US20110077325A1 - Functionalized polymers and methods for their manufacture - Google Patents

Functionalized polymers and methods for their manufacture Download PDF

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US20110077325A1
US20110077325A1 US12/570,366 US57036609A US2011077325A1 US 20110077325 A1 US20110077325 A1 US 20110077325A1 US 57036609 A US57036609 A US 57036609A US 2011077325 A1 US2011077325 A1 US 2011077325A1
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amino
trimethylsilyl
hydrocarbyl
esters
ethyl
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Steven Luo
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Bridgestone Corp
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Bridgestone Corp
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Priority to RU2012117902/05A priority patent/RU2560769C2/ru
Priority to CN201080054278.7A priority patent/CN102639568B/zh
Priority to JP2012532313A priority patent/JP5766704B2/ja
Priority to BR112012007133-5A priority patent/BR112012007133B1/pt
Priority to EP10763562.5A priority patent/EP2483317B1/fr
Priority to KR1020127010838A priority patent/KR101747984B1/ko
Priority to US13/499,508 priority patent/US8895670B2/en
Priority to PCT/US2010/050892 priority patent/WO2011041534A1/fr
Publication of US20110077325A1 publication Critical patent/US20110077325A1/en
Priority to ZA2012/02285A priority patent/ZA201202285B/en
Priority to JP2015121137A priority patent/JP6133362B2/ja
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08C—TREATMENT OR CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF RUBBERS
    • C08C19/00—Chemical modification of rubber
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08C—TREATMENT OR CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF RUBBERS
    • C08C19/00—Chemical modification of rubber
    • C08C19/30—Addition of a reagent which reacts with a hetero atom or a group containing hetero atoms of the macromolecule
    • C08C19/42—Addition of a reagent which reacts with a hetero atom or a group containing hetero atoms of the macromolecule reacting with metals or metal-containing groups
    • C08C19/44—Addition of a reagent which reacts with a hetero atom or a group containing hetero atoms of the macromolecule reacting with metals or metal-containing groups of polymers containing metal atoms exclusively at one or both ends of the skeleton
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C1/00—Tyres characterised by the chemical composition or the physical arrangement or mixture of the composition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08C—TREATMENT OR CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF RUBBERS
    • C08C19/00—Chemical modification of rubber
    • C08C19/25—Incorporating silicon atoms into the molecule
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F136/00—Homopolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds
    • C08F136/02—Homopolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds the radical having only two carbon-to-carbon double bonds
    • C08F136/04—Homopolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds the radical having only two carbon-to-carbon double bonds conjugated
    • C08F136/06—Butadiene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F236/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds
    • C08F236/02—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds the radical having only two carbon-to-carbon double bonds
    • C08F236/04—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds the radical having only two carbon-to-carbon double bonds conjugated
    • C08F236/06—Butadiene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L15/00—Compositions of rubber derivatives

Definitions

  • One or more embodiments of the present invention relate to functionalized polymers and methods for their manufacture.
  • rubber vulcanizates that demonstrate reduced hysteresis, i.e., less loss of mechanical energy to heat.
  • rubber vulcanizates that show reduced hysteresis are advantageously employed in tire components, such as sidewalls and treads, to yield tires having desirably low rolling resistance.
  • the hysteresis of a rubber vulcanizate is often attributed to the free polymer chain ends within the crosslinked rubber network, as well as the dissociation of filler agglomerates.
  • Functionalized polymers have been employed to reduce the hysteresis of rubber vulcanizates.
  • the functional group of the functionalized polymer may reduce the number of free polymer chain ends via interaction with filler particles. Also, the functional group may reduce filler agglomeration. Nevertheless, whether a particular functional group imparted to a polymer can reduce hysteresis is often unpredictable.
  • Functionalized polymers may be prepared by post-polymerization treatment of reactive polymers with certain functionalizing agents. However, whether a reactive polymer can be functionalized by treatment with a particular functionalizing agent can be unpredictable. For example, functionalizing agents that work for one type of polymer do not necessarily work for another type of polymer, and vice versa.
  • Lanthanide-based catalyst systems are known to be useful for polymerizing conjugated diene monomers to form polydienes having a high content of cis-1,4 linkage.
  • the resulting cis-1,4-polydienes may display pseudo-living characteristics in that, upon completion of the polymerization, some of the polymer chains possess reactive ends that can react with certain functionalizing agents to yield functionalized cis-1,4-polydienes.
  • the cis-1,4-polydienes produced with lanthanide-based catalyst systems typically have a linear backbone, which is believed to provide better tensile properties, higher abrasion resistance, lower hysteresis, and better fatigue resistance as compared to the cis-1,4-polydienes prepared with other catalyst systems such as titanium-, cobalt-, and nickel-based catalyst systems. Therefore, the cis-1,4-polydienes made with lanthanide-based catalysts are particularly suitable for use in tire components such as sidewalls and treads.
  • one disadvantage of the cis-1,4-polydienes prepared with lanthanide-based catalysts is that the polymers exhibit high cold flow due to their linear backbone structure. The high cold flow causes problems during storage and transport of the polymers and also hinders the use of automatic feeding equipment in rubber compound mixing facilities.
  • One or more embodiments of the present invention provide a method for preparing a functionalized polymer, the method comprising the steps of (i) polymerizing monomer with a coordination catalyst to form a reactive polymer; and (ii) reacting the reactive polymer with a carboxylic or thiocarboxylic ester containing a silylated amino group.
  • a functionalized polymer prepared by the steps of (i) polymerizing conjugated diene monomer with a coordination catalyst to form a reactive cis-1,4-polydiene having a cis-1,4-linkage content that is greater than 60%; and (ii) reacting the reactive cis-1,4-polydiene with a carboxylic or thiocarboxylic ester containing a silylated amino group.
  • FIG. 1 is a graphical plot of cold-flow gauge (mm at 8 min) versus Mooney viscosity (ML 1+4 at 100° C.) for functionalized cis-1,4-polybutadiene prepared according to one or more embodiments of the present invention as compared to unfunctionalized cis-1,4-polybutadiene.
  • FIG. 2 is a graphical plot of hysteresis loss (tan ⁇ ) versus Mooney viscosity (ML 1+4 at 130° C.) for vulcanizates prepared from functionalized cis-1,4-polybutadiene prepared according to one or more embodiments of the present invention as compared to vulcanizates prepared from unfunctionalized cis-1,4-polybutadiene.
  • a reactive polymer is prepared by polymerizing conjugated diene monomer with a coordination catalyst, and this reactive polymer can then be functionalized by reaction with a carboxylic or thiocarboxylic ester containing a silylated amino group.
  • the resultant functionalized polymers can be used in the manufacture of tire components.
  • the resultant functionalized polymers which include cis-1,4-polydienes, exhibit advantageous cold-flow resistance and provide tire components that exhibit advantageously low hysteresis.
  • conjugated diene monomer examples include 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, 1,3-pentadiene, 1,3-hexadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-ethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 4-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, and 2,4-hexadiene.
  • Mixtures of two or more conjugated dienes may also be utilized in copolymerization.
  • the reactive polymer is prepared by coordination polymerization, wherein monomer is polymerized by using a coordination catalyst system.
  • a coordination catalyst system The key mechanistic features of coordination polymerization have been discussed in books (e.g., Kuran, W., Principles of Coordination Polymerization ; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 2001) and review articles (e.g., Mulhaupt, R., Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 2003, volume 204, pages 289-327).
  • Coordination catalysts are believed to initiate the polymerization of monomer by a mechanism that involves the coordination or complexation of monomer to an active metal center prior to the insertion of monomer into a growing polymer chain.
  • coordination catalysts are their ability to provide stereochemical control of polymerizations and thereby produce stereoregular polymers.
  • there are numerous methods for creating coordination catalysts but all methods eventually generate an active intermediate that is capable of coordinating with monomer and inserting monomer into a covalent bond between an active metal center and a growing polymer chain.
  • the coordination polymerization of conjugated dienes is believed to proceed via ⁇ -allyl complexes as intermediates.
  • Coordination catalysts can be one-, two-, three- or multi-component systems.
  • a coordination catalyst may be formed by combining a heavy metal compound (e.g., a transition metal compound or a lanthanide-containing compound), an alkylating agent (e.g., an organoaluminum compound), and optionally other co-catalyst components (e.g., a Lewis acid or a Lewis base).
  • a heavy metal compound e.g., a transition metal compound or a lanthanide-containing compound
  • an alkylating agent e.g., an organoaluminum compound
  • co-catalyst components e.g., a Lewis acid or a Lewis base.
  • the heavy metal compound may be referred to as a coordinating metal compound.
  • a coordination catalyst may be formed in situ by separately adding the catalyst components to the monomer to be polymerized in either a stepwise or simultaneous manner.
  • a coordination catalyst may be preformed. That is, the catalyst components are pre-mixed outside the polymerization system either in the absence of any monomer or in the presence of a small amount of monomer. The resulting preformed catalyst composition may be aged, if desired, and then added to the monomer that is to be polymerized.
  • Useful coordination catalyst systems include lanthanide-based catalyst systems. These catalyst systems may advantageously produce cis-1,4-polydienes that, prior to quenching, have reactive chain ends and may be referred to as pseudo-living polymers. While other coordination catalyst systems may also be employed, lanthanide-based catalysts have been found to be particularly advantageous, and therefore, without limiting the scope of the present invention, will be discussed in greater detail.
  • the catalyst systems employed include (a) a lanthanide-containing compound, (b) an alkylating agent, and (c) a halogen source.
  • a compound containing a non-coordinating anion or a non-coordinating anion precursor can be employed in lieu of a halogen source.
  • other organometallic compounds, Lewis bases, and/or catalyst modifiers can be employed in addition to the ingredients or components set forth above.
  • a nickel-containing compound can be employed as a molecular weight regulator as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,699,813, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the catalyst systems employed in the present invention can include a lanthanide-containing compound.
  • Lanthanide-containing compounds useful in the present invention are those compounds that include at least one atom of lanthanum, neodymium, cerium, praseodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, and didymium.
  • these compounds can include neodymium, lanthanum, samarium, or didymium.
  • the term “didymium” shall denote a commercial mixture of rare-earth elements obtained from monazite sand.
  • the lanthanide-containing compounds useful in the present invention can be in the form of elemental lanthanide.
  • the lanthanide atom in the lanthanide-containing compounds can be in various oxidation states including, but not limited to, the 0, +2, +3, and +4 oxidation states.
  • a trivalent lanthanide-containing compound, where the lanthanide atom is in the +3 oxidation state can be employed.
  • Suitable lanthanide-containing compounds include, but are not limited to, lanthanide carboxylates, lanthanide organophosphates, lanthanide organophosphonates, lanthanide organophosphinates, lanthanide carbamates, lanthanide dithiocarbamates, lanthanide xanthates, lanthanide ⁇ -diketonates, lanthanide alkoxides or aryloxides, lanthanide halides, lanthanide pseudo-halides, lanthanide oxyhalides, and organolanthanide compounds.
  • the lanthanide-containing compounds can be soluble in hydrocarbon solvents such as aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons.
  • Hydrocarbon-insoluble lanthanide-containing compounds may also be useful in the present invention, as they can be suspended in the polymerization medium to form the catalytically active species.
  • lanthanide-containing compounds For ease of illustration, further discussion of useful lanthanide-containing compounds will focus on neodymium compounds, although those skilled in the art will be able to select similar compounds that are based upon other lanthanide metals.
  • Suitable neodymium carboxylates include, but are not limited to, neodymium formate, neodymium acetate, neodymium acrylate, neodymium methacrylate, neodymium valerate, neodymium gluconate, neodymium citrate, neodymium fumarate, neodymium lactate, neodymium maleate, neodymium oxalate, neodymium 2-ethylhexanoate, neodymium neodecanoate (a.k.a., neodymium versatate), neodymium naphthenate, neodymium stearate, neodymium oleate, neodymium benzoate, and neodymium picolinate.
