US20110053900A1 - Progesterone antagonists such as cdb-4124 in the treatment of breast cancer - Google Patents

Progesterone antagonists such as cdb-4124 in the treatment of breast cancer Download PDF

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US20110053900A1
US20110053900A1 US12/990,210 US99021009A US2011053900A1 US 20110053900 A1 US20110053900 A1 US 20110053900A1 US 99021009 A US99021009 A US 99021009A US 2011053900 A1 US2011053900 A1 US 2011053900A1
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cdb
progesterone
breast cancer
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tumors
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Joseph S. Podolski
Ronald D. Wiehle
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Allergan Pharmaceuticals International Ltd
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Repros Therapeutics Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone
    • A61K31/573—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone substituted in position 21, e.g. cortisone, dexamethasone, prednisone or aldosterone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/4196—1,2,4-Triazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/451—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine having a carbocyclic group directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. glutethimide, meperidine, loperamide, phencyclidine, piminodine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/565—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol
    • A61K31/568—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol substituted in positions 10 and 13 by a chain having at least one carbon atom, e.g. androstanes, e.g. testosterone
    • A61K31/5685—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol substituted in positions 10 and 13 by a chain having at least one carbon atom, e.g. androstanes, e.g. testosterone having an oxo group in position 17, e.g. androsterone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compositions and methods for the treatment of breast cancer. More specifically, the present invention relates to compositions comprising one or more selective progesterone receptor modulators with low glucocorticoid activity for treating breast cancer.
  • progesterone functions as a differentiation agent that opposes the proliferative actions of estrogen in uterus and as a mitogenic agent in breast.
  • progestins have been shown to increase the incidence of spontaneous mammary tumors in dogs and mice.
  • progesterone receptor knockout mice show that chemical carcinogens that specifically target the mammary gland depend upon the progesterone receptor.
  • tissue-culture experiments show that the effects of progestins may be limited to one round of proliferation followed by arrest.
  • progestins may upregulate receptors for EGF, c-erbB2 and c-erbB3 or enhance their activity down-stream of growth factor binding. This raises the possibility that progestins “prime” tissues for proliferation and could enable switching from a hormone-dependent to a growth factor dependent state
  • HRT hormone replacement therapy
  • CEE conjugated equine estrogens
  • MPA progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate
  • Progestins accomplish their functions through interaction with progesterone receptor (PR) that belongs to a class of structurally related gene regulators known as “ligand dependent transcription factors” (R. M. Evans, Science, 240, 889, 1988).
  • the progesterone receptor family is a subset of the intracellular receptor family which also includes estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR).
  • the intracellular progesterone receptor (PR) is central to most of the actions of progesterone.
  • PR-A and the PR-B there are two different PR isoforms: PR-A and the PR-B. Both PRs are hormone-activated transcription factors that, upon activation, interact directly with transcription-regulating genomic sequences and other transcription factors. PR transcription functions are dependent on interaction with progestins.
  • the progesterone-responsive tissues of reproductive age women differ greatly in the expression level of PR during the menstrual cycle.
  • SPRMs Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulators
  • RU 486 (mifepristone) has been shown to delay the appearance of tumors in rats when administered daily for 3 weeks following initiation of carcinogenesis with 7,12,-dimethylbenz( ⁇ )anthracene (DMBA). RU 486 has also been shown to decrease tumor size relative to controls in animals with established tumors. However, the decrease in tumor size was accompanied by an elevation of serum ER and progesterone. Two small clinical trials in women with metastatic breast cancer have shown that RU 486 has some efficacy against the disease, although a larger Phase II trial failed to do so. In the latter study, symptoms of adrenal insufficiency were observed. These side-effects were not surprising in view of the very significant antiglucocorticoid activity of RU 486 and its tendency to elevate serum ER, both of which discourage its chronic use in women.
  • a therapy that makes use of the progesterone responsiveness of human breast cancer may be of great advantage in hormonally-responsive breast cancer.
  • NCl National Cancer Institute
  • tamoxifen may be useful prophylactically for preventing breast cancer development.
  • Such therapies may be of particular advantage in preventing the development of breast cancer in patients undergoing HRT.
  • such therapies avoid the high anti-glucocorticoid activity associated with many antiprogestional compounds.
  • the instant invention relates to methods of using antiprogestins to treat hormone-responsive breast cancer in a female. More specifically, the instant invention employs antiprogestins with low affinity for glucocorticoid receptor and low estrogenic/antiestrogenic activity to suppress proliferation of breast tissue.
  • the antiprogestin may be a pure antiprogestin or a selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM), so long as the antiprogestin has low affinity for glucocorticoid receptor and is administered in an amount effective to suppress proliferation of breast tissue.
  • SPRM selective progesterone receptor modulator
  • the methods of the instant invention can be also used to prevent hyperproliferation and subsequent breast cancer development in patients undergoing hormone treatments such as menopausal hormone replacement therapy.
  • compositions of the instant invention may be also useful for treating other conditions such as endometrial hyperproliferation, mental depression, gallbladder disease, hypertension, abnormal glucose tolerance and hypercoagulable states.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph depicting rat tumor growth pattern under no treatment
  • C control
  • treatment with 10 mg RU-486 (RU) treatment with 10 mg progesterone (P4)
  • treatment with 20 mg, 10 mg, 2 mg, 1 mg, 0.1 mg CDB-4124 (4124) treatment with the same concentrations of CDB-4124+10 mg progesterone (4124+P4).
  • Tumors that increased in cross-sectional area by at least 33% over the 28-day inspection period were considered to be growing (black boxes). Those that decreased by 33% over the same period were considered to be regressing (white boxes). Others were considered to be static (grey boxes). Shown are the percentages of each type of growth pattern for each treatment group that demonstrated tumors.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph depicting the effect of CDB-4124 at concentrations of 1 ⁇ M, 2 ⁇ M, 3 ⁇ M, 4 ⁇ M and 5 ⁇ M on T47D (human breast cancer) cells engineered to express high levels of aromatase (T47D arom cells). Untreated cells were used as a control. The graph demonstrates that treatment with CDB-4124 inhibited proliferation of T47D arom cells in a dose-dependent manner.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph depicting the effect of 50 ⁇ M, 75 ⁇ M, 100 ⁇ M, or 150 ⁇ M of DL-aminoglutethimide (AGM) on T47D arom cells in the presence of 1 nM testosterone.
  • AGM DL-aminoglutethimide
  • FIG. 4 is a graph depicting the effect of (1) 100 ⁇ M of DL-aminoglutethimide (AGM)+1 ⁇ M CDB-4124; (2) 100 ⁇ M of DL-aminoglutethimide (AGM)+2 ⁇ M CDB-4124; (3) 100 ⁇ M of DL-aminoglutethimide (AGM)+3 ⁇ M CDB-4124; or (4) 100 ⁇ M of DL-aminoglutethimide (AGM)+4 ⁇ M CDB-4124 on T47D arom cells in the presence of 1 nM testosterone.
  • the graph demonstrates a syngergistic effect of the combination of AGM and CDB-4124 in inhibiting proliferation of breast cancer cells expressing aromatase. Nearly 70% inhibition of cell proliferation was observed with the combination of 4 ⁇ M CDB-4124 and 100 ⁇ M AGM compared to less than 30% inhibition observed with the same compounds at the same concentrations separately.
  • effective dosage means an amount of the composition's active component sufficient to treat a particular condition.
  • selective progesterone receptor modulators means compounds that affect functions of progesterone receptor in a tissue-specific manner.
