US20100022457A1 - Sustained release glp-1 receptor modulators - Google Patents

Sustained release glp-1 receptor modulators Download PDF

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US20100022457A1
US20100022457A1 US12/227,780 US22778006A US2010022457A1 US 20100022457 A1 US20100022457 A1 US 20100022457A1 US 22778006 A US22778006 A US 22778006A US 2010022457 A1 US2010022457 A1 US 2010022457A1
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glp
fmoc
resin
solution
peptide
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Feng Qian
William R. Ewing
Claudio Mapelli
Douglas James Riexinger
Ving G. Lee
Richard B. Sulsky
Yeheng Zhu
Tasir Shamsul Haque
Rogelio L. Martinez
Vijay Naringrekar
Nina Ni
Lori S. Burton
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Bristol Myers Squibb Co
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
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    • A61K33/30—Zinc; Compounds thereof
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
    • A61K33/24—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
    • A61K33/26—Iron; Compounds thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
    • A61K33/24—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
    • A61K33/32—Manganese; Compounds thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/08—Peptides having 5 to 11 amino acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/22—Hormones
    • A61K38/26—Glucagons
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/575—Hormones
    • C07K14/605—Glucagons

Definitions

  • compositions comprising biologically-active human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor modulators formulated for sustained release and methods of making and using the same. These compositions are useful for the amelioration of diabetes and diabetes associated conditions.
  • GLP-1 biologically-active human glucagon-like peptide-1
  • GLP-1 is an important gut hormone with regulatory function in glucose metabolism and gastrointestinal secretion and metabolism.
  • Human GLP-1 is a 30 amino acid peptide originating from preproglucagon, which is synthesized for example, in the L-cells in the distal ileum, in the pancreas and in the brain. Processing of preproglucagon to yield GLP-1 (7-36) amide and GLP-2 occurs mainly in the L-cells and the brainstem.
  • GLP-1 is normally secreted in response to the intake of food, particularly carbohydrates and lipids, and it has been identified as a very potent and efficacious stimulator of glucose-dependent insulin release with a reduced risk to induce hypoglycemia.
  • GLP-1 also lowers plasma glucagon concentrations, slows gastric emptying, stimulates insulin biosynthesis and enhances insulin sensitivity (Nauck, Horm. Metab. Res., 29(9):411-416 (1997)) It also enhances the ability of the pancreatic beta-cells to sense and respond to glucose in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (Byrne, M. M. et al., Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 28(1):72-78 (1998)). The insulinotropic effect of GLP-1 in humans increases the rate of glucose metabolism partly due to increased insulin levels and partly due to enhanced insulin sensitivity (D'Alessio, J Clin Invest. 93(5):2263-66 (1994)).
  • GLP-1 Inhibition of glucagon release is thought to be an additional mechanism which contributes to the improvements in glucose homeostasis observed following treatment of type II diabetic patients with GLP-1 (Nauck, M. A. et al., Diabetologia, 36(8):741-744 (1993)). These pharmacological properties make GLP-1 a highly desirable therapeutic agent for the treatment of type-II diabetes.
  • delayed or sustained release formulations involves coating the tablet with a release-delaying coating, or coating individual granules with such a coating, and compressing these coated granules into tablets.
  • a release-delaying coating or coating individual granules with such a coating
  • compressing these coated granules into tablets are relatively high concentrations of soluble polymers.
  • use of relatively high concentrations of soluble polymers may result in slow drug dissolution, poor or variable drug release, poor or variable absorption, and acid instability over the range of the pH environment in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
  • GI gastrointestinal
  • biodegradable polymeric drug delivery formulations have been developed and utilized for the controlled in vivo release of drugs. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,773,919 and 4,767,628.
  • Such biodegradable polymeric formulations are designed to slowly release an entrapped drug by diffusion through a polymer matrix and/or as the biodegradable polymer is depolymerized.
  • International Publication No. WO 94/15587 concerns sustained release ionic molecular conjugates of polyesters and drugs. Since both diffusion and polyester degradation may control the release process, the surface area of the polymeric particles can influence the release profile of the entrapped drug. Thus, such particles should be of similar size and shape to insure reproducible surface area.
  • GLP-1-type molecules presents a significant problem because the serum half-life of GLP-1 peptides is short.
  • GLP-1 (7-37) has a serum half-life of less than 5 minutes.
  • the subject matter disclosed and claimed herein fulfills this need by providing novel pharmaceutical compositions comprising a metal ion (e.g., zinc) and a GLP-1 receptor modulator adduct in a sustained release formulation.
  • a metal ion e.g., zinc
  • GLP-1 receptor modulator adduct e.g., a GLP-1 receptor modulator adduct
  • these compositions are useful for the amelioration of diabetes and related conditions.
  • the compositions are appealing to patients and physicians because a sustained release composition requires less frequent administration as compared to other formulations.
  • the subject matter described and claimed herein relates to a sustained release pharmaceutical composition or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises: an effective amount of a GLP-1 receptor modulator, or salt thereof, as an active ingredient, wherein said GLP-1 receptor modulator comprises at least ten amino acids, and further comprises at least one biphenylalanine residue, or at least one phenyl-heteroaryl-alanine analog, and a metal ion, a protamine vehicle, or a combination thereof.
  • Additional embodiments include sustained release compositions wherein said GLP-1 receptor modulator is a compound selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs 9, 15, 118, 151, and 158.
  • sustained release pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared by a number of particle formation techniques including, but not limited to, spray drying, spray-freeze drying, supercritical fluid precipitation, solvent or pH induced precipitation and/or lyophilization.
  • a preferred metal ion for use in the GLP-1 sustained release formulations is a divalent metal cation, such as zinc, and may be selected from pharmaceutically acceptable zinc salts including, but not limited to, zinc chloride and zinc acetate.
  • the sustained release pharmaceutical composition is preferably prepared in an aqueous suspension, but may be prepared in any pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
  • the sustained release pharmaceutical composition is preferably delivered by subcutaneous injection using a syringe, catheter, or any delivery tool known in the art.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the effects of subcutaneous injection of the compound of the SEQ ID NO:9 on plasma glucose in an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (ipGTT) in obese ob/ob mice.
  • ipGTT intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the effects of subcutaneous injection of the compound of the SEQ ID NO:9 on plasma insulin in an ipGTT in ob/ob mice.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the effects of subcutaneous injection of the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 on plasma glucose in an ipGTT in ob/ob mice.
  • FIG. 4 represents the effect of acute subcutaneous injection of the compound of SEQ ID NO. 9 on plasma insulin in an ipGTT in ob/ob mice.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the effects of subcutaneous injection of the compound of SEQ ID NO: 118 on plasma glucose in an ipGTT in ob/ob mice.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the effects of subcutaneous injection of the compound of SEQ ID NO: 151 on plasma glucose in an ipGTT in ob/ob mice.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates the effects of subcutaneous injection of the compound of SEQ ID NO: 151 on plasma insulin in an ipGTT in ob/ob mice.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates the effects of subcutaneous injection of the compound of SEQ ID NO: 158 on plasma glucose in an ipGTT in ob/ob mice.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates the effects of subcutaneous injection of the compound of SEQ ID NO: 158 on plasma insulin in an ipGTT in ob/ob mice.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates the structure of the 11-mer GLP-1 receptor modulator the compound of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • FIG. 11A illustrates the solubility of a GLP-1 receptor modulator in the presence of Zn(II).
  • FIG. 11B illustrates several HPLC chromatographs (from bottom to top): 1) Zn/GLP-1 receptor modulator saturated solution; 2) Free GLP-1 receptor modulator standard solution (4.3 ⁇ g/ml); 3) EDTA slurred together with Zn/GLP-1 and centrifuged; Supernatant analyzed by HPLC.
  • the GLP-1 receptor modulator concentration in the supernatant reached the saturated value of 18 ⁇ g/ml. (Buffer used: pH 6.8, 50 mM phosphate buffer, 25° C.).
  • FIG. 12 illustrates the modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results of Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adducts with different Zn:GLP-1 receptor modulator molar ratio (revising signals only).
  • FIG. 13A illustrates an SEM picture of a spray dried Zn/GLP-1 receptor modulator adduct.
  • FIG. 13B illustrates the particle size distribution of a spray dried Zn/GLP-1 receptor modulator adduct.
  • FIG. 15 represents dog pharmacokinetic profiles after subcutaneous injection of a “semi-crystalline” suspension of the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 (10 mg/ml) in 0.2% methylcellulose with ( ⁇ ) or without ( ⁇ ) 5 mg/ml protamine present.
  • the existence of protamine prolonged the T max and decreased the C max .
  • FIG. 16 represents the spray-dried protamine/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 particles.
  • novel human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) peptide receptor modulators provided in sustained release formulations. Such formulations are useful for the amelioration of diseases including diabetes and diabetes-related conditions.
  • the novel formulations extend the release of GLP-1 receptor modulators through formation of adducts with metal ions such as zinc, manganese, and iron.
  • a zinc/GLP-1 receptor modulator adduct is formed.
  • a zinc/GLP-1 receptor modulator adduct is formed in a protamine solution.
  • the sustained release formulations are delivered subcutaneously in an aqueous suspension.
  • the sustained release formulation may also be delivered intramuscularly.
  • compositions of the present invention exhibit superior in vivo pharmacokinetic properties relative to traditional GLP-1 compositions. These properties include a decrease in solubility, minimal initial burst, constant release rate, and better chemical stability.
  • amino acid includes a compound represented by the general structure:
  • amino acid as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes, without limitation, an amino group and a carboxyl group linked to the same carbon, referred to as “a” carbon, where R and/or R′ can be a natural or an un-natural side chain, including hydrogen.
  • the absolute “S” configuration at the “ ⁇ ” carbon is commonly referred to as the “L” or “natural” configuration.
  • the amino acid is glycine and is not chiral.
  • amino-alcohol as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes, without limitation, a natural or non-natural amino acid in which the carboxy group is replaced (reduced) to a methyl alcohol such as valinol, glycinol, alaninol, arylalaninol, heteroarylalaninol.
  • alkyl as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes, without limitation, both straight and branched chain hydrocarbons, containing 1 to 40 carbons, preferably 1 to 20 carbons, more preferably 1 to 8 carbons, in the normal chain, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, the various branched chain isomers thereof, and the like.
