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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
  • A61K39/295—Polyvalent viral antigens; Mixtures of viral and bacterial antigens
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
  • A61K39/0241—Mollicutes, e.g. Mycoplasma, Erysipelothrix
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
  • A61K39/105—Delta proteobacteriales, e.g. Lawsonia; Epsilon proteobacteriales, e.g. campylobacter, helicobacter
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/39—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the immunostimulating additives, e.g. chemical adjuvants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
  • A61P33/02—Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
  • A61K2039/52—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells
  • A61K2039/521—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells inactivated (killed)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
  • A61K2039/52—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells
  • A61K2039/523—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells expressing foreign proteins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/55—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the host/recipient, e.g. newborn with maternal antibodies
  • A61K2039/552—Veterinary vaccine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
  • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
  • A61K2039/55566—Emulsions, e.g. Freund's adjuvant, MF59
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/70—Multivalent vaccine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2750/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssDNA viruses
  • C12N2750/00011—Details
  • C12N2750/10011—Circoviridae
  • C12N2750/10034—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein

Definitions

• the present invention pertains to a vaccine for protection against Lawsonia intracellularis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Porcine circo virus. Protection in this sense means that the vaccine at least provides a decrease in a negative influence caused by Lawsonia intracellularis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Porcine circo virus, such negative influence being e.g. tissue damage and/or clinical signs such as decreased weight gain, diarrhea, coughing, sneezing etc.
• the present invention also pertains to a kit comprising a first container having contained therein non-live antigens of Lawsonia intracellularis , one or more other containers having contained therein Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Porcine circo virus antigens and instructions for mixing the antigens of Lawsonia intracellularis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae , and Porcine circo virus to formulate one combination vaccine suitable for systemic vaccination.
• Proliferative enteropathy in many animals, in particular pigs, presents a clinical sign and pathological syndrome with mucosal hyperplasia of immature crypt epithelial cells, primarily in the terminal ileum.
• Other sites of the intestines that can be affected include the jejunum, caecum and colon.
• Weanling and young adult pigs are principally affected with typical clinical manifestation of rapid weight loss and dehydration.
• Natural clinical disease in pigs occurs worldwide. The disease is consistently associated with the presence of intracellular curved bacteria, presently known as Lawsonia intracellularis.
• Mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a widespread chronic respiratory disease in pigs. Especially young piglets are vulnerable to this, non-fatal, disease.
• the enzootic pneumonia is a chronic disease that results in poor feed conversion and stunted growth.
• the disease is highly contagious and transmission is usually through direct contact with infected respiratory tract secretions, e.g. in the form of infected droplets after coughing/sneezing.
• the most problematic consequence of this disease is that it predisposes for all kinds of secondary infections of the respiratory system. It is estimated that e.g. in the USA, 99% of all pig farms are infected.
• Porcine circo virus is thought to be linked to the post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) observed in young pigs. This disease was encountered for the first time in Canada in 1991. The clinical signs and pathology were published in 1997 and include progressive wasting, dyspnea, tachypnea, and occasionally icterus and jaundice. Porcine circo virus is a small (17 nm) icosahedral non-enveloped virus containing a circular single stranded DNA genome.
• PDNS (porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome) is another major problem for pig farmers which appeared around the same time as PMWS and which is also related to Porcine circo virus. Characteristic of PDNS are red/brown circular skin lesions with haemorrhages, usually on the ears, flanks, legs and hams.
• oral vaccination against Lawsonia intracellularis has shown to be an economically efficient measure to control Ileitis and to allow a better exploitation of the genetic growth potential of the pig (Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy Technical manual 3.0, July 2006; available from Boehringer Ingelheim).
• oral rather than parenteral vaccination will reduce the transmission of blood-borne infections such as PRRS via multi-use needles and the reduction of injection site reactions and needles retained in carcasses. It will reduce animal and human stresses, time, labour costs and effort compared to individual vaccination (McOrist: “Ileitis—One Pathogen, Several Diseases” at the IPVS Ileitis Symposium in Hamburg, Jun. 28, 2004).
• the advantage of an attenuated live vaccine approach is that the efficacy of immunity is usually relatively good, as the host's immune system is exposed to all the antigenic properties of the organism in a more “natural” manner.
• intracellular bacterial agents such as Lawsonia intracellularis
• the live attenuated vaccine approach is believed to offer the best available protection for vaccinated animals, due to a full and appropriate T cell based immune response. This is in contrast with the variable to poor immunity associated with subunit or killed vaccine types for intracellular bacteria.
• obligate intracellular bacteria such as Lawsonia intracellularis or the Chlamydia sp, which cause pathogenic infections within mucosa.