  • Suitable neodymium organophosphates include, but are not limited to, neodymium dibutyl phosphate, neodymium dipentyl phosphate, neodymium dihexyl phosphate, neodymium diheptyl phosphate, neodymium dioctyl phosphate, neodymium bis(1-methylheptyl) phosphate, neodymium bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, neodymium didecyl phosphate, neodymium didodecyl phosphate, neodymium dioctadecyl phosphate, neodymium dioleyl phosphate, neodymium diphenyl phosphate, neodymium bis(p-nonylphenyl) phosphate, neodymium butyl (2-ethylhex
  • Suitable neodymium organophosphonates include, but are not limited to, neodymium butyl phosphonate, neodymium pentyl phosphonate, neodymium hexyl phosphonate, neodymium heptyl phosphonate, neodymium octyl phosphonate, neodymium (1-methylheptyl) phosphonate, neodymium (2-ethylhexyl) phosphonate, neodymium decyl phosphonate, neodymium dodecyl phosphonate, neodymium octadecyl phosphonate, neodymium oleyl phosphonate, neodymium phenyl phosphonate, neodymium (p-nonylphenyl) phosphonate, neodymium butyl buty
  • Suitable neodymium organophosphinates include, but are not limited to, neodymium butylphosphinate, neodymium pentylphosphinate, neodymium hexylphosphinate, neodymium heptylphosphinate, neodymium octylphosphinate, neodymium (1-methylheptyl)phosphinate, neodymium (2-ethylhexyl)phosphinate, neodymium decylphosphinate, neodymium dodecylphosphinate, neodymium octadecylphosphinate, neodymium oleylphosphinate, neodymium phenylphosphinate, neodymium (p-nonylphenyl)phosphinate, neodymium dibutyl
  • Suitable neodymium carbamates include, but are not limited to, neodymium dimethylcarbamate, neodymium diethylcarbamate, neodymium diisopropylcarbamate, neodymium dibutylcarbamate, and neodymium dibenzylcarbamate.
  • Suitable neodymium dithiocarbamates include, but are not limited to, neodymium dimethyldithiocarbamate, neodymium diethyldithiocarbamate, neodymium diisopropyldithiocarbamate, neodymium dibutyldithiocarbamate, and neodymium dibenzyldithiocarbamate.
  • Suitable neodymium xanthates include, but are not limited to, neodymium methylxanthate, neodymium ethylxanthate, neodymium isopropylxanthate, neodymium butylxanthate, and neodymium benzylxanthate.
  • Suitable neodymium ⁇ -diketonates include, but are not limited to, neodymium acetylacetonate, neodymium trifluoroacetylacetonate, neodymium hexafluoroacetylacetonate, neodymium benzoylacetonate, and neodymium 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate.
  • Suitable neodymium alkoxides or aryloxides include, but are not limited to, neodymium methoxide, neodymium ethoxide, neodymium isopropoxide, neodymium 2-ethylhexoxide, neodymium phenoxide, neodymium nonylphenoxide, and neodymium naphthoxide.
  • Suitable neodymium halides include, but are not limited to, neodymium fluoride, neodymium chloride, neodymium bromide, and neodymium iodide.
  • Suitable neodymium pseudo-halides include, but are not limited to, neodymium cyanide, neodymium cyanate, neodymium thiocyanate, neodymium azide, and neodymium ferrocyanide.
  • Suitable neodymium oxyhalides include, but are not limited to, neodymium oxyfluoride, neodymium oxychloride, and neodymium oxybromide.
  • a Lewis base such as tetrahydrofuran (“THF”), may be employed as an aid for solubilizing this class of neodymium compounds in inert organic solvents.
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • the lanthanide-containing compound may also serve as all or part of the halogen source in the above-mentioned catalyst system.
  • organolanthanide compound refers to any lanthanide-containing compound containing at least one lanthanide-carbon bond. These compounds are predominantly, though not exclusively, those containing cyclopentadienyl (“Cp”), substituted cyclopentadienyl, allyl, and substituted allyl ligands.
  • Cp cyclopentadienyl
  • Suitable organolanthanide compounds include, but are not limited to, Cp 3 Ln, Cp 2 LnR, Cp 2 LnCl, CpLnCl 2 , CpLn(cyclooctatetraene), (C 5 Me 5 ) 2 LnR, LnR 3 , Ln(allyl) 3 , and Ln(allyl) 2 Cl, where Ln represents a lanthanide atom, and R represents a hydrocarbyl group.
  • hydrocarbyl groups useful in the present invention may contain heteroatoms such as, for example, nitrogen, oxygen, boron, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus atoms.
  • the catalyst systems employed in the present invention can include an alkylating agent.
  • alkylating agents which may also be referred to as hydrocarbylating agents, include organometallic compounds that can transfer one or more hydrocarbyl groups to another metal.
  • these agents include organometallic compounds of electropositive metals such as Groups 1, 2, and 3 metals (Groups IA, IIA, and IIIA metals).
  • Alkylating agents useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, organoaluminum and organomagnesium compounds.
  • organoaluminum compound refers to any aluminum compound containing at least one aluminum-carbon bond.
  • organoaluminum compounds that are soluble in a hydrocarbon solvent can be employed.
  • organomagnesium compound refers to any magnesium compound that contains at least one magnesium-carbon bond.
  • organomagnesium compounds that are soluble in a hydrocarbon can be employed.
  • suitable alkylating agents can be in the form of a halide. Where the alkylating agent includes a halogen atom, the alkylating agent may also serve as all or part of the halogen source in the above-mentioned catalyst system.
  • organoaluminum compounds that can be utilized include those represented by the general formula AlR n X 3-n , where each R independently can be a monovalent organic group that is attached to the aluminum atom via a carbon atom, where each X independently can be a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a carboxylate group, an alkoxide group, or an aryloxide group, and where n can be an integer in the range of from 1 to 3.
  • each R independently can be a hydrocarbyl group such as, for example, alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, allyl, and alkynyl groups, with each group containing in the range of from 1 carbon atom, or the appropriate minimum number of carbon atoms to form the group, up to about 20 carbon atoms.
  • These hydrocarbyl groups may contain heteroatoms including, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, boron, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus atoms.
  • Types of the organoaluminum compounds that are represented by the general formula AlR n X 3-n include, but are not limited to, trihydrocarbylaluminum, dihydrocarbylaluminum hydride, hydrocarbylaluminum dihydride, dihydrocarbylaluminum carboxylate, hydrocarbylaluminum bis(carboxylate), dihydrocarbylaluminum alkoxide, hydrocarbylaluminum dialkoxide, dihydrocarbylaluminum halide, hydrocarbylaluminum dihalide, dihydrocarbylaluminum aryloxide, and hydrocarbylaluminum diaryloxide compounds.
  • the alkylating agent can comprise trihydrocarbylaluminum, dihydrocarbylaluminum hydride, and/or hydrocarbylaluminum dihydride compounds.
  • the above-mentioned halogen source can be provided by a tin halide, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,008,899, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • Suitable trihydrocarbylaluminum compounds include, but are not limited to, trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, tri-n-propylaluminum, triisopropylaluminum, tri-n-butylaluminum, tri-t-butylaluminum, tri-n-pentylaluminum, trineopentylaluminum, tri-n-hexylaluminum, tri-n-octylaluminum, tris(2-ethylhexyl)aluminum, tricyclohexylaluminum, tris(1-methylcyclopentyl)aluminum, triphenylaluminum, tri-p-tolylaluminum, tris(2,6-dimethylphenyl)aluminum, tribenzylaluminum, diethylphenylaluminum, diethyl-p-tolylaluminum, die
  • Suitable dihydrocarbylaluminum hydride compounds include, but are not limited to, diethylaluminum hydride, di-n-propylaluminum hydride, diisopropylaluminum hydride, di-n-butylaluminum hydride, diisobutylaluminum hydride, di-n-octylaluminum hydride, diphenylaluminum hydride, di-p-tolylaluminum hydride, dibenzylaluminum hydride, phenylethylaluminum hydride, phenyl-n-propylaluminum hydride, phenylisopropylaluminum hydride, phenyl-n-butylaluminum hydride, phenylisobutylaluminum hydride, phenyl-n-octylaluminum hydride, p-tolylethylaluminum hydride
  • Suitable hydrocarbylaluminum dihydrides include, but are not limited to, ethylaluminum dihydride, n-propylaluminum dihydride, isopropylaluminum dihydride, n-butylaluminum dihydride, isobutylaluminum dihydride, and n-octylaluminum dihydride.
  • Suitable dihydrocarbylaluminum halide compounds include, but are not limited to, diethylaluminum chloride, di-n-propylaluminum chloride, diisopropylaluminum chloride, di-n-butylaluminum chloride, diisobutylaluminum chloride, di-n-octylaluminum chloride, diphenylaluminum chloride, di-p-tolylaluminum chloride, dibenzylaluminum chloride, phenylethylaluminum chloride, phenyl-n-propylaluminum chloride, phenylisopropylaluminum chloride, phenyl-n-butylaluminum chloride, phenylisobutylaluminum chloride, phenyl-n-octylaluminum chloride, p-tolylethylaluminum chloride, p-tolyl-n-propylaluminum
  • Suitable hydrocarbylaluminum dihalide compounds include, but are not limited to, ethylaluminum dichloride, n-propylaluminum dichloride, isopropylaluminum dichloride, n-butylaluminum dichloride, isobutylaluminum dichloride, and n-octylaluminum dichloride.
  • organoaluminum compounds useful as alkylating agents that may be represented by the general formula AlR n X 3-n , include, but are not limited to, dimethylaluminum hexanoate, diethylaluminum octoate, diisobutylaluminum 2-ethylhexanoate, dimethylaluminum neodecanoate, diethylaluminum stearate, diisobutylaluminum oleate, methylaluminum bis(hexanoate), ethylaluminum bis(octoate), isobutylaluminum bis(2-ethylhexanoate), methylaluminum his (neodecanoate), ethylaluminum bis(stearate), isobutylaluminum his (oleate), dimethylaluminum methoxide, diethylaluminum methoxide, diisobutylaluminum me
  • Aluminoxanes can comprise oligomeric linear aluminoxanes, which can be represented by the general formula:
  • x can be an integer in the range of from 1 to about 100, or about 10 to about 50; y can be an integer in the range of from 2 to about 100, or about 3 to about 20; and where each R independently can be a monovalent organic group that is attached to the aluminum atom via a carbon atom.
  • each R independently can be a hydrocarbyl group including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, allyl, and alkynyl groups, with each group containing in the range of from 1 carbon atom, or the appropriate minimum number of carbon atoms to form the group, up to about 20 carbon atoms.
  • These hydrocarbyl groups may also contain heteroatoms including, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, boron, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus atoms.
  • the number of moles of the aluminoxane as used in this application refers to the number of moles of the aluminum atoms rather than the number of moles of the oligomeric aluminoxane molecules. This convention is commonly employed in the art of catalyst systems utilizing aluminoxanes.
  • Aluminoxanes can be prepared by reacting trihydrocarbylaluminum compounds with water. This reaction can be performed according to known methods, such as, for example, (1) a method in which the trihydrocarbylaluminum compound is dissolved in an organic solvent and then contacted with water, (2) a method in which the trihydrocarbylaluminum compound is reacted with water of crystallization contained in, for example, metal salts, or water adsorbed in inorganic or organic compounds, or (3) a method in which the trihydrocarbylaluminum compound is reacted with water in the presence of the monomer or monomer solution that is to be polymerized.
  • Suitable aluminoxane compounds include, but are not limited to, methylaluminoxane (“MAO”), modified methylaluminoxane (“MMAO”), ethylaluminoxane, n-propylaluminoxane, isopropylaluminoxane, butylaluminoxane, isobutylaluminoxane, n-pentylaluminoxane, neopentylaluminoxane, n-hexylaluminoxane, n-octylaluminoxane, 2-ethylhexylaluminoxane, cyclohexylaluminoxane, 1-methylcyclopentylaluminoxane, phenylaluminoxane, and 2,6-dimethylphenylaluminoxane.
  • MAO methylaluminoxane
  • MMAO modified methylaluminoxane
  • Modified methylaluminoxane can be formed by substituting about 20 to 80 percent of the methyl groups of methylaluminoxane with C 2 to C 12 hydrocarbyl groups, preferably with isobutyl groups, by using techniques known to those skilled in the art.
  • Aluminoxanes can be used alone or in combination with other organoaluminum compounds.
  • methylaluminoxane and at least one other organoaluminum compound e.g., AlR n X 3-n
  • organoaluminum compound such as diisobutyl aluminum hydride
  • alkylating agents useful in the present invention can comprise organomagnesium compounds.
  • organomagnesium compounds that can be utilized include those represented by the general formula MgR 2 , where each R independently can be a monovalent organic group that is attached to the magnesium atom via a carbon atom.
  • each R independently can be a hydrocarbyl group including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, allyl, substituted aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, and alkynyl groups, with each group containing in the range of from 1 carbon atom, or the appropriate minimum number of carbon atoms to form the group, up to about 20 carbon atoms.