  • alkyl groups may optionally be substituted on any available carbon atom with one or more functional groups commonly attached to such chains, such as, but not limited to alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, arylalkyloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkyloxy, alkanoyl, halo, hydroxyl, thio, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, carbonyl
  • carboxamido amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, amido, alkylamino, arylamido, heterarylamido, azido, guanidino, amidino, phosphonic, phosphinic, sulfonic, sulfonamido, haloaryl, CF 3 , OCF 2 , OCF 3 , aryloxy, heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkoxyalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl and the like to form alkyl groups such as trifluoro methyl, 3-hydroxyhexyl, 2-carboxypropyl, 2-fluoroethyl, carboxymethyl, cyanobutyl and the like.
  • alkenyl as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes, without limitation, both straight and branched chain hydrocarbons, containing 2 to 40 carbons with one or more double bonds, preferably 2 to 20 carbons with one to three double bonds, more preferably 2 to 8 carbons with one to two double bonds, in the normal chain, such that any carbon may be optionally substituted as described above for “alkyl”.
  • alkynyl as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes, without limitation, both straight and branched chain hydrocarbons, containing 2 to 40 carbons with one or more triple bonds, preferably 2 to 20 carbons with one to three triple bonds, more preferably 2 to 8 carbons with one to two triple bonds, in the normal chain, such that any carbon may be optionally substituted as described above for “alkyl”.
  • cycloalkyl as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes, without limitation, saturated or partially unsaturated (containing 1 or 2 double bonds) cyclic hydrocarbon groups containing 1 to 3 rings, appended or fused, including monocyclic alkyl, bicyclic alkyl and tricyclic alkyl, containing a total of 3 to 20 carbons forming the rings, preferably 4 to 7 carbons, forming each ring; which may be fused to 1 aromatic ring as described for aryl, which include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl, cyclododecyl, cyclohexenyl,
  • any of which groups may be optionally substituted through any available carbon atoms with 1 or more groups selected from hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkenyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, alkynyl, cycloalkylalkyl, fluorenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylazo, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylheteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, hydroxy, nitro, oxo, cyano, carboxyl, carbonyl
  • aryl refers, without limitation, to monocyclic and bicyclic aromatic groups containing 6 to 10 carbons in the ring portion (such as phenyl or naphthyl) and may optionally include one to three additional rings fused to “aryl” (such as aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl rings) and may be optionally substituted through any available carbon atoms with 1 or more groups selected from hydrogen, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkenyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, alkynyl, cycloalkylalkyl, fluorenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, aryloxyalkyl, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylazo, hetero
  • arylalkyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers, without limitation, to alkyl groups as defined above having an aryl substituent, such as benzyl, phenethyl or naphthylpropyl, wherein said aryl and/or alkyl groups may optionally be substituted as defined above.
  • alkoxy as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes, without limitation, an alkyl or aryl group as defined above linked through an oxygen atom.
  • heterocyclo represents, without limitation, an unsubstituted or substituted stable 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered monocyclic ring system which may be saturated or unsaturated, and which consists of carbon atoms and from one to four heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen and/or a SO or SO 2 group, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized.
  • the heterocyclic ring may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable structure.
  • heterocyclic groups include, but is not limited to, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxopyrrolidinyl, oxopiperazinyl, oxopiperidinyl and oxadiazolyl.
  • a heterocyclo group may be substituted with one or more functional groups, such as those described for “alkyl” or “aryl”.
  • heterocycloalkyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers, without limitation, to alkyl groups as defined above having a heterocycloalkyl substituent, wherein said “heterocyclo” and/or alkyl groups may optionally be substituted as defined above.
  • heteroaryl refers, without limitation, to a 5-, 6- or 7-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring which contains one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen and/or a SO or SO 2 group. Such rings may be fused to another aryl or heteroaryl ring and include possible N-oxides; Examples of such heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, furan, pyrrole, thiophene, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridazine, isoxazole, oxazole, imidazole and the like. Optionally a heteroaryl group may be substituted with one or more functional groups commonly attached to such chains, such as those described for “alkyl” or “aryl”.
  • heteroarylalkyl refers, without limitation, to alkyl groups as defined above having a heteroaryl substituent, wherein said heteroaryl and/or alkyl groups may optionally be substituted as defined above.
  • alkyloxycarbonyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers, without limitation, to alkyl groups as defined above attached to the oxygen of an —OC(O)— group, for example CH 3 OC(O)—, CH 3 CH 2 OC(O)— or CH 2 (OH)CH 2 OC(O)—.
  • aryloxycarbonyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers, without limitation, to aryl groups as defined above attached to the oxygen of an —OC(O)— group.
  • arylalkyloxycarbonyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers, without limitation, to aralkyl groups as defined above attached to the oxygen of an —OC(O)— group.
  • heterocyclyloxycarbonyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers, without limitation, to heterocyclyl groups as defined above attached by any carbon atom of the heterocyclyl group to the oxygen of an —OC(O)— group.
  • heterocyclyloxycarbonyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers, without limitation, to heterocyclyl groups as defined above attached by any carbon atom of the heterocyclyl group to the oxygen of an —OC(O)— group.
  • heteroarylalkyloxycarbonyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers, without limitation, to heteroarylalkyl groups as defined above attached by any carbon atom of the heterocyclyl group to the oxygen of an —OC(O)— group.
  • alkylcarbamoyl refers, without limitation, to alkyl groups as defined above attached to the nitrogen of a —NC(O)— group, for example CH 3 NHC(O)—, CH 3 CH 2 NHC(O)— or (CH 3 ) 2 NHC(O)— and wherein when 2 alkyl groups are present, the alkyl groups can optionally be attached to form a 4, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring, for example,
  • arylalkylcarbamoyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers, without limitation, to arylalkyl groups as defined above attached to the nitrogen of a —NC(O)— group.
  • heterocyclylcarbamoyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers, without limitation, to heterocyclyl groups as defined above attached to the nitrogen of an —NC(O)— group.
  • alkylsulfonyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers, without limitation, to alkyl groups as defined above attached to the sulfur of an —S(O) 2 — group for example CH 3 S(O) 2 —, CH 3 CH 2 S(O) 2 — or (CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 S(O) 2 —.
  • arylsulfonyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers, without limitation, to aryl groups as defined above attached to the sulfur of an —S(O) 2 — group.
  • arylalkylsulfonyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers, without limitation, to arylalkyl groups as defined above attached to the sulfur of an —S(O) 2 — group.
  • heteroarylsulfonyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers, without limitation, to heteroaryl groups as defined above attached to the sulfur of an —S(O) 2 — group.
  • heteroarylalkylsulfonyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers, without limitation, to heteroarylalkyl groups as defined above attached to the sulfur of an —S(O) 2 — group.
  • receptor modulator refers to a compound that acts at the GLP-1 receptor to alter its ability to regulate downstream signaling events.
  • receptor modulators include agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, inverse agonists, allosteric antagonists and allosteric potentiators as defined in standard pharmacology textbooks (e.g. E. M. Ross and T. P. Kenakin in Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10 th Ed ., Chapter 2, pp. 31-43, McGraw Hill, New York (2001)).
  • diabetes and related diseases, related conditions or associated conditions refers, without limitation, to Type II diabetes, Type I diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, obesity, hyperglycemia, Syndrome X, dysmetabolic syndrome, diabetic complications, and hyperinsulinemia.
  • lipid-modulating or “lipid lowering” agent refers, without limitation, to agents that lower LDL and/or raise HDL and/or lower triglycerides and/or lower total cholesterol and/or other known mechanisms for therapeutically treating lipid disorders.
  • Administration of a therapeutic agent of the invention includes, without limitation, administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the agent of the invention.
  • therapeutically effective amount refers, without limitation, to an amount of a therapeutic agent to treat or prevent a condition treatable by administration of a composition of the invention. That amount is the amount sufficient to exhibit a detectable therapeutic or preventative or ameliorative effect. The effect may include, for example and without limitation, treatment or prevention of the conditions listed herein.
  • the precise effective amount for a subject will depend upon the subject's size and health, the nature and extent of the condition being treated, recommendations of the treating physician, and the therapeutics or combination of therapeutics selected for administration. Thus, it is not useful to specify an exact effective amount in advance.
  • a “reconstituted” formulation is one which has been prepared by dissolving or suspending a dry powder or lyophilized formulation in a predominantly aqueous carrier such that the GLP-1 receptor modulator is dissolved or homogeneously dispersed in the reconstituted formulation.
  • the reconstituted formulation is suitable for parenteral administration to a patient in need thereof.
  • An “isotonic” formulation is one which has essentially the same osmotic pressure as human blood. Isotonic formulations will generally have an osmotic pressure from about 250 to 350 mOsmol/KgH 2 O.
  • the term “hypertonic” is used to describe a formulation with an osmotic pressure above that of human blood. Isotonicity can be measured using a vapor pressure or ice-freezing type osmometer, for example.
  • An “acid” is a substance that yields hydrogen ions in aqueous solution.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable acid” includes inorganic and organic acids which are non toxic at the concentration and manner in which they are formulated.
  • a “base” is a substance that yields hydroxyl ions in aqueous solution.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable bases” include inorganic and organic bases which are non-toxic at the concentration and manner in which they are formulated.
  • a “preservative” is an agent that reduces bacterial action, may be optionally added to the formulations herein.
  • the addition of a preservative may, for example, facilitate the production of a multi-use (multiple-dose) formulation.
  • potential preservatives include octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, hexamethonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride (a mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides in which the alkyl groups are long-chain compounds), and benzethonium chloride.
  • preservatives include aromatic alcohols such as phenol, butyl and benzyl alcohol, alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben, catechol, resorcinol, cyclohexanol, 3pentanol, and m-cresol.
  • a “surfactant” is a surface active molecule containing both a hydrophobic portion (e.g., alkyl chain) and a hydrophilic portion (e.g., carboxyl and carboxylate groups). Surfactant may be added to the formulations of the invention.
  • Surfactants suitable for use in the formulations of the present invention include, but are not limited to, polysorbates (e.g. polysorbates 20 or 80); poloxamers (e.g.