  • the compounds act as progesterone receptor antagonists in some tissues (for example, in breast tissue) and as progesterone receptor agonists in other tissues (for example, in the uterus).
  • treat refers to any treatment of a disorder or disease associated with failure of growth arrest, apoptosis or proliferative senescence, and includes, but is not limited to, inhibiting the disorder or disease arresting the development of the disorder or disease; relieving the disorder or disease, for example, causing regression of the disorder or disease; or relieving the condition caused by the disease or disorder, relieving the symptoms of the disease or disorder.
  • compositions of the present invention may be used to prevent the recurrence of tumors. Recurrence of tumors may occur because of residual microscopic groups or nests of tumor cells which subsequently expand into clinically detectable tumors.
  • progesterone agonist means a compound that binds to a progesterone receptor and mimics the action of the natural hormone.
  • progesterone antagonist means a compound that binds to a progesterone receptor and inhibits the effect of progesterone.
  • suppress or “suppresses” or “suppressing” used herein in reference to proliferation of breast tissue means that mitotic proliferation of endometrial tissue is suppressed upon administration of a progesterone antagonist relative to untreated endometrial tissue under identical conditions and is to be distinguished from cell death via, e.g., apoptosis.
  • the activity of a progesterone antagonist in suppressing endometrial mitotic proliferation may be tested, e.g., in a breast cell line by, e.g., comparing the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in cells treated with a progesterone antagonist to control (untreated) cells.
  • bromodeoxyuridine BrdU
  • hormone levels in a female means that hormone levels are maintained within the normal range during administration of compositions of the invention. Thus, it is considered that some reduction in a hormone level may occur so long as the hormone level is maintained within the normal range.
  • the present invention relates to methods of treating breast cancer by administering a composition comprising one or more antiprogestins in an amount effective to suppress proliferation of breast cancer tissue.
  • the methods arise from the unexpected finding that certain antiprogestins are effective in both inducing apoptosis in breast cancer tissue and suppressing the proliferation of breast cancer tissue, thus differentiating these compounds from other antiprogestins such as RU 486 which can induce apoptosis in breast cancer tissue but are unable to suppress proliferation in the same tissue.
  • antiprogestins of the invention are surprisingly effective in reducing the growth of existing tumors and preventing the occurrence of new tumors in breast tissue.
  • the antiprogestin may be a pure antiprogestin or may be a specific progesterone receptor modulators (SPRM), so long as the antiprogestin has low glucorticoid activity.
  • SPRM specific progesterone receptor modulators
  • the antiprogestin has low estrogenic/antiestrogenic activity such that serum estrogen levels are substantially preserved in the patient following administration of the antiprogestin.
  • composition of the instant invention comprising an effective amount of one or more antiprogestins is administered to a patient with breast cancer in order to treat the breast cancer.
  • the amount of antiprogestin is effective to suppress proliferation of breast cancer tissue.
  • the invention provides the use of an antiprogestin for suppressing proliferation of a breast cancer cell.
  • the breast cancer cell may be a mammalian breast cancer cell such as a human breast cancer cell.
  • the breast cancer cell may also be resistant to an antiestrogen such as tamoxifen.
  • composition of the instant invention comprising an effective amount of one or more antiprogestins is administered to a breast cancer patient with one or more tumors resistant to antiestrogen treatments in order to treat the breast cancer.
  • compounds of the instant invention may be particularly useful for treating tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer in patients.
  • compositions of the instant invention comprising an amount of one or more antiprogestins effective to suppress proliferation of breast cancer tissue is administered as one component of a combined therapeutic regimen for the treatment of breast cancer.
  • compositions of the instant invention may be administered prior to, during or subsequent to the administration of any therapeutic agent directed to the treatment of breast cancer.
  • antiprogestins of the invention can be used in combination with an antiestrogen, an antiandrogen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator such as tamoxifen, an aromatase inhibitor such as anastrozole, letrozole, exemestane, or DL-aminoglutethimide, chemotherapeutic agents such as anthracyclines, taxanes, alkylating agents, methotrexate, vinblastine, vincristine, cisplatin or any combination thereof.
  • Compositions of the invention and may act synergistically with other active agents such as antiestrogens, antiandrogens, armomatase inhibitors to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation in a patient.
  • compositions of the invention are co-administered with one or more aromatase inhibitors for treating breast cancer in a female patient.
  • compositions comprising an effective amount of an antiprogestin and an aromatase inhibitor.
  • a preferred composition comprises CDB-4124 and an aromatase inhibitor selected from the group consisting of anastrozole, letrozole, exemestane, and DL-aminoglutethimide.
  • compositions of the instant invention comprising an amount of one or more antiprogestins effective to suppress proliferation of breast cancer tissue is administered to a female undergoing a hormone therapy in order to prevent the development of breast cancer.
  • compositions of the instant invention may be administered to a female undergoing hormone replacement therapy in order to prevent the development of breast cancer.
  • compositions of the instant invention may also be administered to a female undergoing estrogen therapy in order to prevent the development of breast cancer.
  • the compounds of the instant invention are suitable for a prolonged usage required in breast cancer patients undergoing hormone-blocking treatment because the compounds have only low glucocorticoid receptor binding activity and therefore, the compounds do not interfere with functions of glucocorticoid receptor.
  • the application of the compounds may have reduced side effects, such as mood swings, fatigue and weight loss, typically found when antiprogestins with a high affinity for glucocorticoid receptor are used.
  • compounds of the instant invention also have low, or substantially no, estrogenic, anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities.
  • preferred antiprogestins are CDB-4124 and CDB-4059, each of which has low antiglucorticoid activity and has been found to maintain estrogen levels in the normal range in human females during administration periods of at least six months.
  • any of the methods of the invention may comprise administering a composition comprising an amount of an antiprogestin sufficient for suppressing proliferation of breast cancer tissue for an administration period of least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 or more days.
  • the composition may also be administered for an administration period of least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or more months.
  • the composition may also be administered for an administration period of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more years.
  • the composition may be administered daily or periodically such as every other day, every other month, and the like.
  • the composition may also be administered intermittently.
  • the composition may be administered for an administration period of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more months, followed by a period of discontinuance, followed by an administration period of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more months, and so on.
  • X may be, for example alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydrogen, halo, monoalkylamino or dialkylamino amino such as N,N-dimethylamino
  • R 1 may be, for example O, NOH or NO-methyl
  • R 2 may be, for example hydrogen or acetyl
  • R 3 may be, for example methyloxy, formyloxy, acetoxy, acyloxy, S-alkoxy, acetyltheonyl, glycimate, vinyl ether, acethyloxymethyl, methyl carbonate, halogens, methyl, hydroxy, and ethyloxy.
  • 21-substituted 19-norpregnanes include, but are not limited to, the following 24 compounds disclosed below.
  • CDB-4247 21-propionyloxy-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4361 (21-vinyl ether-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4059 (21-acetoxy-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4124 (21-methoxy-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4031 (21-bromine-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-3876 (21-chlorine-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4058 (21-flourine-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4030 (21-methyl-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4152 21-hydroxy-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4167 (21-ethyloxy-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4101 (21-methoxythio-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4110 (21-acetonide-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4111 (21-BMD-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4125 (21-(Cyp*-hydroxy)-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4205 (3-hydroxyamino-21-methoxy-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4206 (3-hydroxyamino-21-acetoxy-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4226 (3-hydroxyamino-21-ethyloxy-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4262 (3-methoxyamino-21-ethyloxy-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4223 (21-methylthio-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4119 (4-benzoin-21-acetylthio-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4239 (4-benzoin-21-methoxy-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4306 (21-glycinate-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4352 (21-cyanothio-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19 norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula:
  • CDB-4362 (21-methoxyacetyl-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione) with the following structural formula
  • 11 ⁇ -monodemethylated derivatives of the 24 compounds disclosed above are also particularly useful in practicing the instant invention.