• an inactivated vaccine would provide the intestine with insufficient immunogenic antigen (Haesebrouck et al. in Veterinary Microbiology 100 (2004) 255-268). This is why it is believed that only attenuated live vaccines induce sufficient cell-mediated protection in the intestinal cells (see Technical Manual 3.0 as referred to here-above). At present there is only one vaccine on the market to protect against Lawsonia intracellularis , viz. Enterisol® Ileitis marketed by Boehringer Ingelheim. This vaccine is a live vaccine for oral administration indeed.
• a vaccine has been devised that comprises in combination non-live antigens of Lawsonia intracellularis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Porcine circo virus, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• a vaccine can be manufactured by using art-known methods that basically comprise admixing the antigens with a carrier.
• a carrier typically can be any solvent, dispersion medium, coating, antibacterial and antifungal agent, isotonic and absorption delaying agent, and the like that are physiologically compatible with and acceptable for the target animal, e.g. by being made i.a. sterile.
• Some examples of such carrying media are water, saline, phosphate buffered saline, bacterium culture fluid, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol and the like, as well as combinations thereof.
• the antigens may provide for a liquid, semi-solid and solid dosage form, depending on the intended mode of administration.
• a carrying medium is not essential to the efficacy of a vaccine, but it may significantly simplify dosage and administration of the antigen.
• the manufacturing of the vaccine can take place in an industrial environment but also, the antigens could be mixed with the other vaccine constituents in situ (i.e. at a veterinaries', a farm etc.), e.g. (immediately) preceding the actual administration to an animal.
• the antigens should be present in an immunologically effective amount, i.e.
• the vaccine is in a form suitable for systemic administration.
• a protection against Lawsonia intracellularis that is comparable with or even improved with respect to the protection provided by using the (single) live vaccine Enterisol® Ileitis (administered according to the corresponding instructions), when the combination vaccine according to the present invention is administered systemically, i.e. in a way that it reaches the circulatory system of the body (comprising the cardiovascular and lymphatic system), thus affecting the body as a whole rather than a specific locus such as the gastro-intestinal tract.
• Systemic administration can be performed e.g.
• An advantage of this embodiment is that the same way of administration can be used that is the current standard for administering Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae or Porcine circo virus antigens, viz. parenteral, in particular via intramuscular or intradermal injection (in the latter case often needle-less).
• the non-live Lawsonia intracellularis antigens are obtained from a carbohydrate containing composition, the carbohydrate being also found in live Lawsonia intracellularis cells in association with the outer cell membrane of these cells.
• a carbohydrate containing fraction of Lawsonia intracellularis cells i.e. a composition containing the carbohydrates as present in live Lawsonia intracellularis cells
• good protection against PE could be provided.
• a carbohydrate containing composition directly obtained from Lawsonia intracellularis cells could be used but also a composition derived therefrom, such as a dilution or concentrate of the original composition or an extract, one or more purified components etc.
• the carbohydrate containing composition is material resulting from the killing of Lawsonia intracellularis bacteria. It has been found that a very convenient way of providing the carbohydrate for use according to the present invention is to simply kill Lawsonia intracellularis cells and use the material resulting from that as a source for the carbohydrate. To extract the carbohydrate from living cells could in theory also be done (analogous to the creation of living ghost cells by removing the cell wall) but requires more sophisticated and thus more expensive techniques. The material as a whole could be used, e.g. a suspension of whole cells or a lysate of Lawsonia intracellularis cells, or one could purify or even isolate the carbohydrate out of the material. This method can be performed by using relatively simple art-known techniques.
• the carbohydrate containing composition contains whole cells of killed Lawsonia intracellularis bacteria. This has proven to be the most convenient way to provide the carbohydrate as an antigen in the vaccine. Besides, the efficacy of the vaccine is even further increased, possibly since this way of offering the antigen to the immune system of the target animal better mimics the natural environment of the carbohydrate.
• the vaccine comprises an oil in water adjuvant containing oil droplets of sub-micrometer size.
• an adjuvant is a non-specific immunostimulating agent.
• each substance that is able to favor or amplify a particular process in the cascade of immunological events, ultimately leading to a better immunological response i.e. the integrated bodily response to an antigen, in particular one mediated by lymphocytes and typically involving recognition of antigens by specific antibodies or previously sensitized lymphocytes
• an adjuvant can be defined as an adjuvant. It has been shown that using an oil in water adjuvant containing oil droplets of sub-micrometer size provides a very good protection against Lawsonia intracellularis .
• the adjuvant comprises droplets of biodegradable oil and droplets of mineral oil, the droplets of biodegradable oil having an average size that differs from the average size of the droplets of mineral oil. It has been shown that the use of a mixture of biodegradable oil and mineral oil provides very good results with regard to efficacy and safety. In addition to this, stability of the composition is very high, which is an important economic advantage. The stability has proven to be very good, in particular when the average (volume weighed) size of either the biodegradable oil droplets or the mineral droplets is below 500 nm (preferably around 400 nm).
