US20100068666A1 - Burner the Direction and/or Size of the Flame of Which Can Be Varied, and Method of Implementing It - Google Patents

Burner the Direction and/or Size of the Flame of Which Can Be Varied, and Method of Implementing It Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100068666A1
US20100068666A1 US12/307,737 US30773707A US2010068666A1 US 20100068666 A1 US20100068666 A1 US 20100068666A1 US 30773707 A US30773707 A US 30773707A US 2010068666 A1 US2010068666 A1 US 2010068666A1
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Prior art keywords
jet
burner
flame
primary
axis
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Inventor
Bernard Zamuner
Nicolas Docquier
Bernard Labegorre
Thomas Lederlin
Thierry Poinsot
Vincent Faivre
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Assigned to CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE (CNRS), L'AIR LIQUIDE SOCIETE ANONYME POUR L'ETUDE ET L'EXPLOITATION DES PROCEDES GEORGES CLAUDE reassignment CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE (CNRS) ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LEDERLIN, THOMAS, ZAMUNER, BERNARD, DOCQUIER, NICOLAS, FAIVRE, VINCENT, LABEGORRE, BERNARD, POINSOT, THIERRY
Publication of US20100068666A1 publication Critical patent/US20100068666A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/46—Details, e.g. noise reduction means
    • F23D14/84—Flame spreading or otherwise shaping

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a burner that makes it possible to vary the direction and/or the aperture of the flame, said burner comprising at least one channel for injecting at least one main or primary jet and at least one channel for injecting an actuating or secondary jet.
  • the primary jet is typically a jet of oxidant and/or of fuel and/or of an oxidant-fuel premix.
  • burners that operate in non-premixed combustion mode, that is, a mode in which the oxidant and the fuel arrive separately as far as the place of combustion.
  • the fuel and the oxidant are then mixed, in part (locking of the flame in a refractory port or prechamber block) or in total, inside the combustion chamber.
  • This mixing is controlled by the design and operating parameters of the burner, and determines the performance characteristics of the burner (region of operation, transfer of heat to the charge to be heated, emission of pollutants, etc.).
  • the conditions of interaction of the various jets or flows of oxidant and fuel implemented by the burner are determined when the burner is designed. Once the burner is created, only the operating conditions can be modified. This also applies for so-called “premix” burners in which the oxidant/fuel mixture is produced in the burner upstream of the firebox.
  • the reagents are then injected by a single tube.
  • the conditions of operation of the industrial combustion methods can change over time. Such is naturally the case with intermittent methods but is also the case with continuous methods for which the characteristics of the charges to be heated can vary according to production requirements. It is more generally the case for any production unit subject to aging or sensitive to the variable conditions of their environment.
  • the operator more often than not has only two parameters: the operating power of the burner and the oxidant excess level (overstoechiometry of oxygen).
  • Certain combustion technologies allow discrete and very limited numbers of operating modes. Such is, for example, the case with so-called “dual impulse” burners which use two different injection systems depending on whether the burner is to be operated with low or high impulse. These two operating modes make it possible to increase the region of operation or use of the burner or to modify the length of the flame for a given operating point.
  • the modifications of the point and/or of the operating mode are more often than not inadequate for optimizing the performance characteristics of the burners or of the methods that use these burners in all conditions.
  • the cyclic introduction into an oven for melting matter that is solid at ambient temperature will lead the operator (or the regulation system) to increase the heating power so as to obtain the fastest possible melting (in order to increase productivity), but without in any way degrading the charge being melted (quality of the product) or overheating the oven (life span of the equipment).
  • This trade-off between productivity and quality and/or lifetime depends in particular on the capacity of the system to transfer the energy to the charge, avoiding local overheating of the latter or of the refractories of the oven.
  • WO-A-9744618 discloses a burner comprising a central jet of fuel surrounded first by a plurality of primary jets of oxidant, then a plurality of secondary jets of oxidant. It is thus possible in operation to modify the position of the flame.
  • the maximum deflection of the flame is in practice limited to approximately 15° from the median position to the extreme position (30° at most, in all), not allowing the incident flame to sweep a wide surface of a charge, and the construction of the corresponding burner is relatively heavy because there is a need for a plurality of orifices for the primary jets of oxidant and a plurality of orifices for the secondary jets of oxidant.
  • the properties of the flame change according to its position since the properties of the mixture vary with the angle of incidence (mixture “external” to the burner block), which induces a variation in the polluting emissions, in the quality of radiative transfer (luminosity of the flame) and in the length of the flame (position of the heat-relieving peak).
  • the subject of the invention is a burner allowing for a wide variation in the direction and/or the aperture of the flame, and without having to interrupt the operation of the burner or of the oven.
  • Another aim of the invention is to allow such a variation with an optimized robust burner.
  • the invention proposes controlling the direction and/or the aperture of a flame by the interaction of a jet of fluid (called primary jet or main jet) with at least one other jet of fluid (called secondary jet or actuating jet), the interaction between the jets occurring inside means delivering this main jet (tube, refractory port, etc.) before said main jet opens out onto said means.
  • a jet of fluid called primary jet or main jet
  • secondary jet or actuating jet the interaction between the jets occurring inside means delivering this main jet (tube, refractory port, etc.) before said main jet opens out onto said means.
  • the burner according to the invention comprises a passage for directing a primary jet to a main outlet aperture.
  • the primary jet is typically a jet containing fuel, oxidant or else a fuel-oxidant premix.
  • the burner also comprises at least one secondary duct for the injection of a secondary jet.
  • the fluid injected by the secondary jet may or may not belong to the same category as the fluid from the primary jet.
  • the fluid injected by the secondary jet may or may not be different from the fluid from the primary jet.
  • the secondary jet can in particular be an inert jet such as steam or combustion products, such as recycled flue gases.
  • the at least one secondary duct opens out on the passage of the primary jet through a secondary aperture situated upstream of the main outlet aperture.
  • the secondary duct is positioned relative to the passage so that, at the point of interaction (center of inertia of the imaginary surface common to both flows) between the secondary jet from this secondary duct (hereinafter called corresponding secondary jet) and the primary jet, the angle ⁇ between the axis of the corresponding secondary jet and the plane perpendicular to the axis of the primary jet is greater than or equal to 0° and less than 90°, preferably from 0° to 80°, also preferably from 0° to 45°.
