an anti-pain agent, an anti-pyretic agent, an anti-depression agent, a vasodilator, a vasoconstrictor, an immune-suppressant, a tissue regeneration promoter, a vitamin,
  • the agents can include a polymer, such as poly(ethylene glycol), poly(ethylene oxide), hyaluronic acid, chitosan, carboxy methylcellulose, poly(ethylene glycol) di-acrylate, and poly(glycerol-co-sebasate acrylate), and/or any derivative thereof.
  • the agents include triamcinolone acetonide, dexamethasone, ethambutol, iodomethacin, camptothecin, paclitaxel, temozolomide, carmustine, PARP-inhibitors, and/or any derivative thereof.
  • the encapsulated agents can be embedded between the lamellae of a self-assembled gel, or embedded within the hydrophobic groups of the gelators forming the self-assembled gel.
  • the encapsulated PARP-inhibitors include NU1025, BSI-201, AZD-2281, ABT-888, AGO-14699, 4-hydroxyquinazoline, 3-aminobenzamide, 1,5-isoquinolinediol, 4-amino-1,8-napthalimide, O 6 -benzylguanine, and/or derivatives thereof.
  • the agents can include insulin, an anticoagulant, a blood thinner, an antioxidant, a sleep medication, an enzyme inhibitor, a GPCR agonist or antagonists, a vaccine, an inhibitory ribonucleic acid (RNAi), a protein, a peptide, an enzyme a nutrition supplement, an antibody, and/or an aptamers.
  • the agents can promote cell migration, proliferation, matrix production, cell differentiation, transendothelial migration, transdifferentiation, re-programming, and/or anti-apoptosis.
  • the agents can alter metabolism.
  • a solvent, a gelator, and optionally an agent to be encapsulated are added to a container to form a mixture.
  • the mixture can include one or more solvents, one or more gelators (e.g., GRAS gelators), and/or one or more agents to be encapsulated.
  • the mixture can be heated and/or sonicated and/or placed in a bath to completely dissolve the gelator to form a homogeneous solution, and the solution is then cooled and/or rested in an undisturbed location.
  • the solution can transition into a viscous gel after a given time period. Gelation is deemed complete when no gravitational flow is observed upon inversion of the container.
  • the gels can be repeatedly vortexed in a solvent that can dissolve the agent but that does not interact with the gels. The supernatant solution can be removed to extract any unencapsulated agent.
  • a gelator e.g., a GRAS or a non-GRAS gelator
  • a liquid amphiphile e.g., a non-independent vitamin-derived liquid amphiphile
  • the mixture can include one or more gelators and one or more liquid amphiphiles.
  • the mixture is then heated/sonicated/placed in a bath to form a homogenous solution.
  • the resulting solution is then allowed to cool and/or rest in an undisturbed location.
  • the solution can transition into a viscous gel after a given time period.
  • one or more gelators and optionally an agent to be encapsulated can be combined in the absence of a solvent to form a mixture.
  • the mixture is then heated/sonicated/placed in a bath to form a homogenous solution.
  • the resulting solution is then allowed to cool and/or rest in an undisturbed location.
  • the solution can transition into a viscous gel after a given time period.
  • a melted gel including one or more gelator and one or more solvents can be added to a solid agent, to an agent dissolved a the same one or more solvents, or to an agent dissolved or suspended in a gel-compatible solvent.
  • the heating temperatures can be from 40 (e.g., from 50, from 60, from 70, from 80, from 90, or from 100) to 110 (e.g., to 100, to 90, to 80, to 70, to 60, or to 50)° C.
  • the mixtures can be heated and/or sonicated and/or placed in a bath for a duration of from one (e.g., from five, from 10, from 15, from 20, or from 25) to 30 (to 25, to 20, to 15, to 10, or to five) minutes.
  • the solutions can be cooled to a temperature of from 4 (e.g., from 10, from 20, or from 25) to 37 (e.g., to 25, to 20, or to 10)° C. and/or rested for a duration of from 15 minutes (e.g., from 30 minutes, from 45 minutes) to one hour (e.g., to 45 minutes, to 30 minutes).