  • These hydrocarbyl groups may also contain heteroatoms including, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus atoms.
  • Suitable organomagnesium compounds that may be represented by the general formula MgR 2 include, but are not limited to, diethylmagnesium, di-n-propylmagnesium, diisopropylmagnesium, dibutylmagnesium, dihexylmagnesium, diphenylmagnesium, and dibenzylmagnesium.
  • the alkylating agent is an organomagnesium compound that includes a halogen atom
  • the organomagnesium compound can serve as both the alkylating agent and at least a portion of the halogen source in the catalyst systems.
  • R can be a hydrocarbyl group including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, allyl, substituted aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, and alkynyl groups, with each group containing in the range of from 1 carbon atom, or the appropriate minimum number of carbon atoms to form the group, up to about 20 carbon atoms.
  • These hydrocarbyl groups may also contain heteroatoms including, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, boron, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus atoms.
  • X can be a carboxylate group, an alkoxide group, or an aryloxide group, with each group containing in the range of from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms.
  • Types of organomagnesium compounds that may be represented by the general formula RMgX include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbylmagnesium hydride, hydrocarbylmagnesium halide, hydrocarbylmagnesium carboxylate, hydrocarbylmagnesium alkoxide, and hydrocarbylmagnesium aryloxide.
  • Suitable organomagnesium compounds that may be represented by the general formula RMgX include, but are not limited to, methylmagnesium hydride, ethylmagnesium hydride, butylmagnesium hydride, hexylmagnesium hydride, phenylmagnesium hydride, benzylmagnesium hydride, methylmagnesium chloride, ethylmagnesium chloride, butylmagnesium chloride, hexylmagnesium chloride, phenylmagnesium chloride, benzylmagnesium chloride, methylmagnesium bromide, ethylmagnesium bromide, butylmagnesium bromide, hexylmagnesium bromide, phenylmagnesium bromide, benzylmagnesium bromide, methylmagnesium hexanoate, ethylmagnesium hexanoate, butylmagnesium hexan
  • the catalyst systems employed in the present invention can include a halogen source.
  • the term halogen source refers to any substance including at least one halogen atom.
  • at least a portion of the halogen source can be provided by either of the above-described lanthanide-containing compound and/or the above-described alkylating agent, when those compounds contain at least one halogen atom.
  • the lanthanide-containing compound can serve as both the lanthanide-containing compound and at least a portion of the halogen source.
  • the alkylating agent can serve as both the alkylating agent and at least a portion of the halogen source.
  • halogen source can be present in the catalyst systems in the form of a separate and distinct halogen-containing compound.
  • Various compounds, or mixtures thereof, that contain one or more halogen atoms can be employed as the halogen source.
  • halogen atoms include, but are not limited to, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
  • a combination of two or more halogen atoms can also be utilized.
  • Halogen-containing compounds that are soluble in a hydrocarbon solvent are suitable for use in the present invention. Hydrocarbon-insoluble halogen-containing compounds, however, can be suspended in a polymerization system to form the catalytically active species, and are therefore also useful.
  • halogen-containing compounds that can be employed include, but are not limited to, elemental halogens, mixed halogens, hydrogen halides, organic halides, inorganic halides, metallic halides, and organometallic halides.
  • Elemental halogens suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
  • suitable mixed halogens include iodine monochloride, iodine monobromide, iodine trichloride, and iodine pentafluoride.
  • Hydrogen halides include, but are not limited to, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, and hydrogen iodide.
  • Organic halides include, but are not limited to, t-butyl chloride, t-butyl bromide, allyl chloride, allyl bromide, benzyl chloride, benzyl bromide, chloro-di-phenylmethane, bromo-di-phenylmethane, triphenylmethyl chloride, triphenylmethyl bromide, benzylidene chloride, benzylidene bromide, methyltrichlorosilane, phenyltrichlorosilane, dimethyldichlorosilane, diphenyldichlorosilane, trimethylchlorosilane, benzoyl chloride, benzoyl bromide, propionyl chloride, propionyl bromide, methyl chloroformate, and methyl bromoformate.
  • Inorganic halides include, but are not limited to, phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus tribromide, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus oxybromide, boron trifluoride, boron trichloride, boron tribromide, silicon tetrafluoride, silicon tetrachloride, silicon tetrabromide, silicon tetraiodide, arsenic trichloride, arsenic tribromide, arsenic triiodide, selenium tetrachloride, selenium tetrabromide, tellurium tetrachloride, tellurium tetrabromide, and tellurium tetraiodide.
  • Metallic halides include, but are not limited to, tin tetrachloride, tin tetrabromide, aluminum trichloride, aluminum tribromide, antimony trichloride, antimony pentachloride, antimony tribromide, aluminum triiodide, aluminum trifluoride, gallium trichloride, gallium tribromide, gallium triiodide, gallium trifluoride, indium trichloride, indium tribromide, indium triiodide, indium trifluoride, titanium tetrachloride, titanium tetrabromide, titanium tetraiodide, zinc dichloride, zinc dibromide, zinc diiodide, and zinc difluoride.
  • Organometallic halides include, but are not limited to, dimethylaluminum chloride, diethylaluminum chloride, dimethylaluminum bromide, diethylaluminum bromide, dimethylaluminum fluoride, diethylaluminum fluoride, methylaluminum dichloride, ethylaluminum dichloride, methylaluminum dibromide, ethylaluminum dibromide, methylaluminum difluoride, ethylaluminum difluoride, methylaluminum sesquichloride, ethylaluminum sesquichloride, isobutylaluminum sesquichloride, methylmagnesium chloride, methylmagnesium bromide, methylmagnesium iodide, ethylmagnesium chloride, ethylmagnesium bromide, butylmagnesium chloride, butylmagnesium bromid
  • the above-described catalyst systems can comprise a compound containing a non-coordinating anion or a non-coordinating anion precursor.
  • a compound containing a non-coordinating anion, or a non-coordinating anion precursor can be employed in lieu of the above-described halogen source.
  • a non-coordinating anion is a sterically bulky anion that does not form coordinate bonds with, for example, the active center of a catalyst system due to steric hindrance.
  • Non-coordinating anions useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, tetraarylborate anions and fluorinated tetraarylborate anions.
  • Compounds containing a non-coordinating anion can also contain a counter cation, such as a carbonium, ammonium, or phosphonium cation.
  • a counter cation such as a carbonium, ammonium, or phosphonium cation.
  • Exemplary counter cations include, but are not limited to, triarylcarbonium cations and N,N-dialkylanilinium cations.
  • Examples of compounds containing a non-coordinating anion and a counter cation include, but are not limited to, triphenylcarbonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, triphenylcarbonium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, and N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate.
  • a non-coordinating anion precursor can also be used in this embodiment.
  • a non-coordinating anion precursor is a compound that is able to form a non-coordinating anion under reaction conditions.
  • Useful non-coordinating anion precursors include, but are not limited to, triarylboron compounds, BR 3 , where R is a strong electron-withdrawing aryl group, such as a pentafluorophenyl or 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group.
  • the lanthanide-based catalyst composition used in this invention may be formed by combining or mixing the foregoing catalyst ingredients. Although one or more active catalyst species are believed to result from the combination of the lanthanide-based catalyst ingredients, the degree of interaction or reaction between the various catalyst ingredients or components is not known with any great degree of certainty. Therefore, the term “catalyst composition” has been employed to encompass a simple mixture of the ingredients, a complex of the various ingredients that is caused by physical or chemical forces of attraction, a chemical reaction product of the ingredients, or a combination of the foregoing.
  • the foregoing lanthanide-based catalyst composition may have high catalytic activity for polymerizing conjugated dienes into cis-1,4-polydienes over a wide range of catalyst concentrations and catalyst ingredient ratios.
  • Several factors may impact the optimum concentration of any one of the catalyst ingredients. For example, because the catalyst ingredients may interact to form an active species, the optimum concentration for any one catalyst ingredient may be dependent upon the concentrations of the other catalyst ingredients.
  • the molar ratio of the alkylating agent to the lanthanide-containing compound can be varied from about 1:1 to about 1,000:1, in other embodiments from about 2:1 to about 500:1, and in other embodiments from about 5:1 to about 200:1.
  • the molar ratio of the aluminoxane to the lanthanide-containing compound can be varied from 5:1 to about 1,000:1, in other embodiments from about 10:1 to about 700:1, and in other embodiments from about 20:1 to about 500:1; and the molar ratio of the at least one other organoaluminum compound to the lanthanide-containing compound (Al/Ln) can be varied from about 1:1 to about 200:1, in other embodiments from about 2:1 to about 150:1, and in other embodiments from about 5:1 to about 100:1.
  • the molar ratio of the halogen-containing compound to the lanthanide-containing compound is best described in terms of the ratio of the moles of halogen atoms in the halogen source to the moles of lanthanide atoms in the lanthanide-containing compound (halogen/Ln).
  • the halogen/Ln molar ratio can be varied from about 0.5:1 to about 20:1, in other embodiments from about 1:1 to about 10:1, and in other embodiments from about 2:1 to about 6:1.
  • the molar ratio of the non-coordinating anion or non-coordinating anion precursor to the lanthanide-containing compound may be from about 0.5:1 to about 20:1, in other embodiments from about 0.75:1 to about 10:1, and in other embodiments from about 1:1 to about 6:1.
  • the lanthanide-based catalyst composition can be formed by various methods.
  • the lanthanide-based catalyst composition may be formed in situ by adding the catalyst ingredients to a solution containing monomer and solvent, or to bulk monomer, in either a stepwise or simultaneous manner.
  • the alkylating agent can be added first, followed by the lanthanide-containing compound, and then followed by the halogen source or by the compound containing a non-coordinating anion or the non-coordinating anion precursor.
  • the lanthanide-based catalyst composition may be preformed. That is, the catalyst ingredients are pre-mixed outside the polymerization system either in the absence of any monomer or in the presence of a small amount of at least one conjugated diene monomer at an appropriate temperature, which may be from about ⁇ 20° C. to about 80° C.
  • the amount of conjugated diene monomer that may be used for preforming the catalyst can range from about 1 to about 500 moles, in other embodiments from about 5 to about 250 moles, and in other embodiments from about 10 to about 100 moles per mole of the lanthanide-containing compound.
  • the resulting catalyst composition may be aged, if desired, prior to being added to the monomer that is to be polymerized.
  • the lanthanide-based catalyst composition may be formed by using a two-stage procedure.
  • the first stage may involve combining the alkylating agent with the lanthanide-containing compound either in the absence of any monomer or in the presence of a small amount of at least one conjugated diene monomer at an appropriate temperature, which may be from about ⁇ 20° C. to about 80° C.
  • the amount of monomer employed in the first stage may be similar to that set forth above for performing the catalyst.
  • the mixture formed in the first stage and the halogen source, non-coordinating anion, or non-coordinating anion precursor can be charged in either a stepwise or simultaneous manner to the monomer that is to be polymerized.
  • a solvent may be employed as a carrier to either dissolve or suspend the catalyst in order to facilitate the delivery of the catalyst to the polymerization system.
  • monomer can be used as the carrier.
  • the catalyst can be used in their neat state without any solvent.
  • suitable solvents include those organic compounds that will not undergo polymerization or incorporation into propagating polymer chains during the polymerization of monomer in the presence of the catalyst. In one or more embodiments, these organic species are liquid at ambient temperature and pressure. In one or more embodiments, these organic solvents are inert to the catalyst.
  • Exemplary organic solvents include hydrocarbons with a low or relatively low boiling point such as aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons.
  • aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene, toluene, xylenes, ethylbenzene, diethylbenzene, and mesitylene.
  • Non-limiting examples of aliphatic hydrocarbons include n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, isopentane, isohexanes, isopentanes, isooctanes, 2,2-dimethylbutane, petroleum ether, kerosene, and petroleum spirits.
  • non-limiting examples of cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons include cyclopentane, cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane, and methylcyclohexane. Mixtures of the above hydrocarbons may also be used.
  • aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons may be desirably employed for environmental reasons. The low-boiling hydrocarbon solvents are typically separated from the polymer upon completion of the polymerization.
  • organic solvents include high-boiling hydrocarbons of high molecular weights, including hydrocarbon oils that are commonly used to oil-extend polymers.
