US20110251156A1 - Vehicle for delivering a compound to a mucous membrane and related compositions, methods and systems - Google Patents

Vehicle for delivering a compound to a mucous membrane and related compositions, methods and systems Download PDF

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US20110251156A1
US20110251156A1 US13/082,183 US201113082183A US2011251156A1 US 20110251156 A1 US20110251156 A1 US 20110251156A1 US 201113082183 A US201113082183 A US 201113082183A US 2011251156 A1 US2011251156 A1 US 2011251156A1
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psa
omvs
membrane
vesicle
cells
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Yue Shen
Sarkis K. Mazmanian
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California Institute of Technology CalTech
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Priority to US14/803,598 priority patent/US20160143940A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
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    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
    • A61K47/6901—Conjugates being cells, cell fragments, viruses, ghosts, red blood cells or viral vectors
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    • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
    • C08B37/006—Heteroglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having more than one sugar residue in the main chain in either alternating or less regular sequence; Gellans; Succinoglycans; Arabinogalactans; Tragacanth or gum tragacanth or traganth from Astragalus; Gum Karaya from Sterculia urens; Gum Ghatti from Anogeissus latifolia; Derivatives thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0634—Cells from the blood or the immune system
    • C12N5/0636—T lymphocytes
    • C12N5/0637—Immunosuppressive T lymphocytes, e.g. regulatory T cells or Treg
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    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G01N33/5044—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics involving specific cell types
    • G01N33/5047—Cells of the immune system
    • G01N33/505—Cells of the immune system involving T-cells
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    • A61K2039/54—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the route of administration
    • A61K2039/541—Mucosal route
    • A61K2039/542—Mucosal route oral/gastrointestinal
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A61K2039/55555—Liposomes; Vesicles, e.g. nanoparticles; Spheres, e.g. nanospheres; Polymers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A61K2039/55583—Polysaccharides
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/57—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the type of response, e.g. Th1, Th2
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/58—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies raising an immune response against a target which is not the antigen used for immunisation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
    • A61K9/0065—Forms with gastric retention, e.g. floating on gastric juice, adhering to gastric mucosa, expanding to prevent passage through the pylorus
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
    • G01N2333/52—Assays involving cytokines
    • G01N2333/54—Interleukins [IL]
    • G01N2333/5428—IL-10

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a vehicle for delivering a compound to a mucous membrane compositions, methods and systems.
  • the present disclosure relates to vehicles for delivering a compound to a mucous membrane of the digestive tract.
  • the human gastrointestinal tract harbors an extraordinary number of microbes (known as the gut microbiota) that have a profound effect on the development and function of the immune system.
  • gut microbiota microbes
  • Bacteroidetes are the most abundant Gram-negative bacterial phylum.
  • Bacteroides fragilis is a human commensal microorganism that has been shown to have immunomodulatory properties.
  • immunomodulatory properties of Bacteroides fragilis have been associated to Polysaccharide A (PSA) production by the bacterium.
  • PSA Polysaccharide A
  • Gram-negative bacteria have evolved intricate mechanisms to export bacterial products; type III secretion systems (T3SS), T4SS and T6SS, which assemble complex surface appendages that translocate bacterial effectors following direct contact with host cells.
  • T3SS type III secretion systems
  • T4SS T4SS
  • T6SS T6SS
  • Another secretion strategy is outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) which are released from the surface of Gram-negative bacteria and deliver a suite of molecular cargo to distant target cells.
  • OMVs outer membrane vesicles
  • B. fragilis or any commensal bacteria
  • IBD Inflammatory bowel diseases
  • Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis represent serious disorders whereby uncontrolled intestinal inflammation leads to severe pathology of the digestive tract.
  • IBD afflicts an estimated 1 million people in the United States.
  • the incidences of disease are alarmingly increasing in ‘Western’ societies and current therapies are largely inadequate.
  • the cause(s) for IBD remain enigmatic even after decades of research, defects in immune regulation toward intestinal bacteria appear to play an important role in disease 3 .
  • OMVs outer membrane vesicles
  • PSA programs dendritic cells to induce the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg) that express Foxp3 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10).
  • Treg development by OMVs requires toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression and IL-10 production by dendritic cells.
  • TLR2 toll-like receptor 2
  • purified OMVs direct the in vitro differentiation of functional Tregs with potent suppressive activity in a PSA dependent manner.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for delivering a compound to a mucous membrane comprising an outer membrane vesicle formed by a lipid membrane enclosing an aqueous environment, the vesicle comprising a PSA ligand; and a pharmaceutically appropriate carrier.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for delivering a compound to a mucous membrane comprising an outer membrane vesicle formed by a lipid membrane enclosing an aqueous environment, the vesicle comprising a PSA ligand; and a pharmaceutically appropriate carrier, wherein the lipid membrane is derived from the outer membrane of B. fragilis.
  • the PSA ligand is L-PSA.
  • the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more medicaments or treatments known to be useful in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
  • a method of treating an inflammatory disease or inflammation in an individual comprising administering an effective amount of a composition comprising an outer membrane vesicle formed by a lipid membrane enclosing an aqueous environment, the vesicle comprising a PSA ligand.
  • the inflammatory disease is inflammatory bowel disease.
  • a vesicle for delivering a compound to a mucous membrane comprising an outer membrane vesicle formed by a lipid membrane enclosing an aqueous environment, the vesicle comprising a PSA ligand.
  • the vesicle further comprises a compound other than PSA.
  • a method for directing the differentiation of functional Tregs with potent suppressive activity comprising an outer membrane vesicle formed by a lipid membrane enclosing an aqueous environment, the vesicle comprising a PSA ligand.
  • the Treg cells inhibit T cell proliferation and/or further suppresses immunity by reducing dendritic cell activation.
  • the method further comprises providing DCs for co-culture, wherein IL-10 is produced and production of IL-10 is dependent upon the presence of TLR2 expression on the DCs, in comparison to PSA activity alone (in the absence of OMVs) on the DC production of IL-10 where TLR2 expression on the DCs is not required.
  • a method for identifying compounds that reduce inflammation or improve the symptoms of an inflammatory disease in vitro comprising providing a candidate compound and incubating the compound with Treg cells; further providing T cells, and then determining whether said Treg cells inhibit T cell activation.
  • the method further comprises dendritic cells and/or wherein the Treg cells express Foxp3.
  • a bacterial substance for use as a medicament comprising an outer membrane vesicle formed by a lipid membrane enclosing an aqueous environment, the vesicle comprising a PSA ligand.
  • the bacterial substance further comprises an excipient and/or one or more medicaments known to be useful in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
  • a bacterial substance for use in the treatment of inflammatory disease or inflammation comprising an outer membrane vesicle formed by a lipid membrane enclosing an aqueous environment, the vesicle comprising a PSA ligand.
  • the inflammatory disease is inflammatory bowel diseases.
  • composition for directing the differentiation of functional Treg with potent suppressive activity comprising an outer membrane vesicle formed by a lipid membrane enclosing an aqueous environment, the vesicle comprising a PSA ligand.
  • the Treg inhibit T cell activation and/or wherein the Treg cells express Foxp3.
  • kits for screening microorganisms and related substances having immunomodulatory and, in particular, anti-inflammatory properties are provided herein.
  • methods and systems that in several embodiments allow identification of bacterial substances that are able to induce in an individual an immunomodulatory response comparable to the one of Bacteroides fragilis.
  • a method for identifying a bacterial substance having immunomodulatory ability.
  • the method comprises contacting a candidate bacterial substance with a T cell alone or in presence of an antigen presenting cell, and detecting expression of at least one of one or more anti inflammatory biomarkers selected from the group consisting of IL-10, Foxp3, TGF ⁇ 1, TGF ⁇ 2, Perforin and Granzyme B, and one or more inflammatory biomarkers selected from the group consisting of IFN ⁇ , IFN ⁇ , IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-13, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-17, or TNF ⁇ .
  • the method further comprises determining an anti-inflammatory ability of the candidate bacterial substance through detection of an increase of the expression of the one or more anti-inflammatory biomarkers or a decrease of the expression of the one or more inflammatory biomarkers following the contacting.
  • a method for identifying a bacterial substance having immunomodulatory ability. The method comprises contacting a candidate bacterial substance with an antigen presenting cell, and incubating the antigen presenting cell with a T cell following the contacting.
  • the method further comprises detecting expression of at least one of one or more anti-inflammatory biomarker selected from the group consisting of IL-10, Foxp3, TGF ⁇ 1, TGF ⁇ 2, Perforin and Granzyme B, and one or more inflammatory biomarker selected from the group consisting of IFN ⁇ , IFN ⁇ , IFN ⁇ , IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-13, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-17 or TNF ⁇ .
  • the method further comprises determining an anti inflammatory ability of the candidate bacterial substance through detection of an increase of the expression of the one or more anti-inflammatory biomarkers or a decrease of the expression of the one or more inflammatory biomarkers following the incubating.
  • a method for identifying a bacterial substance having immunomodulatory ability in animals.
  • the method comprises treating a transgenic marker non-human animal with a candidate bacterial substance, the transgenic marker non-human animal genetically modified to express at least one of one or more labeled anti-inflammatory biomarkers selected from the group consisting of IL-10, Foxp3, TGF ⁇ 1, TGF ⁇ 2, Perform and Granzyme B, and one or more labeled inflammatory biomarker selected from the group consisting of IFN ⁇ , IFN ⁇ , IFN ⁇ , IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-13, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-17 or TNF ⁇ .