  • 0.01-10 wt % of a GRAS first gelator and 0.01-10 wt % of GRAS second gelator can be dissolved in dissolved in 1-150 ⁇ l of water miscible organic solvent, optionally, 50-199 ⁇ l of either water or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) can be added to the mixture. Heating (40-110° C.) and/or sonication and/or placing in a bath for 1-30 min followed by cooling (4-37° C.) can occur to form assembled gels.
  • one or more amphiphilic vitamin derivatives e.g., a vitamin C ester, a vitamin A ester, a vitamin E ester
  • one or more amphiphilic vitamin derivatives e.g., a vitamin C ester, a vitamin A ester, a vitamin E ester
  • an agent of interest can be dissolved in 1-150 ⁇ l of water miscible organic solvent, subsequently 50-199 ⁇ l of either water or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was added. Heating (40-110° C.) and/or sonication and/or placing in a bath for 1-30 min followed by cooling (4-37° C.) GRAS agent can occur to form assembled gels including an encapsulated agent.
  • PBS phosphate buffer saline
  • the GRAS gelators can be dissolved in 1-150 ⁇ l of water miscible organic solvent, and an agent of interest (e.g., 0.1-5 wt %, 0.01-8 wt %) in water or PBS can be added to the GRAS gelator solution.
  • an agent of interest e.g., 0.1-5 wt %, 0.01-8 wt %
  • PBS water or PBS
  • one or more amphiphilic vitamin derivatives e.g., a vitamin C ester, a vitamin A ester, a vitamin E ester
  • one or more amphiphilic vitamin derivatives e.g., a vitamin C ester, a vitamin A ester, a vitamin E ester
  • one gelator is a liquid
  • 0.01-15 wt % of a solid GRAS gelator and optionally 0.1-10 wt % of an agent of interest can be added to a liquid GRAS gelator, or the gelators and the agent of interest can be dissolved in an water miscible or immiscible organic solvent.
  • one or more amphiphilic vitamin derivatives e.g., a vitamin C ester, a vitamin A ester, a vitamin E ester
  • one or more amphiphilic vitamin derivatives e.g., a vitamin C ester, a vitamin A ester, a vitamin E ester
  • 0.01-15 wt % of an amphiphilic GRAS-agent and 0.01-10 wt % of phospholipid (either cationic, or anionic, or zwitterionic) and 0.01-8 wt % of an agent of interest can be dissolved in an organic (water miscible or immiscible) solvent by heating (40-110° C.) and/or sonication and/or placing in a bath for 1-30 min, followed by cooling to lower temperature (4-37° C.) to form self-assembled organogels.
  • 0.01-15 wt % of an amphiphilic GRAS gelator and 0.01-10 wt % of polymer can be dissolved in 1-150 ⁇ l of a water miscible solvent, subsequently 50-199 ⁇ l of either water or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was added to form a mixture. Heating (40-110° C.) and/or sonication and/or placing in a bath the mixture for 1-30 min, followed by cooling to lower temperature (4-37° C.) can provide self-assembled hydrogels.
  • the mixture can optionally include 0.01-8 wt % of an agent of interest, dissolved in the water-miscible solvent, in the water, or PBS.
  • an agent of interest dissolved in the water-miscible solvent, in the water, or PBS.
  • the amphiphilic GRAS gelator, polymer, and/or agent of interest can be dissolved in a water miscible or immiscible organic solvent.
  • self-assembled fibers are isolated through repeated cycles of centrifugation (2000-25000 rpm for 2-15 min) and PBS washings, to provide water dispersible self-assembled fibers with varying overall charge of the fibers.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can be lubricious, such that when the gel compositions are administered to a surface, decreased wear is caused to the surface by a given friction-inducing object in a given amount of time.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can have recoverable rheological properties.
  • they can have an elastic modulus of from 10 (e.g., from 100, from 1,000, from 2,500, from 5,000, or from 7,500) to 10,000 (e.g., to 7,500, to 5,000, to 2,500, to 1,000, or to 100) pascals and a viscous modulus of from 10 (e.g., from 100, from 1,000, from 2,500, from 5,000, or from 7,500) to 10,000 (to 7,500, to 5,000, to 2,500, to 1,000, or to 100) pascals.
  • 10 e.g., from 100, from 1,000, from 2,500, from 5,000, or from 7,500
  • the gel compositions When administered to a biological system, the gel compositions can be controllably disassembled, for example, upon exposure to hydrolytic, enzymatic degradation conditions, or an external stimulus.