  • hydrocarbon oils include paraffinic oils, aromatic oils, naphthenic oils, vegetable oils other than castor oils, and low PCA oils including MES, TDAE, SRAE, heavy naphthenic oils. Since these hydrocarbons are non-volatile, they typically do not require separation and remain incorporated in the polymer.
  • the production of the reactive polymer according to this invention can be accomplished by polymerizing conjugated diene monomer in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of the coordination catalyst.
  • the amount of the catalyst to be employed may depend on the interplay of various factors such as the type of catalyst employed, the purity of the ingredients, the polymerization temperature, the polymerization rate and conversion desired, the molecular weight desired, and many other factors. Accordingly, a specific catalyst amount cannot be definitively set forth except to say that catalytically effective amounts of the catalyst may be used.
  • the amount of the coordinating metal compound (e.g., a lanthanide-containing compound) used can be varied from about 0.001 to about 2 mmol, in other embodiments from about 0.005 to about 1 mmol, and in still other embodiments from about 0.01 to about 0.2 mmol per 100 gram of monomer.
  • the coordinating metal compound e.g., a lanthanide-containing compound
  • the polymerization may be carried out in a polymerization system that includes a substantial amount of solvent.
  • a solution polymerization system may be employed in which both the monomer to be polymerized and the polymer formed are soluble in the solvent.
  • a precipitation polymerization system may be employed by choosing a solvent in which the polymer formed is insoluble.
  • an amount of solvent in addition to the amount of solvent that may be used in preparing the catalyst is usually added to the polymerization system.
  • the additional solvent may be the same as or different from the solvent used in preparing the catalyst. Exemplary solvents have been set forth above.
  • the solvent content of the polymerization mixture may be more than 20% by weight, in other embodiments more than 50% by weight, and in still other embodiments more than 80% by weight based on the total weight of the polymerization mixture.
  • the polymerization system employed may be generally considered a bulk polymerization system that includes substantially no solvent or a minimal amount of solvent.
  • the solvent content of the polymerization mixture may be less than about 20% by weight, in other embodiments less than about 10% by weight, and in still other embodiments less than about 5% by weight based on the total weight of the polymerization mixture.
  • the polymerization mixture contains no solvents other than those that are inherent to the raw materials employed.
  • the polymerization mixture is substantially devoid of solvent, which refers to the absence of that amount of solvent that would otherwise have an appreciable impact on the polymerization process.
  • Polymerization systems that are substantially devoid of solvent may be referred to as including substantially no solvent.
  • the polymerization mixture is devoid of solvent.
  • the polymerization may be conducted in any conventional polymerization vessels known in the art.
  • solution polymerization can be conducted in a conventional stirred-tank reactor.
  • bulk polymerization can be conducted in a conventional stirred-tank reactor, especially if the monomer conversion is less than about 60%.
  • the bulk polymerization may be conducted in an elongated reactor in which the viscous cement under polymerization is driven to move by piston, or substantially by piston.
  • extruders in which the cement is pushed along by a self-cleaning single-screw or double-screw agitator are suitable for this purpose.
  • Examples of useful bulk polymerization processes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,351,776, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • all of the ingredients used for the polymerization can be combined within a single vessel (e.g., a conventional stirred-tank reactor), and all steps of the polymerization process can be conducted within this vessel.
  • two or more of the ingredients can be pre-combined in one vessel and then transferred to another vessel where the polymerization of monomer (or at least a major portion thereof) may be conducted.
  • the polymerization can be carried out as a batch process, a continuous process, or a semi-continuous process.
  • the monomer is intermittently charged as needed to replace that monomer already polymerized.
  • the conditions under which the polymerization proceeds may be controlled to maintain the temperature of the polymerization mixture within a range from about ⁇ 10° C. to about 200° C., in other embodiments from about 0° C. to about 150° C., and in other embodiments from about 20° C. to about 100° C.
  • the heat of polymerization may be removed by external cooling by a thermally controlled reactor jacket, internal cooling by evaporation and condensation of the monomer through the use of a reflux condenser connected to the reactor, or a combination of the two methods.
  • the polymerization conditions may be controlled to conduct the polymerization under a pressure of from about 0.1 atmosphere to about 50 atmospheres, in other embodiments from about 0.5 atmosphere to about 20 atmosphere, and in other embodiments from about 1 atmosphere to about 10 atmospheres.
  • the pressures at which the polymerization may be carried out include those that ensure that the majority of the monomer is in the liquid phase.
  • the polymerization mixture may be maintained under anaerobic conditions.
  • the resulting polymer chains may possess reactive ends before the polymerization mixture is quenched.
  • the reactive polymer prepared with a coordination catalyst may be referred to as a pseudo-living polymer.
  • a polymerization mixture including reactive polymer may be referred to as an active polymerization mixture.
  • the percentage of polymer chains possessing a reactive end depends on various factors such as the type of catalyst, the type of monomer, the purity of the ingredients, the polymerization temperature, the monomer conversion, and many other factors.
  • the reactive polymer can be reacted with a carboxylic or thiocarboxylic ester containing a silylated amino group to form the functionalized polymer of this invention.
  • carboxylic or thiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include those compounds that contain one or more carboxylic or thiocarboxylic ester groups and one or more silylated amino groups.
  • carboxylic or thiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group may be simply referred to as the esters.
  • carboxylic or thiocarboxylic ester groups may be defined by the formula
  • R 1 is a monovalent organic group and each ⁇ is independently an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom.
  • the monovalent organic group R 1 may be a hydrocarbyl or silyl group.
  • the ester group may be referred to as a carboxylic ester group.
  • the ester group may be referred to as a thiocarboxylic ester group.
  • the ester group may be referred to as a monothiocarboxylic ester group, and the corresponding ester may be referred to as a monothiocarboxylic ester.
  • the ester group may be referred to as a dithiocarboxylic ester group, and the corresponding ester may be referred to as a dithiocarboxylic ester.
  • thiocarboxylic ester group may encompass both monothiocarboxylic ester groups and dithiocarboxylic ester groups, and, correspondingly, reference to a thiocarboxylic ester may encompass both monothiocarboxylic esters and dithiocarboxylic esters.
  • silylated amino groups include those amino groups that are formed or derived by replacing one acidic hydrogen atom of the parent amino group (i.e. —NH 2 ) with a silyl group and replacing the other hydrogen atom of the parent amino group with a hydrocarbyl or silyl group.
  • the silylated amino group includes a silyl group and a hydrocarbyl group, the group may be referred to as a monosilylated amino group.
  • the silylated amino group includes two silyl groups, the group may be referred to as a disilylated amino group.
  • silylated amino groups include, but are not limited to, bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino, bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino, 1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl, (trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino, (dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino, and 1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl groups.
  • bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino groups include, but are not limited to, bis(trimethylsilyl)amino, bis(triethylsilyl)amino, bis(triisopropylsilyl)amino, bis(tri-n-propylsilyl)amino, bis(triisobutylsilyl)amino, bis(tri-t-butylsilyl)amino, and bis(triphenylsilyl)amino groups.
  • bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino groups include, but are not limited to, bis(dimethylhydrosilyl)amino, bis(diethylhydrosilyl)amino, bis(diisopropylhydrosilyl)amino, bis(di-n-propylhydrosilyl)amino, bis(diisobutylhydrosilyl)amino, bis(di-t-butylhydrosilyl)amino, and bis(diphenylhydrosilyl)amino groups.
  • 1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl groups include, but are not limited to, 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl, 2,2,5,5-tetraethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl, 2,2,5,5-tetraphenyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,6-disila-1-cyclohexyl, 2,2,6,6-tetraethyl-1-aza-2,6-disila-1-cyclohexyl, and 2,2,6,6-tetraphenyl-1-aza-2,6-disila-1-cyclohexyl groups.
  • (trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino groups include, but are not limited to, (trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino, (triethylsilyl)(methyl)amino, (triphenylsilyl)(methyl)amino, (trimethylsilyl)(ethyl)amino, (triethylsilyl)(phenyl)amino, and (triisopropylsilyl)(methyl)amino groups.
  • (dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino groups include, but are not limited to, (dimethylhydrosilyl)(methyl)amino, (diethylhydrosilyl)(methyl)amino, (diisopropylhydrosilyl)(methyl)amino, (di-n-propylhydrosilyl)(ethyl)amino, (diisobutylhydrosilyl)(phenyl)amino, (di-t-butylhydrosilyl)phenyl)amino, and (diphenylhydrosilyl)phenyl)amino groups.
  • 1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl groups include, but are not limited to, 2,2-dimethyl-1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclopentyl, 2,2-diethyl-1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclopentyl, 2,2-diphenyl-1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclopentyl, 2,2-diisopropyl-1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohexyl, 2,2-dibutyl-1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohexyl, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohexyl groups.
  • carboxylic or thiocarboxylic esters containing a monosilylated amino group may be defined by the formula I:
  • R 1 is a monovalent organic group
  • R 2 is a divalent organic group
  • R 3 is a hydrocarbyl group
  • each R 4 is independently a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group
  • R 3 joins with an R 4 to form a hydrocarbylene group
  • each ⁇ is independently an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom.
  • the carboxylic or thiocarboxylic esters containing a monosilylated amino group may be represented by the formula II:
  • R 1 is a monovalent organic group
  • R 2 is a divalent organic group
  • R 5 is a hydrocarbylene group
  • each R 4 is independently a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group
  • each ⁇ is independently an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom.
  • carboxylic or thiocarboxylic esters containing a disilylated amino group may be represented by the formula III:
  • R 1 is a monovalent organic group
  • R 2 is a divalent organic group
  • each R 4 is independently a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group, or at least two R 4 join to form a divalent organic group
  • each ⁇ is independently an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom.
  • the carboxylic or thiocarboxylic esters containing a disilylated amino group may be represented by the formula IV:
  • R 1 is a monovalent organic group
  • R 2 and R 6 are each independently a divalent organic group
  • each R 4 is independently a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group
  • each ⁇ is independently an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom.
  • the monovalent organic groups of the esters may be hydrocarbyl groups or substituted hydrocarbyl groups such as, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, allyl, aralkyl, alkaryl, or alkynyl groups.
  • Substituted hydrocarbyl groups include hydrocarbyl groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as a hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbyloxy, silyl, or siloxy group.
  • these groups may include from one, or the appropriate minimum number of carbon atoms to form the group, to about 20 carbon atoms.
  • These groups may also contain heteroatoms such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, boron, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, tin, and phosphorus atoms.
  • the monovalent organic groups of the esters may be silyl groups or substituted silyl groups such as, but not limited to, trihydrocarbylsilyl, trisilyloxysilyl, trihydrocarbyloxysilyl, trisilylsilyl, dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl, dihydrocarbyl(silyloxy)silyl, dihydrocarbyl(silyl) silyl, dihydrocarbyl(hydrocarbyloxy)silyl, hydrocarbyldihydrosilyl, hydrocarbyl(disilyloxy)silyl, hydrocarbyl(disilyl)silyl, and hydrocarbyl(dihydrocarbyloxy)silyl groups.
  • types of silyl groups may include trialkylsilyl, dialkylhydrosilyl, dialkyl(silyloxy)silyl, dialkyl(silyl)silyl, tricycloalkylsilyl, dicycloalkylhydrosilyl, dicycloalkyl(silyloxy)silyl, dicycloalkyl(silyl)silyl, trialkenylsilyl, dialkenylhydrosilyl, dialkenyl(silyloxy)silyl, dialkenyl(silyl)silyl, tricycloalkenylsilyl, dicycloalkenylhydrosilyl, dicycloalkenyl(silyloxy)silyl, dicycloalkenyl(silyl)silyl, triarylsilyl, diarylhydrosilyl, diaryl(silyloxy)silyl, diaryl(silyl)silyl, triallylsilyl, diallyl
  • Substituted silyl groups include silyl groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as a hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbyloxy, silyl, or siloxy group. In one or more embodiments, these groups may include from one, or the appropriate minimum number of carbon atoms to form the group, to about 20 carbon atoms. These groups may also contain heteroatoms such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, boron, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, tin, and phosphorus atoms.
  • the divalent organic groups of the esters may include hydrocarbylene groups or substituted hydrocarbylene groups such as, but not limited to, alkylene, cycloalkylene, alkenylene, cycloalkenylene, alkynylene, cycloalkynylene, or arylene groups.
  • Substituted hydrocarbylene groups include hydrocarbylene groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl group.
  • these groups may include from one, or the appropriate minimum number of carbon atoms to form the group, to about 20 carbon atoms.