  • CDB-4453 21-methoxy-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4-N-methylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione
  • a monodemethylated derivative of CDB-4124 has been demonstrated to possess even lower anti-glucocorticoid activity than its parent.
  • Attardi et al., 2002, Mol. Cell. Endocrin. 188:111-123 the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • any antiprogestin may be used in the practice of the present invention for its antagonist effect on the progesterone receptor, so long as the antiprogestin is capable of inhibiting proliferation of breast cancer tissue.
  • the antiprogestin also has low antiglucocorticoid activity.
  • the antiprogestin has minimal estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities.
  • Antiprogestins which may be useful in the invention include, without limitation, asoprisnil (benzaldehyde, 4-[(11 ⁇ ,17 ⁇ )-17-methoxy-17-(methoxymethyl)-3-oxoestra-4,9-dien-11-yl]-1-(E)-oxim; J867), its metabolite J912 (4-[17 ⁇ -Hydroxy-17 ⁇ -(methoxymethyl)-3-oxoestra-4,9-dien-11 ⁇ -yl]benzaldehyd-(1E)-oxim), and other compounds described in DE 43 32 283 and DE 43 32 284; CDB-2914 (17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-dien-3,20-dione) and other compounds described in Stratton et al., 2000, Hu.
  • antiprogestins that may be useful in the invention include, without limitation, (6 ⁇ ,11 ⁇ ,17 ⁇ )-11-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-6-methyl-4′,5′-dihydrospiro[estra-4,9-diene-17,2′(3′H)-furan]-3-one (ORG-31710) and other compounds described in U.S. Pat. No.
  • antiprogestins that may be useful in the invention include, without limitation, compounds described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,386,085, 4,447,424, 4,519,946 and 4,634,695; the phosphorus-containing 17 ⁇ -side chain mifepristone analogues described in Jiang et al., 2006, Steroids 71:949-954; onapristone (11 ⁇ -[p-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-17 ⁇ -hydroxy-17-(3-hydroxypropyl)-13 ⁇ -estra-4,9-dien-3-one) and other compounds described in U.S. Pat. No.
  • the 11 ⁇ -substituted 19-norsteroids such as 11 ⁇ -(4-Methoxyphenyl)-17 ⁇ -hydroxy-17 ⁇ -ethynyl-4,9-estradien-3-one described in Belagner et al., 1981, Steroids 37:361-382; the 11 ⁇ -aryl-4-estrenes such as (Z)-11 ⁇ -[(4-Dimethylamino)phenyl)]-17 ⁇ -hydroxy-17 ⁇ -(3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)estr-4-en-3-one described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,728,689; the 11 ⁇ -aryl-estrene derivatives described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • the 5-substituted 11 ⁇ -benzadoxime-estra-4,9-diene-carbonic acid thiolesters such as 4-[17 ⁇ -Methoxy-17 ⁇ -(methoxymethyl)-3-oxoestra-4,9-dien-11 ⁇ -yl]benzaldehyde-1-(E)-[O-(ethylthio)carbonyl]oxime, described in WO 99/45023; the steroid esters such as (Z)-6′-(4-cyanophenyl)-9,11 ⁇ -dihydro-17 ⁇ -hydroxy-17 ⁇ -[4-(1-oxo-3-methylbutoxy)-1-butenyl]-4′H-naphtho[3′,2′,1′;10,9,11]estr-4-en-3-one described in DE 19652408, DE 443-4488, DE 4216003, DE 4216004 and WO 98/24803; the fluorinated 17 ⁇ -alkyl chain steroids such as
  • the antiprogestin is CDB-4059 (21-acetoxy-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione).
  • the antiprogestin is CDB-4124 (21-methoxy-17 ⁇ -acetoxy-11 ⁇ -(4 N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione).
  • the antiprogestin reduces the number of proliferating cells per hundred cells in a breast cancer cell line by at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%.
  • the breast cancer cell line may be sensitive to tamoxifen such as MCF-7 or may be resistant to tamoxifen such as LY-2.
  • the instant invention teaches methods that can be used for identifying compounds that possess selective progesterone receptor binding activity. These methods include receptor binding and in vivo bioassays such as anti-McGinty, anti-Clauberg, glucocorticoid, estrogenic, androgenic, anti-glucocorticoid (AG), anti-estrogen, and anti-androgen activities as well as post-coital and anti-ovulatory activities where in the leading compounds of the instant invention are used as a reference.
  • receptor binding and in vivo bioassays such as anti-McGinty, anti-Clauberg, glucocorticoid, estrogenic, androgenic, anti-glucocorticoid (AG), anti-estrogen, and anti-androgen activities as well as post-coital and anti-ovulatory activities where in the leading compounds of the instant invention are used as a reference.
  • the instant invention teaches that potential antiprogestins can also be analyzed for their transcriptional activity in human cells.
  • antiprogestins disclosed in the instant invention are used as a reference, this analysis can furnish information about (1) a candidate compound's interaction with the progesterone receptor, (2) interaction of the activated progesterone receptor with other transcription factors, and (3) activation of a transcriptional complex at a progesterone response element (PRE).
  • PRE progesterone response element
  • plasmid expressing the human PR-B isoform hPR-B
  • hPR-B can be cotransfected with any reporter known to a person skilled in the relevant art under the PRE-dependent promoter into HeLa, HepG2 or T47D cells.
  • the reporters may include, but are not limited to, luciferase, beta-galactosidase, green fluorescent protein, red fluorescent protein or yellow fluorescent protein.
  • the cells are treated with either a candidate compound or one of the antiprogestins disclosed in this application that serves as a positive control. Following treatment, cells are assayed for reporter expression.
  • the instant invention teaches that prospective antiprogestins can be tested for their ability to oppose dexamethasone-induced cell death in human lymphocytic cell line CEM-7 and compared to effects of antiprogestins disclosed in the instant specification.
  • dexamethasone can be added at a concentration that results in cell death.
  • the cells are then treated with either RU486, one of antiprogestins of the instant invention or a test compound at concentrations between 10 ⁇ 6 and 10 ⁇ 8 M.
  • Antiprogestin compounds that may be used in accordance with the present invention can be synthesized using synthetic chemistry techniques known in the art such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,861,415. It is to be understood that certain functional groups may interfere with other reactants or reagents under the reaction conditions and therefore may need temporary protection.
  • 2 nd protecting groups is described in ‘Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis’, edition, T. W. Greene & P. G. M. Wutz, Wiley-Interscience (1991).
  • compositions of the invention comprise one or more antiprogestins or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the salt compound obtained may be either in neutral or salt form. Salt forms include hydrates and other solvates and also crystalline polymorphs. Both the free base and the salts of these end products may be used in accordance with the invention.
  • Acid addition salts may in a manner known per se be transformed into the free base using basic agents such as alkali or by ion exchange.
  • the free base obtained may also form salts with organic or inorganic acids.