  • the angle ⁇ 0°, which is preferable, the axis of the corresponding secondary jet is situated in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the primary jet.
  • the at last one secondary aperture is spaced apart from the main aperture by a distance L less than or equal to ten times the square root of the section s of the main outlet aperture, preferably L ⁇ 5* ⁇ s, also preferably L ⁇ 3* ⁇ s.
  • the burner is provided with means for controlling the impulse of the at least one secondary jet.
  • the invention thus makes it possible to vary the direction and/or the aperture of the flame obtained from the burner by modifying the impulse of at least one secondary jet with said means.
  • the means for controlling the impulse of the at least one secondary jet are means making it possible to control the ratio between the impulse of the secondary jet and the impulse of the primary jet.
  • the invention thus makes it possible to produce a wide variation in direction and/or aperture of a flame without using mechanical means, potential sources of malfunction, in particular in hostile environments, such as fire boxes with high temperature and/or polluted or corrosive atmosphere.
  • the control means make it possible in particular to actively or dynamically control the impulse of the at least one secondary jet, that is, they make it possible to vary the pulse or pulses without interrupting the operation of the burner/without interrupting the flame.
  • the appliance according to the invention thus allows for an equally dynamic variation of the direction and/or the aperture of the flame.
  • the number of secondary jets interacting with the primary jet to obtain the desired effect on the flame will be minimized so as to limit the complexity and the cost of manufacturing the burner but also the complexity and the cost of the system for feeding and regulating the flow rates of the fluids if the secondary jets are driven independently.
  • a single-direction effect can be obtained with a single secondary jet.
  • FIG. 1 theoretical diagram of a (premix) burner according to the invention for controlling a flame by jet interaction.
  • FIG. 2 regulation of a burner according to the invention mounted on a fire box.
  • FIGS. 3A and B burner for controlling the direction of the flame
  • FIG. 3A being a transverse cross-section
  • FIG. 3B being a longitudinal cross-section of a burner comprising four secondary jets arranged respectively at 90° to each other and directed in perpendicular incidence to the direction of the primary jet.
  • FIGS. 3C , D and E use of a biscuit to transform a nozzle with parallel primary and secondary jets into a burner according to the invention.
  • FIGS. 4A and B longitudinal and transverse cross-section of a burner making it possible to control the aperture of a resultant jet.
  • FIG. 5 use of a burner to vary a flame by means of two jets (resultant), a jet of fuel and a jet of oxidant.
  • FIG. 6 “tube-in-tube” type burner provided with a refractory port.
  • FIGS. 7A , B and C burner with separate jets.
  • FIG. 8 density of the heat flux of the flame according to the distance to the point of injection, with different incidences.
  • FIGS. 9A and B embodiment variants of the control of the aperture of the flame.
  • FIGS. 10A and B impact of a control parameter on the deflection of the flame and the transfer of heat to a charge.
  • FIG. 11 aperture angle of the flame according to the impulse ratio of the jets.
  • FIG. 12 an exemplary application of the inventive system to the heating of a charge with change of incidence of the flame.
  • FIG. 13 use of the invention to heat a charge by laterally displacing the flame.
  • FIG. 14 application of the variable aperture of a flame to the entrainment of the gases from an oven.
  • FIG. 15 level of emission of a flame according to a control parameter.
  • FIG. 16 protection of the end of a burner by a refractory port.
  • FIG. 17 protection of the end of the burner by a sleeve brick.
  • FIG. 1 represents a theoretical diagram of the method of controlling a flame in a burner according to the invention.
  • the burner comprises a passage 10 which makes it possible to direct the primary jet to a main outlet aperture 11 .
  • the primary jet is directed by the passage 10 and interacts with the secondary jet obtained from the secondary duct 21 so as to create downstream of the outlet aperture 11 a flame 1 of direction and/or aperture different from the direction and/or aperture of the flame in the absence of secondary jet.
  • At least one secondary duct 21 for injecting a secondary jet opens out onto the passage 10 through a secondary aperture 31 .
  • the distance L makes it possible to influence the impact of the secondary jets on the primary jet with respective identical impulses. For example, to maximize the directional effect, efforts will be made to minimize this distance.
  • the length L is less than or equal to 20 cm, more preferably less than or equal to 10 cm.
  • the burner comprises means for controlling the impulse of the secondary jets. These means can usefully be chosen from the devices for controlling mass flow, for controlling head loss, for controlling passage section, but also devices for controlling temperature, for controlling the chemical composition of the fluid or for controlling pressure.
  • These means are preferably means that make it possible to control the ratio between the pulse of the secondary jet and the pulse of the primary jet.
  • the control means make it possible to activate and deactivate one or more of the secondary jets (flow or absence of flow of the secondary jet concerned) so as to dynamically vary the direction and/or the aperture of the flame.
  • the control means preferably also make it possible to dynamically increase and reduce the impulse (non-zero) of one or more of the secondary jets or to increase and reduce the ratio between the impulse of a secondary jet and the impulse of the primary jet.
  • the burner can be fed with fuel and with oxidant via an oxidant injection channel and at least one fuel injection channel, arranged concentrically, or even via an oxidant injection channel and at least one fuel injection channel that are separate from each other and preferably parallel to each other.
  • the burner advantageously comprises a block of material 5 , such as a block of refractory material, in which at least a part of the passage 10 is situated, the main outlet aperture 11 being situated on one of the faces or surfaces of the block: front face 6 .
  • a block of material 5 such as a block of refractory material
  • the secondary jet is conveyed by a secondary duct 21 which passes through the block 5 , this secondary jet preferably opening out substantially perpendicularly to the primary jet.
  • the interaction between the primary jet and the secondary jet takes place at a distance L from the front face 6 of the block onto which opens out the passage 10 of the primary jet, this distance L possibly varying as indicated previously.
  • the burner comprises at least one secondary duct 321 , 322 , 323 and 324 which is positioned relative to the passage 310 of the primary jet so that, at the level of the corresponding secondary aperture 331 , 332 , 333 and 334 (that is, the secondary aperture through which the secondary duct concerned opens out onto the passage), the axis of the primary jet and the axis of the corresponding secondary jet are secant or quasi-secant.
  • Such an arrangement between the passage and the secondary duct makes it possible to vary the angle between the axis of the flame and the axis of the primary jet upstream of the secondary aperture by changing the impulse of at least one corresponding secondary jet.