  • These groups may also contain one or more heteroatoms such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, boron, silicon, sulfur, tin, and phosphorus atoms.
  • the divalent organic group R 2 of the esters is a non-heterocyclic group. In other embodiments, the divalent organic group R 2 is a heterocyclic group. In one or more embodiments, the divalent organic group R 2 is a linear or branched acyclic divalent organic group that may or may not include one or more heteroatoms. In other embodiments, the divalent organic group R 2 is a cyclic divalent organic group that is devoid of heteroatoms. In one or more embodiments, the divalent organic group R 2 may contain one or more additional silylated amino groups and/or one or more additional carboxylic or thiocarboxylic ester groups.
  • carboxylic esters that contain a silylated amino group include those that derive from carboxylic esters such as arenecarboxylic esters, alkanecarboxylic esters, alkenecarboxylic esters, alkynecarboxylic esters, cycloalkanecarboxylic esters, cycloalkenecarboxylic esters, cycloalkynecarboxylic esters, and heterocyclic carboxylic esters.
  • carboxylic esters such as arenecarboxylic esters, alkanecarboxylic esters, alkenecarboxylic esters, alkynecarboxylic esters, cycloalkanecarboxylic esters, cycloalkenecarboxylic esters, cycloalkynecarboxylic esters, and heterocyclic carboxylic esters.
  • Exemplary types of thiocarboxylic esters that contain a silylated amino group include those that derive from thiocarboxylic esters such as arenethiocarboxylic esters, alkanethiocarboxylic esters, alkenethiocarboxylic esters, alkynethiocarboxylic esters, cycloalkanethiocarboxylic esters, cycloalkenethiocarboxylic esters, cycloalkynethiocarboxylic esters, and heterocyclic thiocarboxylic esters.
  • thiocarboxylic esters such as arenethiocarboxylic esters, alkanethiocarboxylic esters, alkenethiocarboxylic esters, alkynethiocarboxylic esters, cycloalkanethiocarboxylic esters, cycloalkenethiocarboxylic esters, cycloalkynethiocarboxylic
  • Exemplary arenecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include those that derive from carboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl benzoate, silyl benzoate, hydrocarbyl 4-phenylbenzoate, silyl 4-phenylbenzoate, hydrocarbyl 4-methylbenzoate, silyl 4-methylbenzoate, hydrocarbyl 5-indenecarboxylate, silyl 5-indenecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 2-naphthalenecarboxylate, silyl 2-naphthalenecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 9-phenanthrenecarboxylate, silyl 9-phenanthrenecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 9-anthracenecarboxylate, silyl 9-anthracenecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 1-azulenecarboxylate, and silyl 1-azulenecarboxylate.
  • carboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl benzoate, silyl benzoate
  • Exemplary alkanecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include those that derive from carboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl acetate, silyl acetate, hydrocarbyl propionate, silyl propionate, hydrocarbyl butyrate, silyl butyrate, hydrocarbyl isobutyrate, silyl isobutyrate, hydrocarbyl valerate, silyl valerate, hydrocarbyl isovalerate, silyl isovalerate, hydrocarbyl pivalate, silyl pivalate, hydrocarbyl hexanoate, silyl hexanoate, hydrocarbyl heptanoate, silyl heptanoate, dihydrocarbyl malonate, disilyl malonate, dihydrocarbyl succinate, disilyl succinate, dihydrocarbyl glutarate, and disilyl glutarate.
  • carboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl acetate,
  • alkenecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include those that derive from carboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl acrylate, silyl acrylate, hydrocarbyl methacrylate, silyl methacrylate, hydrocarbyl crotonate, silyl crotonate, hydrocarbyl 3-butenoate, silyl 3-butenoate, hydrocarbyl 2-methyl-2-butenoate, silyl 2-methyl-2-butenoate, hydrocarbyl 2-pentenoate, silyl 2-pentenoate, hydrocarbyl 3-pentenoate, silyl 3-pentenoate, hydrocarbyl 4-pentenoate, silyl 4-pentenoate, hydrocarbyl 5-hexenoate, silyl 5-hexenoate, hydrocarbyl 6-heptenoate, silyl 6-heptenoate, dihydrocarbyl fumarate, disilyl fumarate, dihydrocarbyl maleate, dis
  • Exemplary alkynecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include those that derive from carboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl 3-butynoate, silyl 3-butynoate, hydrocarbyl 2-pentynoate, silyl 2-pentynoate, hydrocarbyl 3-pentynoate, silyl 3-pentynoate, hydrocarbyl 4-pentynoate, silyl 4-pentynoate, hydrocarbyl 5-hexynoate, and silyl 5-hexynenoate.
  • carboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl 3-butynoate, silyl 3-butynoate, hydrocarbyl 2-pentynoate, silyl 2-pentynoate, hydrocarbyl 3-pentynoate, silyl 3-pentynoate, hydrocarbyl 4-pentynoate, silyl 4-pentynoate, hydrocarbyl 5-
  • Exemplary cycloalkanecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include those that derive from carboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl cyclopropanecarboxylate, silyl cyclopropanecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl cyclobutanecarboxylate, silyl cyclobutanecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl cyclopentanecarboxylate, silyl cyclopentanecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl cyclohexanecarboxylate, silyl cyclohexanecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl cycloheptanecarboxylate, and silyl cycloheptanecarboxylate.
  • carboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl cyclopropanecarboxylate, silyl cyclopropanecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl cyclobutanecarboxylate, silyl cyclobutanecarboxylate,
  • Exemplary cycloalkenecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include those that derive from carboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl 1-cyclopropenecarboxylate, silyl 1-cyclopropenecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 1-cyclobutenecarboxylate, silyl 1-cyclobuntenecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 1-cyclopentenecarboxylate, silyl 1-cyclopentenecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 1-cyclohexenecarboxylate, silyl 1-cyclohexenecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 1-cycloheptenecarboxylate, and silyl 1-cycloheptenecarboxylate.
  • carboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl 1-cyclopropenecarboxylate, silyl 1-cyclopropenecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 1-cyclobutenecarboxylate, silyl 1-cyclobuntenecarboxylate, hydrocar
  • heterocyclic carboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include those that derive from carboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl 2-pyridinecarboxylate, silyl 2-pyridinecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate, silyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate, silyl 4-pyridinecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 2-pyrimidinecarboxylate, silyl 2-pyrimidinecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 4-pyrimidinecarboxylate, silyl 4-pyrimidinecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 5-pyrimidinecarboxylate, silyl 5-pyrimidinecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl pyrazinecarboxylate, silyl pyrazinecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 3-pyridazinecarboxylate, silyl 3-pyridazinecarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 4-pyridazinecarboxylate, and silyl
  • Exemplary arenethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include those that derive from thiocarboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl thiobenzoate, silyl thiobenzoate, hydrocarbyl 4-phenylthiobenzoate, silyl 4-phenylthiobenzoate, hydrocarbyl 4-methylthiobenzoate, silyl 4-methylthiobenzoate, hydrocarbyl 5-indenethiocarboxylate, silyl 5-indenethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 2-naphthalenethiocarboxylate, silyl 2-naphthalenethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 9-phenanthrenethiocarboxylate, silyl 9-phenanthrenethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 9-anthracenethiocarboxylate, silyl 9-anthracenethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 1-azulenethiocarboxy
  • alkanethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include those that derive from thiocarboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl thioacetate, silyl thioacetate, hydrocarbyl thiopropionate, silyl thiopropionate, hydrocarbyl thiobutyrate, silyl thiobutyrate, hydrocarbyl thioisobutyrate, silyl thioisobutyrate, hydrocarbyl thiovalerate, silyl thiovalerate, hydrocarbyl thioisovalerate, silyl thioisovalerate, hydrocarbyl thiopivalate, silyl thiopivalate, hydrocarbyl thiohexanoate, silyl thiohexanoate, hydrocarbyl thioheptanoate, silyl thioheptanoate, dihydrocarbyl thiomalonate, disilyl thio
  • alkenethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include those that derive from thiocarboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl thioacrylate, silyl thioacrylate, hydrocarbyl thiomethacrylate, silyl thiomethacrylate, hydrocarbyl thiocrotonate, silyl thiocrotonate, hydrocarbyl 3-thiobutenoate, silyl 3-thiobutenoate, hydrocarbyl 2-methyl-2-thiobutenoate, silyl 2-methyl-2-thiobutenoate, hydrocarbyl 2-thiopentenoate, silyl 2-thiopentenoate, hydrocarbyl 3-thiopentenoate, silyl 3-thiopentenoate, hydrocarbyl 4-thiopentenoate, silyl 4-thiopentenoate, hydrocarbyl 5-thiohexenoate, silyl 5-thiohexenoate, hydrocarbyl 6-thioheptenoate
  • Exemplary alkynethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include those that derive from thiocarboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl 3-thiobutynoate, silyl 3-thiobutynoate, hydrocarbyl 2-thiopentynoate, silyl 2-thiopentynoate, hydrocarbyl 3-thiopentynoate, silyl 3-thiopentynoate, hydrocarbyl 4-thiopentynoate, silyl 4-thiopentynoate, hydrocarbyl 5-thiohexynoate, and silyl 5-thiohexynoate.
  • thiocarboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl 3-thiobutynoate, silyl 3-thiobutynoate, hydrocarbyl 2-thiopentynoate, silyl 2-thiopentynoate, hydrocarbyl 3-thiopentynoate, silyl 3-thiopentyn
  • Exemplary cycloalkanethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include those that derive from thiocarboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl cyclopropanethiocarboxylate, silyl cyclopropanethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl cyclobutanethiocarboxylate, silyl cyclobutanethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl cyclopentanethiocarboxylate, silyl cyclopentanethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl cyclohexanethiocarboxylate, silyl cyclohexanethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl cycloheptanethiocarboxylate, and silyl cycloheptanethiocarboxylate.
  • thiocarboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl cyclopropanethiocarboxylate, silyl cyclopropanethio
  • Exemplary cycloalkenethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include those that derive from thiocarboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl 1-cyclopropenethiocarboxylate, silyl 1-cyclopropenethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 1-cyclobutenethiocarboxylate, silyl 1-cyclobuntenethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 1-cyclopentenethiocarboxylate, silyl 1-cyclopentenethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 1-cyclohexenethiocarboxylate, silyl 1-cyclohexenethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 1-cycloheptenethiocarboxylate, and silyl 1-cycloheptenethiocarboxylate.
  • thiocarboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl 1-cyclopropenethiocarboxylate, silyl 1-cyclopropenethiocarbox
  • heterocyclic thiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include those that derive from thiocarboxylic esters such as hydrocarbyl 2-pyridinethiocarboxylate, silyl 2-pyridinethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 3-pyridinethiocarboxylate, silyl 3-pyridinethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 4-pyridinethiocarboxylate, silyl 4-pyridinethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 2-pyrimidinethiocarboxylate, silyl 2-pyrimidinethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 4-pyrimidinethiocarboxylate, silyl 4-pyrimidinethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 5-pyrimidinethiocarboxylate, silyl 5-pyrimidinethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl pyrazinethiocarboxylate, silyl pyrazinethiocarboxylate, hydrocarbyl 3-pyridazinethiocarbox
  • Exemplary types of arenecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]arenecarboxylic esters, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]arenecarboxylic esters, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)arenecarboxylic esters, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]arenecarboxylic esters, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]arenecarboxylic esters, and (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)arenecarboxylic esters.
  • alkanecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]alkanecarboxylic esters, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]alkanecarboxylic esters, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkanecarboxylic esters, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkanecarboxylic esters, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkanecarboxylic esters, and (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkanecarboxylic esters.
  • alkenecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]alkenecarboxylic esters, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]alkenecarboxylic esters, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkenecarboxylic esters, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkenecarboxylic esters, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkenecarboxylic esters, and (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkenecarboxylic esters.
  • alkynecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]alkynecarboxylic esters, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]alkynecarboxylic esters, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkynecarboxylic esters, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkynecarboxylic esters, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkynecarboxylic esters, and (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkynecarboxylic esters.
  • Exemplary types of cycloalkanecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]cycloalkanecarboxylic esters, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]cycloalkanecarboxylic esters, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkanecarboxylic esters, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cycloalkanecarboxylic esters, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cycloalkanecarboxylic esters, and (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkanecarboxylic esters.
  • Exemplary types of cycloalkenecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]cycloalkenecarboxylic esters, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]cycloalkenecarboxylic esters, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkenecarboxylic esters, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cycloalkenecarboxylic esters, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cycloalkenecarboxylic esters, and (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkenecarboxylic esters.