  • Gel assembly can include cleavage of a labile linkage in an amphiphilic gelator, such as an ester, amide, anhydride, carbamate, phosphate-based linkages (e.g., phosphodiester), disulfide (—S—S—), acid-cleavable groups such as —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, or —C ⁇ NN— that can be present between a hydrophobic and hydrophilic group within the gelator.
  • labile linkages are also described, for example, in PCT publication WO2010/033726, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • encapsulated agents can be controllably released from the gel compositions upon gel disassembly.
  • encapsulated agents can be gradually released over a period of time (e.g., a day, a week, a month, six months, or a year).
  • the release can be delayed from minutes to days to months or even years, for example, when gel compositions are administered under physiological conditions (a pH of about 7.4 and a temperature of about 37° C.).
  • the sustained release can be controlled by the concentration of an enzyme and/or a temperature.
  • sustained release can be accelerated via high enzyme concentration.
  • the sustained release is delivered without a burst release, or with only a minimal burst release.
  • gel compositions can be disassembled under biological conditions, e.g., conditions present in the blood or serum, or conditions present inside or outside the cell, tissue or organ.
  • the gel compositions can be disassembled only under conditions present in a disease state of a cell, tissue or organ, e.g., inflammation, thus allowing for release of an agent at targeted tissue and/or organ.
  • the gel compositions can include degradable linkages that are cleavable upon contact with an enzyme and/or through hydrolysis, such as ester, amide, anhydride, and carbamate linkages.
  • phosphate-based linkages can be cleaved by phosphatases.
  • labile linkages are redox cleavable and are cleaved upon reduction or oxidation (e.g., —S—S—).
  • degradable linkages are susceptible to temperature, for example cleavable at high temperature, e.g., cleavable in the temperature range of 37-100° C., 40-100° C., 45-100° C., 50-100° C., 60-100° C., 70-100° C.
  • degradable linkages can be cleaved at physiological temperatures (e.g., from 36 to 40° C., about 36° C., about 37° C., about 38° C., about 39° C., about 40° C.).
  • linkages can be cleaved by an increase in temperature. This can allow use of lower dosages, because agents are only released at the required site. Another benefit is lowering of toxicity to other organs and tissues.
  • stimuli can be ultrasound, temperature, pH, metal ions, light, electrical stimuli, electromagnetic stimuli, and combinations thereof.
  • the gel compositions can include encapsulated agents such as those discussed herein, and/or chemotherapeutic agents including temozolomide, carmustine, camptothecin, and/or paclitaxel.
  • the amphiphilic 3-aminobenzamide derivatives which are poly(ADP-ribose) (“PARP”) inhibitors, can enhance (e.g., potentiate) the efficacy of encapsulated agents.
  • PARP poly(ADP-ribose)
  • amphiphilic 3-amino benzamides can act in synergy with encapsulated agents by acting via complementary pathways in a biological system.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can also be internalized by cells—such that biologically active gelators (e.g., amphiphilic 3-aminobenzamide) can be released together with encapsulated agents at the same location within a biological system.
  • Gelators and encapsulated agents that can act synergistically can include, for example, self-assembled gel compositions including vitamin C derivative gelators (e.g., ascorbyl alkanoate to increase iron absorption) and aloe (to increase absorption of vitamin C and E) which together can increase vitamin uptake; self-assembled gel compositions including PARP inhibitor gelators (e.g., amphiphilic 3-aminobenzamide) and cisplatin and/or BMS-536924 which together can block cellular repair pathways; self-assembled gel compositions including non-independent vitamin A derived gelators (e.g., retinyl acetate, retinyl palmitate) and interferons can provide heightened immune response; self-assembled gel compositions
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can be used for treatment of a variety of conditions, such as proteolytic diseases, including inflammatory disease.
  • the gel compositions can be used as lubricants or viscosupplements to damaged joints.
  • the gel compositions can restore lubricant properties of synovial fluid of arthritis/pathological joints.
  • the gel compositions can be used for replacement of fluids such as synovial fluid, aqueous humor, and/or vitreous humor.
  • the gel compositions can be used for the treatment of diabetes.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can be used for cellular applications including cell delivery.