  • the method further comprises detecting expression in the transgenic marker non-human animal of at least one of the one or more anti-inflammatory biomarkers or at least one of the inflammatory biomarkers following the treating and determining an anti-inflammatory ability of the candidate bacterial substance through detection of an increase of the expression of the one or more anti-inflammatory biomarkers or a decrease of the expression of the one or more inflammatory biomarkers following the treating.
  • a system for screening a bacterial substance comprises at least two of a T cell, an antigen presenting cell and reagents for detection of at least one of one or more anti-inflammatory biomarkers selected from the group consisting of IL-10, Foxp3, TGF ⁇ 1, TGF ⁇ 2, Perforin and Granzyme B and one or more labeled inflammatory biomarker selected from the group consisting of IFN ⁇ , IFN ⁇ , IFN ⁇ , IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-13, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-17 or TNF ⁇ , for simultaneous, combined or sequential use in a method to identify an anti-inflammatory bacterial substance herein described.
  • one or more anti-inflammatory biomarkers selected from the group consisting of IL-10, Foxp3, TGF ⁇ 1, TGF ⁇ 2, Perforin and Granzyme B
  • one or more labeled inflammatory biomarker selected from the group consisting of IFN ⁇ , IFN ⁇ , IFN ⁇ ,
  • FIG. 1 shows that outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Bacteroides fragilis contain PSA.
  • FIG. 1 a shows OMVs produced by wild-type B. fragilis and B. fragilis ⁇ PSA that were detected by transmission electron microscopy of EDL (electron dense layer)-enriched B. fragilis .
  • FIG. 1 b shows an immunoblot analysis of whole cell (WC) and outer membrane vesicles (OMV) extracts from wild-type and SA-mutant bacteria.
  • FIG. 1 c shows immunogold labeling of purified OMVs, stained with anti-PSA and anti-IgG-colloidal gold conjugate (5 nm), analyzed by electron microscopy.
  • FIG. 1 d shows a glycoprotein staining of capsular polysaccharide preparations from whole cells and OMVs.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates exemplary results showing that OMVs protect animals from experimental colitis and intestinal inflammation in a PSA-dependent manner.
  • FIG. 2 a shows a diagram reporting weight loss in animal groups following the induction of TNBS colitis (day 0) measured as reduction from initial weight until day of sacrifice (day 4). All groups contained at least 4 animals, with error bars indicating standard error of the mean (SEM). Results are representative of 3 independent trials. p values determined by one-way ANOVA: * p ⁇ 0.05; *** p ⁇ 0.001.
  • FIG. 2 c shows images from hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) stained colon sections representative of each treatment group.
  • FIG. 2 d shows colitis scores from animals assigned by a blinded pathologist (G.W.L) according to a standard scoring system (ONLINE METHODS) (Scheiffele and Fuss. (2001) Induction of TNBS colitis in mice. Current Protocols in Immunology. 1.19.1-15.19.14) Each symbol represents an individual animal. Results are shown from 3 combined experiments performed independently. *** p ⁇ 0.001. NS: not significant.
  • FIG. 2 e and f show diagrams illustrating cytokine transcript analysis by qRT-PCR from RNA recovered from whole colons ( FIG. 2 e ) or purified CD4+ T cell from mesenteric lymph nodes ( FIG. 20 . Error bars indicate SEM from 4 animals/group. Results are representative of 3 independent trials.
  • FIG. 3 shows results indicating that PSA containing OMVs induce IL-10 production and Foxp3 expression from T cells co-cultured with treated DCs.
  • FIG. 3 a shows flow cytometry (FC) analysis of OMV internalization by DCs. OMVs were labeled with FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) and incubated with cultured DCs for various times (as indicated). Cells were stained with anti-CD11c. Percentages show CD11C+OMV+ populations.
  • FIG. 3 b shows FC plots of DCs incubated with WT-OMVs and ⁇ PSA-OMVs for various times (as indicated) and stained with anti-CD11c and anti-MHCII.
  • FIG. 3 c shows ELISA analysis for IL-10 of culture supernatants from DCs or DC-T cell co-cultures, where DCs were pulsed with OMVs for 18 hours, washed and incubated with primary CD4+ T cells or not. Supernatants were collected at day 4 of culture. Media samples indicate DCs that were not pulsed with OMVs, but otherwise treated identically. Anti-CD3 was added to some samples to augment T cell responses. Error bars indicate SEM from triplicate samples. Results are representative of over 5 independent trials. * p ⁇ 0.05; ** p ⁇ 0.01.
  • FIG. 3 d shows ELISA analysis similar to FIG.
  • FIG. 3 c shows transcript levels of IL-10 (left) and Foxp3 (right) as determined by qRT-PCR of RNA received from purified T cell subsets following in vitro culture with DCs.
  • Co-cultures were set up as in (c-e); on day 4, CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25 ⁇ T cell were purified by magnetic bead separation (>95% purity) and RNA extracted with RNeasy mini kit. Relative values were normalized to ⁇ -actin. Error bars indicate SEM from triplicate samples. Results are representative of 3 independent trials. * p ⁇ 0.05; *** p ⁇ 0.001. NS: not significant.
  • FIG. 3 f shows co-cultures set up as in (c-e), but using CD4+ T cells from Foxp3-GFP mice. Following 4 days of culture with OMV pulsed DCs, cells were stained with anti-CD4 and Foxp3 detected by GFP expression using FC. Results are representative of 2 independent trials.
  • FIG. 4 shows exemplary results indicating in vitro generation of Treg suppressive function by PSA-containing OMVs.
  • FIG. 4 a shows FC histograms of IL-10 expression by CD4+ T cell subsets following 4 day co-culture with DCs treated with OMVs.
  • Splenic CD4+ T cell were purified from IL-10-GFP mice, stained with anti-CD4 and anti-CD25 following co-culture, and IL-10 expression measured by GFP expression. Percentages show IL-10+ populations among CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25 ⁇ subsets. Results are representative of 3 independent trials.
  • FIG. 4 a shows FC histograms of IL-10 expression by CD4+ T cell subsets following 4 day co-culture with DCs treated with OMVs.
  • Splenic CD4+ T cell were purified from IL-10-GFP mice, stained with anti-CD4 and anti-CD25 following co-culture, and IL-10 expression measured by GFP expression.
  • Percentages show IL-10
  • FIG. 4 b shows in vitro suppression of na ⁇ ve responder cells by purified CD4+CD25+ T cells following co-culture with DCs treated with media (control), WT-OMVs and ⁇ PSA-OMVs.
  • Cell proliferation was measured by FC of CFSE dilution.
  • Treg:Teff ratios are indicated, and percentages show total proliferating cells. No Treg: CD4+CD25 ⁇ cells only. Results are representative of 2 independent trials.
  • FIG. 4 c shows the quantification of percentage of CD4+ T cells in each proliferating peak (as is labeled as 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 in FIG. 4 b ). Results are shown from 3 combined experiments performed independently. *** p ⁇ 0.001; * p ⁇ 0.05. NS: not significant.
  • FIG. 5 shows wild-type B. fragilis and PSA deletional mutant B. fragilis produce similar amount of OMVs during in vitro culture.
  • the amount of total protein recovered from each OMVs preparation normalized by OD600 of the culture at the time of harvest. Error bars indicate SEM. Result is shown from >10 combined experiments preformed independently. p value determined by Student's t-test. NS: not significant.
  • FIG. 6 shows Majority OMVs purified from wild-type B. fragilis contain PSA Immunogold labeling of PSA on purified OMVs shows ⁇ 60% of WT-OMVs observe among random sampling of 10 areas (1 ⁇ m ⁇ 1 ⁇ m) of sample are associated with PSA, but none of ⁇ PSA-OMVs observed are stained positively for PSA (Immunogold labeling of WT-OMVs with anti-IgG-gold only confirms the specificity of the labeling).
  • FIG. 7 shows OMVs from wild-type or PSA deletional mutant B. fragilis show no significant difference in protein composition.
  • Proteome mass spectrometry shows 100% overlap of the identified proteins (>1 unique peptide identified for each protein) between WT-OMVs and ⁇ PSA-OMVs.
  • we semi-quantitatively compared the amount of those relatively abundant proteins according to the number of unique peptides identified for each of them. Majority of them show no difference performed independently. Errors indicate SEM.
  • FIG. 8 shows actin polymerization is required for OMV uptake by DCs.
  • OMVs were labeled with FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) and incubated with cultured DCs for various times (as indicated). Cells were stained with anti-CD11c. Percentages show CD11C+OMV+ populations.
  • FITC Fluorescein isothiocyanate
  • FIG. 9 shows WT-OMVs or ⁇ PSA-OMVs are internalized and localized in the cytoplasm of DCs.
  • OMVs were labeled with FITC (gray arrow) and incubated with cultured DCs for 2 hrs.
  • Cells were fixed and cell membrane was stained with Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA)-tetramethylrhodamine (black arrow). Scale bar: 7.5 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 10 shows WT-OMVs and ⁇ PSA-OMVs upregulate co-stimulatory molecule for DC activation.
  • FIG. 11 shows PSA induced expression of biomarkers in an embodiment herein described.
  • the data illustrated in each diagram are representative of three independent experiments. Light bars indicated cells derived from PBS treated mice and dark bars from PSA-treated mice.
  • Vehicles are herein described that are suitable for delivering a compound to a mucous membrane.
  • wild-type OMV wild-type OMV
  • PSA containing OMVs wild-type OMVs
  • PSA-OMV wild-type OMVs
  • vehicle in the sense of the present disclosure indicates a medium in which a compound is administered, and in which the compound is comprised, expressed, and/or displayed.