  • the injection of a jet through the secondary duct 323 allows for a deflection of the flame to the right in FIG. 3A , that is, in the same direction as the direction of flow of the jet from 323 .
  • a secondary jet through the secondary duct 324 , depending on the relative motion quantities of the jets from 323 and 324 , it is possible to obtain a flame deflected in a direction (projected in the plane of FIG. 3A ) that can vary continually between the directions of the jets from 323 and 324 (to the right and downward in FIG. 3A ).
  • the burner preferably comprises at least two secondary ducts that are positioned relative to the passage 310 so that, on the one hand, the two corresponding secondary apertures are situated on one and the same transverse section of the passage 310 and, on the other hand, at the level of these two secondary apertures, the axes of the corresponding secondary jets are secant or quasi-secant with the axis of the primary jet.
  • the two corresponding secondary apertures can, usefully, be situated either side of the axis of the primary jet (to the right and to the left for the apertures 331 and 333 ; downward and upward for the apertures 332 and 334 ), the two secondary apertures and the axis of the primary jet preferably being situated in a single plane (horizontal for the apertures 331 and 333 ; vertical for the apertures 332 and 334 ).
  • the plane defined by the axis of the primary jet and one of the two corresponding secondary apertures is perpendicular to the plane defined by the axis of the primary jet and the other of the two corresponding apertures.
  • the horizontal plane defined by the axis of the passage 310 and the secondary aperture 331 is perpendicular to the vertical plane defined by this axis and the secondary aperture 332 .
  • the burner comprises at least four secondary ducts 321 , 322 , 323 and 324 which are positioned relative to the passage 310 in such a way that:
  • This arrangement makes it possible to vary the direction of the flame in the first plane and in the second plane (for example in the horizontal plane and in the vertical plane) and as selected to one or other of the four secondary apertures situated in each plane (for example, to the left and to the right in the horizontal plane, and upward and downward in the vertical plane) and, as explained hereinabove, toward any intermediate direction.
  • the axes of the four corresponding secondary jets are preferably in one and the same plane perpendicular to the axis of the primary jet 310 .
  • the invention also makes it possible to produce an interaction between the primary jet and one or more secondary jets so as to generate, maintain or reinforce a rotation of the jet of fluid resulting from this interaction and therefore of the flame around its axis. Such an interaction makes it possible to vary the aperture of the flame.
  • the burner can be provided with at least one secondary duct 421 to 424 which is positioned relative to the passage 410 of the primary jet so that, at the level of the corresponding secondary aperture 431 to 434 , the axis of the corresponding secondary jet 421 to 424 is not coplanar or substantially coplanar with the axis of the primary jet 410 , this at least one secondary duct 421 to 424 preferably opening out tangentially onto the passage 410 of the primary jet. In this way, the interaction between the primary jet and the secondary jet confers a rotation impulse on the primary jet.
  • the burner can, usefully, comprise two secondary ducts 421 and 422 positioned relative to the passage 410 of the primary jet so that, at the level of the two corresponding secondary apertures 431 , 432 , the axes of the two corresponding secondary jets 421 and 422 are not coplanar with the axis of the primary jet 410 , the two secondary jets being oriented in one and the same direction of rotation about the axis of the primary jet.
  • the two secondary jets thus contribute to the rotation impulse conferred on the flame.
  • the two secondary apertures are advantageously situated on the same transverse section of the passage 410 /in one and the same plane perpendicular to the axis of the primary jet. They can be situated either side of the axis of the primary jet (apertures 431 and 433 or 432 and 434 ). They can also be situated so that the plane defined by the axis of the primary jet and one of the two secondary apertures 431 is perpendicular to the plane defined by the axis of the primary jet and the other of the two secondary apertures 432 .
  • the burner comprises at least four secondary ducts 421 to 424 which are positioned relative to the passage 410 of the primary jet so that, at the level of the corresponding secondary apertures 431 to 434 , the axes of the corresponding secondary jets are not substantially coplanar with the axis of the primary jet.
  • Two of the corresponding secondary apertures 431 and 433 are substantially coplanar with the axis of the primary jet 410 in a first plane and situated either side of the axis of the primary jet.
  • the other two corresponding secondary apertures 432 and 434 are substantially coplanar with the axis of the primary jet 410 in a second plane and also situated either side of the primary axis, the four corresponding secondary jets being oriented in one and the same direction of rotation about the axis of the primary jet.
  • the first and the second planes can in particular be perpendicular to each other. It is also preferable for the four corresponding secondary apertures to be on one and the same transverse section of the passage 410 .
  • the axis of the secondary jet belongs to the plane perpendicular at this position to the axis of the primary jet and, on the other hand, the angle between the axis of the secondary jet and the tangent to the secondary aperture (or more precisely, to the imaginary surface of the passage of the primary jet at the level of the secondary aperture) in this plane is between 0 and 90°, preferably between 0 and 45°.
  • FIGS. 4 a and b show an exemplary embodiment for controlling the aperture of a flame.
  • the primary jet (which flows from left to right in the passage 410 in FIG. 4A ) meets the secondary jets from the secondary ducts 421 , 422 , 423 and 424 (represented in FIG. 4 b which is a transverse cross-section on the plane AA of FIG. 4 a ).
  • These secondary jets impact on the primary jet tangentially to the passage 410 , thus making it possible, depending on the impulses of these different jets, to “open” the flame more or less.
  • This aperture effect is mainly due to the fact that the secondary jets and the primary jet have axes that do not intersect, although the jets have a physical interaction between them. This entrains a rotation of the resultant jet and therefore of the flame on its axis.
  • the actuating jet should be injected substantially perpendicularly to the direction of the main jet.
  • the burner can comprise at least one secondary duct 21 positioned relative to the passage 10 of the primary jet so that, at the level of the corresponding secondary aperture 31 , this duct presents a thickness e and a height l, such that l ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ e and preferably: 0.5 ⁇ e ⁇ l ⁇ 5.0 ⁇ e (see FIG. 1 ).
  • a minimum height greater than or equal to 0.5 ⁇ e makes it possible to produce an optimal interaction between the corresponding secondary jet and the primary jet.
  • the burner can include a refractory port or a combustion prechamber (for example made of ceramic) positioned at the end of the passage, at least one secondary duct being at least partially arranged inside the refractory port/the prechamber.