  • the gel compositions can be used for of delivery osteogenic agents to promote osteogenesis, as part of an oral rinse to target the oral cavity, applied to the skin to release agents for cosmetic or therapeutic purposes, used to treat ulcers including mucosal and skin, used to treat tumors (examples may include brain, skin, head and neck, breast, prostate, liver, pancreas, lung, bone, and/or oral), used to treat acute and chronic kidney disease, and/or applied to treat gum disease.
  • the gel compositions can be components in tooth paste, shampoo/conditioner, soap, shaving cream, hand cream, sanitizer, makeup, eye drops, razors, nasal spray, nail polish, hair spray/gel, shoe polish, paint, detergent, fabric softener, water purification, plaster, toilet cleaner, food.
  • the gel compositions can be delivered to the surface of the scalp to promote hair growth.
  • the gel compositions can be used to deliver of nutrient supplements in high concentrations where vitamins are provided by the GRAS gelator and/or from entrapped vitamins.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can be used for protection of skin from sunburns and inflammation, and delivery of antioxidants—where anti-oxidant properties are provided by the GRAS gelator and/or from entrapped anti-oxidants.
  • the gel compositions can be used in the treatment of back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, diabetic retinopathy, ulcerative colitis, crohn's disease, tennis elbow, heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease.
  • the gel compositions can be useful, e.g., for improving safety, targeting efficiency, compliance and efficacy for indications benefiting from single dose, prolonged action or tissue-specific formulations. Exemplary indications include, but are not limited to, allergy (e.g.
  • contact dermatitis dermatitis
  • arthritis asthma, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetic ulcers, eczema, infections, inflammation, muscuscitis, periodontal disease, psoriasis, respiratory pathway diseases (e.g., tuberculosis), vascular occlusion, pain, graft versus host diseases, canker sores, mucositis, bacterial conditions, viral conditions.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can include stimulation of pathways to promote formation of extracellular matrix (i.e. gel composition induces formation of collagen that may find utility in cosmetic applications, or promotes formulation of new tissues such as muscle or other connective tissues).
  • Injecting or implanting the gel compositions into a joint together with the sustained-release properties enables the gel compositions to provide a long-term release of an encapsulated agent over a period of time. This is particularly suitable in instances where enzymes that are present in a joint are naturally released upon inflammation of the joint. When the joint becomes inflamed and releases the enzyme, the enzyme, in turn, disassembles gel compositions, which releases the anti-inflammatory drugs. After the anti-inflammatory drug is released, the enzyme concentration decreases.
  • the gel compositions that are not cleaved remain stable until another inflammatory stimulus. This phenomenon can be referred to as “on-demand release,” where the level of inflammation regulates the amount and timing of an agent release.
  • the gel compositions can be useful to release therapeutic agents that correlate with different stages of tissue regeneration.
  • Application may be through systemic infusion, injection, transplantation, inhalation, or topical application including to the mucosa, oral, buccal, nasal, intestinal, vaginal, rectal and skin.
  • the gel compositions can be spatially targeted when administered to a biological system.
  • the gel compositions can be locally delivered via implants or injections, or the gel compositions can by systemically delivered.
  • the active transfer of amphiphiles through a tissue can be enhanced/achieved by the action of electrical or other forms of energy. These may include iontophoresis; sonophoresis and electroporation.
  • the gel compositions can be amenable to inner ear drug delivery, oral drug delivery, ophthalmologic application, and incorporation within chewing gum for controlled release of agents including flavoring agents, vitamins, or nutraceuticals.
  • the gel compositions can be in xerogel form and can be incorporated into a lozenge or chewing gum for controlled release of flavoring agents, vitamins, or nutraceuticals.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can be used in transdermal delivery (e.g., transdermal patches, permeabilization), and combined with other external devices which can be applied on the skin.
  • the gel compositions can be used for intranasal delivery of drugs, in various cosmetic applications including bulking agents or for applications where production of extracellular matrix such as collagen is desired.
  • the gel compositions can be in xerogel form and administered to an intranasal cavity by inhalation.
  • the gel compositions can be used for delivering drugs into the gut and inner-lumen of vessels through endoscopic application (endoluminal applications), which can offer advantage over trans dermal patches that can induce inflammation or cause skin irritation.
  • the self-assembled gel compositions can be used with Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (“NOTES”) to localize drug delivery devices within or between specific internal tissues.
  • NOTES Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery
  • the gel compositions can be delivered to a tumor for sustained delivery of chemotherapeutics, or can be delivered to a site of healthy tissue following cancer resection to decrease the chances of recurrence.