  • exemplary vehicles comprise any of various media acting usually as solvents, carriers, or binders for active ingredients, with particular reference to drugs.
  • a compound or substance in the sense of the present disclosure indicates passage of the compound or substance from an originating location to a target location, and in particular to a location formed by one or more cells, tissues, or organs of an individual.
  • a compound is delivered in the sense of the present disclosure when the passage is performed so that at least one activity associated to the delivered compound can be exerted on the one or more cells, tissues or organs of the individual.
  • the term “compound” as used herein indicates any chemical substance comprised of one or more chemical elements and comprises various substances, molecules or component that include but are not limited to biomolecules and in particular drugs.
  • biomolecule indicates a substance compound or component associated to a biological activity including but not limited to sugars, aminoacids, peptides proteins, oligonucleotides, polynucleotides, polypeptides, organic molecules, haptens, epitopes, biological cells, parts of biological cells, vitamins, hormones and the like.
  • drug as used herein indicates substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function.
  • drugs in the sense of the present disclosure include a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being.
  • PSA is for instance the above ‘compound’ then additional different compounds could also be delivered, in addition to PSA, by the vesicle.
  • mucous membrane in the sense of the present disclosure indicates a lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which are involved in absorption and secretion.
  • mucous membranes line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. Mucous membranes are at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the mouth, the lips, the eyelids, the ears, the genital area, and the anus.
  • the vehicle is formed by a vesicle comprising one or more compounds to be delivered.
  • a “vesicle” in the sense of the present disclosure is a supramolecular complex formed by a membrane forming lipid and additional molecules assembled in an aqueous environment.
  • the membrane forming lipids are arranged in a lipid layer enclosing an internal aqueous environment herein also indicated as cytosol.
  • membrane forming lipid or “amphipatic lipid” as used herein indicates a lipid possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties that in an aqueous environment assemble in a lipid layer structure that consists of either one or two opposing layers of amphipatic molecules known as polar lipid.
  • Each polar lipid has a hydrophilic moiety, i.e., a polar group such as, a derivatized phosphate or a saccharide group, and a hydrophobic moiety, i.e., a long hydrocarbon chain.
  • exemplary polar lipids include phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, ether lipids, sterols and alkylphosphocholins.
  • Amphipatic lipids include but are not limited to membrane lipids, i.e. amphipatic lipids that are constituents of a biological membrane, such as phospholipids like dimyrisoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or Dioleoylphosphoethanolamine (DOPE) or dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC).
  • a biological membrane such as dimyrisoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or Dioleoylphosphoethanolamine (DOPE) or dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC).
  • the membrane of the vesicle is formed by a lipid bilayer mimicking a plasma membrane (a biological membrane separating the interior of a cell from the outside environment, and enclose an aqueous environment) and in particular the outer membrane of B. fragilis.
  • Vesicles herein described also comprise a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) either associated with the membrane of the vesicle or comprised in the aqueous environment of the vesicle.
  • LPS lipopolysaccharide
  • the term “lipopolysaccharide” as used herein indicates large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, act as endotoxins and elicit strong immune responses in animals.
  • vesicles herein described comprise one or more LPS of B. fragilis which are identifiable by a skilled person.
  • Vesicles herein described can also comprise a peptidoglycan either associated with the membrane of the vesicle or comprised in the aqueous environment of the vesicle.
  • peptidoglycan indicates a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria (Eubacteria, not Archaebacteria), forming the cell wall.
  • vesicles herein described comprise one or more peptidoglycans of B. fragilis which are identifiable by a skilled person.
  • Additional compounds that can be comprised in the vesicles comprise membrane proteins, membrane lipids carbohydrates and nucleic acids, and in particular, membrane proteins, membrane lipids carbohydrates and nucleic acids of B. fragilis.
  • Exemplary vesicles in the sense of the present disclosure comprise small membrane-enclosed sacs that can store or transport substances. Vesicles can form naturally because of the properties of the membrane forming lipid, or they may be prepared from bacterial membranes. Most vesicles have specialized functions depending on what materials they contain on the membrane and/or the aqueous environment.
  • the vesicles herein described are formed by portions of membranes of bacteria. In an embodiment, vesicles are formed by Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) of the bacteria.
  • OMVs Outer Membrane Vesicles
  • the vesicles herein described are formed by portions of membranes of B. fragilis and in particular from the OMV of B. fragilis as exemplified in the Examples section.
  • the delivered compound can be a drug, candidate drug, a supplement (a product taken orally that contains one or more ingredients (as vitamins or amino acids) that are intended to supplement one's diet and are not considered food) or any other compound whose delivery to the mucous membrane is desired.
  • a supplement a product taken orally that contains one or more ingredients (as vitamins or amino acids) that are intended to supplement one's diet and are not considered food
  • one or more of those compounds can be include in the vesicles herein described in a suitable dosage that can be determined by the skilled person in view of the specific compound to be delivered.
  • the compound comprises one or more zwitterionic polysaccharide and in particular Polysaccharide A.
  • zwitterionic polysaccharide indicates synthetic or natural polymers comprising one or more monosaccharides joined together by glicosidic bonds, and including at least one positively charged moiety and at least one negatively charged moiety.
  • Zwitterionic polysaccharides include but are not limited to polymers of any length, from a mono- or di-saccharide polymer to polymers including hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides.
  • a zwitterionic polysaccharide can include repeating units wherein each repeating unit includes from two to ten monosaccharides, a positively charged moiety (e.g.
  • ZPs can have a molecular weight comprised between 500 Da and 2,000,000 Da. In some embodiments, the ZPs can have a molecular weight comprised between 200 and 2500.
  • Exemplary ZPS include but are not limited to PSA and PSB from Bacteroides Fragilis , CP5/CD8 from Staphylococcus aureus , and Sp1/CP1 from Streptococcus pneumonia .
  • Zwitterionic polysaccharides can be isolated from natural sources, and in particular from bacterial sources, e.g. by purification. Zwitterionic polysaccharides can also be produced by chemical or biochemical methods, as well as by recombinant microorganism technologies all identifiable by a skilled person. Thus, those methods and technologies will not be further described herein in detail.
  • polysaccharide A indicates a molecule produced by the PSA locus of Bacteroides fragilis and derivatives thereof which include but are not limited to polymers of the repeating unit ⁇ 3) ⁇ -d-AAT Galp(1 ⁇ 4)-[ ⁇ -d-Galf(1 ⁇ 3)] ⁇ -d-GalpNAc(1 ⁇ 3)-[4,6-pyruvate]- ⁇ -d-Galp(1 ⁇ , where AATGal is acetamido-amino-2,4,6-trideoxygalactose, and the galactopyranosyl residue is modified by a pyruvate substituent spanning O-4 and O-6.
  • a derivative polysaccharide indicates a second polysaccharide that is structurally related to the first polysaccharide and is derivable from the first polysaccharide by a modification that introduces a feature that is not present in the first polysaccharide while retaining functional properties of the first polysaccharide.
  • a derivative polysaccharide of PSA usually differs from the original polysaccharide by modification of the repeating units or of the saccharidic component of one or more of the repeating units that might or might not be associated with an additional function not present in the original polysaccharide.
  • a derivative polysaccharide of PSA retains however one or more functional activities that are herein described in connection with PSA in association with the anti-inflammatory activity of PSA.
  • low molecular weight PSA is from 70 kDa to 200 kDa and high molecular weight PSA (H-PSA) is above 200 kDa.
  • the mucous membrane is a mucous membrane of the digestive tract of an individual, and in particular intestinal mucosa, gastric mucosa, esophageal mucosa, buccal mucosa, oral mucosa and/or buccal mucosa.
  • the vesicles herein described can be used in connection with procedures and applications such as the ones described in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/321,527 herein enclosed as Exhibit A which forms part of the present disclosure and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the vesicles herein described can be used in connection with methods and systems such as the ones described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/766,787 herein enclosed as Exhibit B which forms part of the present disclosure and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • vesicles herein described can be used in a method to deliver the compound to a mucous membrane of an individual.
  • the method comprises contacting a vesicle comprising the compound with the mucous membrane for a time and under condition to allow contact of the substance with the membrane.
  • the vesicle is formed by a lipid membrane enclosing an aqueous environment and the compound to be delivered is comprised in the aqueous environment of the vesicle.
  • composition or pharmaceutical composition comprising of the vesicle or OMV is contacted with the mucous membrane for a time and under condition to allow contact of the substance with the membrane.
  • incubation indicates actions directed to creation of a spatial relationship between two items provided for a time and under condition such that at least one of the reciprocal or non reciprocal action or influence between the two items can be exerted.
  • incubation can be performed between a vesicle and a mucous membrane and can result in a direct contact and/or interaction between the vesicle and the mucous membrane or can result in a modification of the mucous membrane following an indirect action of the vesicle (e.g. following activation or modification of another substance which directly interacts with the membrane).
  • Suitable conditions for performing the contacting or incubation are identifiable by a skilled person upon reading of the present disclosure in view of the compound, the mucous membrane, and the experimental design.
  • vesicles herein described can be comprised in a composition for delivering a compound to a mucous membrane.
  • the composition comprises one or more vesicles herein described optionally in combination with an additional vehicle acting as a solvent, carrier, binder or diluents for the vesicles.
  • condition when referring to the status of an animal or human—as used herein indicates a usually the physical status of the body of an individual, as a whole or of one or more of its parts, that does not conform to a physical status of the individual, as a whole or of one or more of its parts, that is associated with a state of complete physical, mental and possibly social well-being.