• the present invention also pertains to a kit comprising a first container having contained therein non-live antigens of Lawsonia intracellularis , one or more other containers having contained therein Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Porcine circo virus antigens and instructions for mixing the antigens of Lawsonia intracellularis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae , and Porcine circo virus to formulate one combination vaccine suitable for systemic vaccination.
• a separate container for the Lawsonia intracellularis antigens is provided in a kit containing also the other antigens (which are either combined in one container as known from the prior art or even present in separate containers that form part of the contents of the kit.
• An advantage of this embodiment is that the Lawsonia antigens can be prevented from having interactions with the other antigens until right before administration of the vaccine. Also, since the antigens are in a separate container less production losses will occur.
• the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Porcine circo virus antigens are contained in one container, formulated in an oil in water adjuvant. In this embodiment, the Lawsonia antigens can be mixed with the other ones just before use.
• Example 1 describes a method to obtain a substantially protein free carbohydrate containing composition and a vaccine that is made by using this composition.
• Example 2 describes an experiment wherein a non-live Lawsonia intracellularis vaccine is compared with the vaccine currently on the market and an experimental vaccine comprising subunit proteins of Lawsonia intracellularis.
• Example 3 describes an experiment wherein two different vaccines comprising non-live Lawsonia intracellularis antigens are compared with the live vaccine currently on the market.
• a method is described to obtain a substantially protein free carbohydrate composition associated with the outer cell membrane of Lawsonia intracellularis cells and a vaccine that can be made using this composition.
• a carbohydrate is an organic compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the ratio 1:2:1.
• carbohydrates are sugars (saccharides), starches, celluloses, and gums. Usually they serve as a major energy source in the diet of animals.
• Lawsonia intracellularis is a gram negative bacterium, which thus contains an outer membrane that is not constructed solely of phospholipid and protein, but also contains carbohydrates, in particular polysaccharide (usually polysaccharides such as lipopolysaccharide, lipo-oligosaccharide, or even non-lipo polysaccharides).
• the resulting material which is a carbohydrate containing composition, in particular containing the carbohydrates as present in live Lawsonia intracellularis bacteria in association with their outer cell membrane (see paragraph below), was stored at 2-8° C. until further use.
• the composition was formulated in Diluvac forte adjuvant which also serves as a carrier for the antigens.
• This adjuvant (see also EP 0 382 271) comprises 7.5 weight percent vitamine E acetate droplets with an average volume weighted size of approximately 400 nm, suspended in water and stabilized with 0.5 weight percent of Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate).
• Tween 80 polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate
• this fraction contains carbohydrates (namely: all protein is lysed, and sonified DNA fractions will not show as a clear band in a Silver stain), and that the carbohydrates are in association with (i.e. forming part of or being bound to) the outer cell membrane of Lawsonia intracellularis (namely: the MoAb's raised against this fraction also recognized whole Lawsonia intracellularis cells).
• the carbohydrate composition is believed to comprise polysaccharide(s).
• This experiment was conducted to test a convenient way to formulate the carbohydrate antigen in a vaccine, viz. via a killed whole cell (also known as bacterin). As controls the commercially available vaccine Enterisol® ileitis and an experimental subunit vaccine comprising protein subunits were used. Next to this unvaccinated animals were used as a control.
• An inactivated whole cell vaccine was made as follows. Live Lawsonia intracellularis cells derived from the intestines of pigs with PPE were gathered. The cells were inactivated with 0.01% BPL (beta-propiolactone). The resulting material, which inherently is a non-live carbohydrate containing composition in the sense of the present invention (in particular since it contains the carbohydrates as present in live Lawsonia intracellularis bacteria in association with their outer cell membrane), was formulated in Diluvac forte adjuvant (see Example 1) at a concentration of approximately 2.8 ⁇ 10 8 cells per ml vaccine.
• the subunit vaccine contained recombinant P1/2 and P4 as known from EP 1219711 (the 19/21 and 37 kDa proteins respectively), and the recombinant proteins expressed by genes 5074, 4320 and 5464 as described in WO2005/070958.
• the proteins were formulated in Diluvac forte adjuvant.
• the vaccine contained approximately 50 ⁇ grams of each proteins per milliliter.
• a faeces sample (gram quantities) and a serum blood sample of each pig was taken and stored frozen until testing.
• the faeces samples were tested in a quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) test and expressed as the logarithm of the amount found in picograms (pg).
• Serum samples were tested in the commonly applied IFT test (immuno fluorescent antibody test to detect antibodies against whole Lawsonia intracellularis cells in the serum). For histological scoring a relevant sample of the ileum was taken, fixed in 4% buffered formalin, routinely embedded and cut into slides.
