US20110313037A1 - [2.2.2] Bicyclic Derivatives and Methods of Use - Google Patents

[2.2.2] Bicyclic Derivatives and Methods of Use Download PDF

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US20110313037A1
US20110313037A1 US13/140,259 US200913140259A US2011313037A1 US 20110313037 A1 US20110313037 A1 US 20110313037A1 US 200913140259 A US200913140259 A US 200913140259A US 2011313037 A1 US2011313037 A1 US 2011313037A1
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octane
bicyclo
carboxylate
epilepsy
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Susanna A. Saakian
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ASE PHARMACEUTICALS LLC
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/46—8-Azabicyclo [3.2.1] octane; Derivatives thereof, e.g. atropine, cocaine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/28—Compounds containing heavy metals
    • A61K31/315—Zinc compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
    • A61K33/24—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
    • A61K33/30—Zinc; Compounds thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/08—Antiepileptics; Anticonvulsants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/30—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence
    • A61P25/32—Alcohol-abuse
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to the fields of organic chemistry, drug development, pharmacology, and medicine. More particularly, the invention relates to modulating human physiology by administration of one or more [2.2.2]bicyclic derivatives.
  • the invention is based on the discovery that a salt of bi-cyclo[2.2.2]octane-2-carbonic acid exhibits numerous beneficial effects in human beings with few significant side effects.
  • human clinical trials of sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate showed that it was effective in reducing dysphoria in dysphoric subjects, ameliorating ethanol craving in alcoholics, reducing the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the level of liver function markers (AST, ALT, and bilirubin) in subjects, and reducing the number or strength of seizures in epileptics—all without causing any serious side effects.
  • salts of salt of bi-cyclo[2.2.2]octane-2-carbonic acid and derivatives thereof offer exciting potential for new drugs.
  • the invention features a method for treating and/or preventing dysphoria in a human subject by administering to the subject an amount of sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate effective to reduce dysphoria in the subject.
  • the invention features a method for treating ethanol addiction in a human subject by administering to the subject an amount of sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate effective to reduce ethanol craving in the subject.
  • the invention features a method for reducing the level of a liver function marker such as AST, ALT, and bilirubin in a human subject by administering to the subject an amount of sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate effective to the reduce the level of that liver function marker in the subject.
  • a liver function marker such as AST, ALT, and bilirubin
  • the invention also features a method for reducing the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in a human subject by administering to the subject an amount of sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate effective to the reduce the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the subject.
  • the invention features a method for reducing and/or preventing the number or strength of seizures in a human subject suffering from epilepsy by administering to the subject an amount of sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate effective to reduce the number or strength of seizures in the subject.
  • the sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate can be administered to the subject in a dose of at least 400 or 600 mg per day, orally, in tablet form, and/or for at least until the desired effect is achieved (e.g., the dysphoria is reduced, for at least 60 days, at least one symptom of the epilepsy is reduced, the ethanol craving is reduced, the level of a liver function marker is reduced, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is reduced, and/or the number or strength of seizures is reduced).
  • the desired effect e.g., the dysphoria is reduced, for at least 60 days, at least one symptom of the epilepsy is reduced, the ethanol craving is reduced, the level of a liver function marker is reduced, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is reduced, and/or the number or strength of seizures is reduced.
  • the human subject can one being treated with at least one anti-seizure drug other than sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate (e.g., Depakin. Carbamazepine, Lamictal, Benzonal, Finlepsin, Clonazepam, Paglupheral, Finlepsin-Retard, Hexamidine, Tegretol, Topomax, Diphenin, Glycin, Biotredin, and/or combinations of the foregoing.
  • at least one anti-seizure drug other than sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate e.g., Depakin. Carbamazepine, Lamictal, Benzonal, Finlepsin, Clonazepam, Paglupheral, Finlepsin-Retard, Hexamidine, Tegretol, Topomax, Diphenin, Glycin, Biotredin, and/or combinations
  • the invention provides for the use of other [2.2.2]bicyclic derivatives to modulate physiological processes in a subject (animal or human being).
  • prodrugs may include but are not limited to carboxylate, sulfonate, and phosphonate esters of Formula (1).
  • alkyl refers to molecular units that are mainly comprised of carbon and hydrogen.
  • An alkyl group may be a straight or branched chain containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • Simple alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, along with branched isomers such as isopropyl, iso-butyl, and tert-butyl.
  • alkyl Specifically included within the definition of “alkyl” are those hydrocarbon chains that are optionally substituted. Suitable substitutions include functional groups such as hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, and halogen with fluoro being particularly preferred.