  • Conditions herein described include but are not limited disorders and diseases wherein the term “disorder” indicates a condition of the living individual that is associated to a functional abnormality of the body or of any of its parts, and the term “disease” indicates a condition of the living individual that impairs normal functioning of the body or of any of its parts and is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms.
  • Exemplary conditions include but are not limited to injuries, disabilities, disorders (including mental and physical disorders), syndromes, infections, deviant behaviors of the individual and atypical variations of structure and functions of the body of an individual or parts thereof.
  • the condition can be any condition associated to an inflammation or inflammatory response; or a condition described as an inflammatory disease itself.
  • the wording “associated to” as used herein with reference to two items indicates a relation between the two items such that the occurrence of a first item is accompanied by the occurrence of the second item, which includes but is not limited to a cause-effect relation and sign/symptoms-disease relation.
  • Conditions associated with an inflammation include but are not limited to inflammatory bowel disease, including but not limited to Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, asthma, dermatitis, arthritis, myasthenia gravis, Grave's disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), and psoriasis.
  • inflammatory bowel disease including but not limited to Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, asthma, dermatitis, arthritis, myasthenia gravis, Grave's disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), and psoriasis.
  • compositions, pharmaceutical composition comprising OMVs containing PSA can be used for the prevention of inflammatory diseases, such as, but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), asthma, dermatitis, arthritis, myasthenia gravis, Grave's disease, multiple sclerosis, and psoriasis.
  • inflammatory diseases such as, but not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), asthma, dermatitis, arthritis, myasthenia gravis, Grave's disease, multiple sclerosis, and psoriasis.
  • treatment indicates any activity whether part of a medical care, or not, for or deals with a condition medically or surgically in animals or humans. Such treatments can be administered by either medical or non-medical personnel.
  • the composition can be a pharmaceutical composition, and comprise one or more vesicles each comprising PSA.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can comprise of one or more vesicles each comprising PSA and one or more of another compound, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable or appropriate carrier/vehicle.
  • the above pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more vesicles each comprising PSA and one or more of another compound, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable or appropriate carrier/vehicle, wherein an individual/subject with an inflammatory condition or inflammation given this composition shows an improvement.
  • the vesicles herein described can be included in pharmaceutical compositions together with an excipient or diluent.
  • pharmaceutical compositions contain vesicles herein described, in combination with one or more compatible and pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, and in particular with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or excipients.
  • excipient indicates an inactive substance used as a pharmaceutically acceptable or appropriate carrier for the active ingredients of a medication.
  • Suitable excipients for the pharmaceutical compositions herein disclosed include any substance that enhances the ability of the body of an individual to absorb vesicles herein described. Suitable excipients also include any substance that can be used to bulk up formulations with vesicles herein described to allow for convenient and accurate dosage. In addition to their use in the single-dosage quantity, excipients can be used in the manufacturing process to aid in the handling of vesicles herein described. Depending on the route of administration, and form of medication, different excipients may be used. Exemplary excipients include but are not limited to antiadherents, binders, coatings disintegrants, fillers, flavors (such as sweeteners) and colors, glidants, lubricants, preservatives, sorbents.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable or appropriate carriers can be, but not limited to, organic or inorganic, solid or liquid excipient which is suitable for the selected mode of application such as oral application or injection, and administered in the form of a conventional pharmaceutical preparation.
  • a conventional pharmaceutical preparation includes solid such as tablets, granules, powders, capsules, and liquid such as solution, emulsion, suspension and the like.
  • Said carrier includes starch, lactose, glucose, sucrose, dextrine, cellulose, paraffin, fatty acid glyceride, water, alcohol, gum arabic and the like. If necessary, auxiliary, stabilizer, emulsifier, lubricant, binder, pH adjustor controller, isotonic agent and other conventional additives may be added.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable or appropriate carrier may well include other compounds known to be beneficial to an impaired situation of the gut, (e.g., antioxidants, such as Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium or Zinc); or a food composition.
  • the food composition can be, but is not limited to, milk, yoghurt, curd, cheese, fermented milks, milk based fermented products, ice-creams, fermented cereal based products, milk based powders, infant formulae, tablets, liquid bacterial suspensions, dried oral supplement, or wet oral supplement.
  • diluent indicates a diluting agent which is issued to dilute or carry an active ingredient of a composition.
  • Suitable diluent include any substance that can decrease the viscosity of a medicinal preparation.
  • compositions, compounds, and, in particular, pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated for enteral administration including, but not limited to, i) by mouth (orally) as tablets, capsules, or drops; ii) by gastric feeding tube, duodenal feeding tube, or gastrostomy; and enteral nutrition; and iii) rectally as a suppository.
  • vesicles herein described comprising PSA can be used in a method of treating or preventing a condition in an individual.
  • the method comprises administering to the individual an effective amount of the composition or pharmaceutical composition.
  • the term “individual” as used herein includes a single biological organism wherein inflammation can occur including but not limited to animals and in particular higher animals and in particular vertebrates such as mammals and in particular human beings.
  • an effective amount refers to an amount of the compound, composition or pharmaceutical composition that is effective to treat, relieve, reduce, or improve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease in need of treatment, or to retard initiation of clinical markers or symptoms of a disease in need of prevention, when the compound is administered.
  • an effective amount refers to an amount of the compound/composition/pharmaceutical ingredient which exhibits the ‘improved’ effects, as noted below.
  • the “effective amount” may be empirically determined by experimenting with the compounds concerned in known in vivo and in vitro model systems for a disease in need of treatment. An effective amount will vary according to the weight, sex, age and medical history of the individual, as well as the severity of the patient's condition(s), the type of disease(s), mode of administration, and the like. An effective amount may be readily determined using routine experimentation, e.g., by titration (administration of increasing dosages until an effective dosage is found) and/or by reference to amounts that were effective for prior patients. Generally, the effective amount of the present invention will be administered in dosages ranging between about 0.1 mg/kg and about 20 mg/kg of the patient's body-weight.
  • prophylactically effective amount includes the amount of the compound/composition/pharmaceutical composition which is sufficient to result in the prevention or reduction of the development, recurrence or onset of one or more symptoms associated with a disorder (or to enhance or improve the prophylactic effect(s) of another therapy (e.g., another prophylactic agent).
  • composition/pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be used with one or more known medicaments known to be useful in the treatment or prevention of inflammatory diseases, either separately or in combination.
  • the compound/composition/pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be combined with one or a combination of medicaments/treatments known to be useful in the treatment of IBD such as, but not limited to, sulfasalazine (Azulfadine), mesalamine (Asacol, Pentasa), immunosuppressants (Imuran, 6-MP, cyclosporine); methotrexate, TNF-alpha inhibitors (Remicade and Humira); and corticosteroids (Entocort and prednisone).
  • Other treatments (experimental) for ulcerative colitis include aloe vera, butyrate, boswellia, probiotics, antibiotics, immunosuppressive therapy, and nicotine.
  • the compound/composition/pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be combined with one or a combination of medicaments/treatments known to be useful in the treatment of MS such as, but not limited to, Avonex®, Betaseron®, and Copaxone®.
  • Reba® Extavia® Novantrone® (mitoxantrone); Tysabri® (natalizumab), and Gilenya® (fingolimod).
  • IVIg intravenous immunoglobulin
  • Imuran® methotrexate
  • azathioprine Imuran®
  • Cytoxan® cyclophosphamide
  • Imuran® azathioprine
  • methotrexate plasma exchange
  • pulse Solu-Medrol® IV methylprednisolone
  • prednisone Decadron® (dexamethasone
  • Medrol® oral methylprednisolone
  • Plasmapheresis plasmapheresis (plasma exchange); intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy.
  • these other medicaments could be expressed or delivered within the OMVs themselves.
  • “improved,” “improvement,” and other grammatical variants includes any beneficial change in the individual/subject resulting from a treatment.
  • a beneficial change is any way in which a patient's condition is better than it would have been in the absence of the treatment.
  • “Improved” includes, but is not limited to, prevention of an undesired condition, slowing the rate at which a condition worsens, delaying the development of an undesired condition, restoration to an essentially normal condition; causing the patient to go into remission more often or remain in remission for longer periods than without treatment (i.e. where the degree of inflammation in the patient is less (or absent); or the person usually is without symptoms); reduction in the number and/or severity of relapses; and reduction in the development of new areas of inflammation as seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • improvement in IBD encompasses a reduction in the severity or duration in any one or more clinical IBD symptoms, such as, but not limited to, Abdominal cramps and pain; Bloody stool; diarrhea; urgency to have a bowel movement; fever; loss of appetite; weight loss; mucus in the stool; ulceration of the large intestine; and anemia (due to blood loss).
  • clinical IBD symptoms such as, but not limited to, Abdominal cramps and pain; Bloody stool; diarrhea; urgency to have a bowel movement; fever; loss of appetite; weight loss; mucus in the stool; ulceration of the large intestine; and anemia (due to blood loss).
  • improvement in MS encompasses a reduction in the severity or duration in any one or more clinical MS symptoms, such as, but not limited to fatigue; visual disorders; numbness; dizziness/vertigo; bladder and bowel dysfunction; weakness; tremor; impaired mobility; sexual dysfunction; slurred speech; spasticity (leg stiffness); swallowing disorders; chronic aching pain; depression; mild cognitive and memory difficulties
  • clinical MS symptoms such as, but not limited to fatigue; visual disorders; numbness; dizziness/vertigo; bladder and bowel dysfunction; weakness; tremor; impaired mobility; sexual dysfunction; slurred speech; spasticity (leg stiffness); swallowing disorders; chronic aching pain; depression; mild cognitive and memory difficulties
  • improved includes any change resulting in the reduction in the severity, duration, and/or risk of developing complications of the inflammatory disease.