  • poloxamer 188 sorbitan esters and derivatives; Triton; sodium laurel sulfate; sodium octyl glycoside; lauryl-, myristyl-, linoleyl-, or stearyl-sulfobetadine; lauryl-, myristyl-, linoleyl- or stearyl-sarcosine; linoleyl-, myristyl-, or cetyl-betaine; lauramidopropyl-cocamidopropyl-, linoleamidopropyl-, myristamidopropyl-, palmidopropyl-, or isostearamidopropylbetaine (e.g., lauroamidopropyl); myristamidopropyl-, palmidopropyl-, or isostearamidopropyl-dimethylamine; sodium methyl cocoyl-, or dis
  • sustained release compositions comprising a GLP-1 receptor modulator peptide as an active ingredient in a sustained release formulation.
  • Embodiments of peptides that may be used, to make the disclosed sustained release formulations are described below.
  • the GLP-1 peptides, and analogs thereof, may be produced by chemical synthesis using various solid-phase techniques such as those described in G. Barany and R. B. Merrifield, The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology , Vol. 2, “Special Methods in Peptide Synthesis, Part A”, pp. 3-254, E. Gross and J. Meienhofer, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1980; and in J. M. Stewart and J. D. Young, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2 nd Ed ., Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill. (1984).
  • a desired peptide synthesis strategy is based on the Fmoc (9-Fluorenylmethylmethyloxycarbonyl) group for temporary protection of the ⁇ -amino group, in combination with the tert-butyl group for temporary protection of the amino acid side chains (see for example E. Atherton and R. C. Sheppard, “The Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl Amino Protecting Group”, in The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology , Vol. 9, “Special Methods in Peptide Synthesis, Part C”, pp. 1-38, S. Undenfriend and J. Meienhofer, eds., Academic Press, San Diego (1987)).
  • Peptides can be synthesized in a stepwise manner on an insoluble polymer support (also referred to as “resin”) starting from the C-terminus of the peptide.
  • a synthesis is begun by appending the C-terminal amino acid of the peptide to the resin through formation of an amide or ester linkage. This allows the eventual release of the resulting peptide as a C-terminal amide or carboxylic acid, respectively.
  • the C-terminal residue may be attached to 2-Methoxy-4-alkoxybenzyl alcohol resin (SASRINTM, Bachem Bioscience, Inc., King of Prussia, Pa.) and, after completion of the peptide sequence assembly, the resulting peptide alcohol is released with LiBH 4 in THF (see J. M. Stewart and J. D. Young, supra, p. 92).
  • SASRINTM 2-Methoxy-4-alkoxybenzyl alcohol resin
  • the C-terminal amino acid and all other amino acids used in the synthesis are required to have their ⁇ -amino groups and side chain functionalities (if present) differentially protected such that the ⁇ -amino protecting group may be selectively removed during the synthesis.
  • the coupling of an amino acid is performed by activation of its carboxyl group as an active ester and reaction thereof with the unblocked ⁇ -amino group of the N-terminal amino acid appended to the resin.
  • the sequence of ⁇ -amino group deprotection and coupling is repeated until the entire peptide sequence is assembled.
  • the peptide is then released from the resin with concomitant deprotection of the side chain functionalities, usually in the presence of appropriate scavengers to limit side reactions.
  • the resulting peptide is finally purified by reverse phase HPLC.
  • peptidyl-resins which are required as precursors to the final peptides, utilizes commercially available cross-linked polystyrene polymer resins (Novabiochem, San Diego, Calif.; Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.).
  • Preferred solid supports are: 4-(2′,4′-dimethoxyphenyl-Fmoc-aminomethyl)-phenoxyacetyl-p-methyl benzhydrylamine resin (Rink amide MBHA resin); 9-Fmoc-amino-xanthen-3-yloxy-Merrifield resin (Sieber amide resin); 4-(9-Fmoc)aminomethyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)valeryl-aminomethyl-Merrifield resin (PAL resin), for C-terminal carboxamides.
  • Coupling of the first and subsequent amino acids can be accomplished using HOBT or HOAT active esters produced from DIC/HOBT, HBTU/HOBT, BOP, PyBOP, or from DIC/HOAT, HATU/HOAT, respectively.
  • Preferred solid supports are: 2-Chlorotrityl chloride resin and 9-Fmoc-amino-xanthen-3-yloxy-Merrifield resin (Sieber amide resin) for protected peptide fragments.
  • Loading of the first amino acid onto the 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin is achieved by reacting the Fmoc-protected amino acid with the resin in dichloromethane and DIEA. If necessary, a small amount of DMF may be added to facilitate dissolution of the amino acid.
  • the synthesis of the 11-mer peptide analogs can be carried out by using a peptide synthesizer, such as an Advanced Chemtech Multiple Peptide Synthesizer (MPS396) or an Applied Biosystems Inc. peptide synthesizer (ABI 433A). If the MPS396 was used, up to 96 peptides were simultaneously synthesized. If the ABI 433A synthesizer was used, individual peptides were synthesized sequentially. In both cases the stepwise solid phase peptide synthesis was carried out utilizing the Fmoc/t-butyl protection strategy described herein.
  • MPS396 Advanced Chemtech Multiple Peptide Synthesizer
  • ABSI 433A Applied Biosystems Inc. peptide synthesizer
  • the non-natural, non-commercial, amino acids present at positions ten and eleven of the 11-mer peptides described herein were incorporated into the peptide chain in one of two methods.
  • a Boc- or Fmoc-protected non-natural amino acid was prepared in solution using appropriate organic synthetic procedures.
  • the resulting derivative was then used in the step-wise synthesis of the peptide.
  • the required non-natural amino acid was built on the resin directly using synthetic organic chemistry procedures.
  • the required Fmoc-protected non-natural amino acid was synthesized in solution. Such a derivative was then used in stepwise solid phase peptide synthesis.
  • the peptidyl-resin precursors for their respective peptides may be cleaved and deprotected using any standard procedure (see, for example, King, D. S. et al., Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 36(3):255-266 (1990)).
  • a desired method is the use of TFA in the presence of water and TIS as scavengers.
  • the peptidyl-resin is stirred in TFA/water/TIS (94:3:3, v:v:v; 1 mL/100 mg of peptidyl resin) for 2-6 hrs at room temperature.
  • the spent resin is then filtered off and the TFA solution is concentrated or dried under reduced pressure.
  • the resulting crude peptide is either precipitated and washed with Et 2 O or is redissolved directly into DMSO or 50% aqueous acetic acid for purification by preparative HPLC.
  • Peptides with the desired purity can be obtained by purification using preparative HPLC, for example, on a Waters Model 4000 or a Shimadzu Model LC-8A liquid chromatograph.
  • the solution of crude peptide is injected into a YMC S5 ODS (20 ⁇ 100 mm) column and eluted with a linear gradient of MeCN in water, both buffered with 0.1% TFA, using a flow rate of 14-20 mL/min with effluent monitoring by UV absorbance at 220 nm.
  • the structures of the purified peptides can be confirmed by electro-spray MS analysis.
  • An alternative synthesis method utilizes recombinant DNA technology to express GLP-1 molecules in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
  • Prokaryotes most frequently are represented by various strains of bacteria.
  • the bacteria may be gram positive or gram negative although typically gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli are preferred. Other microbial strains may also be used.
  • the methods may introduce various side chain substituents and are applicable to both prokaryotic (e.g., Eubacteria, Archeaebacteria) and eukaryotic (e.g., yeast, mammalian, plant, or insect) systems.
  • prokaryotic e.g., Eubacteria, Archeaebacteria
  • eukaryotic e.g., yeast, mammalian, plant, or insect
  • recombinant methods are useful for the site specific incorporation of non-naturally occurring amino acids via selector codons, e.g., stop codons, four base codons, and the like.
  • selector codons e.g., stop codons, four base codons, and the like.
  • the non-naturally occurring amino acid is added to the genetic repertoire, rather than substituting for one of the twenty common amino acids.
  • An example of a recombinant method provides translation systems, e.g., cells, that include an orthogonal tRNA (O-tRNA), an orthogonal aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (O-RS), and a non-naturally occurring amino acid, where the O-RS aminoacylates the O-tRNA with the non-naturally occurring amino acid, and the cell uses the components to incorporate the non-naturally occurring amino acid into a growing polypeptide chain.
  • O-tRNA orthogonal tRNA
  • O-RS orthogonal aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
  • Sustained release formulations of the compound of SEQ ID NO: 9 were characterized, tested, and showed a decrease in solubility and an increase in bioavailability. See Examples 31-34.
  • sustained release formulations of GLP-1 receptor modulator peptides are made by forming a metal ion/GLP-1 receptor modulator adduct.
  • the metal ion/GLP-1 receptor modulator adduct is formed by mixing a solution of metal ion with a solution of GLP-1 receptor modulator until a precipitate forms.
  • Metal ions include zinc, manganese, and iron.
  • the metal ion is zinc or zinc acetate.
  • the metal ion/GLP-1 receptor modulator adduct is then purified, for example by vacuum drying or spray drying.
  • the metal ion/GLP-1 receptor modulator adduct is formed in a protamine solution.
  • Protamine is a positively charged polypeptide (MW ⁇ 4300 Da) so it forms a less soluble adduct with negatively charged GLP-1 peptides and, therefore, extends release following administration.
  • Protamine formulations using the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 may be prepared as follows: (1) A pre-formed protamine/compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct may be suspended in an injectable medium; (2) a compound of SEQ ID NO:9 may be suspended in protamine solution; or (3) two separate compounds of SEQ ID NO:9 solution/suspension and protamine solutions may be co-administered to the same injection site.
  • SEQ ID NO:9 formulation of GLP-1 peptides such as those of SEQ ID NO's: 118, 119, 120, 130, 139, 140, 149, 150, 151, and 158, as well as the peptides described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/170,968 and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/442,017, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • the sustained release formulations described herein may further comprise pharmaceutical compositions including a GLP-1 receptor modulator compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or solvent.
  • the active ingredient i.e., an 11-mer GLP-1 peptide
  • the sustained release formulations described herein may further comprise pharmaceutical compositions including a GLP-1 receptor modulator compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or solvent.
  • the active ingredient i.e., an 11-mer GLP-1 peptide
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” means any carrier, diluent or excipient which is compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient.