  • acids which form suitably pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • examples of such acids are hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, aliphatic acid, alicyclic carboxylic or sulfonic acids, such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, succinic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, glucuronic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, pyruvic acid, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, embonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, phenylacetic acid, mandelic acid, alogenbensenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, galactaric acid, galacturonic acid or naphthalenesulfonic acid. All crystalline form polymorphs may
  • Base addition salts may also be used in accordance with the invention and may be prepared by contacting the free acid form with a sufficient amount of the desired base to produce the salt in the conventional manner.
  • the free acid form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with an acid and isolating the free acid in the conventional manner.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts are formed with metals or amines, such as alkali and alkali earth metals or organic amines. Examples of metals used as cations are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and the like. Examples of suitable amines are amino acids such as lysine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine and the like.
  • compositions of the instant invention can be prepared in the form of a dose unit or dose units suitable for oral, parenteral, transdermal, rectal, transmucosal, or topical administration.
  • Parenteral administration includes, but is not limited to, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intrathecal, and intraarticular.
  • oral administration or “orally deliverable” herein include any form of delivery of a therapeutic agent or a composition thereof to a subject wherein the agent or composition is placed in the mouth of the subject, whether or not the agent or composition is swallowed.
  • oral administration includes buccal and sublingual as well as esophageal (e.g. inhalation) administration.
  • compositions of the present invention are formulated as rectal suppositories, which may contain suppository bases including, but not limited to, cocoa butter or glycerides.
  • compositions of the present invention may also be formulated for inhalation, which may be in a form including, but not limited to, a solution, suspension, or emulsion that may be administered as a dry powder or in the form of an aerosol using a propellant, such as dichlorofluoromethane or trichlorofluoromethane.
  • a propellant such as dichlorofluoromethane or trichlorofluoromethane.
  • compositions of the present invention may also be formulated for transdermal delivery, for example as a cream, ointment, lotion, paste, gel, medicated plaster, patch, or membrane.
  • Such compositions can comprise any suitable excipients, for example penetration enhancers and the like.
  • compositions of the present invention may also be formulated for parenteral administration including, but not limited to, by injection or continuous infusion.
  • Formulations for injection may be in the form of suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles.
  • Such compositions may also be provided in powder form for reconstitution with a suitable vehicle including, but not limited to, sterile, pyrogen-free water, WFI, and the like.
  • compositions of the present invention may also be formulated as a depot preparation, which may be administered by implantation or by intramuscular injection.
  • Such compositions may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (as an emulsion in an acceptable oil, for example), ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives (as a sparingly soluble salt, for example).
  • compositions of the present invention may also be formulated as a liposome preparation.
  • Liposome preparations can comprise liposomes which penetrate the cells of interest or the stratum corneum and fuse with the cell membrane resulting in delivery of the contents of the liposome into the cell.
  • liposomes such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,077,211 to Yarosh, U.S. Pat. No. 4,621,023 to Redziniak et al., or U.S. Pat. No. 4,508,703 to Redziniak et al. can be used.
  • a composition of the invention can be in the form of solid dosage units such as tablets, (e.g. suspension tablets, bite suspension tablets, rapid dispersion tablets, chewable tablets, effervescent tablets, bilayer tablets, etc.), caplets, capsules (e.g., a soft or a hard gelatin capsule), powder (e.g. a packaged powder, a dispensable powder or an effervescent powder), lozenges, sachets, cachets, troches, pellets, granules, microgranules, encapsulated microgranules, powder aerosol formulations, or any other solid dosage form reasonably adapted for administration.
  • tablets e.g. suspension tablets, bite suspension tablets, rapid dispersion tablets, chewable tablets, effervescent tablets, bilayer tablets, etc.
  • caplets e.g., a soft or a hard gelatin capsule
  • powder e.g. a packaged powder, a dispensable powder or an effervescent powder
  • lozenges e
  • Tablets can be prepared according to any of the many relevant, well known pharmacy techniques.
  • tablets or other solid dosage forms can be prepared by processes that employ one or a combination of methods including, without limitation, (1) dry mixing, (2) direct compression, (3) milling, (4) dry or non-aqueous granulation, (5) wet granulation, or (6) fusion.
  • the individual steps in the wet granulation process of tablet preparation typically include milling and sieving of the ingredients, dry powder mixing, wet massing, granulation and final grinding.
  • Dry granulation involves compressing a powder mixture into a rough tablet or “slug” on a heavy-duty rotary tablet press. The slugs are then broken up into granular particles by a grinding operation, usually by passage through an oscillation granulator.
  • the individual steps include mixing of the powders, compressing (slugging) and grinding (slug reduction or granulation). Typically, no wet binder or moisture is involved in any of the steps.
  • solid dosage forms can be prepared by mixing an antiprogestin with one or more pharmaceutical excipients to form a substantially homogenous preformulation blend.
  • the preformulation blend can then be subdivided and optionally further processed (e.g. compressed, encapsulated, packaged, dispersed, etc.) into any desired dosage forms.
  • Compressed tablets can be prepared by compacting a powder or granulation composition of the invention.
  • the term “compressed tablet” generally refers to a plain, uncoated tablet suitable for oral ingestion, prepared by a single compression or by pre-compaction tapping followed by a final compression. Tablets of the present invention may be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of improved handling or storage characteristics. In one embodiment, any such coating will be selected so as to not substantially delay onset of therapeutic effect of a composition of the invention upon administration to a subject.
  • sustained tablet refers to a compressed tablet that rapidly disintegrates after placement in water.
  • Suitable liquid dosage forms of a composition of the invention include solutions, aqueous or oily suspensions, elixirs, syrups, emulsions, liquid aerosol formulations, gels, creams, ointments, etc. Such compositions may also be formulated as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
  • liquid or semi-solid compositions upon storage in a closed container maintained at either room temperature, refrigerated (e.g. about 5-10° C.) temperature, or freezing temperature for a period of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 months, exhibit at least about 90%, at least about 92.5%, at least about 95%, or at least about 97.5% of the original antiprogestin compound present therein.
  • compositions of the invention can, if desired, include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
  • excipient herein means any substance, not itself a therapeutic agent, used as a carrier or vehicle for delivery of a therapeutic agent to a subject or added to a pharmaceutical composition to improve its handling or storage properties or to permit or facilitate formation of a unit dose of the composition.
  • Excipients include, by way of illustration and not limitation, diluents, disintegrants, binding agents, adhesives, wetting agents, lubricants, glidants, surface modifying agents or surfactants, fragrances, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, nonaqueous vehicles, preservatives, antioxidants, adhesives, agents to adjust pH and osmolarity (e.g. buffering agents), preservatives, thickening agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, taste masking agents, colorants or dyes, penetration enhancers and substances added to improve appearance of the composition.
  • pH and osmolarity e.g.
  • Excipients optionally employed in compositions of the invention can be solids, semi-solids, liquids or combinations thereof.
  • Compositions of the invention containing excipients can be prepared by any known technique of pharmacy that comprises mixing an excipient with a drug or therapeutic agent.
  • compositions of the invention optionally comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents as excipients.
  • suitable diluents illustratively include, either individually or in combination, lactose, including anhydrous lactose and lactose monohydrate; starches, including directly compressible starch and hydrolyzed starches (e.g., CelutabTM and EmdexTM); mannitol; sorbitol; xylitol; dextrose (e.g., CereloseTM 2000) and dextrose monohydrate; dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate; sucrose-based diluents; confectioner's sugar; monobasic calcium sulfate monohydrate; calcium sulfate dihydrate; granular calcium lactate trihydrate; dextrates; inositol; hydrolyzed cereal solids; amylose; celluloses including microcrystalline cellulose, food grade sources of ⁇ - and amorphous cellulose (e.g.,
  • Such diluents if present, constitute in total about 5% to about 99%, about 10% to about 85%, or about 20% to about 80%, of the total weight of the composition. Any diluent or diluents selected preferably exhibit suitable flow properties and, where tablets are desired, compressibility.