  • a refractory port or a combustion prechamber for example made of ceramic
  • the passage of the primary jet can consist, in total or for at least part, of a primary duct for the injection of the primary jet. This primary duct opens out onto a primary aperture.
  • This primary aperture can coincide with the main outlet aperture of the passage.
  • the primary duct 308 , 608 ends before the main outlet aperture 311 , 611 , the primary aperture 309 , 609 is positioned upstream of the main aperture 311 , 611 .
  • at least one secondary aperture 334 , 632 , 634 can be situated between the primary aperture 309 , 609 of the primary duct 308 , 608 and the main aperture 311 , 611 of the passage.
  • FIG. 6 more particularly represents an exemplary embodiment of the invention in a burner of tube-in-tube type that has a prechamber attached to the burner inside a ceramic refractory port in which the flame is stabilized (such as, for example, described in the patent applications No. U.S. Pat. No. 5,772,427 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,316 in the name of the Applicant and marketed by the Applicant) under the trade name ALGLASS.
  • the refractory port block 605 comprises a cavity 671 (or prechamber) into which the bi-tube opens out.
  • the passage 610 of the primary jet thus consists of a primary duct 608 opening out through a primary aperture 609 onto the cavity 671 , a cavity that opens out through the main outlet aperture 611 situated on the front face of the refractory port downstream of the primary aperture 609 .
  • refractory port (block) 605 of the burner there are a plurality of secondary ducts 622 , 624 opening out substantially perpendicular to the axis of symmetry X-X of the burner onto the passage 610 , and more particularly onto the cavity, respectively through the secondary apertures 632 and 634 situated at a distance L from the main outlet aperture 611 .
  • the bi-tube proper schematically comprises a central tube for injecting fuel (preferably), surrounded by a concentric tube into which is injected the oxidant, the two fluids being mixed in the cavity 671 .
  • the secondary apertures 632 , 634 there is, upstream of the secondary apertures 632 , 634 , a mixing of the oxidants and fuels (and possibly of combustion products) injected co-axially by the tubes.
  • the direction and/or the aperture of the flame are then regulated by the action, and more particularly by the controlled impulse, of at least one actuating jet 622 , 624 .
  • the passage of the primary jet will present, at the level of the at least one secondary aperture, a non-obstructed, or at least substantially non-obstructed, fluidic passage in the extension of the at least one corresponding secondary duct, in order to allow an effective interaction between the at least one corresponding secondary jet and the primary jet.
  • the transverse section of the passage of the primary jet will define a non-obstructed, or at least substantially non-obstructed, fluidic passage at the level of the at least one secondary aperture. This is illustrated in FIG. 6 where the central tube directing the fuel ends at the level of the primary aperture and therefore well before the secondary apertures.
  • FIGS. 3 c, d and e show another embodiment of the burner, in which the primary duct 308 ends before the main outlet aperture 311 .
  • FIG. 3 c represents an embodiment variant similar to FIG. 3B , but with an embodiment in which there are two parallel channels (primary duct 308 and secondary duct 324 ) in a nozzle 345 , the two channels 308 and 324 opening out onto the front face of the nozzle.
  • a biscuit 342 is applied which makes it possible to orient the secondary jet from the secondary duct 324 to the primary jet leaving the primary duct 308 , and more particularly perpendicularly or substantially perpendicularly to the primary jet. In this way, it is possible to deflect the flame, for example in the direction indicated by the arrow 344 in FIG. 3 c .
  • the direction 344 of the flame will depend on the ratio of the impulses of the primary and secondary jets. It is thus possible, by varying the impulse of the secondary jet using the control means, to obtain a variable flame direction that makes it possible to sweep an entire surface, such as the surface of a liquid bath to be heated, with the flame.
  • FIG. 3 d is an exploded view of the nozzle 345 onto which is fixed the biscuit 342 (by means not represented in this figure), here in the form of a hollow lateral cylindrical part 350 which bears on the end of the nozzle 345 , whereas the aperture 346 in this biscuit is positioned at the point where the primary duct 308 opens out.
  • FIG. 3 e represents the bottom (inside) of this biscuit 342 whose internal face 349 comprises a cavity 347 in which the secondary jet from the secondary duct 324 will be spread then encounter, substantially perpendicularly, the primary jet from the primary duct 308 through the intermediary of the slot 348 above the main outlet aperture 346 .
  • the flame 344 ( FIG. 3 c ) from this aperture 346 will thus be deflected downward (compared to FIGS. 3 c, d and e ).
  • the invention also relates to a method for dynamically or actively controlling the performance characteristics of a combustion system or of a burner using one or more secondary jets, impacting on a primary jet in order to modify the flow of the jet and to produce a flame whose direction and/or aperture can be modified according to the characteristics (in particular direction and quantity of motion) of the primary and/or secondary jets.
  • This method can be used to regulate, in closed or open loop mode, the performance characteristics of a combustion system implementing injections of fluid jets (liquid, gaseous or solid dispersion).
  • FIG. 2 represents a method of regulating the performance characteristics of a burner 210 according to the invention, mounted on a fire box 212 .
  • the sensors 214 , 216 and 217 respectively measure quantities characterizing the combustion products, the combustion or fire box operating conditions and the operation of the burner. These measurements are transmitted using the lines 218 , 219 and 220 to the controller 215 . The latter, according to set-points given for these characteristic quantities, determines the operating parameters of the secondary jets so as to maintain the characteristic quantities at their set-point values and transmits using the line 221 these parameters to the control units 211 of the burner.
  • the burner according to the invention advantageously comprises means for controlling the impulses of the primary and/or secondary jets, or even means for controlling the ratio of the impulses of the primary jet and of the secondary jet or jets.
  • This ratio is a function of the ratio of the section of the passage of the primary jet and of the sections of the secondary ducts, of the ratio of the flow rates in the secondary ducts to the flow rate of the resultant jet feeding the flame and of the ratio of the specific gravities of the fluids of the primary jet and of the secondary jet or jets. (In the following paragraphs, when considering the variation of one of these ratios, the other two are considered constant.)
  • the corresponding secondary jet has an increasing impact on the primary jet as the value of the ratio of the section of the passage and of the section of a secondary duct at the level of the corresponding secondary aperture increases.
  • a section ratio will preferably be chosen that is between 5 and 50, and more preferably between 15 and 30.