  • the formulation is preferably administered with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier selected on the basis of the selected route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
  • the formulation may be introduced in dosage forms according to standard practices in the field of pharmaceutical preparations. Alphonso Gennaro, ed., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., (1990) Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. Suitable dosage forms may comprise, for example, tablets, capsules, solutions, parenteral solutions, troches, suppositories, or suspensions.
  • parenteral administration is preferred.
  • the formulation may be mixed with a suitable carrier or diluent such as water, an oil (particularly a vegetable oil), ethanol, saline solution, aqueous dextrose (glucose) and related sugar solutions, glycerol, or a glycol such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol.
  • Solutions for parenteral administration preferably contain a water soluble salt of the active agent.
  • Stabilizing agents, antioxidant agents and preservatives may also be added. Suitable antioxidant agents include sulfite, ascorbic acid, citric acid and its salts, and sodium EDTA.
  • Suitable preservatives include benzalkonium chloride, methyl- or propyl-paraben, and chlorobutanol.
  • the composition for parenteral administration may take the form of an aqueous or non-aqueous solution, dispersion, suspension or emulsion.
  • compositions disclosed and claimed herein is an aqueous pharmaceutical suspension of a GLP-1 receptor modulator that may include one or more surfactants, suspending agents, thickening agents, preservatives and/or antioxidants.
  • the suspension may comprise a co-precipitated, lyophilized, or spray dried zinc adduct in a Zn:GLP-1 modulator ratio of from about 1:10 to about 50:1, with a weight to volume ratio of surfactants, suspending agents, and/or thickening agents, of from 0% to about 30%.
  • the Zn:GLP-1 modulator ratio may be further defined as between about 0.5:1 to 10:1 and the weight to volume ratio of surfactants, suspending agents, and/or thickening agents of from 0% to about 30%.
  • the Zn:GLP-1 receptor modulator ratio may be between about 1.5:1 to about 5:1, and the weight to volume ratio of surfactants may be from 0% to about 1%, the suspending agents from 0% to about 5%, and/or a thickening agents may be from 0% to about 1%.
  • Suitable surfactants include phospholipids (e.g., lecithin), cationic surfactants (e.g., myristylgammapicolinium chloride), anionic surfactants and non-ionic surfactants (e.g., polysorbate 80).
  • phospholipids e.g., lecithin
  • cationic surfactants e.g., myristylgammapicolinium chloride
  • anionic surfactants e.g., polysorbate 80.
  • Suitable suspending and/or density adjusting agents include polyvinylpyrrolidone compounds and polyethylene glycols.
  • polyethylene glycols include those having a molecular weight from about 300 to about 6000, e.g., polyethylene glycol 3350 and polyethylene glycol 4000.
  • Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) compounds include PVP K12, K17, K25 and K30.
  • Suitable thickening or viscosity agents include well known cellulose derivatives (e.g., methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose), gelatin and acacia.
  • Suitable antioxidants include ascorbic acid derivatives (e.g. ascorbic acid, erythorbic acid, sodium ascorbate), thiol derivatives (e.g. thioglycerol, cysteine, acetylcysteine, cysteine, dithioerythritol, dithiothreitol, glutathione), tocopherols, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, sulfurous acid salts (e.g.
  • sodium sulfate sodium bisulfite, acetone sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, sodium thiosulfate) and nordihydroguaiaretic acid.
  • Suitable preservatives are for instance phenol, chlorobutanol, benzylalcohol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzalkonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride.
  • compositions disclosed and claimed herein may also include tonicity-adjusting agents.
  • exemplary tonicity adjusting agents include sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, dextrose, mannitol and glycerol.
  • salts embraces addition salts of free acids or free bases which are compounds of the invention.
  • pharmaceutically-acceptable salt refers to salts which possess toxicity profiles within a range that affords utility in pharmaceutical applications.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared from an inorganic acid or from an organic acid. Examples of inorganic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, nitric, carbonic, sulfuric and phosphoric acid.
  • organic acids may be selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, araliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic and sulfonic classes of organic acids, examples of which include formic, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, glucuronic, maleic, fumaric, pyruvic, aspartic, glutamic, benzoic, anthranilic, salicyclic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, mandelic, pamoic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, pantothenic, trifluoromethanesulfonic, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, sulfanilic, cyclohexylaminosulfonic, stearic, alginic, ⁇ -hydroxybutyric, galacta
  • Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable base addition salts include for example, metallic salts including alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and transition metal salts such as, for example, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc salts.
  • Pharmaceutically-acceptable base addition salts also include organic salts made from basic amines such as, for example, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine) and procaine.
  • formulations described herein can be used alone, in combination with other compounds/compositions described herein, or in combination with one or more other therapeutic agent(s), e.g., an antidiabetic agent or other pharmaceutical.
  • other therapeutic agent(s) e.g., an antidiabetic agent or other pharmaceutical.
  • GLP-1 receptor modulators e.g., agonists or partial agonists, such as a peptide agonist
  • suitable therapeutic agents useful in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders including: anti-diabetic agents; anti-hyperglycemic agents; hypolipidemic/lipid lowering agents; anti-obesity agents (including appetite suppressants/modulators) and anti-hypertensive agents.
  • formulations described herein may be combined with one or more of the following therapeutic agents; infertility agents, agents for treating polycystic ovary syndrome, agents for treating growth disorders, agents for treating frailty, agents for treating arthritis, agents for preventing allograft rejection in transplantation, agents for treating autoimmune diseases, anti-AIDS agents, anti-osteoporosis agents, agents for treating immunomodulatory diseases, antithrombotic agents, agents for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, antibiotic agents, anti-psychotic agents, agents for treating chronic inflammatory bowel disease or syndrome and/or agents for treating anorexia nervosa.
  • therapeutic agents infertility agents, agents for treating polycystic ovary syndrome, agents for treating growth disorders, agents for treating frailty, agents for treating arthritis, agents for preventing allograft rejection in transplantation, agents for treating autoimmune diseases, anti-AIDS agents, anti-osteoporosis agents, agents for treating immunomodulatory diseases, antithrombotic agents, agents for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, antibiotic agents, anti
  • Suitable anti-diabetic agents for use in combination with the formulations described herein include biguanides (e.g., metformin or phenformin), glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose or miglitol), insulins (including insulin secretagogues or insulin sensitizers), meglitinides (e.g., repaglinide), sulfonylureas (e.g., glimepiride, glyburide, gliclazide, chlorpropamide and glipizide), biguanide/glyburide combinations (e.g., Glucovance®), thiazolidinediones (e.g., troglitazone, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone), PPAR-alpha agonists, PPAR-gamma agonists, PPAR alpha/gamma dual agonists, glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors, inhibitors of fatty acid
  • Suitable thiazolidinediones include Mitsubishi's MCC-555 (disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,594,016), Glaxo-Wellcome's GL-262570, englitazone (CP-68722, Pfizer) or darglitazone (CP-86325, Pfizer, isaglitazone (MIT/J&J), JTT-501 (JPNT/P&U), L-895645 (Merck), R-119702 (Sankyo/WL), NN-2344 (Dr. Reddy/NN), or YM-440 (Yamanouchi).
  • Suitable PPAR alpha/gamma dual agonists include muraglitazar (Bristol-Myers Squibb), AR-HO39242 (Astra/Zeneca), GW409544 (Glaxo-Wellcome), KRP297 (Kyorin Merck) as well as those disclosed by Murakami et al, “A Novel Insulin Sensitizer Acts As a Coligand for Peroxisome Proliferation—Activated Receptor Alpha (PPAR alpha) and PPAR gamma. Effect on PPAR alpha Activation on Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in Liver of Zucker Fatty Rats”, Diabetes 47, 1841-1847 (1998), and in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/644,598, filed Sep. 18, 2000, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, employing dosages as set out therein, which formulations designated as preferred are preferred for use herein.
  • Suitable aP2 inhibitors include those disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/391,053, filed Sep. 7, 1999, and in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/519,079, filed Mar. 6, 2000, employing dosages as set out herein.
  • Suitable DPP4 inhibitors that may be used in combination with the formulations described herein include those disclosed in WO99/38501, WO99/46272, WO99/67279 (PROBIODRUG), WO99/67278 (PROBIODRUG), WO99/61431 (PROBIODRUG), NVP-DPP728A (1-[[[2-[(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)amino]ethyl]amino]acetyl]-2-cyano-(S)-pyrrolidine) (Novartis) as disclosed by Hughes et al, Biochemistry, 38(36), 11597-11603, 1999, LAF237, saxagliptin, MK0431, TSL-225 (tryptophyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (disclosed by Yamada et al, Bioorg.
  • Suitable meglitinides include nateglinide (Novartis) or KAD1229 (PF/Kissei).
  • GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1
  • examples of other suitable glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) compounds that may be used in combination with the formulations described herein include GLP-1(1-36) amide, GLP-1(7-36) amide, GLP-1(7-37) (as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,492 to Habener), as well as AC2993 (Amylin), LY-315902 (Lilly) and NN2211 (Novo Nordisk).
  • hypolipidemic/lipid lowering agents for use in combination with the formulations described herein include one or more MTP inhibitors, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, squalene synthetase inhibitors, fibric acid derivatives, ACAT inhibitors, lipoxygenase inhibitors, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, ileal Na+/bile acid cotransporter inhibitors, upregulators of LDL receptor activity, bile acid sequestrants, cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors (e.g., CP-529414 (Pfizer)) and/or nicotinic acid and derivatives thereof.
  • MTP inhibitors HMG CoA reductase inhibitors
  • squalene synthetase inhibitors fibric acid derivatives
  • ACAT inhibitors lipoxygenase inhibitors
  • cholesterol absorption inhibitors ileal Na+/bile acid cotransporter inhibitors
  • upregulators of LDL receptor activity e.g., CP-529414 (Pfizer
  • MTP inhibitors which may be employed as described above include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,595,872, U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,135, U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,279, U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,246, U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,875, U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,983 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,962,440, all of which are incorporated by reference herein.
  • HMG CoA reductase inhibitors which may be employed in combination with the formulations described herein include mevastatin and related compounds, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,983,140, lovastatin (mevinolin) and related compounds, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,231,938, pravastatin and related compounds, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,227, simvastatin and related compounds, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,448,784 and 4,450,171.