  • Exemplary types of cycloalkynecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]cycloalkynecarboxylic esters, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]cycloalkynecarboxylic esters, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkynecarboxylic esters, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cycloalkynecarboxylic esters, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cycloalkynecarboxylic esters, and (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkynecarboxylic esters.
  • heterocyclic carboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]heterocyclic carboxylic esters, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]heterocyclic carboxylic esters, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)heterocyclic carboxylic esters, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]heterocyclic carboxylic esters, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]heterocyclic carboxylic esters, and (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)heterocyclic carboxylic esters.
  • Exemplary types of arenethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]arenethiocarboxylic esters, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]arenethiocarboxylic esters, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)arenethiocarboxylic esters, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]arenethiocarboxylic esters, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]arenethiocarboxylic esters, and (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)arenethiocarboxylic esters.
  • alkanethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]alkanethiocarboxylic esters, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]alkanethiocarboxylic esters, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkanethiocarboxylic esters, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkanethiocarboxylic esters, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkanethiocarboxylic esters, and (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl) alkanethiocarboxylic esters.
  • alkenethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]alkenethiocarboxylic esters, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]alkenethiocarboxylic esters, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkenethiocarboxylic esters, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkenethiocarboxylic esters, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkenethiocarboxylic esters, and (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl) alkenethiocarboxylic esters.
  • alkynethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]alkynethiocarboxylic esters, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]alkynethiocarboxylic esters, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkynethiocarboxylic esters, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkynethiocarboxylic esters, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkynethiocarboxylic esters, and (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkynethiocarboxylic esters.
  • Exemplary types of cycloalkanethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]cycloalkanethiocarboxylic esters, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]cycloalkanethiocarboxylic esters, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkanethiocarboxylic esters, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cycloalkanethiocarboxylic esters, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cycloalkanethiocarboxylic esters, and (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkanethiocarboxylic esters.
  • Exemplary types of cycloalkenethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]cycloalkenethiocarboxylic esters, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]cycloalkenethiocarboxylic esters, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkenethiocarboxylic esters, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cycloalkenethiocarboxylic esters, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cycloalkenethiocarboxylic esters, and (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkenethiocarboxylic esters.
  • Exemplary types of cycloalkynethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]cycloalkynethiocarboxylic esters, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]cycloalkynethiocarboxylic esters, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkynethiocarboxylic esters, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cyclo alkynethiocarboxylic esters, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cycloalkynethiocarboxylic esters, and (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkynethiocarboxylic esters.
  • heterocyclic thiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]heterocyclic thiocarboxylic esters, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]heterocyclic thiocarboxylic esters, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)heterocyclic thiocarboxylic esters, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]heterocyclic thiocarboxylic esters, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]heterocyclic thiocarboxylic esters, and (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)heterocyclic thiocarboxylic esters.
  • arenecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include ethyl 2-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]benzoate, ethyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]benzoate, ethyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]benzoate, phenyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]benzoate, trimethylsilyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]benzoate, ethyl 2-[bis(trimethylsilyl(aminomethyl]benzoate, ethyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)aminomethyl]benzoate, ethyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)aminomethyl]benzoate, phenyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)aminomethyl]benzoate, trimethylsilyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)aminomethyl]benzoate,
  • alkanecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include ethyl [bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]acetate, ethyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]propionate, triethyl [3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]propyl]methanetricarboxylate, phenyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]propionate, trimethylsilyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]butyrate, ethyl 5-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]valerate, phenyl (2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)acetate, triethyl [3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)propyl]methanetricarboxylate,
  • alkenecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include ethyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]crotonate, phenyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-4-pentenoate, trimethylsilyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-5-hexenoate, ethyl 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)crotonate, phenyl 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-4-pentenoate, trimethylsilyl 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-5-hexenoate, ethyl 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]crotonate, phenyl 3-[(tri
  • alkynecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include ethyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-4-pentynoate, phenyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-5-hexynoate, trimethylsilyl 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-4-pentynoate, ethyl 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-5-hexynoate, phenyl 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]-4-pentynoate, trimethylsilyl 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(ethyl)amino]-4-pentynoate, ethyl 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]-5-hexy
  • cycloalkanecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include ethyl 2-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclopentanecarboxylate, ethyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclopentanecarboxylate, ethyl 2-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclohexanecarboxylate, ethyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclohexanecarboxylate, ethyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclohexanecarboxylate, phenyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclohexanecarboxylate, trimethylsilyl 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)cyclopentanecarboxylate, ethyl 4-(
  • cycloalkenecarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include ethyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclopentene-1-carboxylate, phenyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclohexene-1-carboxylate, trimethylsilyl 4-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)cyclopentene-1-carboxylate, ethyl 4-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)cyclohexene-1-carboxylate, phenyl 4-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]cyclopentene-1-carboxylate, trimethylsilyl 4-[(trimethylsilyl)(ethyl)amino]cyclopentene-1-carboxylate, ethyl 4-[((tri
  • heterocyclic carboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include ethyl 5-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-2-pyridinecarboxylate, phenyl 5-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-2-pyrimidinecarboxylate, trimethylsilyl 5-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-2-pyridinecarboxylate, ethyl 5-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-2-pyrimidinecarboxylate, phenyl 5-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]-2-pyridinecarboxylate, trimethylsilyl 5-[(trimethylsilyl)(ethyl)amino]-2-pyridinecarboxylate, ethyl 5-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]-2-pyrimidine
  • arenethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include ethyl 2-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]thiobenzoate, ethyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]thiobenzoate, ethyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]thiobenzoate, phenyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]thiobenzoate, trimethylsilyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]thiobenzoate, ethyl 2-[bis(trimethylsilyl)aminomethyl]thiobenzoate, ethyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)aminomethyl]thiobenzoate, ethyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)aminomethyl]thiobenzoate, phenyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)aminomethyl]thiobenzoate, trimethyls
  • alkanethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include ethyl [bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]thioacetate, ethyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]thiopropionate, phenyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]thiopropionate, trimethylsilyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]thiobutyrate, ethyl 5-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]thiovalerate, phenyl (2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)thioacetate, trimethylsilyl 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)thiopropionate, ethyl 4-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopent
  • alkenethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include ethyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]thiocrotonate, phenyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-4-thiopentenoate, trimethylsilyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-5-thiohexenoate, ethyl 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)thiocrotonate, phenyl 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-4-thiopentenoate, trimethylsilyl 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-5-thiohexenoate, ethyl 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino
  • alkynethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include ethyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-4-thiopentynoate, phenyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-5-thiohexynoate, trimethylsilyl 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-4-thiopentynoate, ethyl 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-5-thiohexynoate, phenyl 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]-4-thiopentynoate, trimethylsilyl 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(ethyl)amino]-4-thiopentynoate, ethyl 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)(
  • cycloalkanethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include ethyl 2-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclopentanethiocarboxylate, ethyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclopentanethiocarboxylate, ethyl 2-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclohexanethiocarboxylate, ethyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclohexanethiocarboxylate, ethyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclohexanethiocarboxylate, phenyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclohexanethiocarboxylate, trimethylsilyl 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)cyclopent
  • cycloalkenethiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include ethyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclopentene-1-thiocarboxylate, phenyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclohexene-1-thiocarboxylate, trimethylsilyl 4-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)cyclopentene-1-thiocarboxylate, ethyl 4-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)cyclohexene-1-thiocarboxylate, phenyl 4-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]cyclopentene-1-thiocarboxylate, trimethylsilyl 4-[(trimethylsilyl)(ethyl)amino]cyclopentene-1-thiocar
  • heterocyclic thiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group include ethyl 5-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-2-pyridinethiocarboxylate, phenyl 5-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-2-pyrimidinethiocarboxylate, trimethylsilyl 5-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-2-pyridinethiocarboxylate, ethyl 5-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-2-pyrimidinethiocarboxylate, phenyl 5-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]-2-pyridinethiocarboxylate, trimethylsilyl 5-[(trimethylsilyl)(ethyl)amino]-2-pyridinethiocarboxylate, ethyl 5-[(trimethylmethyls
  • the carboxylic or thiocarboxylic esters containing a silylated amino group can be synthesized by silylating a carboxylic or thiocarboxylic ester containing a primary amino group (i.e. —NH 2 ) or a secondary amino group represented by the formula —NH(R), where R is a monovalent organic group such as a hydrocarbyl or silyl group.
  • exemplary silylating reagents include trialkylsilyl halides, 1,2-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl)ethane, and trialkylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate.
  • a base such as triethylamine, may be used to neutralize the acid formed during the silylation reaction.
  • the amount of the carboxylic or thiocarboxylic ester containing a silylated amino group that can be added to the polymerization mixture to yield the functionalized polymer of this invention may depend on various factors including the type and amount of catalyst used to synthesize the reactive polymer and the desired degree of functionalization.
  • the amount of the ester employed can be described with reference to the lanthanide metal of the lanthanide-containing compound.
  • the molar ratio of the ester to the lanthanide metal may be from about 1:1 to about 200:1, in other embodiments from about 5:1 to about 150:1, and in other embodiments from about 10:1 to about 100:1.
  • a co-functionalizing agent in addition to the carboxylic or thiocarboxylic ester containing a silylated amino group, a co-functionalizing agent may also be added to the polymerization mixture to yield a functionalized polymer with tailored properties.
  • a mixture of two or more co-functionalizing agents may also be employed.
  • the co-functionalizing agent may be added to the polymerization mixture prior to, together with, or after the introduction of the ester.
  • the co-functionalizing agent is added to the polymerization mixture at least 5 minutes after, in other embodiments at least 10 minutes after, and in other embodiments at least 30 minutes after the introduction of the ester.
  • co-functionalizing agents include compounds or reagents that can react with a reactive polymer produced by this invention and thereby provide the polymer with a functional group that is distinct from a propagating chain that has not been reacted with the co-functionalizing agent.
  • the functional group may be reactive or interactive with other polymer chains (propagating and/or non-propagating) or with other constituents such as reinforcing fillers (e.g. carbon black) that may be combined with the polymer.
  • the reaction between the co-functionalizing agent and the reactive polymer proceeds via an addition or substitution reaction.
  • Useful co-functionalizing agents may include compounds that simply provide a functional group at the end of a polymer chain without joining two or more polymer chains together, as well as compounds that can couple or join two or more polymer chains together via a functional linkage to form a single macromolecule.
  • the latter type of co-functionalizing agents may also be referred to as coupling agents.
  • co-functionalizing agents include compounds that will add or impart a heteroatom to the polymer chain.
  • co-functionalizing agents include those compounds that will impart a functional group to the polymer chain to form a functionalized polymer that reduces the 50° C. hysteresis loss of a carbon-black filled vulcanizates prepared from the functionalized polymer as compared to similar carbon-black filled vulcanizates prepared from non-functionalized polymer. In one or more embodiments, this reduction in hysteresis loss is at least 5%, in other embodiments at least 10%, and in other embodiments at least 15%.
  • suitable co-functionalizing agents include those compounds that contain groups that may react with the reactive polymers produced in accordance with this invention.
  • exemplary co-functionalizing agents include ketones, quinones, aldehydes, amides, esters, isocyanates, isothiocyanates, epoxides, imines, aminoketones, aminothioketones, and acid anhydrides. Examples of these compounds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,906,706, 4,990,573, 5,064,910, 5,567,784, 5,844,050, 6838,526, 6977,281, and 6,992,147; U.S. Pat. Publication Nos.
  • the co-functionalizing agents employed may be metal halides, metalloid halides, alkoxysilanes, metal carboxylates, hydrocarbylmetal carboxylates, hydrocarbylmetal ester-carboxylates, and metal alkoxides.
  • Exemplary metal halide compounds include tin tetrachloride, tin tetrabromide, tin tetraiodide, n-butyltin trichloride, phenyltin trichloride, di-n-butyltin dichloride, diphenyltin dichloride, tri-n-butyltin chloride, triphenyltin chloride, germanium tetrachloride, germanium tetrabromide, germanium tetraiodide, n-butylgermanium trichloride, di-n-butylgermanium dichloride, and tri-n-butylgermanium chloride.
  • Exemplary metalloid halide compounds include silicon tetrachloride, silicon tetrabromide, silicon tetraiodide, methyltrichlorosilane, phenyltrichlorosilane, dimethyldichlorosilane, diphenyldichlorosilane, boron trichloride, boron tribromide, boron triiodide, phosphorous trichloride, phosphorous tribromide, and phosphorus triiodide.