  • the ratio of the flow rate of all of the secondary jets to the total flow rate will vary typically between 0 (absence of secondary jets) and 0.5, and preferably between 0 and 0.3; more preferably, between 0 and 0.15; bearing in mind that the deflection and/or the aperture of the flame increases as this flow rate ratio increases.
  • the ratio of the specific gravity of each fluid constituting the secondary jets to the specific gravity of the fluid of the primary jet makes it possible to control the impact of the secondary jets.
  • the effect of the secondary jet on the primary jet, at a constant flow rate, will increase as the value of this ratio decreases.
  • the same fluid will often be used in the secondary jets and in the primary jet (ratio equal to unity).
  • a fluid of lower density than that of the fluid in the primary jet will be used.
  • the nature of the fluid in the secondary jets will be chosen as a function of the target application.
  • a mixture of air and of helium can, for example, be used to control the deflection of a jet of air, or, by controlling the main fuel jet and/or oxidant jet with a secondary jet of steam, it is possible to increase the entrainment of the combustion products in a flame fuelled by propane.
  • the ratio of the specific gravities (or of the densities) of the densest fluid to the least dense fluid can vary between 1 and 20, preferably between 1 and 10, more preferably between 1 and 5.
  • the geometry of the injection section of the passage and/or of the secondary ducts can be of various forms and in particular circular, square, rectangular, triangular, oblong, multi-lobed, etc.
  • the geometry of these injection sections influences the development of the instabilities of the resultant jet/of the flame. For example, a jet leaving an injector of triangular form will be more unstable than that obtained from an injector of circular form, this instability favoring the mixing of the resultant jet with the surrounding medium. Similarly, an injector of oblong form will favor, in a field close to the injector, the non-symmetrical development of the jet, unlike an injector of circular or square form.
  • these can be chosen to control certain properties of the resultant flow. For example, it is possible to modify the reactivity of a mixture of main jets for fuel (for example natural gas) and oxidant (for example air), through the use of oxygen (or other oxidant), and/or of hydrogen (or other fuel).
  • fuel for example natural gas
  • oxidant for example air
  • oxygen or other oxidant
  • hydrogen or other fuel
  • a nozzle comprising a convergent/divergent lead (also called Laval nozzle in the literature)
  • a primary jet of fluid and a resultant jet, for example a jet of oxygen, supersonic which can then be of variable direction (possibly of variable aperture, but generally losing its supersonic speed, which makes it possible to alternate subsonic and supersonic speeds in certain methods).
  • the Laval nozzle can also be positioned on the resultant jet before the main outlet aperture.
  • At least two secondary jets are used, so as to obtain a variation of the direction of the flame in a plane (for example, to the left and right, or upward and downward). It is also possible to use at least two secondary jets so as to obtain a variation of the direction of the flame in at least two secant planes.
  • the aperture of the flame above the charge can be varied, on its own or in combination with a sweep.
  • Means are preferably provided to control the quantity of motion of the primary jet and/or of the at least one secondary jet.
  • the burner and the method have been illustrated hereinabove by referring to an embodiment with a single primary jet that is made to interact with one or more secondary jets, it is obvious that the present invention also covers such a burner to create one or more flames with an aperture and/or direction that are variable from a multitude of primary jets that interact with one or more secondary jets.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates how the burner according to the invention makes it possible to produce a variable flame from two primary jets: a primary jet of fuel and a primary jet of oxidant. Each primary jet interacts with one or more secondary jets. The two resultant jets obtained from the burner, and therefore also the flame, having a variable direction and/or aperture thanks to this interaction.
  • FIG. 5 a diagrammatically shows the resultant jet of fuel 61 topped by the resultant jet of oxidant 62 , in the situation where none of these jets is controlled by an interaction with one or more secondary jets.
  • FIG. 5 b shows the same resultant jets, but in a situation where the latter are controlled or deflected in opposition (convergent jets).
  • the jet 60 is deflected downward by the secondary jet 62 whereas the jet 61 is deflected upward by the secondary jet 63 , directed from bottom to top (unlike 61 ).
  • FIG. 5 a diagrammatically shows the resultant jet of fuel 61 topped by the resultant jet of oxidant 62 , in the situation where none of these jets is controlled by an interaction with one or more secondary jets.
  • FIG. 5 b shows the same resultant jets, but in a situation where the latter are controlled or deflected in opposition (convergent jets).
  • the jet 60 is deflected downward by the secondary jet 62
  • 5 c shows the resultants in a situation where these jets are controlled or deflected in the same direction (upward in the figure): the secondary jets 63 and 65 act from bottom to top respectively on the main jets 61 and 60 , which generates resultant jets both directed upward.
  • the secondary jets 63 and 65 act from bottom to top respectively on the main jets 61 and 60 , which generates resultant jets both directed upward.
  • the axis of the secondary jet forms with the plane perpendicular to the axis of the primary jet an angle that is less than 90°, and preferably equal to 0°.
  • the channels feeding these jets are more often than not substantially parallel.
  • injection biscuit an end piece hereinbelow named injection biscuit, the function of which is to transform the direction of the secondary jet initially parallel to the primary jet, into a secondary jet impacting on the primary jet, the axis of said secondary jet preferably being situated in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the primary jet.
  • the first solution ( FIG. 16 ) consists in placing the burner 500 in a refractory piece 501 whose geometry and relative burner/refractory port position will protect the first from an excessive radiation.
  • the position or the set-back of the burner in the refractory port must be sufficient to protect it from the radiation, but must not in any way limit the directional amplitude of the flame.
  • the geometry of the refractory port can be modified by eliminating a part of the latter along the broken line 160 in FIG. 16 at the angle ⁇ .
  • the ratio R/d will be within the range 0.3 to 3, whereas the angle ⁇ will lie within the range [0°, 60°].
  • the second solution consists in adding a refractory piece of sleeve brick type directly to the nose of the burner (where the main outlet aperture is located) as illustrated in FIG. 17 .
  • This solution makes it possible to do away with the presence of a refractory port of complex geometry.
  • the dimensions of the sleeve brick are such that it does not limit the directional amplitude of the injector. This means in particular that the thickness f of the sleeve brick is low (less than the diameter of the main jet) or even that the material used to produce this sleeve brick has a very low thermal conductivity.
  • Alumina will be chosen, for example.