  • extragranular microcrystalline cellulose that is, microcrystalline cellulose added to a wet granulated composition after a drying step
  • hardness for tablets
  • disintegration time for disintegration time
  • compositions of the invention optionally comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable disintegrants as excipients, particularly for tablet, capsule or other solid formulations.
  • Suitable disintegrants include, either individually or in combination, starches, including sodium starch glycolate (e.g., ExplotabTM of PenWest) and pregelatinized corn starches (e.g., NationalTM 1551, NationalTM 1550, and ColocornTM 1500), clays (e.g., VeegumTM HV), celluloses such as purified cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose, croscarmellose sodium (e.g., Ac-Di-SolTM of FMC), alginates, crospovidone, and gums such as agar, guar, xanthan, locust bean, karaya, pectin and tragacanth gums.
  • starches including sodium starch glycolate (e.g., ExplotabTM of PenWest) and pregelatinized corn star
  • Disintegrants may be added at any suitable step during the preparation of the composition, particularly prior to a granulation step or during a lubrication step prior to compression. Such disintegrants, if present, constitute in total about 0.2% to about 30%, about 0.2% to about 10%, or about 0.2% to about 5%, of the total weight of the composition.
  • compositions of the invention optionally comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable binding agents or adhesives as excipients, particularly for tablet formulations.
  • binding agents and adhesives preferably impart sufficient cohesion to the powder being tableted to allow for normal processing operations such as sizing, lubrication, compression and packaging, but still allow the tablet to disintegrate and the composition to be absorbed upon ingestion.
  • Suitable binding agents and adhesives include, either individually or in combination, acacia; tragacanth; sucrose; gelatin; glucose; starches such as, but not limited to, pregelatinized starches (e.g., NationalTM 1511 and NationalTM 1500); celluloses such as, but not limited to, methylcellulose and carmellose sodium (e.g., TyloseTM); alginic acid and salts of alginic acid; magnesium aluminum silicate; PEG; guar gum; polysaccharide acids; bentonites; povidone, for example povidone K-15, K-30 and K-29/32; polymethacrylates; HPMC; hydroxypropylcellulose (e.g., KlucelTM); and ethylcellulose (e.g., EthocelTM).
  • Such binding agents and/or adhesives if present, constitute in total about 0.5% to about 25%, about 0.75% to about 15%, or about 1% to about 10%, of the total weight of the composition.
  • compositions of the invention optionally comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable wetting agents as excipients.
  • surfactants that can be used as wetting agents in compositions of the invention include quaternary ammonium compounds, for example benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ethers, for example nonoxynol 9, nonoxynol 10, and octoxynol 9, poloxamers (polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene block copolymers), polyoxyethylene fatty acid glycerides and oils, for example polyoxyethylene (8) caprylic/capric mono- and diglycerides (e.g., LabrasolTM of Gattefossé), polyoxyethylene (35) castor oil and polyoxyethylene (40) hydrogenated castor oil; polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, for example polyoxyethylene (20) cetostearyl ether
  • compositions of the invention optionally comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable lubricants (including anti-adherents and/or glidants) as excipients.
  • suitable lubricants include, either individually or in combination, glyceryl behapate (e.g., CompritolTM 888); stearic acid and salts thereof, including magnesium (magnesium stearate), calcium and sodium stearates; hydrogenated vegetable oils (e.g., SterotexTM); colloidal silica; talc; waxes; boric acid; sodium benzoate; sodium acetate; sodium fumarate; sodium chloride; DL-leucine; PEG (e.g., CarbowaxTM 4000 and CarbowaxTM 6000); sodium oleate; sodium lauryl sulfate; and magnesium lauryl sulfate.
  • Such lubricants if present, constitute in total about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.2% to about 8%, or about 0.25% to about
  • Suitable anti-adherents include talc, cornstarch, DL-leucine, sodium lauryl sulfate and metallic stearates.
  • Talc is an anti-adherent or glidant used, for example, to reduce formulation sticking to equipment surfaces and also to reduce static in the blend.
  • One or more anti-adherents, if present, constitute about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.25% to about 5%, or about 0.5% to about 2%, of the total weight of the composition.
  • Glidants can be used to promote powder flow of a solid formulation. Suitable glidants include colloidal silicon dioxide, starch, talc, tribasic calcium phosphate, powdered cellulose and magnesium trisilicate. Colloidal silicon dioxide is particularly preferred.
  • compositions of the present invention can comprise one or more anti-foaming agents.
  • Simethicone is an illustrative anti-foaming agent.
  • Anti-foaming agents, if present, constitute about 0.001% to about 5%, about 0.001% to about 2%, or about 0.001% to about 1%, of the total weight of the composition.
  • Illustrative antioxidants for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, potassium metabisulfite, and the like.
  • One or more antioxidants, if desired, are typically present in a composition of the invention in an amount of about 0.01% to about 2.5%, for example about 0.01%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 1.75%, about 2%, about 2.25%, or about 2.5%, by weight.
  • compositions of the invention can comprise a preservative.
  • Suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to, benzalkonium chloride, methyl, ethyl, propyl or butylparaben, benzyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, benzethonium, methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate and sorbic acid or combinations thereof.
  • the optional preservative is present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 0.5% or about 0.01% to about 2.5%, by weight.
  • compositions of the invention optionally comprise a buffering agent.
  • Buffering agents include agents that reduce pH changes.
  • Illustrative classes of buffering agents for use in various embodiments of the present invention comprise a salt of a Group IA metal including, for example, a bicarbonate salt of a Group IA metal, a carbonate salt of a Group IA metal, an alkaline or alkali earth metal buffering agent, an aluminum buffering agent, a calcium buffering agent, a sodium buffering agent, or a magnesium buffering agent.
  • Suitable buffering agents include carbonates, phosphates, bicarbonates, citrates, borates, acetates, phthalates, tartrates, succinates of any of the foregoing, for example sodium or potassium phosphate, citrate, borate, acetate, bicarbonate and carbonate.
  • Non-limiting examples of suitable buffering agents include aluminum, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum glycinate, calcium acetate, calcium bicarbonate, calcium borate, calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium gluconate, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium hydroxide, calcium lactate, calcium phthalate, calcium phosphate, calcium succinate, calcium tartrate, dibasic sodium phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, disodium succinate, dry aluminum hydroxide gel, magnesium acetate, magnesium aluminate, magnesium borate, magnesium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium citrate, magnesium gluconate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium lactate, magnesium metasilicate aluminate, magnesium oxide, magnesium phthalate, magnesium phosphate, magnesium silicate, magnesium succinate, magnesium tartrate, potassium acetate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium borate, potassium citrate, potassium metaphosphate, potassium phthalate, potassium phosphate, potassium polyphosphat
  • buffering agents can be used in the pharmaceutical compositions described herein.
  • One or more buffering agents are present in compositions of the invention in an amount of about 0.01% to about 5% or about 0.01% to about 3%, by weight.
  • compositions the invention may include one or more agents that increase viscosity.
  • agents that increase viscosity include, but are not limited to, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, ethylcellulose, carrageenan, carbopol, and/or combinations thereof.