• HE stain Hematoxylin-Eosin
• IHC stain anti- Lawsonia intracellularis monoclonal antobidies
• This experiment was conducted to test a vaccine comprising a substantially protein free carbohydrate containing composition as antigen.
• a second vaccine to be tested contained in addition to killed whole cells of Lawsonia intracellularis , antigens of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Porcine circo virus (the “combi” vaccine).
• the commercially available Enterisol® ileitis vaccine was used.
• unvaccinated animals were used as a second control.
• the vaccine based on a substantially protein free carbohydrate containing composition was obtained as described under Example 1.
• the experimental combi vaccine contained inactivated Lawsonia intracellularis whole cell antigen (see Example 2 for the used method of providing the inactivated bacteria) at a level of 1.7 ⁇ 10 8 cells/ml.
• inactivated PCV-2 antigen (20 ⁇ grams of the ORF 2 encoded protein of PCV 2 per ml; the protein being expressed in a baculo virus expression system as commonly known in the art, e.g. as described in WO 2007/028823
• inactivated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antigen the same antigen in the same dose as is known from the commercially available vaccine Porcilis Mhyo®, obtainable from Intervet, Boxmeer, The Netherlands).
• the antigens were formulated in a twin emulsion adjuvant “X”.
• This adjuvant is a mixture of 5 volume parts of adjuvant “A” and 1 volume part of adjuvant “B”.
• Adjuvant “A” consists of mineral oil droplets with an approximate average (volume weighed) size around 1 ⁇ m, stabilised with Tween 80 in water.
• Adjuvant “A” comprises 25 weight % of the mineral oil and 1 weight % of the Tween. Rest is water.
• Adjuvant “B” consists of droplets of biodegradable vitame E acetate with an approximate average (volume weighed) size of 400 nm, stabilised also with Tween 80.
• the adjuvant “B” comprises 15 weight % of vitamine E acetate and 6 weight % of Tween 80, rest is water.
• Group 4 Sixty-four 3-day-old SPF piglets were used. The pigs were allotted to four groups of 14 piglets and one group of 8 piglets (Group 4). Group 1 was vaccinated intramuscularly at 3 days of age with 2 ml of the combi vaccine, followed by a second vaccination at 25 days of age. Group 2 was vaccinated intramuscularly once with 2 ml combi vaccine at 25 days of age. Group 3 was vaccinated orally with 2 ml Enterisol® ileitis (Boehringer Ingelheim) at 25 days of age according to prescriptions. Group 4 was vaccinated intramusculary at 3 and 25 days of age with 2 ml of the non-protein carbohydrate vaccine.
• Group 5 was left unvaccinated as a challenge control group.
• All pigs were challenged orally with homogenized infected mucosa. Subsequently all pigs were daily observed for clinical signs of Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy (PPE).
• PPE Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy
• serum blood and faeces samples were taken from the pigs for serology and PCR respectively.
• 68 days of age all pigs were euthanized and post-mortem examined. The ileum was examined histologically.
• the piglets had high maternally derived PCV antibody titres.
• the vaccinates (group 1) had a similar titre compared to group 2 and the control group.
• the PCV titre at 25-day-old was slightly lower compared to the titre at 3-day-old.
• the titres of group 1 (2 vaccinations: at day 3 and 25) and group 2 (one vaccination at day 25) remained at a high level whereas control piglets showed a normal decrease in maternally derived antibodies.
• the PCV titres obtained are comparable to the titres obtainable with a single vaccine containing the same antigen (e.g. Intervet's Circumvent PCV, which vaccine provides very good protection against PCV).
• Intervet's Circumvent PCV which vaccine provides very good protection against PCV.
• Histology scores of group 1 and 4 were significantly lower compared to those of groups 3 and 5 (p ⁇ 0.05, two-sided Mann-Whitney U test (see table 8).
• the number of pigs with confirmed PPE were 2/13 in group 1, 6/12 in group 2, 12/14 in group 3, 2/7 in group 4 and 12/14 in the control group 5.
• Groups 1 and 4 had a significantly lower incidence of PPE compared to groups 3 and 5 (p ⁇ 0.05, two-sided Fischers' exact test).
• the carbohydrate outer cell membrane antigen offers a relatively good protection against ileitis. It is also found that the whole cell Lawsonia bacterin is a good means of offering the carbohydrate antigen in a vaccine to combat ileitis. Moreover, given the fact that the combination vaccine provided titres for Mhyo and PCV antibodies to a level comparable with the levels obtainable with available single vaccines that are adequate to combat these micro-organims, it has been demonstrated that a combination vaccine comprising non-live Lawsonia intracellularis antigens in combination with Mhyo and PCV antigens is suitable to combat Lawsonia intracellularis as well as Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Porcine circo virus.

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