  • the invention also relates to a method for heating a charge using a burner, in which the direction (and/or the aperture) of the flame is varied relative to the charge.
  • the invention makes it possible in particular to use one or at least two secondary jets, so as to obtain a variation of the direction of the flame in a plane (for example, to the left and right, or upward and downward). It is also possible to use at least two secondary jets so as to obtain a variation of the direction of the flame in at least two secant planes. These two variants, alone or in combination, make it possible to sweep at least a part of the surface of the charge.
  • the heating of the charge is such that, in a first phase, the flame is directed toward the charge, and in that, in a second phase, the flame is directed substantially parallel to the charge.
  • the injection angle of the flame can be between approximately 90° and 5°, typically between approximately 90° and 10°.
  • the injection angle of the flame is typically between approximately 5° and 0°.
  • the injection angle of the flame during the first phase is between 5° and 75°, more preferably from 25° to 45°.
  • FIG. 8 shows three profiles of heat flux transferred by a flame to a charge according to the angle of incidence of the flame on the charge as a function of the distance to the point of injection of the flame reagents.
  • a very strong increase is observed in the heat flux transferred to the charge with the increase of the incidence of the flame.
  • FIGS. 9A and B represent the aperture angle of the flame according to the ratio of the flow rate of the secondary jets (actuators) to the flow rate of the primary jet (main jet).
  • the curves C 1 and C 2 respectively represent the aperture angle as a function of the ratio of the actuator/main jet flow rates.
  • C 1 relates to a configuration CONF 1 in which the actuators are perpendicular to the main jet and open out at a distance h from the main outlet aperture and C 2 corresponds to a configuration identical to CONF 1 , but with a distance 2 ⁇ h instead of h between the secondary apertures and the main outlet aperture.
  • FIG. 9 b illustrates the variations of the aperture angle according to the ratio of the flow rates of the actuators and of the main jet:
  • FIG. 9 represents the deflection angle (in degrees) as a function of the ratio of the flow rate of the actuating jets and of the flow rate of the main jet, expressed as a percentage.
  • FIG. 10A gives four curves, all other things being equal, for which the flow rate of the main jet is respectively 200 l/min, 150 l/min, 100 l/min and 50 l/min. It will be noted that these four curves are almost the same, which clearly shows that the deflection of the flame is not a function of the flow rate of the main jet.
  • FIG. 10B represents the transfer of heat to a charge: heat flux delivered by a burner according to the invention, in which the ratio of the flow rate of the actuating jets to the flow rate of the main jet (here also represented as a percentage of the flow rate of the main jet) is varied, both for the jet of fuel and for the jet of oxidant (burner with separate injection).
  • Each jet initially injected parallel above the charge is progressively deflected toward the charge, which increases the heat transfer to the charge.
  • FIG. 11 represents a curve of the aperture angle of the flame as a function of the jet impulse ratio.
  • the measured aperture angle is posted according to the physical parameter J which is the ratio of the specific impulses of the actuating jets and of the main jet. This ratio is expressed as the product of the ratio of the densities (actuating fluid to main fluid) and of the ratio of the square of the velocity of the actuating jets and of the square of the velocity of the main jet).
  • the main fluid is the same for all the trials, whereas different fluids have been used for the actuators. These fluids differ mainly by their density (from greatest density to lowest density: CO 2 , air, air-helium mix). It is observed that all the trial points (regardless of the flow rates and the fluids used) are aligned on a straight line. This shows that the physical parameter that controls the aperture is indeed the ratio of the specific impulses defined hereinabove.
  • FIG. 7 shows an example of a burner with separate injections of different fluids in more detail.
  • the burner with separate injections 101 comprises a top row of injectors of oxygen 112 in the form of jets and of injectors of natural gas (fuel) 124 in the form of jets, all of the injectors being located in the refractory mass 121 ( FIG. 7C ).
  • the normally metallic part 102 of the burner 101 is situated in the right-hand part of FIG. 7A and is prolonged by the tubes 107 and 109 for injecting oxygen gas, on the one hand, 207 and 209 for injecting natural gas, on the other hand, on the left in FIG. 7A .
  • the end 111 of the tubes is enlarged in FIG. 7B , to help explain the interaction of the main 108 and actuating 110 jets.
  • a channel 127 prolonging the channel 110 carrying the flow of the actuating jet.
  • the wall 109 is prolonged by the walls 113 , inclined upward, 114 , horizontal and 115 vertical (in the figure), whereas a central volume 126 makes it possible to delimit a channel 127 first inclined upward, horizontal then vertical (that is, at 90° relative to the gaseous flow channel 108 and opening out into the latter through the aperture 120 ).
  • the vertical part of the channel 127 has a height L, defined hereinabove, that makes it possible to ensure the orthogonality of the jets 110 and 108 at the level of 120 (obviously, if an angle of intersection of the different jets of 90° is chosen, the channel 127 will have the required inclination and its length L remaining within the limits set out hereinabove).
  • the metal part of the burner ends in a wall 123 , vertical in the present case, edging the channel 127 , with the metal part being exposed to the thermal radiation of the fire box in use.
  • a protection element for example made of alumina, that is resistant to high temperatures, which, for example, fits onto this metal end to protect it and has an aperture equal to the aperture 112 ( FIG. 7C ).
  • the fuel feed system 204 , 206 , 203 , 205 is similar to the oxidant feed system described hereinabove with a main channel 207 , an actuating channel 209 delimiting main fuel jets 208 and fuel actuators 210 , all being housed in a cylindrical aperture 222 of the refractory port 221 (similar to 122 for the oxidant).
  • the ends 124 and 125 are similar to 123 and 112 .
  • the same fuel actuating jet injection system is provided at the end of 207 and 209 as represented in FIG. 7B , dimensioned according to the characteristics of the fuel.
  • the jet (or row of jets) of highest impulse will generally be above the jet of lower impulse, so that, without action on the part of the actuating jet on the jet of highest impulse, the burner delivers a flame oriented generally horizontally, whereas when the actuating jet (acting from top to bottom on the main jet of highest quantity of motion) acts on the main jet, the latter is directed, as explained hereinabove, downward (progressively, according to the ratio of the impulses) and drives with it the second jet of lower impulse (in this case the fuel), forming a flame that can thus pass from a horizontal position to an inclined position toward the charge to be heated, situated under the flame of the burner.