  • one or more viscosity increasing agents are present in compositions of the invention in an amount of about 0.1% to about 10%, or about 0.1% to about 5%, by weight.
  • compositions of the invention comprise an “organoleptic agent” to improve the organoleptic properties of the composition.
  • organoleptic agent refers to any excipient that can improve the flavor or odor of, or help mask a disagreeable flavor or odor of a composition of the invention.
  • agents include sweeteners, flavoring agents and/or taste masking agents.
  • Suitable sweeteners and/or flavoring agents include any agent that sweetens or provides flavor to a pharmaceutical composition.
  • Optional organoleptic agents are typically present in a composition of the invention in an amount of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml, about 0.5 mg/ml to 5 mg/ml or about 1 mg/ml.
  • Illustrative sweeteners or flavoring agents include, without limitation, acacia syrup, anethole, anise oil, aromatic elixir, benzaldehyde, benzaldehyde elixir, cyclodextrins, caraway, caraway oil, cardamom oil, cardamom seed, cardamom spirit, cardamom tincture, cherry juice, cherry syrup, cinnamon, cinnamon oil, cinnamon water, citric acid, citric acid syrup, clove oil, cocoa, cocoa syrup, coriander oil, dextrose, eriodictyon, eriodictyon fluidextract, eriodictyon syrup, aromatic, ethylacetate, ethyl vanillin, fennel oil, ginger, ginger fluidextract, ginger oleoresin, dextrose, glucose, sugar, maltodextrin, glycerin, glycyrrhiza, glycyrrhiza
  • Illustrative taste masking agents include, but are not limited to, cyclodextrins, cyclodextrins emulsions, cyclodextrins particles, cyclodextrins complexes, or combinations thereof.
  • Illustrative suspending agents include, but are not limited to, sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose, glucose/sugar syrup, gelatin, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminum stearate gel, and hydrogenated edible fats.
  • Illustrative emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to, lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, and acacia.
  • Nonaqueous vehicles include, but are not limited to, edible oils, almond oil, fractionated coconut oil, oily esters, propylene glycol, and ethyl alcohol.
  • excipients can have multiple roles as is known in the art.
  • starch can serve as a filler as well as a disintegrant.
  • the classification of excipients above is not to be construed as limiting in any manner.
  • compositions of the present invention may be administered in any manner including, but not limited to, orally, parenterally, sublingually, transdermally, rectally, transmucosally, topically, via inhalation, via buccal administration, or combinations thereof.
  • Parenteral administration includes, but is not limited to, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intrathecal, intraarticular, intracisternal and intraventricular.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of the composition required for use in therapy varies with the length of time that activity is desired, and the age and the condition of the patient to be treated, among other factors, and is ultimately determined by the attendant physician.
  • doses employed for human treatment typically are in the range of about 0.001 mg/kg to about 500 mg/kg per day, for example about 1 ⁇ g/kg to about 1 mg/kg per day or about 1 ⁇ g/kg to about 100 ⁇ g/kg per day.
  • the total daily dosage is from about 1 to 100 mg, preferably from about 2 to 80 mg.
  • the dosage regimen may be adjusted to provide the optimal therapeutic response.
  • the desired dose may be conveniently administered in a single dose, or as multiple doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four or more subdoses per day.
  • a composition of the invention may be administered to a subject to provide the subject with an antiprogestin in an amount of about 1 ⁇ g/kg to about 1 mg/kg body weight, for example about 1 ⁇ g/kg, about 25 ⁇ g/kg, about 50 ⁇ g/kg, about 75 ⁇ g/kg, about 100 ⁇ g/kg, about 125 ⁇ g/kg, about 150 ⁇ g/kg, about 175 ⁇ g/kg, about 200 ⁇ g/kg, about 225 ⁇ g/kg, about 250 ⁇ g/kg, about 275 ⁇ g/kg, about 300 ⁇ g/kg, about 325 ⁇ g/kg, about 350 ⁇ g/kg, about 375 ⁇ g/kg, about 400 ⁇ g/kg, about 425 ⁇ g/kg, about 450 ⁇ g/kg, about 475 ⁇ g/kg, about 500 ⁇ g/kg, about 525 ⁇ g/kg, about 550 ⁇ g/kg, about 575 ⁇ g/kg,
  • compositions of the instant invention should be monitored routinely for their serum estrogen and glucocorticoid levels.
  • CDB-4124 140.5 mg of lactose 69.5 mg of corn starch 2.5 mg of poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone 2.0 mg of aerosil 0.5 mg of magnesium stearate
  • Raloxifene 30.0 mg of CDB-4124 125.0 mg of lactose 50.0 mg of corn starch 2.5 mg of poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone 25 2.0 mg of aerosil 0.5 mg of magnesium stearate
  • rbPR rabbit progesterone receptor
  • rbGR glucocorticoid receptor
  • TEGMD buffer 10 mM Tris, pH 7.2, 1.5 mM EDTA, 0.2 mM sodium molybdate, 10% glycerol, 1 mM DTT
  • the cytosol was incubated with 6 nM 1,2-[ 3 H]progesterone (50.0 Ci/mmole) and competitors were added at concentrations from 2 to 100 nM.
  • the cytosol was incubated with 6 nM 6,7-[ 3 H]-dexamethasone (40 Ci/mmol) and test compounds were added at concentrations from 20 to 100 nM. After overnight incubation at 4° C., bound and unbound [ 3 H] steroids were separated by addition of dextran-coated charcoal and centrifugation at 2100 ⁇ g for 15 min at 4
  • the standards for the PR and GR assays were unlabeled progesterone and dexamethasone, respectively.
  • the results of these experiments are summarized in Table 1, as a ratio of the relative binding affinities of each compound for the rbPR and rbGR receptors (rbPR/rbGR). This differential reflects the relative activity of a compound in a cell or tissue that possesses the two receptors and the requisite transcriptional cofactors.
  • mice underwent sterile abdominal surgery to ligate a 3-4 cm segment of both uterine horns.
  • the test compound in appropriate solvent was injected intraluminally into the ligated segment of one uterine horn and vehicle alone into the other.
  • a stimulating dose of progesterone (267 ⁇ g/day) was administered subcutaneously to each rabbit daily for the next three days to induce endometrial proliferation. All animals were sacrificed at day 10 for removal of the uterus where a segment central to the ligatures was removed and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and submitted for histological processing. Five micron sections stained with hematoxylin and cosin were evaluated microscopically for the degree of endometrial glandular proliferation.
  • the percent inhibition of endometrial proliferation for each rabbit was calculated and the mean of the group of five animals recorded.
  • immature female rabbits received a subcutaneous injection of 5 ⁇ g estradiol in 10% ethanol/sesame oil daily for 6 consecutive days.
  • animals received progesterone by subcutaneous injection (160 ⁇ g/day) and the experimental compound in appropriate vehicle orally or subcutaneously for five consecutive days.
  • progesterone only. Twenty-four hours after the last dose, all animals were sacrificed for removal of the uterus which was cleaned of all fat and connective tissue, weighed to the nearest 0.2 mg and placed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for subsequent histological processing.
  • the tested antiprogestins were ranked on the basis of the selectivity of each compound for the rabbit PR over the rabbit GR, as listed in Table 1.
  • the antiprogestins were also ranked on the basis of the biological activity in the rabbit uterus. Data presented in Table 1 show that the affinity of leading compounds for progesterone receptor was at least 1.5 times greater than their affinity for glucocorticoid receptor.