  • the carbon number as used in the definitions herein refers to carbon backbone and carbon branching, but does not include carbon atoms of the substituents, such as alkoxy substitutions and the like.
  • halo and “halogen” as used herein, refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo.
  • stereoisomers refers to compounds of the same molecular formula but that differ from the arrangement of their in space. Specific forms of stereoisomers are enantiomers and diastereomers.
  • N-oxide refers to compounds wherein the basic nitrogen atom of either a heteroaromatic ring or tertiary amine is oxidized to give a quaternary nitrogen bearing a positive formal charge and an attached oxygen atom bearing a negative formal charge.
  • Suitable base salts include, but are not limited to, aluminum, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, and certain ammonium salts.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • administer refers to either directly administering a compound or composition to a patient, or administering a prodrug derivative or analog of the compound to the patient, which will form an equivalent amount of the active compound or substance within the patient's body.
  • Subject or “Patient” refers to animals, including mammals, preferably humans.
  • an “effective amount” or “an amount effective to” means an amount adequate to cure or at least partially ameliorate the symptoms of a disease or its complications.
  • the invention encompasses [2.2.2]bicyclic derivatives and methods of using such derivatives to modulate physiological processes in a subject (animal or human being).
  • the invention relates to methods for using a salt of bi-cyclo[2.2.2]octane-2-carbonic acid to exert a beneficial effect in a human subject without significant side effects.
  • Beneficial effects include reducing dysphoria in dysphoric subjects, ameliorating ethanol craving in alcoholics, reducing the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the level of liver function markers (AST, ALT, and bilirubin) in subjects, and reducing the number or strength of seizures in epileptics.
  • AST, ALT, and bilirubin liver function markers
  • the present invention provides [2.2.2]bicyclic derivatives and methods of using such derivatives to modulate physiological processes in a subject (animal or human being).
  • the invention is directed to compounds of formula (1):
  • R 1 -R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, straight or branched C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, C 2 -C 8 cycloalkyl wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl are each optionally substituted with substitutents selected from the group consisting of halogens, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, and C 1 -C 4 alkylsulfide; all binary combinations of R 1 -R 8 which are either attached to the same carbon or adjacent carbons on the bicycle skeleton of formula (1) such as R 1 and R 2 or R 1 and R 3 and etc.
  • R 1 -R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of halogens, hydroxyl, OR 9 , SR 9 , NHR 9 , NR 9 R 10 , ONHR 9 , or ONR 9 R 10 ;
  • R 1 -R 8 are oligoether tethers of the form O—[(CH 2 ) m O] n R 9 wherein m is 2-6 and n is 1-6;
  • X 1 and X 2 are H, (CR 9 R 10 ) n CO 2 R 9 , (CR 9 R 10 ) n C(O)SR 9 , (CR 9 R 10 ) n SO 2 R 9 , (CR 9 R 10 ) n P(O)(OR 9 )(OR 10 ), wherein n is 0-6, negatively charged groups that form pharmaceutically-acceptable salts which may include but are not limited to oxalate, nitrate, (CR 9 R 10 ) n CO 2 ⁇
  • the invention is directed to compositions comprising the compound of formula (1) and one or more or pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers. More particularly, the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (1) wherein: one of X′ and X 2 is hydrogen and the other is carboxylate; X 3 and X 4 are CH 2 .
  • Compounds of Formula (1) may include one or multiple chiral centers leading to stereoisomeric forms.
  • Formula (1) encompasses all possible stereoisomeric forms particularly those that possess the activities discussed herein. These forms include single enantiomers, mixtures of enantiomers, and mixtures of diastereomers.
  • Compounds employed in the present methods may be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Thus, all chiral, diastereomeric, racemic forms and all geometric isomeric forms of a structure are intended, unless the specific stereochemistry or isomeric form is specifically indicated.
  • Stereoisomers of the compounds of Formula (1) can be selectively synthesized using stereo- and enantio-selective reactions known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, single isomers may be isolated in pure form using well-known techniques including, but not limited to, recrystallization with chiral and achiral salts, and chromatography with a variety of media including chiral.
  • the present invention also includes all pharmaceutically acceptable isotopically-labelled compounds of Formula (1) wherein one or more atoms are replaced by with their less common isotope.
  • isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, isotopes of hydrogen, such as deuterium and tritium, carbon, such as 11 C, 13 C and 14 C, nitrogen, such as 13 N and 15 N, oxygen, such as 15 O, 17 O and 18 O, fluorine, such as 18 F, iodine, such 123 I and 125 I, and phosphorus, such as 32 P.