  • ‘improved’ could mean for example, a reduced risk of the IBD subject developing profuse bleeding from the ulcers; perforation (rupture) of the bowel; strictures and obstruction; fistulae (abnormal passage) and perianal disease; toxic megacolon (acute nonobstructive dilation of the colon); and malignancy (for example, colon cancer).
  • At least two of the membrane forming lipid, vesicles, PSA and one or more additional compounds to be delivered can be comprised in a system possibly together with other reagents suitable to be used in the methods herein described.
  • kits of parts can be provided in the form of kits of parts.
  • the membrane forming lipid, vesicles, PSA, addition compounds, medicaments, and other the reagents can be included in one or more compositions, or each lipid, vesicles, PSA, addition compounds, medicaments compound and reagent can be in a composition together with a suitable vehicle.
  • Additional components can include labeled molecules and in particular, labeled capture agents specific for an anti-inflammatory or an inflammatory biomarker or a molecule associated to the expression thereof, a microfluidic chip, reference standards, and additional components identifiable by a skilled person upon reading of the present disclosure.
  • capture agent indicates a compound that can specifically bind to a target.
  • specific “specifically” or “specificity” as used herein with reference to the binding of a first molecule to second molecule refers to the recognition, contact and formation of a stable complex between the first molecule and the second molecule, together with substantially less to no recognition, contact and formation of a stable complex between each of the first molecule and the second molecule with other molecules that may be present.
  • Exemplary specific bindings are antibody-antigen interaction, cellular receptor-ligand interactions, polynucleotide hybridization, enzyme substrate interactions etc.
  • stable complex is meant a complex that is detectable and does not require any arbitrary level of stability, although greater stability is generally preferred.
  • the kit can comprise labeled polynucleotides or labeled antibodies.
  • the components of the kit can be provided, with suitable instructions and other necessary reagents, in order to perform the methods here described.
  • the kit will normally contain the compositions in separate containers. Instructions, for example written or audio instructions, on paper or electronic support such as tapes or CD-ROMs, for carrying out the assay, will usually be included in the kit.
  • the kit can also contain, depending on the particular method used, other packaged reagents and materials (i.e. wash buffers and the like).
  • immunomodulatory indicates the ability to promote a state associated with absence of an inflammatory response.
  • Particular immunomodulatory properties comprise anti-inflammatory properties, wherein the term anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that prevents or reduces inflammation.
  • inflammation indicates the complex biological response of vascular tissues of an individual to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and includes secretion of cytokines and more particularly of pro-inflammatory cytokine, i.e. cytokines which are produced predominantly by activated immune cells such as microglia and are involved in the amplification of inflammatory reactions.
  • pro-inflammatory cytokines include but are not limited to IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a, IL-17, IL21, and IL23.
  • inflammations include acute inflammation and chronic inflammation.
  • acute inflammation indicates a short-term process characterized by the classic signs of inflammation (swelling, redness, pain, heat, and loss of function) due to the infiltration of the tissues by plasma and leukocytes.
  • An acute inflammation typically occurs as long as the injurious stimulus is present and ceases once the stimulus has been removed, broken down, or walled off by scarring (fibrosis).
  • chronic inflammation indicates a condition characterized by concurrent active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair. Chronic inflammation is not characterized by the classic signs of acute inflammation listed above. Instead, chronically inflamed tissue is characterized by the infiltration of mononuclear immune cells (monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells), tissue destruction, and attempts at healing, which include angiogenesis and fibrosis.
  • bacterial substance indicates matter of bacterial origin such as, a live bacteria, dead bacteria, and in particular heat-killed bacteria, bacterial extracts, purified molecules from bacteria, a combination of molecules purified from bacteria, or vesicles containing one molecule or a combination of molecules purified from bacteria or purified vesicles from bacteria.
  • bacterial substance can be formed by, or comprises, the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) which are vesicles released from the surface of bacteria and deliver a suite of molecular cargo to distant target cells.
  • OMVs outer membrane vesicles
  • the bacterial substance can be formed by, or comprises, the OMVs of B. Fragilis , and more particularly, such OMVs are further comprised of PSA.
  • Bacterial substance comprises substance derived from a same bacteria and substance derived from two or more different bacteria.
  • bacteria indicates large group of unicellular, prokaryote, microorganisms, typically of a few micrometers in length, and having a wide range of shapes.
  • bacteria in the sense of the present disclosure comprise bacteria of the human flora, i.e. the assemblage of microorganisms that reside on the surface and in human tissues and bodily fluids such as deep layers of skin, in saliva, oral or vaginal mucosa, and in the gastrointestinal tracts.
  • Bacterial flora comprises gut flora (bacteria detectable in the digestive tract of humans) vaginal flora (bacteria detectable in the fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female humans) and skin flora (bacteria detectable in human skin). More specifically, bacteria in the sense of the present disclosure can be formed by one or more bacteroidetes of the gut flora and in particular one or more bacteroides , a genus of Gram-negative, non endospore forming anaerobes bacillus bacteria, symbiotic with humans and identifiable by a skilled person. A representative bacteroides is B. fragilis.
  • transgenic marker non-human animal refers to an animal that contains non-native, genetic material that has been transferred naturally or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques. Such non-native, genetic material (or transgene) may act as a “biomarker” (as defined herein) and/or retain the ability to produce RNA or protein in the non-human animal.
  • T cell indicates a sub-group of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell or leukocyte) including different cell types identifiable by a skilled person.
  • T-helper cell according to the present disclosure and include effector T h cells (such as Th1, Th2 and Th17)—i.e. Th cells that secrete cytokines, proteins or peptides that stimulate or interact with other leukocytes, including T h cells—and suppressor Th cells (such as Treg) i.e. Th cells that suppress activation of the immune system and thereby maintain immune system homeostasis and tolerance to self-antigens.
  • effector T h cells such as Th1, Th2 and Th17
  • Th cells such as Treg i.e. Th cells that suppress activation of the immune system and thereby maintain immune system homeostasis and tolerance to self-antigens.
  • antigen presenting cell indicates a cell that displays foreign antigen complex with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on its surface.
  • antigen presenting cell comprise dendritic cell, macrophage, B cells and additional cells identifiable by a skilled person.
  • incubation indicates actions directed to creation of a spatial relationship between two items provided for a time and under condition such that at least one of the reciprocal or non reciprocal action or influence between the two items can be exerted.
  • incubation can be performed between a bacterial substance and a cell and can result in a direct contact and/or interaction between the bacterial substance and the cell or can result in a modification of the cell following an indirect action of the bacterial substance (e.g. following activation or modification of another substance which directly interacts with the cell).
  • the ‘treating’, or ‘treatment’ can be performed by administering the bacterial substance, compound, composition, or pharmaceutical composition by topical or systemic administration.
  • Systemic administration includes enteral administration (e.g. oral administration, administration by gastric feeding tube, administration by duodenal feeding tube, gastrostomy, enteral nutrition, and rectal administration) and parenteral administration (e.g. intravenous administration, intra-arterial administration, intramuscular administration, subcutaneous administration, intradermal, administration, intraperitoneal administration, and intravesical infusion.
  • Topical administration include but is not limited to epicutaneous administration, inhalational administration (e.g. in asthma medications), enema, eye drops (e.g. onto the conjunctiva), ear drops, intranasal route (e.g. decongestant nasal sprays), and vaginal administration.
  • the amount of pharmaceutical composition given to individuals suffering from an inflammatory disease such as, but not limited to, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, asthma, dermatitis, arthritis, myasthenia gravis, Grave's disease, multiple sclerosis, or psoriasis, can be determined by the skilled person experimentally.
  • Exemplary incubation of an antigen presenting cell with a T cell can be performed in vitro by mixing a cell culture comprising the antigen presenting cell with a cell culture comprising the T cell, by adding a purified antigen presenting cell to a culture of T cells, or by adding a purified T cell to a culture of antigen presenting cells. Additional exemplary incubation between a T cell and an antigen presenting cell in vivo comprise transplanting antigen presenting cell in a into a tissue of an individual, the tissue comprising T cell, or transplanting T cell into a tissue of an individual the tissue comprising antigen presenting cell.
  • the individual is a transgenic animal other than humans genetically modified to express a labeled inflammatory or an anti inflammatory biomarker.
  • detection of the expression of an inflammatory or an anti-inflammatory biomarker can be performed in vitro and in vivo by techniques identifiable by a skilled person which comprise use of labeled molecules, including labeled biomarkers or labeled molecule specific for the biomarker or molecule associated thereto.
  • detect indicates the determination of the existence, presence or fact of an analyte or related signal in a limited portion of space, including but not limited to a sample, a reaction mixture, a molecular complex and a substrate.
  • a detection is “quantitative” when it refers, relates to, or involves the measurement of quantity or amount of the analyte or related signal (also referred as quantitation), which includes but is not limited to any analysis designed to determine the amounts or proportions of the analyte or related signal.
  • a detection is “qualitative” when it refers, relates to, or involves identification of a quality or kind of the analyte or related signal in terms of relative abundance to another analyte or related signal, which is not quantified.
  • label and “labeled molecule” or a used herein as a component of a complex or molecule referring to a molecule capable of detection, including but not limited to radioactive isotopes, fluorophores, chemiluminescent dyes, chromophores, enzymes, enzymes substrates, enzyme cofactors, enzyme inhibitors, dyes, metal ions, nanoparticles, metal sols, ligands (such as biotin, avidin, streptavidin or haptens) and the like.