  • Other HMG CoA reductase inhibitors which may be employed include, but are not limited to, fluvastatin, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
  • Desired hypolipidemic agents are pravastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, cerivastatin, atavastatin and ZD-4522.
  • phosphinic acid compounds useful in inhibiting HMG CoA reductase such as those disclosed in GB 2205837, are suitable for use in combination with the formulations described herein.
  • the squalene synthetase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, ⁇ -phosphono-sulfonates disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,396, those disclosed by Biller et al, J. Med. Chem., 1988, Vol. 31, No. 10, pp 1869-1871, including isoprenoid (phosphinyl-methyl) phosphonates, as well as other known squalene synthetase inhibitors, for example, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,871,721 and 4,924,024 and in Biller, S. A., Neuenschwander, K., Ponpipom, M. M., and Poulter, C. D., Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2, 1-40 (1996).
  • squalene synthetase inhibitors include the terpenoid pyrophosphates disclosed by P. Ortiz de Montellano et al, J. Med. Chem., 1977, 20, 243-249, the farnesyl diphosphate analog A and presqualene pyrophosphate (PSQ-PP) analogs as disclosed by Corey and Volante, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1976, 98, 1291-1293, phosphinylphosphonates reported by McClard, R. W. et al, J.A.C.S., 1987, 109, 5544 and cyclopropanes reported by Capson, T. L., PhD dissertation, June, 1987, Dept. Med. Chem. U of Utah, Abstract, Table of Contents, pp 16, 17, 40-43, 48-51,
  • fibric acid derivatives which may be employed in combination with the formulations described herein include fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, bezafibrate, ciprofibrate, clinofibrate and the like, probucol, and related compounds, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
  • bile acid sequestrants such as cholestyramine, colestipol and DEAE-Sephadex (SecholexTM, policexide®), as well as lipostabil (Rhone-Poulenc), Eisai E-5050 (an N-substituted ethanolamine derivative), imanixil (HOE-402), tetrahydrolipstatin (THL), istigmastanylphos-phorylcholine (SPC, Roche), aminocyclodextrin (Tanabe Seiyoku), Ajinomoto AJ-814 (azulene derivative), melinamide (Sumitomo), Sandoz 58-035, American Cyanamid CL-277,082 and CL-283,546 (disubstituted urea derivatives), nicotinic acid, acipimox, acifran, neomycin, p-aminosalicylic acid, aspir
  • cholestyramine colestipol and DEAE-S
  • the ACAT inhibitor which may be employed in combination with the formulations described herein include those disclosed in Drugs of the Future 24, 9-15 (1999), (Avasimibe); “The ACAT inhibitor, Cl-1011 is effective in the prevention and regression of aortic fatty streak area in hamsters”, Nicolosi et al, Atherosclerosis (Shannon, Irel). (1998), 137(1), 77-85; “The pharmacological profile of FCE 27677: a novel ACAT inhibitor with potent hypolipidemic activity mediated by selective suppression of the hepatic secretion of ApoB100-containing lipoprotein”, Ghiselli, Giancarlo, Cardiovasc. Drug Rev.
  • the hypolipidemic agent may be an upregulator of LD2 receptor activity, such as MD-700 (Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd) and LY295427 (Eli Lilly).
  • Suitable cholesterol absorption inhibitors for use in combination with the formulations described herein include SCH48461 (Schering-Plough), as well as those disclosed in Atherosclerosis 115, 45-63 (1995) and J. Med. Chem. 41, 973 (1998).
  • ileal Na+/bile acid cotransporter inhibitors for use in combination with the formulations described herein include compounds as disclosed in Drugs of the Future, 24, 425-430 (1999).
  • the lipoxygenase inhibitors which may be employed in combination with the formulations described herein include 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) inhibitors, such as benzimidazole derivatives, as disclosed in WO 97/12615, 15-LO inhibitors, as disclosed in WO 97/12613, isothiazolones, as disclosed in WO 96/38144, and 15-LO inhibitors, as disclosed by Sendobry et al “Attenuation of diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits with a highly selective 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor lacking significant antioxidant properties”, Brit. J. Pharmacology (1997) 120, 1199-1206, and Cornicelli et al, “15-Lipoxygenase and its Inhibition: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Vascular Disease”, Current Pharmaceutical Design, 1999, 5, 11-20.
  • 15-LO 15-lipoxygenase
  • 15-LO 15-lipoxygenase
  • benzimidazole derivatives as disclosed in WO 97
  • Suitable anti-hypertensive agents for use in combination with the formulations described herein include beta adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers (L-type and T-type; e.g. diltiazem, verapamil, nifedipine, amlodipine and mybefradil), diuretics (e.g., chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, flumethiazide, hydroflumethiazide, bendroflumethiazide, methylchlorothiazide, trichloromethiazide, polythiazide, benzthiazide, ethacrynic acid tricrynafen, chlorthalidone, furosemide, musolimine, bumetanide, triamtrenene, amiloride, spironolactone), renin inhibitors, ACE inhibitors (e.g., captopril, zofenopril, fosino
  • Dual ET/AII antagonist e.g., compounds disclosed in WO 00/01389
  • neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors
  • vasopepsidase inhibitors dual NEP-ACE inhibitors
  • omapatrilat and gemopatrilat e.g., omapatrilat and gemopatrilat
  • Suitable anti-obesity agents for use in combination with the formulations described herein include a NPY receptor antagonist, a NPY-Y2 or NPY-Y4 receptor agonist, Oxyntomodulin, a MCH antagonist, a GHSR antagonist, a CRH antagonist, a beta 3 adrenergic agonist, a lipase inhibitor, a serotonin (and dopamine) reuptake inhibitor, a thyroid receptor beta drug, a CB-1 antagonist and/or an anorectic agent.
  • beta 3 adrenergic agonists which may be optionally employed in combination with the formulations described herein include AJ9677 (Takeda/Dainippon), L750355 (Merck), or CP331648 (Pfizer) or other known beta 3 agonists, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,541,204, 5,770,615, 5,491,134, 5,776,983 and 5,488,064, with AJ9677, L750,355 and CP331648 being preferred.
  • lipase inhibitors which may be optionally employed in combination with the formulations described herein include orlistat or ATL-962 (Alizyme), with orlistat being preferred.
  • the serotonin (and dopamine) reuptake inhibitor which may be optionally employed in combination with the formulations described herein may be sibutramine, topiramate (Johnson & Johnson) or axokine (Regeneron), with sibutramine and topiramate being preferred.
  • thyroid receptor beta compounds which may be optionally employed in combination with the formulations described herein include thyroid receptor ligands, such as those disclosed in WO97/21993 (U. Cal SF), WO99/00353 (KaroBio) and WO 00/039077 (KaroBio), with compounds of the KaroBio applications being preferred.
  • CB-1 antagonists which may be optionally employed in combination with the formulations described herein include CB-1 antagonists and rimonabant (SR141716A).
  • NPY-Y2 and NPY-Y4 receptor agonists examples include PYY(3-36) and Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP), respectively.
  • the anorectic agent which may be optionally employed in combination with the formulations described herein include dexamphetamine, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine or mazindol, with dexamphetamine being preferred.
  • Suitable anti-psychotic agents include clozapine, haloperidol, olanzapine (Zyprexa®), Prozac® and aripiprazole (Abilify®).
  • compositions of the invention e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, etc.
  • Methods of introduction include but are not limited to intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, and oral routes.
  • the formulations may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Administration can be systemic or local.
  • intraventricular injection may be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an ommaya reservoir.
  • the route of administration may include but is not limited to oral, intraoral, rectal, transdermal, buccal, intranasal, pulmonary, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, sublingual, intracolonic, intraoccular, intravenous, or intestinal administration.
  • the formulations disclosed herein may be administered simultaneously, by the same or different routes, or at different times during treatment.
  • the specific dose of polypeptide to obtain therapeutic benefit for treatment of will, of course, be determined by the particular circumstances of the individual patient including, the size, weight, age and sex of the patient, the nature of the disease, and the route of administration of the compound.
  • a daily dosage of from about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg/day may be utilized, more preferably from about 0.05 to about 25 mg/kg/day.
  • Particularly preferred are doses from about 0.5 to about 10.0 mg/kg/day, for example, a dose of about 5.0 mg/kg/day.
  • the dose may be given over multiple administrations, for example, two administrations of 2.5 mg/kg. Higher or lower doses are also contemplated.
  • the subject being treated with the pharmaceutical composition is monitored throughout the treatment to determine the progress of the treatment. Continued monitoring allows the clinician to determine if therapy is effective and if administration should continue.
  • the dosage regimen for the formulations will, of course, vary depending upon known factors, such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent and its mode and route of administration; the species, age, sex, health, medical condition, and weight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the kind of concurrent treatment; the frequency of treatment; the route of administration, the renal and hepatic function of the patient, and the effect desired.
  • a physician or veterinarian can determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter, or arrest the progress of the disease state.
  • the daily oral dosage of the active ingredient when used for the indicated effects, will range between about 0.001 to 1000 mg/kg of body weight, preferably between about 0.01 to 100 mg/kg of body weight per day, and most preferably between about 0.6 to 20 mg/kg/day.
  • the daily dosage of the active ingredient when used for the indicated effects will range between 0.001 ng to 100.0 ng per min/per Kg of body weight during a constant rate infusion.
  • Such constant intravenous infusion can be preferably administered at a rate of 0.01 ng to 50 ng per min per Kg body weight and most preferably at 0.01 ng to 10.0 mg per min per Kg body weight.
  • Dosage forms suitable for administration may contain from about 0.01 milligram to about 500 milligrams of active ingredient per dosage unit.
  • the active ingredient will ordinarily be present in an amount of about 0.5-95% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
  • Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remington: “The Science and Practice of Pharmacy”, Nineteenth Edition, Mack Publishing Company, 1995, a standard reference text in this field. Specific examples of sustained release formulations are provided in the Examples below.
  • kits comprising the sustained release GLP-1 formulations and preferably provides instructions for its use for the treatment of a patient suffering from diabetes or a diabetic related condition.
  • the kit comprises a container. Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes and test tubes.
  • the container may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass, plastic or metals.
  • the container may be adapted to store a lyophilized or liquid formulation.
  • the label on, or associated with, the container may provide directions for reconstitution and/or use.
  • the label may indicate that the sustained release formulation is to be diluted to a specific concentration.