  • gel compositions including a PARP inhibitor and a chemotherapeutic agent can be delivered by injection or by implantation at a brain cancer site for sustained anticancer therapy, by blocking one or more cellular repair mechanisms.
  • the gelators can be applied to a biological system and self-assembly can occur in situ.
  • the gel compositions described herein may be applied to the surface of bone and the gel can be assembled within the pores of the bone.
  • heated gel compositions can be injected in solution form to a bone site, which can then cool to physiological temperatures to assemble into gel forms.
  • Ascorbyl palmitate (“Asc-Pal”) and matrix metalloproteinases were purchased from Sigma. Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.).
  • the Novozyme 435 lipase B from Candida antarctica
  • Lipolase 100L were Obtained from Novozymes through Brenntag North America. 1,10-Dioctadecyl-3,3,30,30-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate salt (DiD) dye was purchased from Invitrogen.
  • solvents 0.2 mL were added to a glass scintillation vial with the gelator (0.5-5 wt/vol %) and sealed with a screw cap.
  • the vial was heated to about 60-80° C. until the gelator was completely dissolved.
  • the vial was placed on a stable surface and allowed to cool to room temperature. Typically after 15-45 min, the solution was transitioned into a viscous gel. Gelation was considered to have occurred when no gravitational flow was observed upon inversion of the glass vial, and resulted hydrogels are injectable.
  • Asc-Pal formed gels in water, benzene, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, and acetonitrile; while a precipitate formed in dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide. Asc-Pal was soluble in chloroform and methanol.
  • the morphologies of the self-assembled hydrogels were examined using SEM and fluorescence polarizable optical microscopy. Investigation of the hydrogels formed from Asc-Pal with SEM showed that hydrogels form fibrous structures with fiber thicknesses of 20-300 nm and fiber lengths of several microns. The anisotropic nature of intermolecular interactions between amphiphile molecules is supported by the high aspect ratios of the gel fibers. Dye-encapsulating fibers were rinsed with excess PBS to remove unencapsulated dye, and subsequent fluorescence microscope images of the fibers indicated that the dye was encapsulated within the fibers.
  • DiD-encapsulating gel fibers were dispersed within PBS and incubated at 37° C. with either lipase (esterase), or MMP-2, or MMP-9 enzyme (100 ng/mL). At regular intervals, aliquots of samples were collected, and release of the dye was quantified using absorption spectroscopy. Plotting cumulative release of the dye (%) versus time ( FIG. 2A ) revealed that lipase and MMPs trigger fiber disassembly to release the encapsulated dye, whereas gels in PBS controls remained stable and did not release significant amounts of dye.
  • DiD-encapsulating fibers were incubated in arthritic synovial fluid at 37° C., and the release of dye was quantified over a period of 15 days, Plotting cumulative release of the dye (%) versus time ( FIG. 3A ) revealed that synovial fluid triggers fiber disassembly leading to the release of the dye.
  • fibers were injected into the joints of healthy mice using a small-bore (27 gauge) needle. Eight weeks post-implantation, the ankles of mice were sectioned and imaged with optical and fluorescence microscopy to observe the presence of fibers. Images of tissue sections revealed that DiD-encapsulating fibers were present, suggesting the potential for long-term hydrolytic stability of the fibers in vivo.
  • Such a temozolomide-encapsulating Abz-derived gel would then be injected into the tumor cavity post-resection, providing an on-demand reservoir of chemotherapeutic agent in conjunction with free Abz, both to be released upon contact with glioma cells.
  • Fibers were washed with pH 5 H 3 PO 4 (aq) (1 ⁇ 1 mL), centrifuging to remove supernatant, and the composition of the combined supernatants was determined by HPLC ( ⁇ Bondapak) after passing through a 0.2 ⁇ m Nylon or PTFE syringe filter.
  • Camptothecin was encapsulated in a PARP inhibitor.