  • the alkoxysilanes may include at least one group selected from the group consisting of an epoxy group and an isocyanate group.
  • Exemplary alkoxysilane compounds including an epoxy group include (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, (3-glycidyloxypropyl)tri ethoxysilane, (3-glycidyloxypropyl)triphenoxysilane, (3-glycidyloxypropyl)methyldimethoxysilane, (3-glycidyloxypropyl)methyldiethoxysilane, (3-glycidyloxypropyl)methyldiphenoxysilane, [2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl]trimethoxysilane, and [2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane.
  • Exemplary alkoxysilane compounds including an isocyanate group include (3-isocyanatopropyl)trimethoxysilane, (3-isocyanatopropyl)triethoxysilane, (3-isocyanatopropyl)triphenoxysilane, (3-isocyanatopropyl)methyldimethoxysilane, (3-isocyanatopropyl)methyldiethoxysilane (3-isocyanatopropyl)methyldiphenoxysilane, and (isocyanatomethyl)methyldimethoxysilane.
  • Exemplary metal carboxylate compounds include tin tetraacetate, tin bis(2-ethylhexanaote), and tin bis(neodecanoate).
  • Exemplary hydrocarbylmetal carboxylate compounds include triphenyltin 2-ethylhexanoate, tri-n-butyltin 2-ethylhexanoate, tri-n-butyltin neodecanoate, triisobutyltin 2-ethylhexanoate, diphenyltin bis(2-ethylhexanoate), di-n-butyltin bis(2-ethylhexanoate), di-n-butyltin bis(neodecanoate), phenyltin tris(2-ethylhexanoate), and n-butylltin tris(2-ethylhexanoate).
  • hydrocarbylmetal ester-carboxylate compounds include di-n-butyltin bis(n-octylmaleate), di-n-octyltin bis(n-octylmaleate), diphenyltin bis(n-octylmaleate), di-n-butyltin bis(2-ethylhexylmaleate), di-n-octyltin bis(2-ethylhexylmaleate), and diphenyltin bis(2-ethylhexylmaleate).
  • Exemplary metal alkoxide compounds include dimethoxytin, diethoxytin, tetraethoxytin, tetra-n-propoxytin, tetraisopropoxytin, tetra-n-butoxytin, tetraisobutoxytin, tetra-t-butoxytin, and tetraphenoxytin.
  • the amount of the co-functionalizing agent that can be added to the polymerization mixture may depend on various factors including the type and amount of catalyst used to synthesize the reactive polymer and the desired degree of functionalization.
  • the amount of the co-functionalizing agent employed can be described with reference to the lanthanide metal of the lanthanide-containing compound.
  • the molar ratio of the co-functionalizing agent to the lanthanide metal may be from about 1:1 to about 200:1, in other embodiments from about 5:1 to about 150:1, and in other embodiments from about 10:1 to about 100:1.
  • the amount of the co-functionalizing agent employed can also be described with reference to the carboxylic or thiocarboxylic ester containing a silylated amino group.
  • the molar ratio of the co-functionalizing agent to the ester may be from about 0.05:1 to about 1:1, in other embodiments from about 0.1:1 to about 0.8:1, and in other embodiments from about 0.2:1 to about 0.6:1.
  • the carboxylic or thiocarboxylic ester containing a silylated amino group may be introduced to the polymerization mixture at a location (e.g., within a vessel) where the polymerization has been conducted.
  • the ester may be introduced to the polymerization mixture at a location that is distinct from where the polymerization has taken place.
  • the ester may be introduced to the polymerization mixture in downstream vessels including downstream reactors or tanks, in-line reactors or mixers, extruders, or devolatilizers.
  • the carboxylic or thiocarboxylic ester containing a silylated amino group can be reacted with the reactive polymer after a desired monomer conversion is achieved but before the polymerization mixture is quenched by a quenching agent.
  • the reaction between the ester and the reactive polymer may take place within 30 minutes, in other embodiments within 5 minutes, and in other embodiments within one minute after the peak polymerization temperature is reached.
  • the reaction between the ester and the reactive polymer can occur once the peak polymerization temperature is reached.
  • the reaction between the ester and the reactive polymer can occur after the reactive polymer has been stored.
  • the storage of the reactive polymer occurs at room temperature or below room temperature under an inert atmosphere.
  • the reaction between the ester and the reactive polymer may take place at a temperature from about 10° C. to about 150° C., and in other embodiments from about 20° C. to about 100° C.
  • the time required for completing the reaction between the ester and the reactive polymer depends on various factors such as the type and amount of the catalyst used to prepare the reactive polymer, the type and amount of the ester, as well as the temperature at which the functionalization reaction is conducted. In one or more embodiments, the reaction between the ester and the reactive polymer can be conducted for about 10 to 60 minutes.
  • a quenching agent can be added to the polymerization mixture in order to protonate the reaction product between the reactive polymer and the ester, inactivate any residual reactive polymer chains, and/or inactivate the catalyst or catalyst components.
  • the quenching agent may include a protic compound, which includes, but is not limited to, an alcohol, a carboxylic acid, an inorganic acid, water, or a mixture thereof.
  • An antioxidant such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol may be added along with, before, or after the addition of the quenching agent.
  • the amount of the antioxidant employed may be in the range of 0.2% to 1% by weight of the polymer product.
  • the polymer product can be oil extended by adding an oil to the polymer, which may be in the form of a polymer cement or polymer dissolved or suspended in monomer. Practice of the present invention does not limit the amount of oil that may be added, and therefore conventional amounts may be added (e.g., 5-50 phr).
  • Useful oils or extenders that may be employed include, but are not limited to, aromatic oils, paraffinic oils, naphthenic oils, vegetable oils other than castor oils, low PCA oils including MES, TDAE, and SRAE, and heavy naphthenic oils.
  • the various constituents of the polymerization mixture may be recovered.
  • the unreacted monomer can be recovered from the polymerization mixture.
  • the monomer can be distilled from the polymerization mixture by using techniques known in the art.
  • a devolatilizer may be employed to remove the monomer from the polymerization mixture. Once the monomer has been removed from the polymerization mixture, the monomer may be purified, stored, and/or recycled back to the polymerization process.
  • the polymer product may be recovered from the polymerization mixture by using techniques known in the art.
  • desolventization and drying techniques may be used.
  • the polymer can be recovered by passing the polymerization mixture through a heated screw apparatus, such as a desolventizing extruder, in which the volatile substances are removed by evaporation at appropriate temperatures (e.g., about 100° C. to about 170° C.) and under atmospheric or sub-atmospheric pressure. This treatment serves to remove unreacted monomer as well as any low-boiling solvent.
  • the polymer can also be recovered by subjecting the polymerization mixture to steam desolventization, followed by drying the resulting polymer crumbs in a hot air tunnel.
  • the polymer can also be recovered by directly drying the polymerization mixture on a drum dryer.
  • the structure of the functionalized polymer may depend upon various factors such as the conditions employed to prepare the reactive polymer (e.g., the type and amount of the catalyst) and the conditions employed to react the ester (and optionally the co-functionalizing agent) with the reactive polymer (e.g., the types and amounts of the ester and the co-functionalizing agent).
  • the functionalized polymers prepared according to this invention may contain unsaturation.
  • the functionalized polymers are vulcanizable.
  • the functionalized polymers can have a glass transition temperature (T g ) that is less than 0° C., in other embodiments less than ⁇ 20° C., and in other embodiments less than ⁇ 30° C. In one embodiment, these polymers may exhibit a single glass transition temperature.
  • the polymers may be hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated.
  • the functionalized polymers of this invention may be cis-1,4-polydienes having a cis-1,4-linkage content that is greater than 60%, in other embodiments greater than about 75%, in other embodiments greater than about 90%, and in other embodiments greater than about 95%, where the percentages are based upon the number of diene mer units adopting the cis-1,4 linkage versus the total number of diene mer units.
  • these polymers may have a 1,2-linkage content that is less than about 7%, in other embodiments less than 5%, in other embodiments less than 2%, and in other embodiments less than 1%, where the percentages are based upon the number of diene mer units adopting the 1,2-linkage versus the total number of diene mer units.
  • the balance of the diene mer units may adopt the trans-1,4-linkage.
  • the cis-1,4-, 1,2-, and trans-1,4-linkage contents can be determined by infrared spectroscopy.
  • the number average molecular weight (M n ) of these polymers may be from about 1,000 to about 1,000,000, in other embodiments from about 5,000 to about 200,000, in other embodiments from about 25,000 to about 150,000, and in other embodiments from about 50,000 to about 120,000, as determined by using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) calibrated with polystyrene standards and Mark-Houwink constants for the polymer in question.
  • the molecular weight distribution or polydispersity (M w /M n ) of these polymers may be from about 1.5 to about 5.0, and in other embodiments from about 2.0 to about 4.0.
  • the functionalized polymers of this invention may exhibit improved cold-flow resistance and provide rubber compositions that demonstrate reduced hysteresis.
  • the functionalized polymers are particularly useful in preparing rubber compositions that can be used to manufacture tire components. Rubber compounding techniques and the additives employed therein are generally disclosed in The Compounding and Vulcanization of Rubber , in Rubber Technology (2nd Ed. 1973).
  • the rubber compositions can be prepared by using the functionalized polymers alone or together with other elastomers (i.e., polymers that can be vulcanized to form compositions possessing rubbery or elastomeric properties).
  • Other elastomers that may be used include natural and synthetic rubbers.
  • the synthetic rubbers typically derive from the polymerization of conjugated diene monomers, the copolymerization of conjugated diene monomers with other monomers such as vinyl-substituted aromatic monomers, or the copolymerization of ethylene with one or more ⁇ -olefins and optionally one or more diene monomers.
  • Exemplary elastomers include natural rubber, synthetic polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polyisobutylene-co-isoprene, neoprene, poly(ethylene-co-propylene), poly(styrene-co-butadiene), poly(styrene-co-isoprene), poly(styrene-co-isoprene-co-butadiene), poly(isoprene-co-butadiene), poly(ethylene-co-propylene-co-diene), polysulfide rubber, acrylic rubber, urethane rubber, silicone rubber, epichlorohydrin rubber, and mixtures thereof.
  • These elastomers can have a myriad of macromolecular structures including linear, branched, and star-shaped structures.
  • the rubber compositions may include fillers such as inorganic and organic fillers.
  • organic fillers include carbon black and starch.
  • inorganic fillers include silica, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, mica, talc (hydrated magnesium silicate), and clays (hydrated aluminum silicates).
  • carbon blacks and silicas are the most common fillers used in manufacturing tires. In certain embodiments, a mixture of different fillers may be advantageously employed.
  • carbon blacks include furnace blacks, channel blacks, and lamp blacks. More specific examples of carbon blacks include super abrasion furnace blacks, intermediate super abrasion furnace blacks, high abrasion furnace blacks, fast extrusion furnace blacks, fine furnace blacks, semi-reinforcing furnace blacks, medium processing channel blacks, hard processing channel blacks, conducting channel blacks, and acetylene blacks.
  • the carbon blacks may have a surface area (EMSA) of at least 20 m 2 /g and in other embodiments at least 35 m 2 /g; surface area values can be determined by ASTM D-1765 using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) technique.
  • the carbon blacks may be in a pelletized form or an unpelletized flocculent form. The preferred form of carbon black may depend upon the type of mixing equipment used to mix the rubber compound.
  • the amount of carbon black employed in the rubber compositions can be up to about 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of rubber (phr), with about 5 to about 40 phr being typical.
  • Hi-SilTM 215, Hi-SilTM 233, and Hi-SilTM 190 PPG Industries, Inc.; Pittsburgh, Pa.
  • Other suppliers of commercially available silica include Grace Davison (Baltimore, Md.), Degussa Corp. (Parsippany, N.J.), Rhodia Silica Systems (Cranbury, N.J.), and J.M. Huber Corp. (Edison, N.J.).
  • silicas may be characterized by their surface areas, which give a measure of their reinforcing character.
  • the Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (“BET”) method (described in J. Am. Chem. Soc ., vol. 60, p. 309 et seq.) is a recognized method for determining the surface area.
  • the BET surface area of silica is generally less than 450 m 2 /g.
  • Useful ranges of surface area include from about 32 to about 400 m 2 /g, about 100 to about 250 m 2 /g, and about 150 to about 220 m 2 /g.