  • the label may further indicate that the formulation is intended for subcutaneous administration.
  • the container holding the formulation may be a multi-use vial, which allows for repeat administrations (e.g. from 2-6 administrations) of, for example, a subcutaneous formulation.
  • the container may be a pre-filled syringe containing, for example, a subcutaneous formulation.
  • the kit may further comprise a second container comprising, for example, a suitable carrier for the lyophilized formulation.
  • the kit may further include materials including a variety of buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.
  • Silicone free syringes are preferably utilized for surfactant free drug product, such as upon reconstitution of lyophilized drug product and/or transfer of the solutions from the vial to the intravenous bag and may be co-packaged with the drug product vial.
  • the GLP-1 receptor modulator peptides used in sustained release formulations have the general structure:
  • Dipeptidyl resin containing, amino acid at positions ten and eleven of the 11-mer GLP-1 modulators, was prepared using the following manual procedure in a batchwise mode before continuing peptide chain elongation utilizing the automated simultaneous synthesis protocol on an MPS-396 peptide synthesizer.
  • Such dipeptidyl-resins required for the synthesis of a set of designed analogs were then used in the automated MPS synthesis of up to 96 peptides per run in the following manner.
  • the dipeptidyl-resins were loaded as suspensions in dichloromethane/DMF (60:40) into the 96-well reactor of an Advanced ChemTech MPS 396 synthesizer in volumes corresponding to 0.01-0.025 mmol (20-50 mg) of resin per reactor well.
  • the reactor was placed on the instrument and drained.
  • the wells were then washed with DMF (0.5-1.0 mL, 3 ⁇ 2 min) and subjected to the number of automated coupling cycles required to assemble the respective peptide sequences as determined by the pre-programmed sequence synthesis table.
  • the Fmoc-protected dipeptidyl-resin prepared above was deprotected by treating with 20% piperidine in DMF (1.0 mL; 1 ⁇ 5 minutes; 1 ⁇ 15 minutes). The resin was then washed with NMP (8 ⁇ 1.0 mL).
  • Coupling of the next amino acid was carried out by manual addition of a solution of the appropriate Fmoc-amino acid (0.075 mmol, 3.0 eq.), HCTU (0.075 mmol, 3.0 eq.) and DIEA (0.15 mmol, 6.0 eq.) in NMP (1 mL) to all wells.
  • the coupling was allowed to proceed for 3 hrs. After reactor draining by nitrogen pressure (3-5 psi) and washing the wells with NMP (4 ⁇ 1.0 mL).
  • the next coupling cycle started with the removal of the Fmoc group as described above, and involved the coupling of either Fmoc-Ser(tBu)-OH or of a different Fmoc-amino acid as required by the sequence substitutions desired at this position.
  • the coupling was carried out in a manner identical to that described for Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH.
  • the next coupling step was carried out in the same way to incorporate either Fmoc-Thr(tBu)-OH or any of the other selected Fmoc-amino acids into this sequence position as required.
  • Fmoc-amino acid for example Fmoc- ⁇ -methyl-Phe-OH or an analog thereof
  • Fmoc-amino acid for example Fmoc- ⁇ -methyl-Phe-OH or an analog thereof
  • Fmoc-amino acid 1-5 eq.
  • HOAt 1-5 eq.
  • DIC DIC
  • the next coupling step involved either Fmoc-Thr(tBu)-OH or substitution analogs as required by sequence replacements at this position.
  • the coupling was performed as described for the initial MPS coupling of Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH and its analogs, except that 10 eq. of Fmoc-Thr(tBu)-OH or substitution analogs was used and the coupling was allowed to proceed for 16 hrs and the coupling reagents used were DIC/HOAt in NMP. After the usual post-coupling washes, the peptidyl-resins were capped with 10% acetic anhydride in DCM (1 ⁇ 1 mL ⁇ 60 mins.).
  • the Fmoc group was removed with 20% piperidine in DMF as described above, and the peptidyl-resins were washed with DMF (4 ⁇ 1.0 mL) and DCM (4 ⁇ 1.0 mL). They were then dried on the reactor block by applying a constant pressure of nitrogen gas (5 psi) for 10-15 min.
  • the desired peptides were cleaved/deprotected from their respective peptidyl-resins by treatment with a TFA cleavage mixture as follows.
  • a solution of TFA/DCM/tri-isopropylsilane (70:28:2) (1.0 mL) was added to each well in the reactor block, which was then vortexed for 10 mins. This was repeated twice more and the TFA solutions from the wells were collected by positive pressure into pre-tarred vials located in a matching 96-vial block on the bottom of the reactor.
  • the vials were capped and gently vortexed for an additional 90 minutes.
  • the vials were uncapped and concentrated in a SpeedVacTM (Savant) to a volume of about 0.2 mL.
  • the crude peptides were then precipitated by the addition of diisopropyl ether (3 mL) and being briefly vortexed. The precipitates were pelleted by centrifugation and the supernatants were decanted. The vials were dried in a SpeedVacTM (Savant) to yield the crude peptides, typically in >100% yields (20-40 mgs).
  • the crude peptides dissolved directly in 2 mL of 0.6% ammonium hydroxide for purification by preparative HPLC as follows.
  • Preparative HPLC was carried out either on a Waters Model 4000 or a Shimadzu Model LC-8A liquid chromatograph. Each solution of crude peptide was injected into a YMC S5 ODS (20 ⁇ 100 mm) column and eluted using a linear gradient of MeCN in water, both buffered with 0.1% TFA. A typical gradient used was from 20% to 50% 0.1% TFA/MeCN in 0.1% TFA/water over 15 min. at a flow rate of 14 mL/min with effluent UV detection at 220 nm. The desired product eluted well separated from impurities, typically after 10-11 min., and was usually collected in a single 10-15 mL fraction on a fraction collector. The desired peptides were obtained as amorphous white powders by lyophilization of their HPLC fractions.
  • each peptide was analyzed by analytical RP-HPLC on a Shimadzu LC-10AD or LC-10AT analytical HPLC system consisting of: a SCL-10A system controller, a SIL-10A auto-injector, a SPD10AV or SPD-M6A UV/VIS detector, or a SPD-M10A diode array detector.
  • a YMC ODS S3 (4.6 ⁇ 50 mm) column was used and elution was performed using one of the following gradients: 10-70% B in A over 8 min, 2.5 mL/min. (method A); 5-80% B in A over 8 min, 2.5 mL/min. (method B); 5-70% B in A over 8 min., 2.5 mL/min.
  • ES-MS electrospray mass spectrometry
  • Finnigan SSQ7000 single quadrupole mass spectrometers (ThermoFinnigan, San Jose, Calif.) were used in all analyses in positive and negative ion electrospray mode. Full scan data was acquired over the mass range of 300 to 2200 amu for a scan time of 1.0 second. The quadrupole was operated at unit resolution.
  • the mass spectrometer was interfaced to a Waters 616 HPLC pump (Waters Corp., Milford, Mass.) and equipped with an HTS PAL autosampler (CTC Analytics, Zwingen, Switzerland).
  • the experimentally measured molecular weight was within 0.5 Daltons of the calculated mono-isotopic molecular weight.
  • N-acylated 11-mer peptide analogs were started from the protected 11-mer peptidyl-resin intermediate (1) (0.015 mmol), prepared as described herein, as shown in Scheme 2.
  • the Fmoc group was removed using the procedure described herein, and the resulting resin intermediate 2 was coupled with the relevant Fmoc-protected amino acid or carboxylic acid using the coupling protocol described in the general method described herein.
  • the N-acylation was performed using 5 eq. of the anhydride in NMP.
  • the resulting N-acylated 11-mer analogs (3) were cleaved/deprotected and purified by prep. HPLC by the general method described herein.
  • N-carbamate derivatives of 11-mer peptide analogs may be started from the protected 1-mer peptidyl-resin intermediate (1) (0.015 mmol), prepared as described herein.
  • the Fmoc group is removed using the procedure described herein, and the resulting resin intermediate 2 is allowed to react with the relevant chloroformate in the presence of an appropriate base such as a tertiary amine, or with a di-carbonate or an activated carbonate such as p-nitrophenyl or phenyl or hydroxy-succinimidyl carbonate.
  • N-urea derivatives of 11-mer peptide analogs may be started from the protected 11-mer peptidyl-resin intermediate (1) (0.025 mmol), prepared as described herein.
  • the Fmoc group is removed using the procedure described herein, and the resulting resin intermediate 2 is allowed to react with the relevant isocyanate prepared, for example, as in K. Burgess et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 1556-1564; alternatively, the resin intermediate 2 may be allowed to react with the relevant carbamoyl chloride.
  • N-urea derivatives of 10-mer peptide analogs may be prepared starting from a protected 10-mer peptidyl-resin intermediate, Fmoc removal and reaction of the resulting peptidyl-resin intermediate with the relevant isocyanate or carbamyl chloride.
  • N-sulfonamides of 11-mer peptide analogs may be started from the protected 11-mer peptidyl-resin intermediate (1) (0.025 mmol), prepared as described herein. The Fmoc group is removed using the procedure described herein, and the resulting resin intermediate 2 is allowed to react with the relevant sulfonyl chloride.
  • N-sulfonamides of 10-mer peptide analogs may be prepared starting from a protected 10-mer peptidyl-resin intermediate, Fmoc removal and reaction of the resulting peptidyl-resin intermediate with the relevant sulfonyl chloride.
  • N-sulfonylurea derivatives of 11-mer peptide analogs may be started from the protected 11-mer peptidyl-resin intermediate (1) (0.025 mmol), prepared as described herein.
  • the Fmoc group is removed using the procedure described herein, and the resulting resin intermediate 2 is allowed to react with the relevant sulfamoyl chloride R 4 R 5 N—SO 2 —Cl to yield a sulfonyl urea intermediate (see, for example, P. Davern et al. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1994 (2), 381-387).
  • N-sulfonyl urea derivatives of 10-mer peptide analogs may be prepared starting from a protected 10-mer peptidyl-resin intermediate, Fmoc removal and reaction of the resulting peptidyl-resin intermediate with the relevant sulfamoyl chloride R 4 R 5 N—SO 2 —Cl.
  • Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH was coupled next using the following method: Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH (1 mmol, 10 eq.) was dissolved in 2 mL of NMP and activated by subsequent addition of 0.45 M HBTU/HOBt in DMF (2.2 mL) and 2 M DIEA/NMP (1 mL). The solution of the activated Fmoc-protected amino acid was then transferred to the reaction vessel and the coupling was allowed to proceed for 30 to 60 min., depending on the feedback from the deprotection steps.
  • the resin was then washed 6 times with NMP, and subjected to 8 additional deprotection/coupling cycles as described above in order to complete the assembly of the desired sequence.
  • the Fmoc-amino acids sequentially used were: Fmoc-Ser(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Thr(tBu)-OH, Fmoc- ⁇ -methyl-Phe(2-Fluoro)-OH or analog thereof, Fmoc-Thr(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Gly-OH, Fmoc-Glu(OtBu)-OH, Fmoc-Aib-OH and Fmoc-His(Trt)-OH. Finally, the Fmoc group was removed with 22% piperidine in NMP as described above, and the peptidyl-resin was washed 6 times with NMP and DCM, and dried in vacuo.
  • the desired peptide was cleaved/deprotected from its respective peptidyl-resin by treatment with a solution of TFA/water/tri-isopropylsilane (96:2:2) (3.0 mL) for 2 hrs.
  • the resin was filtered off, rinsed with TFA (1.0 mL), and the combined TFA filtrates were added to 35 mL of Et 2 O.
  • the resulting precipitate was collected by centrifugation and finally dried, to yield 232 mg of crude peptide product as a white solid.
  • SynPhaseTM Lanterns (A-series (0.075 mmole/lantern) or D-series (0.035 mmole/lantern), from Mimotopes) derivatized with an N-Boc-(S)-2-amino-3-(6-bromopyridin-3-yl)propanoic acid residue or N-Boc-L-4-iodophenylalanine residue either attached directly via a Knorr linkage (Boc-amino acid-resin) or via an amino acid-Knorr linkage (Boc-dipeptide-resin) were placed into 13 ⁇ 100 mm glass culture tubes with screw caps. (The following procedure was used for D-series lanterns.
  • Potassium phosphate (0.280 mmole, 8 equivalents, 0.14 ml of a 2 M aqueous solution) was added to the aryl- or heteroaryl-boronic acid solution, followed by 0.10 ml of an N,N-dimethylacetamide solution containing 4.0 mg of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) catalyst (ca. 10 mole %, 0.0035 mmol).
  • the resulting mixtures were blanketed with nitrogen, and the reaction vessels were tightly capped and maintained at 80° C. for 17-20 hours while placed on an orbital shaker.
  • the lanterns were transferred to a filter apparatus, and washed with 3 ⁇ 1 ml of N,N-dimethylacetamide and 3 ⁇ 1 ml of dichloromethane (per lantern, minimum of 3 minutes/wash cycle) prior to Boc group cleavage (see General Procedure below).
  • the Boc-protected lanterns prepared as described in General Procedures A or B were treated with 0.5 ml of 1 N HCl in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane for 1 hour at room temperature with mild agitation.
  • the lanterns were washed with 2 ⁇ 1.0 ml of 1,4-dioxane, 2 ⁇ 1.0 ml of 10% N,N-diisopropylethylamine in N,N-dimethylacetamide (vol:vol), 3 ⁇ 1.0 ml of N,N-dimethylacetamide, and 3 ⁇ 1.0 ml of dichloromethane to provide the free amino-lanterns ready for the next acylation (coupling reaction) step.
  • a D-series SynPhaseTM Lantern (0.035 mmol/lantern loading) was added to 0.5 ml 8:2 N,N-dimethylformamide/piperidine (vol:vol). Mild agitation was applied. After 1 h, the lantern was washed with 3 ⁇ 1.0 ml N,N-dimethylformamide and 3 ⁇ 1.0 ml dichloromethane, allowing lantern to soak at least 3 min/wash.
  • a side chain and ⁇ -amine protected amino acid (0.105 mmol) was dissolved in 0.5 ml 1:1 N,N-dimethylformamide/dichloromethane. To this solution was added N-hydroxybenzotriazole (0.105 mmol), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.315 mmol), and N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (0.105 mmol). The amino acid solution was allowed to sit for 10 minutes, after which a D-series lantern containing ⁇ -amine deprotected peptide (0.035 mmol/lantern) was added to the solution. The vial was capped and gently agitated for 16-20 h. The lantern was then washed with 3 ⁇ 1.0 ml N,N-dimethylformamide and 3 ⁇ 1.0 ml dichloromethane, letting lantern soak for 3-5 min/wash cycle.
  • the dipeptides containing Fmoc-protected N-terminal ⁇ -amines were cleaved under acidic conditions and the N-terminal ⁇ -amine was deprotected in solution, as shown in Scheme 8. These dipeptides were purified, then carried into the fragment coupling sequence.
  • the D-series SynPhaseTM Lantern was placed in a 1 dram glass vial.
  • a solution of 1:1 trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane (0.5 ml) was added to the vial.
  • the vial was capped, and mildly agitated on an orbital shaker (100 rpm) for 2 h.
  • the cleavage solution was transferred to a fresh vial, and an additional 0.5 ml 1:1 trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane was added to the lantern.
  • the vial was again capped, and mildly agitated on an orbital shaker (100 rpm) for 2 h.
  • the second cleavage solution was added to the first, and the lantern was rinsed with dichloromethane.
  • the rinse was added to the cleavage solutions, and solvent was evaporated to yield the dipeptide as the trifluoroacetic acid salt of the ⁇ -amine.
  • the Fmoc-protected dipeptide was cleaved from the SynPhaseTM Lantern as described above in Procedure A.
  • the lanterns were rinsed with dichloromethane, and solvent was evaporated from the combined rinse/cleavage solutions.
  • To the resulting residue in a 1 dram vial was added 0.40 ml 8:2 dimethylformamide/piperidine (vol:vol).
  • the vial was capped and allowed to react for 45 min.
  • the remaining solvent was evaporated off, and the resulting product was purified by HPLC, using a C-18 column and CH 3 CN/H 2 O/TFA solvent system to yield (after evaporation of solvent) the dipeptide as the trifluoroacetic acid salt of the ⁇ -amine.
  • the peptidyl-resin was washed with DCM and then the protected 9-mer peptide C-terminal carboxylic acid was released from the resin by treatment with DCM/AcOH/TFE (8:1:1, v:v:v) for 1 hr at RT.
  • the resin was filtered off and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness, redissolved in AcCN/water (2:1) and lyophilized twice, to yield 2.777 g of 81% pure product, which was used in the subsequent fragment coupling step with no further purification.
  • the N-Fmoc side chain protected 8-mer peptidyl-(o-Cl)-Trityl resin (3.5 mmol) was prepared as described above (Scheme 9A). After Fmoc removal and DMF washes, the peptidyl-resin (3.5 mmol) was treated with N- ⁇ -Methyloxycarbonyl-N-im-Trityl-L-Histidine (2.4 g, 5.33 mmol) in 0.546 M HOAt in DMF (9.8 mL, 5.33 mmol), followed by addition of DMF (10 mL) and DIC (0.633 mL, 5.33 mmol).
  • the TFA-salt of the dipeptide (0.01 mmol) was dissolved in 0.25 ml THF containing 0.5% N,N-diisopropylethylamine in a 1.5 ml glass vial.
  • Macroporous carbonate resin MP-carbonate, 0.03 mmol, Argonaut Technologies
  • the vial was capped and agitated for 2 h at room temperature.
  • the solution was filtered, and excess solvent was removed by evaporation.
  • the 11-mer peptide side chains and N-terminal ⁇ -amine were deprotected with 0.40 ml 97.5:2.5 trifluoroacetic acid/triisopropylsilane (TFA/TIS) for 1 h. The remaining solvent was evaporated away, and the 11-mer peptide products were then purified by HPLC, using a CH 3 CN/H 2 O/TFA solvent system, and triggering effluent collection by the detection of desired product mass.
  • TFA/TIS trifluoroacetic acid/triisopropylsilane
  • the 4-bromo-3-ethyl anisole was converted to the corresponding boronic acid as described in Method A.
  • the conversion of 4-bromo-3-ethyl anisole to 2-ethyl-4-methoxy-boronic acid may be accomplished using a Grignard method.
  • a Grignard method involves formation of the Grignard reagent by reaction of 4-bromo-3-ethyl anisole with Mg (1.1 eq.) in THF, followed by reaction of the resulting Grignard intermediate with tri-n-butyl- or trimethylborate as described in Method A.
  • Boc-L-Tyrosine-O-triflate (81 g, 0.19 mol) in dry toluene (600 ml) was purged for 10 min with nitrogen.
  • K 2 CO 3 (36 g, 0.26 mol) in 200 ml of water was added followed by 2-Ethyl-4-Methoxy-phenylboronic acid (36 g, 0.2 mol) and the reaction mixture was purged for 10 min using nitrogen.
  • Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 (16.18 g, 0.014 mol), ethanol (200 ml) and THF (400 ml) were added and the reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. with stirring for 4 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was dissolved in DCM (1.0 L).
  • Boc-(S)-2′-ethyl-4′-methoxy-biphenylalanine (55 g, 0.138 mol) was dissolved in dry DCM (1 lit) and dry HCl gas was purged at RT for 6 hr. The solid product obtained was filtered and dried under vacuum. Yield: 46 g, 100%.
  • reaction mixture was purged twice with argon and evacuated and then 124 mg (0.167 mmol, 0.05 equivalents) of bis(tricyclohexylphosphine) palladium (II) chloride was added and the mixture was again purged with argon and evacuated.
  • the rapidly stirred mixture was heated at 80° C. under argon. After 20 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and partially concentrated to remove isopropanol. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water and the aqueous phase was extracted once more with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give a brown oil. Purification by chromatography on silica gel using ethyl acetate/dichloromethane (1:9) as eluant (5 ⁇ 15 cm column), gave the desired compound as a colorless oil, 1.25 g, 77% yield.
  • reaction mixture was purged twice with argon and evacuated and then 43.2 mg (0.059 mmol, 0.05 equivalents) of bis(tricyclohexylphosphine) palladium (II) chloride was added and the mixture was again purged with argon and evacuated.