  • Camptothecin is a cytotoxic alkaloid which inhibits the DNA enzyme topoisomerase. DNA topoisomerase helps in relieving the torsional strain in the DNA during replication. Camptothecin binds to the topoisomerase 1 nicked DNA complex and prevents relegation. Since the DNA is damaged the cell undergoes apoptosis. However the cells have an inherent mechanism to rectify the process. An enzyme known as PARP gets activated when the DNA strand is broken and recruits DNA repairing enzyme and repairs the broken DNA. Camptothecin is sparingly soluble in water, easily convertible to inactive carboxylate form and undesirable systemic side effects. Hence an effective method for treatment of glioblastomas would be to co-encapsulate both Camptothecin and PARP inhibitor and release the drug in a sustained manner for a long period of time.
  • SMS sorbitan monostearate
  • CPT camptothecin
  • Table 4-1 shows the versatile self-assembling ability of SMS in various solvents.
  • SMS has demonstrated appreciable ability to self-assemble in aqueous solution and also in polar aprotic (dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide) and protic solvents (ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol) as well as non-polar solvents like isopropyl palmitate, hexanes and hexadecane (Table 4-1).
  • polar aprotic dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide
  • protic solvents ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol
  • non-polar solvents like isopropyl palmitate, hexanes and hexadecane
  • SMS has demonstrated different minimum gelation concentrations (MGC) in different solvents (Table 4-2). MGC values of SMS have varied from 3 to 8 wt/v %.
  • Chemotherapeutic agent camptothecin is a hydrophobic drug, which has very low water solubility.
  • CPT Chemotherapeutic agent camptothecin
  • CPT Chemotherapeutic agent camptothecin
  • Chemotherapeutic agent camptothecin is a hydrophobic drug, and PARP-inhibitor AGO14699 has moderate water solubility.
  • both agents were encapsulated in hydrogel fibers of SMS to evaluate their synergistic efficacy against glioblastoma (brain cancer) cell lines.
  • Inherent gelation ability of SMS did not altered in the presence of CPT and AGO14699; gelation results are summarized in Table 4-4.
  • CPT and AGO14699 have been efficiently loaded in SMS hydrogel fibers with ⁇ 30 and 15% (wt/wt), respectively (Table 4-5).
  • SMS amphiphile has demonstrated an unprecedented ability to form self-assembled gels in a wide range of solvents including polar, non-polar, protic and aprotic solvents.
  • SMS gels can encapsulate CPT with high loading efficiency, and stabilize the CPT to protect it from hydrolytic degradation.
  • CPT-loaded SMS fibers can release CPT in the presence of ester enzymes in an on-demand manner. Cytotoxicity studies are in agreement with in vitro release studies, CPT-loaded SMS self-assembled fibers are very effective against glioma cells G55.
  • SMS gels to encapsulate an anti-inflammatory agent, triamcinolone acetonide (TA, Scheme 5-1). Loading efficiency, stability of gels, and release kinetics in response to the presence of enzymes has been investigated.
  • TA triamcinolone acetonide
  • Corticosteroid TA has been encapsulated in SMS gels with higher loading efficiency. Release kinetic experiments reveal that TA encapsulated SMS gels do not exhibit burst release ( FIG. 12 ). In the absence of enzymes, these gels were stable and showed only moderate release of TA ( ⁇ 20%) reaching a plateau within ⁇ 24 hr. On the contrary, in the presence of an esterase enzyme (lipase, 10,000 units), gels exhibited enzyme-responsive release of TA, which suggests that esterase enzyme can degrade the SMS gels in an on-demand manner to release the encapsulated drugs ( FIG. 12 ).
  • an esterase enzyme lipase, 10,000 units
  • Dexamethasone is a hydrophobic drug that exhibits low water solubility.
  • Dexamethasone encapsulated within self-assembled Asc-Pal hydrogels (20% ethanol as co-solvent) demonstrated efficient encapsulation (Table 6-1).
  • Self-assembled fibers were isolated from dexamethasone encapsulated Asc-Pal hydrogels using multiple cycles of vortex and PBS washes. Isolated fibers were dissolved in DMSO, and the concentration of dexamethasone was measured using HPLC.
  • Encapsulation efficiency and loading efficiency were measured from the lyophilized fibers of Asc-Pal gels that were described in Table 6-2.
  • FIGS. 13A-13B reveal that encapsulation and drug loading efficiencies were increased as the percentage of amphiphile decreased.