  • the pH's of the silicas are generally from about 5 to about 7 or slightly over 7, or in other embodiments from about 5.5 to about 6.8.
  • a coupling agent and/or a shielding agent may be added to the rubber compositions during mixing in order to enhance the interaction of silica with the elastomers.
  • a coupling agent and/or a shielding agent are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • the amount of silica employed in the rubber compositions can be from about 1 to about 100 phr or in other embodiments from about 5 to about 80 phr.
  • the useful upper range is limited by the high viscosity imparted by silicas.
  • the amount of silica can be decreased to as low as about 1 phr; as the amount of silica is decreased, lesser amounts of coupling agents and shielding agents can be employed.
  • the amounts of coupling agents and shielding agents range from about 4% to about 20% based on the weight of silica used.
  • a multitude of rubber curing agents may be employed, including sulfur or peroxide-based curing systems. Curing agents are described in Kirk-Othmer, E NCYCLOPEDIA OF C HEMICAL T ECHNOLOGY , Vol. 20, pgs. 365-468, (3 rd Ed. 1982), particularly Vulcanization Agents and Auxiliary Materials , pgs. 390-402, and A. Y. Coran, Vulcanization, E NCYCLOPEDIA OF P OLYMER S CIENCE AND E NGINEERING , (2 nd Ed. 1989), which are incorporated herein by reference. Vulcanizing agents may be used alone or in combination.
  • oils include those conventionally used as extender oils, which are described above.
  • All ingredients of the rubber compositions can be mixed with standard mixing equipment such as Banbury or Brabender mixers, extruders, kneaders, and two-rolled mills.
  • the ingredients are mixed in two or more stages.
  • a so-called masterbatch which typically includes the rubber component and filler, is prepared.
  • the masterbatch may exclude vulcanizing agents.
  • the masterbatch may be mixed at a starting temperature of from about 25° C. to about 125° C. with a discharge temperature of about 135° C. to about 180° C.
  • the vulcanizing agents may be introduced and mixed into the masterbatch in a final mixing stage, which is typically conducted at relatively low temperatures so as to reduce the chances of premature vulcanization.
  • additional mixing stages sometimes called remills, can be employed between the masterbatch mixing stage and the final mixing stage.
  • remill stages are often employed where the rubber composition includes silica as the filler.
  • Various ingredients including the functionalized polymers of this invention can be added during these remills.
  • the initial masterbatch is prepared by including the functionalized polymer of this invention and silica in the substantial absence of coupling agents and shielding agents.
  • the rubber compositions prepared from the functionalized polymers of this invention are particularly useful for forming tire components such as treads, subtreads, sidewalls, body ply skims, bead filler, and the like.
  • the functional polymers of this invention are employed in tread and sidewall formulations.
  • these tread or sidewall formulations may include from about 10% to about 100% by weight, in other embodiments from about 35% to about 90% by weight, and in other embodiments from about 50% to about 80% by weight of the functionalized polymer based on the total weight of the rubber within the formulation.
  • vulcanization is effected by heating the vulcanizable composition in a mold; e.g., it may be heated to about 140° C. to about 180° C.
  • Cured or crosslinked rubber compositions may be referred to as vulcanizates, which generally contain three-dimensional polymeric networks that are thermoset.
  • the other ingredients, such as fillers and processing aids, may be evenly dispersed throughout the crosslinked network.
  • Pneumatic tires can be made as discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,866,171, 5,876,527, 5,931,211, and 5,971,046, which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the 1 H NMR data (C 6 D 6 , 25° C., referenced to tetramethylsilane) of the product are listed as follows: ⁇ 3.89 (quartet, 2H, OCH 2 protons), 3.51 (singlet, 2H, NCH 2 protons), 0.90 (triplet, 3H, CH 3 protons), 0.14 (singlet, 18H, Si—CH 3 protons). From the 1 H NMR data, the structure of the product was determined to be as follows:
  • the 1 H NMR data (C 6 D 6 , 25° C., referenced to tetramethylsilane) of the product are listed as follows: ⁇ 3.91 (quartet, 2H, OCH 2 protons), 3.21 (multiplet, 2H, NCH 2 CH 2 protons), 2.36 (multiplet, 2H, NCH 2 CH 2 protons), 0.91 (triplet, 3H, CH 3 protons), 0.07 (singlet, 18H, Si—CH 3 protons). From the 1 H NMR data, the structure of the product was determined to be as follows:
  • the 1 H NMR data (C 6 D 6 , 25° C., referenced to tetramethylsilane) of the product are listed as follows: ⁇ 7.95 (multiplet, 1H, aromatic proton), 7.91 (multiplet, 1H, aromatic proton), 6.98 (multiplet, 1H, aromatic proton), 6.91 (multiplet, 1H, aromatic proton), 4.07 (quartet, 2H, CH 2 protons), 0.95 (triplet, 3H, CH 3 protons), 0.04 (singlet, 18H, Si—CH 3 protons). From the 1 H NMR data, the structure of the product was determined to be as follows:
  • a preformed catalyst was prepared by mixing 7.35 ml of 4.32 M methylaluminoxane in toluene, 1.83 g of 20.6 wt % 1,3-butadiene in hexane, 0.59 ml of 0.537 M neodymium versatate in cyclohexane, 6.67 ml of 1.0 M diisobutylaluminum hydride in hexane, and 1.27 ml of 1.0 M diethylaluminum chloride in hexane.
  • the catalyst was aged for 15 minutes and charged into the reactor.
  • the reactor jacket temperature was then set to 65° C.
  • the polymerization mixture was cooled to room temperature and quenched with 30 ml of 12 wt % 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol solution in isopropanol.
  • the resulting polymer cement was coagulated with 12 liters of isopropanol containing 5 g of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol and then drum-dried.
  • the Mooney viscosity (ML 1+4 ) of the resulting polymer was determined to be 26.5 at 100° C.
  • the polymer had a number average molecular weight (M n ) of 109,400, a weight average molecular weight (M w ) of 221,900, and a molecular weight distribution (M w /M n ) of 2.03.
  • M n number average molecular weight
  • M w weight average molecular weight
  • M w /M n molecular weight distribution
  • the cold-flow resistance of the polymer was measured by using a Scott plasticity tester. Approximately 2.6 g of the polymer was molded, at 100° C. for 20 minutes, into a cylindrical button with a diameter of 15 mm and a height of 12 mm. After cooling down to room temperature, the button was removed from the mold and placed in a Scott plasticity tester at room temperature. A 5-kg load was applied to the specimen. After 8 minutes, the residual gauge (i.e., sample thickness) was measured and taken as an indication of the cold-flow resistance of the polymer. Generally, a higher residual gauge value indicates better cold-flow resistance.
  • Example 10 Polymer type unmodified unmodified BTMSEG- 3-BTMSAEP- 3-BTMSAEBz- 4-BTMSAEBz- modified modified modified modified ML 1+4 at 100° C.
  • a preformed catalyst was prepared by mixing 6.10 ml of 4.32 M methylaluminoxane in toluene, 1.27 g of 22.4 wt % 1,3-butadiene in hexane, 0.49 ml of 0.537 M neodymium versatate in cyclohexane, 5.53 ml of 1.0 M diisobutylaluminum hydride in hexane, and 1.05 ml of 1.0 M diethylaluminum chloride in hexane.
  • the catalyst was aged for 15 minutes and charged into the reactor.
  • the reactor jacket temperature was then set to 65° C.
  • the polymerization mixture was cooled to room temperature and quenched with 30 ml of 12 wt % 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol solution in isopropanol.
  • the resulting polymer cement was coagulated with 12 liters of isopropanol containing 5 g of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol and then drum-dried.
  • Table 1 The properties of the resulting polymer are summarized in Table 1.
  • a preformed catalyst was prepared by mixing 7.35 ml of 4.32 M methylaluminoxane in toluene, 1.56 g of 21.9 wt % 1,3-butadiene in hexane, 0.59 ml of 0.537 M neodymium versatate in cyclohexane, 6.67 ml of 1.0 M diisobutylaluminum hydride in hexane, and 1.27 ml of 1.0 M diethylaluminum chloride in hexane.
  • the catalyst was aged for 15 minutes and charged into the reactor.
  • the reactor jacket temperature was then set to 65° C. About 60 minutes after addition of the catalyst, the polymerization mixture was cooled to room temperature.
  • BTMSEG ethyl N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)glycinate
  • the resulting polymer cement was quenched with 3 ml of 12 wt % 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol solution in isopropanol, coagulated with 2 liters of isopropanol containing 0.5 g of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, and then drum-dried.
  • the properties of the resulting BTMSEG-modified polymer are summarized in Table 1.
  • Example 7 About 428 g of the pseudo-living polymer cement as synthesized in Example 7 was transferred from the reactor to a nitrogen-purged bottle, followed by addition of 5.33 ml of 0.450 M ethyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]propionate (3-BTMSAEP) in hexane. The bottle was tumbled for 45 minutes in a water bath maintained at 65° C.
  • the resulting polymer cement was quenched with 3 ml of 12 wt % 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol solution in isopropanol, coagulated with 2 liters of isopropanol containing 0.5 g of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, and then drum-dried.
  • the properties of the resulting 3-BTMSAEP-modified polymer are summarized in Table 1.
  • Example 7 About 422 g of the pseudo-living polymer cement as synthesized in Example 7 was transferred from the reactor to a nitrogen-purged bottle, followed by addition of 5.26 ml of 0.450 M ethyl 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]benzoate (3-BTMSAEBz) in hexane. The bottle was tumbled for 45 minutes in a water bath maintained at 65° C.
  • the resulting polymer cement was quenched with 3 ml of 12 wt % 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol solution in isopropanol, coagulated with 2 liters of isopropanol containing 0.5 g of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, and then drum-dried.
  • the properties of the resulting 3-BTMSAEBz-modified polymer are summarized in Table 1.
  • Example 7 About 442 g of the pseudo-living polymer cement as synthesized in Example 7 was transferred from the reactor to a nitrogen-purged bottle, followed by addition of 5.50 ml of 0.450 M ethyl 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]benzoate (4-BTMSAEBz) in hexane. The bottle was tumbled for 45 minutes in a water bath maintained at 65° C.
  • the resulting polymer cement was quenched with 3 ml of 12 wt % 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol solution in isopropanol, coagulated with 2 liters of isopropanol containing 0.5 g of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, and then drum-dried.
  • the properties of the resulting 4-BTMSAEBz-modified polymer are summarized in Table 1.
  • FIG. 1 the cold-flow resistance of the cis-1,4-polybutadiene samples synthesized in Examples 5-10 is plotted against the polymer Mooney viscosity.
  • the data indicate that, at the same polymer Mooney viscosity, the BTMSEG-, 3-BTMSAEP-, 3-BTMSAEBz-, and 4-BTMSAEBz-modified cis-1,4-polybutadiene samples show higher residual cold-flow gauge values and accordingly better cold-flow resistance than the unmodified polymer.
  • the cis-1,4-polybutadiene samples produced in Examples 5-10 were evaluated in a rubber compound filled with carbon black.
  • the compositions of the vulcanizates are presented in Table 2, wherein the numbers are expressed as parts by weight per hundred parts by weight of total rubber (phr).
  • the Mooney viscosity (ML 1+4 ) of the uncured rubber compound was determined at 130° C. by using a Alpha Technologies Mooney viscometer with a large rotor, a one-minute warm-up time, and a four-minute running time.
  • the hysteresis data (tan ⁇ ) and Payne effect data ( ⁇ G′) of the vulcanizates were obtained from a dynamic strain-sweep experiment, which was conducted at 50° C. and 15 Hz with strain sweeping from 0.1% to 20%.
  • ⁇ G′ is the difference between G′ at 0.1% strain and G′ at 20% strain.
  • the physical properties of the vulcanizates are summarized in Table 3. In FIG. 1 , the tan ⁇ data are plotted against the compound Mooney viscosities.
  • the BTMSEG-, 3-BTMSAEP-, 3-BTMSAEBz-, and 4-BTMSAEBz-modified cis-1,4-polybutadiene samples give lower tan ⁇ than the unmodified polymer, indicating that the modification of cis-1,4-polybutadiene with BTMSEG, 3-BTMSAEP, 3-BTMSAEBz, and 4-BTMSAEBz reduces hysteresis.
  • the modified cis-1,4-polybutadiene samples also give lower ⁇ G′ than the unmodified polymer, indicating that the Payne Effect has been reduced due to the stronger interaction between the modified polymer and carbon black.

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