  • the actuating jet forms with the main jet an angle that is greater than zero.
  • the two channels conducting these jets are fed more often than not by a coaxial feed system (parallel channels—see FIG. 7 ).
  • the invention will be illustrated hereinafter in the case of a burner that is useful for heating any charge that can be a metal charge or any other charge that needs to be melted and/or brought to a high temperature, then maintained at the latter, for example a charge of ferrous or non-ferrous metal, of solid materials for the production of glass, for the production of cement or, on the contrary, a charge that must be dried from a liquid bath.
  • a burner that is useful for heating any charge that can be a metal charge or any other charge that needs to be melted and/or brought to a high temperature, then maintained at the latter, for example a charge of ferrous or non-ferrous metal, of solid materials for the production of glass, for the production of cement or, on the contrary, a charge that must be dried from a liquid bath.
  • this type of tool generally comprises a flame (usually subsonic) that is used to heat the metal, melt it, in particular at the start of a smelting.
  • This flame can be of variable direction by equipping each main jet (oxidant, fuel, premix) or at least one main jet with an actuating jet which varies its direction and/or its aperture, so as to be able to displace this flame over the charge without requiring heavy mechanical means which change the direction of the body of the burner.
  • These tools are often also provided with lances for injecting powdered coal, generally injected using vector gas in a lance.
  • this lance with a duct for injecting a secondary jet, for example a gas identical to the gas “thrusting” the powdered coal, it is thus possible to vary the direction (also the aperture of the jet as for any fluid) of the jet of powdered coal (or of sprayed liquid fuel oil) in order to favor a rapid meeting of the jet of sprayed fuel with the flame or, on the other hand, distance this jet from the flame.
  • a secondary jet for example a gas identical to the gas “thrusting” the powdered coal
  • the examples hereinbelow relate to the control of the transfer of heat by a burner according to the invention to a charge, for example metal, in a charge smelting method.
  • An oven for smelting aluminum is generally equipped with one or more burners on one or more of the lateral walls surrounding the smelting basin of the oven, arranged above the float line of the metal when the latter is completely melted (liquid).
  • the axis of the flame, when the latter is horizontal, is situated at a height of between 10 and 100 cm relative to this float line, preferably between 40 and 80 cm.
  • Burners according to the invention are used for the incidence of the flame to be variable.
  • the term “incidence” should be understood to mean the angle of the flame relative to the horizontal).
  • the incidence is zero, the flame is horizontal.
  • the incidence is non-zero, the flame is inclined under the horizontal and directed toward the hearth of the smelting basin of the oven.
  • the burners inject each jet of fluid into the chamber of the oven, but this type of injector can be used only for fluid (oxidant or fuel) of higher impulse when the latter can interact with that of lesser impulse so as to obtain the desired deflection of the flame, typically, the oxidant in the case of an air/gaseous fuel burner, or oxygen/gaseous fuel burner.
  • the direction of the flame is adjusted for the latter to have a non-zero incidence (axis of the flame between 5° and 75°, preferably between 25° and 45°). This adjustment makes it possible to considerably increase the thermal transfer from the burner and therefore reduce the smelting time (as explained using FIG. 10 ).
  • the direction of the flame is adjusted so as to have a zero incidence angle.
  • the flame is therefore parallel to the float line of the liquid metal. This adjustment makes it possible to continue to transfer energy to the charge and complete the smelting of the metal or refine it by limiting the heating of the already molten metal and, consequently, its oxidation by the flame or the combustion products.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates the extreme positions of the flame relative to the charge.
  • FIG. 12 a is a top view of an aluminum smelting oven equipped with two burners according to the invention producing two flames positioned above the metal bath.
  • the flue of the oven is used to evacuate the flue gases produced by the flames.
  • FIGS. 12 b and 12 c represent a side view of the same oven, at the level of the flame.
  • the burner will be driven with a control module making it possible to periodically modulate the control ratio of the burner, that is, the ratio of the impulses of the main and actuating jets and consequently the incidence of the flame on the bath.
  • the control signal from the control module can be sinusoidal, triangular, square, etc., with a frequency variable from 0.05 Hz to 100 Hz, preferably triangular at a frequency of 0.1 to 10 Hz.
  • Burners according to the invention are used for the orientation of the flame in a horizontal plane to be able to be modified on demand according to the control ratio of each burner as illustrated in FIG. 13 .
  • Each fluid jet is injected into the chamber of the oven through a burner according to the invention, but for jets situated in one and the same horizontal plane or in horizontal planes that are very close together (no more than one to two jet diameters apart), it is possible to use these injectors only for the peripheral jets when the latter can interact with the other jets to be deflected.
  • the variation of the horizontal orientation can be achieved in both left and right directions either by equipping each main jet with two lateral actuating jets, or by equipping each peripheral main jet with a single actuating jet, capable of actuating the main jet in the horizontal direction but in directions opposite to each other. It is also possible to offset the main injector so that, at a zero control ratio, the flame is naturally deflected (to the right or to the left) relative to the axis X-X′ of the burner in FIG. 13 , and then vary the orientation of the flame by progressively increasing the control ratio of the control system (that is, obtain a jet on the axis X-X′ with a non-zero control ratio).
  • control ratio used hereinabove is defined as being the ratio of the flow rates of the actuating jet and of the main jet, given that the impulse of a fluid jet can be controlled simply by varying the aperture of a valve, the increase in the aperture of a valve being proportional to the increase in the flow rate of the jet, all other things being equal).
  • control ratios of the burner or burners When the control ratios of the burner or burners are zero, the orientation of the flame is situated in the natural axis of the burner and the flame covers a portion of the charge. When one of the control ratios is non-zero, the position of the flame is deflected and the flame covers another portion of the charge.
  • FIG. 13 illustrates an example of horizontal displacement of a flame above a charge
  • each main jet 130 , 132 (oxidant or fuel) is provided with an actuating jet 131 , 133 ;
  • the control ratio CR of the jet 130 is zero, that is, no fluid is injected into the channel 131 ;
  • the control ratio CR of the jet 132 is, on the other hand, positive, which means that, because 133 acts from bottom to top in FIG. 13 a , the actuating jet 133 deflects the main jet 132 upward in the figure, that is, to the left relative to the axis X-X′ of the burner.