  • Certain isotopically-labelled compounds of Formula (1) are useful in studies of drug metabolism and tissue distribution.
  • the radioactive isotopes tritium and carbon-14 are particularly useful for this purpose since they are usually easy to prepare and can be readily detected a low concentrations in the body.
  • Substitution of hydrogen in the compounds of Formula (1) with deuterium is also included in the present invention. Such substitution may lead to greater metabolic stability in the therapeutic compounds of this invention possibly increasing their therapeutic potential.
  • Substitution with positron emitting isotopes, such as 11 C, 15 O and 13 N, and especially 18 F can be useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) medical imaging studies. Such studies are typically used to study drug metabolism and tissue distribution of therapeutic compounds.
  • PET Positron Emission Topography
  • the compounds of Formula (1) may be prepared using methods known to those skilled in the art of organic chemistry including the general synthetic pathways indicated below. The specific conditions such as temperature, reagents, solvents, and other variables are those which are suitable for reactions given below and would be readily known to those skilled in the art.
  • Compounds of Formula (1) can be prepared as illustrated in reaction Scheme 1.
  • the bicyclic alkene of Formula (4) can prepared by a Diel-Alder or related [4+2] addition reaction of diene (2) and dienophile (3) usually under heat and pressure. Often these reactions can be performed without solvent. Subsequent addition of compound (5) to the double bond of (4) leads to compound of Formula (1).
  • R 5 and R 7 are hydrogen, this addition is know as an hydrogenation reaction and is usually brought about by catalysts such as palladium or platinum.
  • the intermediates leading up to the compounds of Formula (1) may be purified by typical procedures such as silica gel chromatography, distillation, recrystallization, or preparative HPLC chromatography using chiral, reversed-phased, or normal phase columns.
  • M is independently selected from the group consisting of: monocations Li, Na, and K; or dications Ca, Mg, and Zn.
  • Specific embodiments of the present invention include the following compounds of Formula (1), all pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof, complexes thereof, and derivatives thereof that convert into pharmaceutically active compound upon administration:
  • Sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate can be prepared by adding 0.2 mole of bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylic acid (m. p. 84-86° C.) to a solution of 0.18 mole NaOH or NAHCO 3 , or 0.9 mole Na 2 CO 3 in the water. After stirring the mixture for 1 hour at room temperature, the excess acid is filtered off or extracted with the organic solvents and the aqueous solution is evaporated dry in vacuum at 120-140° C. to give the sodium salt. The yield is 93%, m.p 440-450° C. with decomposition.
  • the salt has the appearance of white flaked crystals, is weakly hygroscopic, and does not form the stable crystallohydrates.
  • the aqueous solutions have the neutral reaction.
  • the use of pure acid and base in the synthesis yields the salt with 98-99% purity and eliminates the need in the additional purification at the final step of synthesis.
  • the completeness of drying is checked by absence of 3430 cm ⁇ 1 band in the infrared spectrum of salt. The purity is confirmed by the absence of absorption near 3040 cm ⁇ 1 in the infrared spectrum and 6.5-7.0 ppm signals in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum.
  • the structural characteristics are the stretching frequencies of carboxylic anion—1570-1554 cm ⁇ 1 and 1420-1411 cm ⁇ 1 doublets in IR spectrum (vaseline oil); 2.42 ppm multiplet, associated with ⁇ -proton in NMR spectrum (200.13 MHz, D 2 O); nine signals at 21.72, 23.71 (C 4 ), 24.75, 24.96, 26.03, 27.71 (C 1 ), 29.03, 44.22 and 185.65 (COO ⁇ ) ppm in the spectrum of carbon NMR (50.31 MHz, D 2 O).
  • the salt prepared with this method is not optically active.
  • Magnesium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate can be prepared by dissolving 0.05 g of activated magnesium with heating in 50 ml of dry methanol under an inert atmosphere. The resulting solution is mixed in portions with 0.1 mole bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylic acid in 50 ml of methanol. After stirring the mixture for 1 hour at room temperature, the resulting precipitate is filtered off and dried in vacuum to give the magnesium salt with yield of about 99%. The salt has the appearance of white plates, m.p. 432-436° C. with decomposition. The salt prepared with this method is not optically active.
  • reaction temperatures i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.
  • Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.
  • protecting groups may be used to prevent certain functional groups from undergoing undesired reactions.
  • Suitable protecting groups for various functional groups as well as suitable conditions for protecting and deprotecting particular functional groups are well known in the art. See, for example, T. W. Greene and G. M. Wuts, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, Third Edition, Wiley, New York, 1999, and references cited therein.