  • fluorophore refers to a substance or a portion thereof which is capable of exhibiting fluorescence in a detectable image.
  • the wording “signal” or “labeling signal” as used herein indicates the signal emitted from the label that allows detection of the label, including but not limited to radioactivity, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, production of a compound in outcome of an enzymatic reaction and the like.
  • Detection can be performed by detecting levels of expression of the biomarker, a precursor or analog thereof, and/or of an analyte associated thereto.
  • the wording “associated to” as used herein with reference to two items indicates a relation between the two items such that the occurrence of a first item is accompanied by the occurrence of the second item, which includes but is not limited to a cause-effect relation and sign/symptoms-disease relation.
  • the detection can be performed qualitatively or quantitatively and can involve detection of molecules such as RNA, protein, their precursors, differing types (i.e. mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA) and/or degradation products, and/or detection or measurable properties associated thereof. Techniques and procedures to perform detection are identifiable by a skilled person upon reading of the present disclosure.
  • Exemplary methods for detection of a biomarker expression comprise methods known to a skilled person including but not limited to ELISA, Q-PCR and intracellular cytokine staining detected by FACS.
  • expression of a biomarker can be detected via fluorescent based readouts on a cell culture performed using an antibody specific for the biomarker or molecule associated thereto, labeled with fluorophore, which includes, but not exhaustively, small molecular dyes, protein chromophores, quantum dots, and gold nanoparticles.
  • expression of a biomarker can be detected by detecting expression of a label under the transcriptional control of a biomarker promoter in vivo (e.g., in an animal tissue) or in vitro (e.g. in a cell culture).
  • the biomarker can be in particular IL-10 or Foxp3. Additional techniques are identifiable by a skilled person upon reading of the present disclosure and will not be further discussed in detail.
  • an anti-inflammatory ability of the candidate bacterial substance can be determined through detection of an increase of expression of the one or more anti-inflammatory biomarkers or a decrease of the expression of the one or more inflammatory biomarkers following the contacting and/or the incubating. Determining increase and/or decrease of a biomarker expression can be performed by comparing the detected expression of the biomarker following the contacting and/or incubating, with a predetermined detected expression of the same biomarker in absence of contacting and/or incubating. Determining increase and/or decrease of a biomarker expression can be performed by comparing the detected expression marker with the detected expression of the same biomarker in a control cell in absence of contacting and/or incubating.
  • detection of an increase in expression of the anti-inflammatory or detection of a decrease in expression of an inflammatory biomarker indicates the ability of a substance to induce anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL-10, Foxp3, TGF ⁇ 1 or TGF- ⁇ 2, perforin and granzyme B or a combination thereof, or suppress inflammatory cytokines such as IFN ⁇ , IFN ⁇ , IFN ⁇ , IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-13, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-17 or TNF ⁇ or a combination thereof.
  • anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL-10, Foxp3, TGF ⁇ 1 or TGF- ⁇ 2, perforin and granzyme B or a combination thereof, or suppress inflammatory cytokines such as IFN ⁇ , IFN ⁇ , IFN ⁇ , IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-13, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL
  • the method comprises contacting a candidate bacterial substance in vitro and/or in vivo with a T cell alone or in presence of an antigen presenting cell, and detecting expression of at least one anti inflammatory biomarker selected from the group consisting of IL-10, Foxp3, TGF ⁇ 1, TGF ⁇ 2, perforin and granzyme B, wherein an increase of the expression of the anti-inflammatory biomarker following the contacting indicates an anti inflammatory ability of the candidate bacterial substance.
  • expression of IL-10, TGF ⁇ 1, TGF ⁇ 2, perforin and/or granzyme B can be performed on Foxp3 expressing T cell, and more particularly Foxp3 expressing Treg cell.
  • the method comprises contacting a candidate bacterial substance with an antigen presenting cell, and incubating the antigen presenting cell with a T cell following the contacting.
  • the method further comprises detecting the expression of at least one anti-inflammatory biomarker selected from the group consisting of Foxp3, IL-10, TGF ⁇ 1, TGF ⁇ 2, TGF ⁇ 2, Perforin and Granzyme B, wherein detection of an increase of the biomarker expression following the incubating indicates an anti-inflammatory ability of the candidate substance.
  • expression of IL-10, perforin and/or granzyme B can be performed on Foxp3 expressing T cell, and more particularly Foxp3 expressing Treg cell.
  • the method comprises contacting a candidate bacterial substance with a T cell alone or in presence of an antigen presenting cell, and detecting expression of at least one inflammatory biomarker selected from the group consisting of IL-17 and TNF ⁇ , wherein a decrease of the expression of the inflammatory biomarker following the contacting indicates an anti-inflammatory ability of the candidate bacterial substance.
  • the method comprises contacting a candidate bacterial substance with an antigen presenting cell, and incubating the antigen presenting cell with a T cell following the contacting.
  • the method further comprises detecting the expression of at least one inflammatory biomarker selected from the group consisting of IL-17 and TNF ⁇ , wherein a decrease of the expression of the inflammatory biomarker following the contacting indicates an anti-inflammatory ability of the candidate bacterial substance.
  • the candidate bacterial substance comprises bacteria in a pure pool. In other embodiments, the candidate bacterial substance comprises bacteria in a mixed pool.
  • the bacteria can be live bacteria, dead bacteria, extracts or products isolated from bacteria, or combinations of each.
  • the bacteria may also be from laboratory strains, isolates from repositories such as ATCC, isolates from animals, isolates from humans, or combinations of each.
  • the isolate from animals is isolated from feces.
  • the isolate can also come from intestinal contents or combinations of feces and other intestinal contents.
  • the isolate from humans is isolated from feces.
  • the isolate can also come from intestinal contents or combinations of feces and other intestinal contents.
  • the method comprises treating a transgenic marker non-human animal and in particular a transgenic marker mammal such as a mouse or a rat, with a candidate substance, the transgenic non-human marker animal genetically modified to express a labeled anti-inflammatory or inflammatory biomarker selected from the group consisting of IL-10 and Foxp3 but also perforin and granzyme B, IL17 and TNF ⁇ ; and detecting biomarker expression in the transgenic marker animal following the treating.
  • the aforementioned transgenic non-human animal models can be treated either orally or intravenously with the substance, or permanently colonized with live bacteria by oral gavage and the amount of biomarker expression Foxp3 or IL-10 expression will be monitored in the various compartments of the mouse including the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, small and large intestine, lungs, pancreas, and bone marrow as a measure of the immunomodulatory ability of the substance.
  • dendritic cells, T cells, T regulatory, B cells or macrophages can be purified or differentiated from mice where expression of IL-10 (or Foxp3 in the case of T cell analysis) is marked by the fluorophore Green fluorescent protein (GFP).
  • the candidate bacterial substance is contacted with one of the aforementioned cell types and the amount of GFP expression will be determined indicating the immunomodulatory ability of the substance being tested.
  • dendritic cells or other antigen presenting cells can be incubated with the substance, the substance can be washed off and the dendritic cells can be subsequently incubated with T cells to determine the ability of the dendritic cells to elicit immunomodulatory activity from the T cell.
  • GFP expression can be determined using fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) or a microplate reader.
  • a T cell, antigen presenting cell, and reagents for detection of at least one of one or more anti-inflammatory biomarkers selected from the group consisting of IL-10, Foxp3, TGF ⁇ 2, Perforin and Granzyme B and one or more labeled inflammatory biomarker selected from the group consisting of IL-17 and TNF ⁇ an be comprised in a system for identifying a bacterial substance having immunomodulatory ability according to methods herein described.
  • the system comprises: dendritic cell, T cell, T regulatory, B cells and/or macrophages that, in some embodiments, can be purified or differentiated from mice where expression of IL-10 (or Foxp3 in the case of T cell analysis) is marked by the fluorophore Green fluorescent protein (GFP).
  • IL-10 or Foxp3 in the case of T cell analysis
  • GFP fluorophore Green fluorescent protein
  • kits of parts can be provided in the form of kits of parts.
  • the multi-ligand capture agent and other reagents to perform the method can be comprised in the kit independently.
  • the antigen presenting cell, the T cell and the reagents can be included in one or more compositions, and each cell and reagent can be in a composition together with a suitable vehicle.
  • Additional components can include labeled molecules and in particular, labeled capture agents specific for an anti-inflammatory or an inflammatory biomarker or a molecule associated to the expression thereof, a microfluidic chip, reference standards, and additional components identifiable by a skilled person upon reading of the present disclosure.
  • vesicles, compositions and related methods and systems herein described are further illustrated in the following examples, which are provided by way of illustration and are not intended to be limiting.
  • the following examples illustrate exemplary cell cultures, methods for contacting OMVs comprising PSA (or PSA ligand) with cells and detecting expression of a biomarker.
  • PSA PSA ligand
  • a person skilled in the art will appreciate the applicability of the features described in detail for OMVs and PSA and Bacteroides fragilis for additional vesicles and delivery of substances additional to PSA in OMVs or other vesicles according to the present disclosure.
  • Bacterial strains and culture conditions and mice B. fragilis strain NCTC 9343 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, its isogenic PSA deletion mutant and mpi44 mutant (produces only PSA but not other polysaccharides) has been described (M. J. Coyne, A. O. Tzianabos, B. C. Mallory, V. J. Carey, D. L. Kasper and L. E. Comstock, (2001) Polysaccharide biosynthesis locus required for virulence of Bacteroides fragilis , Infect. Immun.