  • CDB-4124 and CDB-4059 have strong antiprogestin activity in the rabbit uterus in comparison to RU 486 and CDB-2914. Both compounds lack estrogenic, androgenic, anti-estrogenic, and anti-androgenic activities. Both compounds possess minimal anti-glucocorticoid receptor activity, a feature that distinguishes them from RU 486 and CDB-2914 which are moderately active in glucocorticoid receptor binding. In these assays, CDB-4124 performed slightly better than CDB-4059.
  • Sprague-Dawley female rats were given 10 mg/kg body weight of DMBA at 50 days of age.
  • One group of 14 rats (Group 2) received sesame oil at 50 days of age instead of DMBA to serve as the no-DMBA controls.
  • Group 1 received daily subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of vehicle (10% ethanol in sesame oil).
  • Group 2 no DMBA control group-no tumors expected received vehicle on a schedule decided beforehand to simulate initiation of treatment over a three-month time period.
  • Groups 3 and 4 received daily s.c. injections of RU 486 or micronized progesterone at 10 mg/kg body weight, respectively.
  • Groups 5 through 9 received 20 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg of CDB-4124, respectively.
  • Groups 10 through 14 mirrored the treatment given 5 through 9 except that 10 mg/kg of micronized progesterone was also added as a component to compositions for injections.
  • the animals were assessed three times for their levels of progesterone: initially, when they were about to go on treatment; a second time after 21 days of treatment; and finally after treatment at sacrifice which was 2-4 days after the last s.c. injection. All blood samples were taken by heart puncture; serum was prepared and held frozen at ⁇ 40° C. The levels of the steroid hormones progesterone, cortisol, and corticosterone were determined by ELISA.
  • Animals were sacrificed 3-5 days after the end of the 28-day treatment period, blood was drawn, and tumors were removed, weighed, measured, inspected, and portions frozen and/or placed in 10% phosphate buffered formalin for histopathology. The tissue samples were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and were evaluated for histopathological classification.
  • ACAs adenocarcinomas
  • PCAs papillary carcinomas
  • FA or AF fibroadenomas or adenofibromas
  • Group 2 (not given the carcinogen DMBA) had no tumors. Rats treated with DMBA alone had an average of 2.67 tumors per rat. The addition of progesterone increased the average number of tumors per rat to nearly 5. Treatment with CDB-4124 had major effects on reducing the number of tumors. The average multiplicity across the highest four treatment groups that was most effective (i.e., 20, 10, 2, 1 mg/kg/day) was 1.58 tumors per rat. This reduction in tumor number demonstrates that CDB-4124 not only reduced growth of existing tumors but also prevented the occurrence of new tumors in these animals, since each animal was enrolled into treatment randomly based on finding one tumor of a given size
  • FIG. 1 The results of these experiments are summarized in FIG. 1 .
  • the data is corrected to exclude the non-malignant FA/AF tumor types. Tumors that increased in cross-sectional area by at least 33% over the 28-day inspection period were considered to be growing ( FIG. 1 , black boxes). Those that decreased by approximately 33% were considered to be regressing ( FIG. 1 , white boxes). Others were considered to be static ( FIG. 1 , gray boxes). As shown in FIG. 1 , progesterone treatment increased a number of growing breast tumors.
  • progesterone itself is shown to be proliferative and tumor-enhancing illustrates the importance of suppressing progesterone in animals with established or nascent tumors of the mammary gland.
  • the results for CDB-4059 were similar to those disclosed above for CDB-4124.
  • the tumor-suppressing activity of CDB-4059 is similar to that of CDB-4124 and both compounds have stronger tumor-suppressing activity than RU 486.
  • CDB-4124 is given alone at moderate concentrations or in excess of progesterone, its effects predominate and promote tumor regression. To the contrary, when progesterone is given alone or in excess over CDB-4124, progesterone's effects are growth-enhancing.
  • Table 3 shows the effects of progesterone, RU486 and CDB-4124 on median tumor size and mean total tumor weight per animal (tumor burden). The results in Table 3 are those for ACA, PCA and mixed ACA/PCA, but the FA or AF tumors are excluded.
  • Progesterone clearly increased the tumor burden and median size of the tumors. However, the values were not statistically significant compared to those of the control (p>0.4, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxin test). The progesterone data are in sharp contrast to those of the anti-progestins.
  • RU486 and CDB-4124 lowered tumor burden and the median tumor sizes, 5-fold in the case of RU486 (p ⁇ 0.01) and 10-fold for CDB-4124 (p ⁇ 0.001). Reductions in tumor burden and tumor size in the other groups were consistent with CDB-4124 affecting tumor size at 10, 2 and 1 mg/kg. CDB-4124 was ineffective at the lowest treatment level and the highest dose of CDB-4124 (20 mg/kg) was not as effective as the 10 mg/kg dose.
  • the weights of the control animals were compared to those receiving hormonal treatment to better assess toxicity, especially that due to CDB-4124.
  • the animals were weighed weekly during the 27-week study period. No significant differences in the animals' weights in the treated vs. the control animals were found at the end of the experiments indicating that CDB-4124 is not toxic, even at a high dose level.
  • CDB-4124 decreased proliferating cells even in the presence of an equal amount of added progesterone.
  • Apoptosis was evaluated in the same tumors by an apoptosis hybridization kit (Oncor, Gaithersburg, Md.). The cells in apoptosis were evaluated in the peripheral areas of the tumors and far from necrosis. At least 1,000 cells per tumor section were evaluated. A clear difference among the treatment groups relative to those of the control untreated animals as shown in Table 5:
  • CDB-4124 plus progesterone induced higher apoptosis than the control or progesterone-treated animals.
  • RU486, CDB-4124 and CDB4124 plus progesterone induced higher apoptotic cell death than observed in the control tumors.
  • the ability of CDB-4124 to decrease proliferation appears to be important for the tumor suppressor activity of CDB-4124 because one of the major differences between CDB-4124 and RU 486 is that CDB-4124 reduced proliferation much more efficiently than RU 486.
  • An interruption or suppression of a strong proliferative effect of progesterone is a plausible mechanism by which CDB-4124 may reduce proliferation.
  • the tumors that were evaluated for proliferation and apoptosis were also assessed for expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors by immunohistochemistry (IHC).
  • IHC immunohistochemistry
  • the percentage of cells positive for ER and PR was determined and analyzed.
  • Tumors were grouped into four different categories: tumors with 0% of cells expressing ER, tumors with 10% of cells expressing ER, tumors with 15 to 30% of cells expressing ER and tumors with 30-50% of cells expressing ER.
  • untreated tumors consistently expressed ER.
  • CDB-4124 treated tumors did not contain ER-expressing cells, none contained 30-50% of ER-expressing cells and only one sample contained 15-30 percent of ER-positive cells. Thus, treatment with RU 486 or CDB-4124 lowered the number of cells that express ERs.
  • Treatment with progesterone resulted in increased number of cells expressing ER in comparison to samples from CDB-4124 or RU 486 treated animals.
  • the combination of CDB-4124 and progesterone tended to produce a pattern more similar to that of CDB-4124 alone treatment. This result is in agreement with the observation that the combination of 10 mg/kg of CDB-4124+10 mg/kg progesterone had tumor-suppressing effects including decrease of tumor number, inhibition of tumor growth and decrease in tumor weight.
  • long-term treatment with an antiprogestin tends to drive down the level of ER in tumors whereas progesterone tends to work in the opposite direction.
  • long term treatment with CDB-4124 tends to drive down the level of PR in tumors, whereas progesterone tends to work in the opposite direction. Thus, tumors maintain progesterone responsiveness in the presence of progesterone.