  • stereoisomers for compounds containing one or more chiral centers, if desired, such compounds can be prepared or isolated as pure stereoisomers, i.e., as individual enantiomers or diastereomers, or as stereoisomer-enriched mixtures. All such stereoisomers (and enriched mixtures) are included within the scope of this invention, unless otherwise indicated. Pure stereoisomers (or enriched mixtures) may be prepared using, for example, optically active starting materials or stereoselective reagents well-known in the art. Alternatively, racemic mixtures of such compounds can be separated using, for example, chiral column chromatography, chiral resolving agents and the like.
  • the starting materials for the following reactions are generally known compounds or can be prepared by known procedures or obvious modifications thereof.
  • many of the starting materials are available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis., USA), Bachem (Torrance, Calif., USA), Emka-Chemce or Sigma (St. Louis, Mo., USA).
  • the compound of formula I and derivatives thereof can be included along with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients to make pharmaceutical compositions which can be administered by a variety of routes including oral, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, and intranasal. Suitable formulations for use in the present invention are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mace Publishing Company, Philadelphia, Pa., (1985).
  • the active ingredient is mixed with an excipient, diluted by an excipient, and/or enclosed within such a carrier which can be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container.
  • a carrier which can be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container.
  • the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient.
  • compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments, soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, sterile liquids for intranasal administration (e.g., a spraying device), and sterile packaged powders.
  • excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup, and methyl cellulose.
  • the formulations can additionally include: lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxy-benzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents.
  • the compositions of the invention can be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing procedures known in the art.
  • compositions are preferably formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing 25 to about 1200 mg (e.g., 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 525, 550, 575, 600, 625, 650, 675, 700, 725, 750, 775, 800, 825, 850, 875, 900, 925, 950, 975, 1000, 1100, and 1200 mg unit dosage forms) of the active ingredient.
  • 25 to about 1200 mg e.g., 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 525, 550, 575, 600, 625, 650, 675, 700, 725, 750, 775, 800, 825, 850, 875, 900
  • the active compound is effective over a dosage range and is generally administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount (e.g., 50 to 1200 mg per day per patient or about 1-20 mg/kg per day; or preferably, 400 to 600 mg per day per patient or about 5-8 mg/kg per day). It will be understood, however, that the amount of the compound actually administered will be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.
  • a pharmaceutically effective amount e.g., 50 to 1200 mg per day per patient or about 1-20 mg/kg per day; or preferably, 400 to 600 mg per day per patient or about 5-8 mg/kg per day. It will be understood, however, that the amount of the compound actually administered will be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of
  • the principal active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound.
  • Tablets or pills may be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action.
  • the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former.
  • the two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permit the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release.
  • enteric layers or coatings such materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol, and cellulose acetate.
  • Liquid forms may be incorporated for administration orally, buccaly, intranasally, or by injection include aqueous solutions suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.
  • aqueous solutions suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.
  • the compounds may be encapsulated, introduced into the lumen of liposomes, prepared as a colloid, or other conventional techniques may be employed which provide an extended serum half-life of the compounds.
  • a variety of methods are available for preparing liposomes, as described in, e.g., Szoka, et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,
  • compositions are administered to a patient already suffering from a disease in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest the symptoms of the disease and its complications. Amounts effective for this use will depend on the disease condition being treated as well as by the judgment of the attending clinician depending upon factors such as the severity of the symptoms, the age, weight and general condition of the patient, and the like.
  • compositions e.g., other neurologically active drugs.
  • active ingredients might also be included in the pharmaceutical compositions, e.g., other neurologically active drugs.
  • the invention features methods for treating a patient (e.g., a human subject or an animal such as a dog or cat) having a neurological, psychological, or other disease or disorder by administering to the subject the compound of Formula (1) or a derivative thereof in an amount effective to reduce a symptom of the disease or disorder.
  • a patient e.g., a human subject or an animal such as a dog or cat
  • the compound of Formula (1) or a derivative thereof in an amount effective to reduce a symptom of the disease or disorder.
  • dysphoria can be reduced by administering to a subject an amount of the compound of Formula (1) or a derivative thereof effective to reduce dysphoria in the subject.
  • Ethanol addiction can be treated by administering to a subject an amount of the compound of formula I or a derivative thereof to reduce ethanol craving in the subject.
  • Epilepsy can be treated by administering to a subject an amount of the compound of formula I or a derivative thereof effective to reduce the number or strength of seizures in the subject.
  • the invention features a method for disease-associated conditions in a subject.