  • the control ratio CR of the jet 130 and of the jet is positive which brings about a deflection of the flame downward in the figure (to the right looking from above), the main jet 132 and the actuating jet 133 having a zero control ratio (no jet 133 ).
  • each burner can cover a greater portion of charge favoring the uniformity of the thermal transfer and making it possible to limit the possible formation of hot points if refractory materials are included in the bath (for example, alumina-based residues, recycled or in formation by oxidation of the metal during smelting), and to favor overall the thermal transfer making it possible to accelerate the smelting process at constant power, or to reduce the energy consumption with constant smelting time.
  • refractory materials for example, alumina-based residues, recycled or in formation by oxidation of the metal during smelting
  • This exemplary embodiment of the invention making it possible to control both horizontal and vertical displacement of the flame according, for example, to different operating parameters of the oven, given by different types of sensors installed on the oven, and in particular sensors of heat flux, temperature, or, possibly, chemical composition (for example TDL-type laser diode).
  • the flame can be oriented clearly regarding incidence on the charge since, as long as the temperatures remain modest, for example below 600° C. for aluminum, the rate of oxidation remains low.
  • the regulation used becomes important to avoid the rise in temperature of the metal and the oxidation of the latter.
  • the same regulation principles apply, for temperatures and criteria that are different from one material to another, but that are themselves well known to those skilled in the art.
  • All the primary techniques for reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides from the burners or from industrial hearths use the local properties of the flows of the fluids or of the flame to limit their formation. In particular, they aim to reduce the temperature or the concentrations of the reagents (fuel, oxygen) or the residence times of the reagents in the flame and/or in the combustion products.
  • One of these techniques consists in sufficiently entraining flue gases in the reagents or in the flame in order to reduce the temperatures or the concentration of the reagents, or to reduce the residence time.
  • the burner is dimensioned so as to obtain jets of fuel and/or of oxidant at high velocity (strong impulse) and sufficiently distant to obtain the maximum rate of entrainment or of recirculation of flue gases that is compatible with a good stabilization of the flame.
  • the stabilization limit is detected on appearance of combustion residues in the combustion products such as carbon monoxide for hydrocarbons. In certain conditions, it is possible to obtain a “flameless” combustion regime that is particularly favorable to reducing emissions.
  • the invention makes it possible to adapt in operation the properties of the flames and in particular the recirculation rate of flue gases, which makes it possible to minimize in all circumstances the emissions of pollutants and, ultimately, to optimize the performance characteristics of the burners.
  • Premix Burner Comprising an Injector Placed in a Hearth
  • Actuating jets as described hereinabove are used to modify in operation the aperture angle of the main jet of fluid (or of several jets).
  • the main jet is a gaseous premix of fuel and oxidant.
  • the aperture of the jet measures the level of entrainment of the ambient medium by the latter, it can be measured by the angle between the axis of the jet and the straight line tangential to the boundary between the jet and the ambient medium. (This boundary can be defined as the place in the jet where the concentration of the injected fluid becomes zero).
  • the aperture of the jet is controlled by the ratio between the flow rate of the actuating jet and the overall flow rate of the resultant jet.
  • This control ratio is zero, an emission level N 1 is measured ( FIG. 15 ).
  • This control ratio is in fact the ratio of the impulses of the jets as explained hereinabove.
  • the control parameter is then increased so as to increase the entrainment of flue gases in the jet and so dilute the injected fuel mixture. This dilution will lead on the one hand to a reduction in temperature and on the other hand to a reduction in the concentration of the reagents in the flame. The emissions of NOx will therefore decrease to reach a level N 2 ( FIG. 15 ). If the value of the control parameter is increased further, the temperature and the concentrations of the reagents become too low to ensure a good stabilization of the flame: combustion residues are then seen to appear in the combustion products. The emissions of nitrogen oxides are then at a level N 3 and the emissions of combustion residues at a level I 3 that is too high.
  • the control parameter is then reduced to obtain the optimum level for emissions N 0 and I 0 (intersection of the NOx and combustion residue curves in FIG. 15 ).
  • This optimum can be obtained manually (passive control) or preferably by an active control device.
  • This device incorporates sensors for measuring the emissions of nitrogen oxides and of combustion residues, a logic controller using the control logic explained hereinabove and the units for controlling the flow rates of the main jet and of the actuating jet or jets at least one injector.
  • the logic controller will determine the value of the control parameter that minimizes the emissions of nitrogen oxides and combustion residues.
  • the active control becomes essential when the number of the parameters to be optimized is greater than or equal to 2. For example, it is possible at the same time to want to minimize the emissions of pollutants by increasing the rate of dilution of the flame by the flue gases and maximize the transfer to the charge by inclination of the flame toward the charge.
  • the control can be exercised immaterially on the fuel, the oxidant or even both in a manner similar to example 5.

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  • Pre-Mixing And Non-Premixing Gas Burner (AREA)
US12/307,737 2006-07-06 2007-07-05 Burner the Direction and/or Size of the Flame of Which Can Be Varied, and Method of Implementing It Abandoned US20100068666A1 (en)

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FR0652847A FR2903479A1 (fr) 2006-07-06 2006-07-06 Bruleur a flamme orientable et procede de mise en oeuvre
PCT/FR2007/051598 WO2008003908A2 (fr) 2006-07-06 2007-07-05 Brûleur à flamme à direction et/ou ouverture variable et procédé de mise en oeuvre

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US9285113B2 (en) 2010-12-30 2016-03-15 L'Air Liquide Société Anonyme Pour L'Étude Et L'Exploitation Des Procedes Georges Clause Distributed combustion process and burner
US8915731B2 (en) 2010-12-30 2014-12-23 L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Flameless combustion burner
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RU2544221C1 (ru) * 2010-12-31 2015-03-10 Л`Эр Ликид, Сосьете Аноним Пур Л`Этюд Э Л`Эксплуатасьон Де Проседе Жорж Клод Способ плавления твердой шихты
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JP2009543012A (ja) 2009-12-03
EP2041492B1 (fr) 2016-09-14
FR2903479A1 (fr) 2008-01-11
CN101484752B (zh) 2012-12-12
PL2041492T3 (pl) 2017-07-31
RU2433343C2 (ru) 2011-11-10
CN101484752A (zh) 2009-07-15
RU2009103903A (ru) 2010-08-20
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ES2604078T3 (es) 2017-03-02
WO2008003908A2 (fr) 2008-01-10

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