  • the concentrations of steroid hormones were determined three times during the study: before the beginning of treatments, after 21 days of treatment and finally after treatment at sacrifice which was 2-4 days after the last s.c. injection. All samples were taken by heart puncture. Serum was obtained and held frozen at ⁇ 40° C. The levels of steroid hormones were determined by ELISA.
  • the failure of progesterone alone to raise its own serum concentration was perplexing but could have been due to the fact that high exogenous progesterone suppressed endogenous production. Exogenous progesterone could also have been metabolized between the s.c. injection and the blood draw which was performed 20-24 hours later.
  • the lack of effect of CDB-4059 at 10 mg/kg concentration on levels of endogenous progesterone in women may provide an advantage over CDB-4124 at that concentration.
  • rats treated with RU 486 at 10 mg/kg showed no significant difference in the levels of cortisol.
  • rats treated with either CDB-4124 or CDB-4059 at the same dose levels had significantly higher levels of serum cortisol than rats from a control group.
  • Corticosterone is the most abundant glucocorticoid in rats.
  • the effects of the SPRMs on cortisol may be secondary to strong effects on corticosterone.
  • the levels of corticosterone were measured in groups, which showed the strongest changes in cortisol levels, such as groups treated with CDB-4124 at 20 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg.
  • the following groups were also assayed: a group that received 20 mg/kg CDB-4124 plus 10 mg/kg progesterone, a group that received 10 mg/kg CDB-4124 plus 10 mg/kg progesterone, a group that received 10 mg/kg RU 486, a group that received 10 mg/kg of progesterone alone, a control group, and a group that did not receive DMBA and had no tumors.
  • the levels of corticosterone were 10-40 times higher than the levels of cortisol. However, almost no difference between groups with respect to mean corticosterone levels was observed.
  • the levels of corticosterone were compared in 3 paired groups that differed in whether they received exogenous progesterone (e.g., comparisons of control versus progesterone or CDB-4124 at 20 mg/kg versus CDB-4124 at 20 mg/kg plus progesterone, or CDB-4124 at 10 mg/kg versus CDB-4124 at 10 mg/kg plus progesterone).
  • exogenous progesterone e.g., comparisons of control versus progesterone or CDB-4124 at 20 mg/kg versus CDB-4124 at 20 mg/kg plus progesterone, or CDB-4124 at 10 mg/kg versus CDB-4124 at 10 mg/kg plus progesterone.
  • CDB-4124 Although no strong effect of CDB-4124 on the primary glucocorticoid of the rat was found, nevertheless, for safety reasons, patients given CDB-4124 or CDB-4059 in Phase I clinical trials should be monitored for possible anti-glucocorticoid effects including a possible increase in serum cortisol, corticosterone, or ACTH.
  • MCF-7 a cell line sensitive to the antiestrogen, tamoxifen
  • LY-2 a variant of MCF-7 resistant to tamoxifen
  • Proliferation is measured in 96-well microtiter plates. 5 ⁇ 10 3 cells are added to each well. Culture medium and drug solutions are added to wells with a Perkin Elmer Cetus PRO/PETTE. The culture medium is IMEM supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum. Eight drug concentrations are tested, in duplicate, from 0.078 ⁇ M to 10 ⁇ M. Samples include tamoxifen alone, each of the compounds of the instant specification and tamoxifen in combination.
  • IC 50 values are correlative with a potency of a tested drug in inhibiting cell proliferation and therefore provide information required to identify compounds suitable for preventing hyperproliferation of the tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells.
  • Aromatase inhibition has become the first line of treatment for steroid receptor positive breast cancer patients. Determination of the efficacy of aromatase inhibitors in vitro has been difficult since the known breast cancer cells express very little aromatase activity.
  • an aromatase overexpressing T47D cell line was constructed by cloning the aromatase gene (hCYP19A1) from human placental cDNA into mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1 and stably transfecting T47D breast cancer cells keeping empty vector as a control. Sequencing data of recombinant pcDNA3.1 carrying hCYP19A1 demonstrated 100% Blast hit to hCYP19A10RF regions.
  • the aromatase transfected cells were screened and selected for overexpression of aromatase active proteins.
  • the aromatase expression of a single-cell clone (T47D arom ) was confirmed by RT-PCR, Western blot, Estrone ELISA, and cell proliferation assays.
  • the RT-PCR showed approximately 32-fold higher expression of aromatase mRNA in T47D arom compared to parent T47D cells, demonstrating high expression of aromatase mRNA with or without testosterone induction.
  • Expression of the 58 kD aromatase protein was confirmed by Western blot analysis using mouse monoclonal anti-aromatase antibodies. Aromatase expression was not detected in T47D control cells.
  • High aromatase activity in T47D arom cells was confirmed by Estrone ELISA kit. Briefly, high levels of Estrone were detected on treatment with 10 nM Androstendione for a period of 24 hours compared to T47D control cells. Estrone ELISA shows less absorption at 450 nM for T47D arom cells compared to T47D control cells.
  • T47D arom cells were plated in 24 well plates at 10,000 cells/well, incubated for two days, then treated with CDB-4124 at concentrations of 1 ⁇ M, 2 ⁇ M, 3 ⁇ M, 4 ⁇ M and 5 ⁇ M for a period of 4 days under normal culture (10% charcoal strip FBS/phenol free MEM medium) condition. Untreated cells were used as a control.
  • the crystal violet assay was used to measure cell proliferation. The dye in this assay, crystal violet, stains DNA. Upon solubilization, the amount of dye taken up by the cells can be quantitated in a spectrophotometer.
  • Treatment with CDB-4124 inhibited proliferation of T47D arom cells in a dose-dependent manner. See FIG. 2 .
  • T47D arom cells were then plated in 24 well plates at 10,000 cells/well and treated, after two days of incubation, with 50 ⁇ M, 75 ⁇ M, 100 ⁇ M, or 150 ⁇ M of DL-aminoglutethimide (AGM) in the presence of 1 nM testosterone for a period of 4 days under normal culture and the effects on cell proliferation measured.
  • AGM DL-aminoglutethimide
  • T47D arom cells were then plated in 24 well plates at 10,000 cells/well and treated, after two days of incubation, with: (1) 100 ⁇ M of DL-aminoglutethimide (AGM)+1 ⁇ M CDB-4124; (2) 100 ⁇ M of DL-aminoglutethimide (AGM)+2 ⁇ M CDB-4124; (3) 100 ⁇ M of DL-aminoglutethimide (AGM)+3 ⁇ M CDB-4124; or (4) 100 ⁇ M of DL-aminoglutethimide (AGM)+4 ⁇ M CDB-4124, for a period of 4 days under normal culture conditions in the presence of 1 nM testosterone and the effects on cell proliferation measured.
  • FIG. 4 The results are shown at FIG. 4 .
  • the inhibition of cell proliferation during treatment with the combination of AGM and CDB-4124 was dose-dependent. Surprisingly, a syngergistic effect of the combination of AGM and CDB-4124 in inhibiting proliferation of breast cancer cells expressing aromatase was observed. See FIG. 4 , demonstrating that nearly 70% inhibition of cell proliferation was observed with the combination of 4 ⁇ M CDB-4124 and AGM compared to less than 30% inhibition observed with the same compounds at the same concentrations separately. In other words, the inhibition of cell proliferation observed during treatment with the combination of AGM and CDB-4124 was greater than would be expected based the inhibition observed with AGM or CDB-4124 alone.

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