  • Bacteria were grown either in a rich medium containing 37 g BHI (BD #237200), 0.5 ⁇ g/ml Hemin (Sigma H5533), and 0.5 ⁇ g/ml Vitamin K (Sigma V3501) in 1 L ddH2O or a customized minimum medium (MM), which contained 8 g Glucose, 1% FBS, 0.5 ⁇ g/ml Hemin, and 0.5 ⁇ g/ml Vitamin K in 1 L of RPMI (Invitrogen SKU#11835-030). SPF mice of strains C57BL/6 and Balb/c were purchased from Taconic Farms (Germantown, N.Y.).
  • TLR2 knockout mice and IL-10 knockout mice were purchased from Jackson laboratories IL-10GFP mice were procured from the laboratory of Christopher Karp from Cinncinati Children's medical hospital, and, Foxp3GFP mice were a given by the laboratory of Talal Chatila from the University of California Los Angeles.
  • OMV purification and labeling This method is adapted from a previously described protocol for the preparation of OMVs from E. coli (Amanda L. Horstman and Meta J. Kuehn. (2000) Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli secretes active heat-labile enterotoxin via outer membrane vesicles. J Biol. Chem. 275: 12489-12496.) Briefly, EDL-enriched B. fragilis was grown in customized MM. OMVs were recovered from the bacteria-free supernatant of the culture by centrifugation at 40,000 g for 2 hrs at 4 C and further washed twice with PBS and filtered through 0.45 ⁇ m spin columns (Millipore #20-218).
  • OMVs Total protein concentration of the purified OMVs was determined by Bradford assay (Biorad #500-0205).
  • FITC-labeled OMVs were prepared as previously described (Nicole C. Kesty and Meta J. Keuhn. (2004) Incorporation of heterologous outer membrane and periplasmic proteins into Escherichia coli outer membrane vesicles. J Biol. Chem. 279: 2069-2076). Briefly, OMVs were incubated in the staining buffer (1 mg/ml FITC (Thermo Scientific #46424), 100 mM NaCl, 50 mM Na2CO3, pH 9.2) for 1 hr at RT. Labeled OMVs were collected by centrifugation at 40,000 g for 30 min at 4 C and washed twice with PBS+200 mM NaCl.
  • Immunogold labeling of purified OMVs This method was adapted from a previously described protocol (Patrick S, McKenna J P, O'Hagan S, Dermott E. (1996) A comparison of the haemagglutinating and enzymic activities of Bacteroides fragilis whole cells and outer membrane vesicles. Microb Pathog. 20(4):191-202.) Briefly, a tiny drop of purified OMV was applied to formvar/carbon coated gold grids (EMS #FF200-Au) and air-dried. Immunogold labeling was performed at RT by floating these grids with “OMVs”-side down on a series of small drops of antibody and wash solutions.
  • samples were blocked in 10% FBS for 10 min after 5 min incubation in 0.12% glycine. After blocking, samples were further incubated with antibody against PSA diluted in 10% FBS for 20 min, followed by 5 washes ⁇ 3 min with PBS. Subsequently, secondary antibody-IgG conjugated with 5 nm gold (kind gift from Dr. Paul Webster, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles) was applied to the samples for 20 min, followed again by 5 washes ⁇ 4 min with PBS.
  • PSA purified from whole cell extracts or OMVs (from B. fragilis mutant mpi44) were subjected to SDS-PAGE and the gel was stained subsequently by glycoprotein staining kit (G bioscience #786-254) to show the presence of PSA.
  • TNBS Chemical-induced experimental colitis. This protocol is adapted from a previously described method (Scheiffele and Fuss. (2001) Induction of TNBS colitis in mice. Current Protocols in Immunology. 15.19.1-15.19.14.) Briefly, wild-type (Balb/c) male mice were orally treated with PBS, WT-OMV (5 ⁇ g) or ⁇ PSA-OMV (5 ⁇ g) every other day for a week before TNBS administration. The treated mice were anesthetized with isofluorene and rectal administration of 2% TNBS (in 50% EtOH, Sigma P2297) was applied through a 3.5 F catheter (Instech Solomon; SIL-C35). Oral treatment continued for another two times after TNBS administration and mice were analyzed 1-2 days after the last treatment.
  • PBS wild-type (Balb/c) male mice were orally treated with PBS, WT-OMV (5 ⁇ g) or ⁇ PSA-OMV (5 ⁇ g) every
  • mice may be treated with the TNBS—as indicated above—prior to orally treating the mice with PBS, WT-OMV (5 ⁇ g) or ⁇ PSA-OMV (5 ⁇ g) every other day for a week before TNBS administration.
  • the treated mice would then be anesthetized with isofluorene and rectally administered with 2% TNBS (in 50% EtOH, Sigma P2297) as applied through a 3.5 F catheter (Instech Solomon; SIL-C35). Oral treatment would be continued for another two times after TNBS administration and then mice were analyzed 1-2 days after the last treatment. We expect that using this protocol, the degree of colitis in these mice would be improved, reduced or cured.
  • Quantitative real-time PCR RNA was collected either from mouse tissues using Trizol (Invitrogen #15596-018) or from purified cells using RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen #74104).
  • iSCRIPT cDNA synthesis kit BioRad #170-8890 was used for conversion of cDNA and IQ SYBR Green supermix (BioRad #172-8882) was used for real-time PCR.
  • BMDCs from OMV uptake assay or activation assay were collected and blocked in 5% mouse serum for 30 min on ice. After blocking, cells were stained with anti-CD11c-APC, anti-MHCII-FITC or anti-CD86-PE (ebioscience) for 30 min on ice and washed 2 ⁇ with FACS buffer (HBSS (no Ca2+/Mg2+), 1% FBS, 2 mM EDTA, 10 mM HEPES) at 4° C. before flow cytometry analysis.
  • FACS buffer HBSS (no Ca2+/Mg2+)
  • FBS 1% FBS
  • 2 mM EDTA 10 mM HEPES
  • CD4+ splenic T cells were isolated by magnetic microbead purification (Miltenyi Biotec #130-090-860) (Cell Purity is >95%.)
  • OMV-pulsed BMDCs (10 ⁇ l/ml OMVs, 100,000 cells/ml, 12 hrs-24 hrs) were washed with HBSS and then incubated with CD4+ T cells (1,000,000 cells/ml) in a round bottom 96 well plate with addition of 0.01 ⁇ l/ml anti-CD3 (day 0, FIG. 3 c as indicated, 3d, e, f , FIG. 4 a ), 2 ng/ml TGFb (day 0, FIGS.
  • CD4+CD25+ cells purified from BMDC (pulsed with WT-OMV or ⁇ PSA-OMV)-T cell co-culture were used as a source of Tregs (Miltenyi Biotec, #130-091-041).
  • CD4 depleted mouse splenocytes treated with Mitomycin C (Sigma M4278) were used as APCs (100,000 cells/ml).
  • CD4+CD25 ⁇ T cells directly purified from mouse spleen were pulsed with CFSE for 10 min at 37° C., followed by first wash with PBS and a second wash with culture media, and used immediately (500,000 cells/ml) as responder cells (Teff).
  • This assay was conducted in a round bottom 96 well plate with an addition of 5 ⁇ g/ml of anti-CD3 (ebioscience #16-0031-86) in 200 ⁇ l volume. Teff:Treg ratio was titrated and cells were collected after 2-3 days of culture for FACS analysis.
  • Immunomodulatory Capsular Polysaccharide PSA is Actively Sorted into OMVs of B. fragilis
  • FIG. 1 a The results illustrated in FIG. 1 a show that OMVs were abundantly produced by bacteria, and could be observed budding from the bacterial envelope ( FIG. 1 a , higher magnification).
  • Applicants' previous studies have shown that deletion of PSA abrogates the immunomodulatory capacity of B. fragilis (Mazmanian, Liu, Tzianabos, and Kasper (2005) An Immunomodulatory Molecule of Symbiotic Bacteria Directs Maturation of the Host Immune System. Cell 122:1 107-118.) (Mazmanian, Round, and Kasper (2008) A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease. Nature. 453 (7195) 620-625. Electron micrographs of a PSA mutant strain ( B.
  • fragilis ⁇ PSA illustrate no defect in OMV synthesis, and the size, shape and abundance of OMVs produced were indistinguishable from wild-type bacteria ( FIG. 1 a and FIG. 5 ).
  • the results illustrated in FIG. 1 a reveal that vesicles are actively budding from the surface of bacteria.
  • FIG. 1 b show that the vesicles from wild-type displayed immunoreactivity for PSA, unlike OMVs from B. fragilis ⁇ PSA.
  • B. fragilis produces at least 8 distinct capsular polysaccharides which coat the surface of bacterial cells, named PSA, PSB, PSC, PSD, PSE, PSF, PSG, and PSH. While PSB was also detected in vesicle preparations, PSG was absent, demonstrating selectivity for certain polysaccharides to be packaged with OMVs ( FIG. 1 b ). Accordingly, the results of FIG. 1 b show that PSA and PSB are associated with vesicles, while PSG is only found on the bacterial surface. Deletion mutants for capsular polysaccharides confirm specificity of each anti-serum.
  • PSA is a heterogeneous polymer of repeating subunits. Size separation of PSA recovered from whole cell extracts by chromatography was performed as well as an immunoblot analysis with anti-PSA of capsular polysaccharide preparations from whole cells and purified OMVs as indicated in material and methods.