  • FIG. 14A-14B show the controlled release of dexamethasone from self-assembled hydrogels (ethanol:water, 1:3) of Asc-Pal (5%, wt/v) in the absence and presence of esterase enzyme (10,000 units) at 37° C. Controlled release was examined for FIG. 14A : 2 mg and FIG. 14B : 4 mg of dexamethasone encapsulated within Asc-Pal hydrogels. Similar release profile has been observed from both gels.
  • Asc-Pal hydrogel was degraded completely by the lipase (an esterase) while releasing the encapsulated dexamethasone.
  • As enzyme responsive release of dexamethasone occurred it is important to understand the degradation products from Asc-Pal hydrogels.
  • Asc-Pal amphiphiles encompass an ester bond that connects ascorbic acid and palmitic acid ( FIGS. 15A-15B ).
  • lipase degrades the hydrogel by hydrolyzing ester bonds of Asc-Pal amphiphile.
  • the formation of byproduct ascorbic acid was followed by HPLC.
  • FIGS. 15A-15B To follow the formation of ascorbic acid two-sets of Asc-Pal hydrogels (3 and 6% wt/v) were made with 0.42 ( FIG. 15A ) and 1 ( FIG. 15B ) mg of dexamethasone loading. These hydrogels were subjected to lipase enzyme, enzyme responsive formation of ascorbic acid ( FIGS. 15A-15B ) reveal that Asc-Pal hydrogels degrade in response to the enzyme that cleavage ester bonds in the amphiphilic gelators by the hydrolase enzyme.
  • the rigid steroidal backbone of glycocholic acid may induce destabilization of the self-assembled lamellar structures of Asc-Pal amphiphile.
  • doping of glycocholic acid may perturb optimal encapsulation of dexamethasone that result in a non-enzymatic responsive release of dexamethasone.
  • Hydrophobic analogue of dexamethaonse i.e., palmitated dexamethasone (Dex-Pal) was used to incorporate Dex-Pal within self-assembled fibers of Asc-Pal.
  • Dexamethasone palmitate is that the presence of a hydrophobic chain facilitates efficient incorporation of hydrophobic drugs within self-assembled lamellar structures of Asc-Pal.
  • 1.6 mg of Dex-Pal has been encapsulated in 16 mg of Asc-Pal in 200 ⁇ l of 20% DMSO/water.
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin has been encapsulated in Asc-Pal gels with high loading efficiency ( ⁇ 83%). Release kinetic experiments reveal that indomethacin encapsulated Asc-Pal gel does not exhibit burst release ( FIG. 18 ). In the absence of enzymes, these gels were stable and showed only moderate release of indomethacin ( ⁇ 20%) and reached a plateau within ⁇ 24 hr. On the contrary, in the presence of an esterase enzyme (lipase, 10,000 units), the gels exhibit enzyme-responsive release of TA. This demonstrates that enzymes can degrade the SMS gels in an on-demand manner to release the encapsulated drugs ( FIG. 18 ).
  • GL3 siRNA small interference RNA
  • GL3 encapsulated hydrogel has shown fibrous-like morphology.
  • fluorescent dye Cy-3 labeled DNA with same sequence as GL3 was chose to mimic similar charge that can influence encapsulation.
  • Insulin was encapsulated within self-assembled Asc-Pal or SMS hydrogels demonstrated efficient encapsulation between 58-80%.
  • Self-assembled particles were isolated from insulin encapsulated SMS hydrogels using multiple cycles of vortex and PBS washes. Isolated particles were dissolved, and the concentration of insulin was measured using Bradford assay. Loading efficiency of insulin in GRAS-based hydrogels was 15-35% (wt/wt).
  • Insulin encapsulated SMS hydrogels were characterized under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Hydrogels were tested as native gels, lyophilized xerogels and xerogels in the presence of stabilizers such as trehalose and Tween-20. These hydrogels showed particle-like morphology under scanning electron microcopy.

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WO2012040623A2 (en) 2012-03-29
EP2618821A2 (de) 2013-07-31
US20180318423A1 (en) 2018-11-08
US9974859B2 (en) 2018-05-22
US20210008213A1 (en) 2021-01-14
EP3412279A1 (de) 2018-12-12
BR112013008697A2 (pt) 2016-06-21
US20170000888A1 (en) 2017-01-05
EP2618821A4 (de) 2014-08-13
EP3888632A1 (de) 2021-10-06
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EP4079292A1 (de) 2022-10-26
WO2012040623A3 (en) 2012-07-05

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