  • the level of a liver function marker such as AST, ALT, and bilirubin can be reduced by administering to a subject an amount of the compound of formula I or a derivative thereof effective to the reduce the level of that liver function marker in the subject.
  • the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in a subject can be reduced by administering to the subject an amount of the compound of formula I or a derivative thereof effective to the reduce the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the subject.
  • sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate can be administered to the subject in a dose of at least 400 or 600 mg per day, orally, in tablet form, and/or for at least until the desired effect is achieved (e.g., the dysphoria is reduced, for at least 60 days, at least one symptom of the epilepsy is reduced, the ethanol craving is reduced, the level of a liver function marker is reduced, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is reduced, and/or the number or strength of seizures is reduced).
  • the desired effect e.g., the dysphoria is reduced, for at least 60 days, at least one symptom of the epilepsy is reduced, the ethanol craving is reduced, the level of a liver function marker is reduced, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is reduced, and/or the number or strength of seizures is reduced).
  • sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate was shown to exhibit excellent assimilation without significant negative side effects.
  • Clinical trials involving administration of sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate were performed on 30 epilepsy patients and 20 volunteers in two clinics in Moscow.
  • the subjects in the epileptic group had a variety of forms of epilepsy of different etiology.
  • Classification of the patients was done in accordance with International Classification of Epilepsy and Epileptic Syndromes (ILAE, 1989). Some of the subjects also suffered from addictive disorders (alcoholism, drug addiction).
  • sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate administration reduced the frequency, intensity, and duration of epileptic seizures.
  • Sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate showed a particularly antispasmodic effect on patients with the acute form of partial epilepsy. It normalized cerebral blood circulation and increased the sympathetic tonus of the patients. It also suppressed secondary generalization of epileptic seizures, and improved the subjects' mood, working efficiency, and overall sense of good health.
  • Base therapy was administered in accordance with recommendations by the International Anti-epileptic League (1989). During the study, the patients continued to receive pathogenetic treatment. Medication names, doses and the duration of any treatment were registered in patients' medical records (MR). The patients continued receiving their standard prescribed medications and were not switched to a different drug at any time during the study.
  • MR medical records
  • Base therapy in pre-sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate phase included the following drugs taken as a single drug or in combinations:
  • Main study parameters included efficiency criteria such as the number and severity of seizures, and safety criteria such as the clinical and laboratory tests.
  • efficiency criteria such as the number and severity of seizures
  • safety criteria such as the clinical and laboratory tests.
  • the study drug was sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate at a 50 mg dose formulated as a white tablet weighing 0.2 g.
  • the maximum storage time allowed was 3 years.
  • the drug was stored in dry, cool place protected from light, at a maximum temperature of 25° C.
  • sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate was an efficient anti-epileptic drug lacking significant side effects.
  • the effective therapeutic dose was determined as 400 mg per day in 60% of the patients, and 600 mg per day in the remaining 40%.
  • Safety aspects of sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate were evaluated during the treatment and after the treatment by monitoring the clinical and laboratory parameters. No unfavorable effects of Sodium bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-2-carboxylate on the blood counts and blood biochemistry were observed (see Tables 3 and 4).
  • EEC parameters focus of Before treatment 197.7 pathological activity
  • ⁇ V After treatment 151.5 Based on visual evaluation and spectrum power analysis of EEG from epilepsy patients allowed identifying three main groups of the patients according to their EEG type. In patients of the first group, EEG had regional differences and displayed fragmented and weakly modulated ⁇ -rhythm. In the patients of the second group, the EEG was disorganized in the base rhythm. In the patients of the third group, the EEG had no ⁇ -rhythm and had bio-electrical activity with low amplitude.
  • COH complex coherence function
  • EEG showed regional differences, as well as the fragmented and weakly modulated ⁇ -rhythm.
  • the intra-hemispheric connections decreased on both right and left sides. Decreasing of short inter-hemispheric connections was also noticed, and ⁇ -rhythm COH values decreased in the front-central area.
  • stable clinical effect was achieved.
  • epilepsy patients displayed a decrease in coherence primarily within the ⁇ - and ⁇ -ranges, which reflected a diminishing of anomalous neuronal connections in the focus of paroxysmal activity.
  • ECGs were recorded before the beginning of the treatment, during the course of the study (on a regular basis), and immediately after the study had been completed. The majority of the patients did not show any changes in the heart activity. Normal sinus rhythm was seen in these patients. In the patients with extrasystolia and tachycardia, extrasystolia was not observed by the end of the first treatment month, while the heart rate decreased on average from 88/min to 80/min. In the patients with bradycardia, sinus rhythm dropped further.

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