  • the relevant results illustrated in FIG. 1 d surprisingly show that only the low molecular weight species, L-PSA, is associated with OMVs, illustrating specificity of PSA packaging into vesicles.
  • the results of FIG. 1 d show that only low molecular weight PSA (L-PSA) is packaged into vesicles unlike the high molecular weight (H-PSA) species that remains associated with the bacterial cell envelope.
  • OMVs Protect Animals from Experimental Colitis and Intestinal Inflammation in a PSA-Dependent Manner
  • mice were treated by gavage with OMVs during the induction of TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid) colitis.
  • TNBS 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid
  • FIG. 2 a The results illustrated in FIG. 2 a indicate that control animals rapidly lost weight following rectal administration of TNBS ( FIG. 2 a ; TNBS+PBS), which did not recover compared to vehicle treated mice ( FIG. 2 a ; ETOH+PBS).
  • weight loss was indistinguishable from TNBS animals ( FIG. 2 a ; TNBS+ ⁇ PSA-OMV), demonstrating that PSA is responsible for preventing wasting disease.
  • FIG. 2 b The results illustrated in FIG. 2 b showed normal intestinal lengths in animals treated with PSA-containing vesicles, but not in animal treated with OMVs deficient in PSA ( FIG. 2 b ).
  • FIG. 2 c The images of FIG. 2 c show that upon histological analysis of colonic tissues, a significant disease was observed in TNBS treated animals that were ameliorated by oral administration of PSA-containing vesicles.
  • FIG. 2 c The results of FIG. 2 c were confirmed by colitis scores from animals assigned by a blinded pathologist TNBS colitis manifests itself in focal lesions throughout the colon which mimic the pathology observed in Crohn's disease. To quantitatively assess disease, clinical symptoms were evaluated by a blinded pathologist using a standard scoring system (Scheiffele and Fuss. (2001) Induction of TNBS colitis in mice. Current Protocols in Immunology. 15.19.1-15.19.14.) The results illustrated in FIG. 2 d , indicate that while all TNBS and ⁇ PSA-OMV treated animals were severely affected, WT-OMVs significantly reduced disease in most animals. Animals treated with OMVs from wild-type bacteria had much fewer focal sights of pathology, and when lesions were observed, they were smaller and retained considerably normal tissue architecture compared to animals given ⁇ PSA-OMV.
  • PSA containing OMVs Inhibits TNF- ⁇ /IL-17, enhances IL-10 Expression
  • mice treated as exemplified in Example 2 The production of canonical pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines associated with colitis was measured in mice treated as exemplified in Example 2.
  • cytokine transcript analysis was performed by qRT-PCR from RNA recovered from whole colons or purified CD4+ T cell from mesenteric lymph nodes.
  • FIG. 2 e whole colons
  • FIG. 2 f purified CD4+ T cell from mesenteric lymph nodes.
  • Those results show that transcript levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers/cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF- ⁇ ) and IL-17A were elevated in TNBS-treated animals, but reduced by OMV administration in a PSA-dependent manner ( FIG. 2 e ).
  • TNF- ⁇ tumor necrosis factor
  • IL-17A tumor necrosis factor
  • FIG. 2 e Consistent with protection from pathology, OMVs elicited the production of increased anti-inflammatory biomarkers/cytokines IL-10 levels compared to animals orally given ⁇ PSA-OMV ( FIG. 20 .
  • DCs Dendritic cells
  • PSA administered orally to animals is associated with CD11c+DCs in the MLN. Accordingly, Applicants sought to test whether OMVs containing PSA can also be taken up by DCs.
  • FIG. 3 a show that bone-marrow derived DCs rapidly internalized OMVs in an actin-dependent manner as treatment of cells with cytochalasin D significantly inhibited vesicle uptake ( FIG. 3 a and FIG. 8 ). Intracellular localization was confirmed by confocal microscopy ( FIG. 9 ).
  • PSA mediated induction in the DCs of T cell activation markers was also investigated.
  • the results illustrated in FIG. 3 b indicated that expression of T cell activation markers (MHCII, CD86) was elevated equally following internalization of both WT-OMVs and ⁇ PSA-OMVs ( FIG. 3 b and FIG. 10 ).
  • Increased expression of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules indicate that PSA containing OMVs from B. fragilis can influence T cell responses.
  • results illustrated in FIG. 3 c indicate that WT-OMVs induced the expression of IL-10 from in vitro DC-T cell co-cultures, while no IL-10 was produced from DCs alone under these conditions.
  • Vesicles purified from B. fragilis ⁇ PSA induced significantly less IL-10 than WT-OMVs, although an increase was detected over media controls.
  • the production of IL-10 from DCs is known to support CD4+IL-10+ T cell development in vivo and in vitro. Accordingly, ELISA analysis similar to the one whose results are illustrated in FIG. 3 c , was performed also including DCs differentiated from IL-10 ⁇ / ⁇ animals.
  • FIG. 3 d shows a greatly reduced IL-10 production in DC-T cell co-cultures when IL-10 ⁇ / ⁇ DCs were treated with wild type OMVs, suggesting IL-10 expression by DCs is required to induce IL-10 from CD4+ T cell in a paracrine manner.
  • TLR2 toll-like receptor 2
  • FIG. 3 d (right panel) indicate that compared to wild-type DCs, the absence of TLR2 (DCs from TLR2 ⁇ / ⁇ animals) completely inhibit IL-10 production in response to OMVs. Both DCs responded equally to superantigen (SEA) stimulation, demonstrating a specific defect in PSA sensing and not a general lack of T cell activation by TLR2 ⁇ / ⁇ DCs ( FIG. 3 d ).
  • SEA superantigen
  • CD4+CD25+ T cells that express the transcription factor Foxp3 are an important Treg subset. Recent studies have shown that CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs can express IL-10, and IL-10 production from Tregs is required to prevent intestinal inflammation.
  • CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25 ⁇ T cells were purified following co-culture with DCs and the expression of IL-10 and Foxp3 were measured by qRT-PCR.
  • FIG. 3 e The results illustrated in FIG. 3 e indicate that remarkably, PSA-OMV significantly induced IL-10 expression in the CD4+CD25+ Treg population, but not from CD4+CD25 ⁇ T cells.
  • OMVs purified from B. fragilis ⁇ PSA were unable to promote IL-10 production from either T cell population, with levels identical to media controls.
  • Expression of Foxp3 was also significantly increased exclusively in CD4+CD25+ T cells by OMVs in a PSA-dependent manner ( FIG. 3 e ).
  • Co-cultures were set up as for experiments illustrated in FIGS. 3 c - e , but using CD4+ T cells from Foxp3-GFP mice. Following 4 days of culture with OMV pulsed DCs, cells were stained with anti-CD4 and Foxp3 detected by GFP expression using FC.
  • Tregs as cellular therapies has been proposed for IBD, autoimmunity and allergies.
  • Splenic CD4+ T cell were purified from IL-10-GFP mice, stained with anti-CD4 and anti-CD25 following co-culture, and IL-10 expression measured by GFP expression.
  • results of the relevant OMV treatment of purified DCs & T cells illustrate in FIG. 4 a indicate that revealed that PSA promotes the specific production of IL-10 from CD4+CD25+ Tregs.
  • FIGS. 4 b and 4 c indicate Tregs recovered from conditions with WT-OMV-treated DCs displayed significantly enhanced suppressive capacity compared to CD4+CD25+ T cells in response to ⁇ PSA-OMVs.
  • Foxp3-GFP mice were orally treated with purified PSA every other day for 6 days.
  • MLNs were extracted and CD4+Foxp3+ or the CD4+Foxp3 ⁇ T cells were purified by FACS based on ⁇ GFP expression (purity>99%).
  • RNA was extracted and used for q-PCR.
  • the results illustrated in FIG. 11 demonstrate that PSA coordinates induction of multiple anti-inflammatory genes including IL-10, TGF- ⁇ , perforin, and granzyme A and the inhibition of TNF ⁇ and IL17 (in particular IL17A).
  • the above results provide a molecular mechanism for the probiotic activity of B. fragilis , and reveal a seminal example for a microbial ligand that links innate immune receptor signaling to regulatory T cell development.
  • PSA is delivered to the host by outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), secretion structures that target bacterial molecules to host cells.
  • OMVs containing PSA are internalized by dendritic cells of the host immune system. Following uptake of OMVs, PSA programs dendritic cells to induce the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg) that express Foxp3 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10).
  • Treg regulatory T cells
  • IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10
  • Treg development by OMVs requires toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression and IL-10 production by dendritic cells.
  • TLR2 toll-like receptor 2
  • purified OMVs direct the in vitro differentiation of functional Tregs with potent suppressive activity in a PSA dependent manner.
  • Treatment of animals with OMVs containing PSA prevents experimental colitis and suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in the gut.
  • fractions of bacterial products can be purified and the same assays performed as above until a pure compound is found which mimics that outcome when whole bacteria are used. Also, the approaches above could be used to screen a mutant library of a microorganism of interest to identify immunomodulatory molecules that have been deleted in a respective clone of a strain which possesses this activity.
  • OMVs containing PSA
  • certain enzymes for instance, haemagglutinating and enzymic activities (hydrolyzing enzymes such as alkaline and acid phosphatases, esterase lipase. Phosphohydrolyase, glucosaminidase etc.) using molecular or physical methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • haemagglutinating and enzymic activities hydrolyzing enzymes such as alkaline and acid phosphatases, esterase lipase. Phosphohydrolyase, glucosaminidase etc.
  • Such modified OMVs could then be used to treat or prevent inflammation or inflammatory diseases.

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