  • the rapidly stirred mixture was heated at 80° C. under argon. After 9 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and partially concentrated to remove isopropanol. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water and the aqueous phase was extracted once more with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give a brown oil. Purification by chromatography on silica gel using ethyl acetate/dichloromethane (3:17) as eluant (5 ⁇ 15 cm column), gave the expected compound as a colorless oil, 401 mg, 59% yield.
  • reaction mixture was purged twice with argon and evacuated and then 124 mg (0.167 mmol, 0.05 equivalents) of bis(tricyclohexylphosphine) palladium (II) chloride was added and the mixture again purged with argon and evacuated.
  • the rapidly stirred mixture was set to heating at 80° C. under argon. After 20 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and partially concentrated to remove isopropanol. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water and the aqueous phase was extracted once more with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give a brown oil. Purification by chromatography on silica gel using ethyl acetate/dichloromethane (1:9) as eluant (5 ⁇ 15 cm column), gave the desired compound as a colorless oil, 1.81 g, 90% yield.
  • reaction mixture was added slowly to 300 mL of rapidly stirring water at room temperature. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was extracted twice with dichloromethane (100 mL portions). The organic extracts were combined, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and evaporated to provide a tan foam, 4.65 g.
  • the desired product was purified by reverse phase HPLC (Luna 5 ⁇ C18 30 ⁇ 100 mm column, 50% to 100% gradient (10 min) (900:100:1 to 100:900:1 water/acetonitrile/TFA) as elutant; Flow rate at 40 mL/min. UV detection at 220 nm).
  • the aqueous phase was then brought to pH 9 with solid sodium carbonate and extracted twice with dichloromethane.
  • the dichloromethane extracts were combined, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated.
  • the resulting oil was dissolved in 5 mL of THF and treated with 5 mL of 10% sodium carbonate solution and then 480 mg (1.86 mmol, 1.3 eq.) of 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonylchloride at room temperature.
  • reaction mixture was purged twice with argon and evacuated and then 35.7 mg (0.048 mmol, 0.05 equivalents) of bis(tricyclohexylphosphine) palladium (II) chloride was added and the mixture was again purged with argon and evacuated. The rapidly stirred mixture was heated at 90° C. under argon.
  • the reaction mixture was purged and evacuated with argon twice more and then heated at 70° C. under argon for 15 h.
  • the reaction was cooled and partitioned between water and EtOAc. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted once more with EtOAc. The organic extracts were combined, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated and dried in vacuo to give the crude product as a yellow oil.
  • reaction mixture was purged twice with argon and evacuated and then 29 mg (0.040 mmol, 0.05 eq.) of bis(tricyclohexylphosphine) palladium (II) chloride was added and the mixture again purged with argon and evacuated.
  • the rapidly stirred mixture was heated at 80° C. under argon.
  • the desired dipeptidyl resin containing (S)-4-(2′-Methylphenyl)-3-pyridylalanine as the X aa 11 amino acid and (S)-(2′-Ethyl-4′-Methoxy) biphenylalanine as the X aa 10 amino acid was prepared as described in Example 1. Peptide chain elongation was then completed utilizing the coupling protocols described in Example 1 for amino acids X aa1 -X aa9 . The resulting peptidyl-resin was dried and treated with 2 mL of TFA/TIS/water (96:2:2) for 1.5 hrs. The resin was filtered off and washed with TFA (1 ⁇ 1 ml).
  • the combined filtrates were added to diethyl ether (30 mL), briefly vortexed and then held at ⁇ 15° C. for 1 hour.
  • the precipitated solid was collected by centrifugation and dried in a speed-vac.
  • the crude product was purified by preparative HPLC as follows: the crude peptide was dissolved in 1 mL of 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate, 2 mL of water and 1 mL of acetonitrile.
  • the peptide was loaded onto a YMC column (SH-343-10P), 250 ⁇ 20 mm I.D., containing ODS-A 10 ⁇ m packing material.
  • the column was equipped with a guard column, YMC (G-340-10P), 50 ⁇ 20 mm I.D., containing ODS 10 ⁇ m packing.
  • the peptide was eluted with a gradient of 0.1% TFA/MeCN in 0.1% TFA/water, 20% to 45% over 50 minutes, at a flow rate of 15 ml/min.
  • the appropriate fractions collected were pooled and lyophilized to give a 98.6% pure peptide with a HPLC retention time of 14.4 minutes under the following conditions: gradient, 10% to 70% solvent B in A over 20 minutes at 1 mL/min.
  • Solvent A 0.1% TFA in water
  • Solvent B 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile.
  • the desired peptide was cleaved/deprotected from its respective peptidyl-resin by treatment with a solution of TFA/water/tri-isopropylsilane (94:3:3) (5.0 mL) for 3 hrs.
  • the resin was filtered off, rinsed with TFA (1.0 mL), and the combined TFA filtrates were evaporated to yield 39 mg of crude peptide product as an oily solid.
  • the resin was washed with DMF (8 ⁇ 3 mL) and then coupled with Boc-L-His(Trt)-OH (5 eq.) as described in the previous synthesis.
  • the desired peptide was cleaved/deprotected from its respective peptidyl-resin by treatment with a solution of TFA/water/tri-isopropylsilane (94:3:3) (5.0 mL) for 3 hrs.
  • the resin was filtered off, rinsed with TFA (1.0 mL), and the combined TFA filtrates were evaporated.
  • the resulting oily solid was dissolved in (1:1) acetonitrile/water (2 mL) and purified by preparative HPLC using a gradient used of 0.1% TFA/MeCN in 0.1% TFA/water, from 5% to 65% over 20 min. The fractions containing pure product were pooled and lyophilized, to yield 5.2 mg (18.5% recovery) of the compound of SEQ ID NO:119.
  • the Fmoc-protected dipeptidyl-resin (0.05 mmol) was placed into a vessel of appropriate size on the instrument, washed 6 times with NMP and deprotected using two treatments with 20% piperidine/NMP (2 and 8 min. each). One additional monitored deprotection step was performed until the conditions of the monitoring option were satisfied. The total deprotection time was 10-12 min.
  • the deprotected dipeptidyl-resin was washed 6 times with NMP and then coupled with the next amino acid. The procedure is illustrated by the example used in the next step.
  • Fmoc-L-Asp(OtBu)-OH was coupled next using the following method: Fmoc-L-Asp(OtBu)-OH (1 mmol, 20 eq.) was dissolved in 2 mL of NMP and activated by subsequent addition of 0.45 M HBTU/HOBt in DMF (2.2 mL) and 2 M DIEA/NMP (1 mL). The solution of the activated Fmoc-protected amino acid was then transferred to the reaction vessel and the coupling was allowed to proceed for 30 to 60 min., depending on the feedback from the deprotection steps. The resin was then washed 6 times with NMP and the coupling protocol was repeated.
  • the Fmoc-protected dipeptidyl-resin (0.025 mmole) was added to a ACT 396 multiple peptide synthesizer in a slurry of N,N-dimethylformamide/dichloromethane (55:45).
  • the resin was washed 2 times with DMF and deprotected using two treatments with 1.5 M piperidine/DMF as described in Example 1.
  • Fmoc-L-Glu(OtBu)-OH (4.0 eq.) was activated by subsequent addition of 0.5 M HOAt in DMF (4.0 eq.) and DIC (4.0 eq.), transferred to the reaction vessel manually and allowed to couple for 2 hrs.
  • Fmoc-[(S)- ⁇ -Me-Pro]-OH was coupled as follows: Fmoc-[(S)- ⁇ -Me-Pro]-OH (2.4 eq.) was activated by subsequent addition of 0.5 M HOAt in DMF (2.4 eq.), diluted with NMP (0.12 mL), and of DIC (2.4 eq.). The solution was transferred to the reaction vessel manually and allowed to couple for 18 hrs. The resin was rinsed with NMP.
  • Fmoc-(L)-His(Trt)-OH was coupled by adding manually a solution of the amino acid (4 eq.) in 0.5 M HOAt in DMF (4 eq.), diluted with NMP (0.2 mL), and DIC (4 eq.) to the reaction vessel. The coupling reaction was allowed to couple for 18 hrs. The resin was rinsed with NMP. The Fmoc group was removed as described for the previous coupling. The TFA cleavage/deprotection of the peptide was performed as described in Example 1. This was purified by preparative HPLC using a gradient of 0.1% TFA/MeCN in 0.1% TFA/water, from 10% to 60% over 20 min.
  • the desired peptide was cleaved/deprotected from its respective peptidyl-resin by treatment with a solution of TFA/water/tri-isopropylsilane (94:3:3) (5.0 mL) for 3 hrs.
  • the resin was filtered off, rinsed with TFA (1.0 mL), and the combined TFA filtrates were evaporated.
  • the resulting oily solid (32 mg) was dissolved in (1:1) acetonitrile/water (2 mL) and purified by preparative HPLC using a gradient of 0.1% TFA/MeCN in 0.1% TFA/water, from 5% to 65% over 20 min. The fractions containing pure product were pooled and lyophilized, to yield 7.4 mg (24.6% recovery) of the compound of SEQ ID NO:133.
  • the Fmoc-protected dipeptidyl-resin (0.05 mmol) was placed into a vessel of appropriate size on the instrument, washed 6 times with NMP and deprotected using two treatments with 20% piperidine/NMP (2 and 8 min. each). One additional monitored deprotection step was performed until the conditions of the monitoring option were satisfied. The total deprotection time was 10-12 min.
  • the deprotected dipeptidyl-resin was washed 6 times with NMP and then coupled with the next amino acid. The procedure is illustrated by the example used in the next step.
  • Fmoc-L-Asp(OtBu)-OH was coupled next using the following method: Fmoc-L-Asp(OtBu)-OH (1 mmol, 20 eq.) was dissolved in 2 mL of NMP and activated by subsequent addition of 0.45 M HBTU/HOBt in DMF (2.2 mL) and 2 M DIEA/NMP (1 mL). The solution of the activated Fmoc-protected amino acid was then transferred to the reaction vessel and the coupling was allowed to proceed for 30 to 60 min., depending on the feedback from the deprotection steps. The resin was then washed 6 times with NMP and the coupling protocol was repeated.
  • the Fmoc-protected dipeptidyl-resin (0.025 mmole) was added to a ACT 396 multiple peptide synthesizer in a slurry of N,N-dimethylformamide/dichloromethane (55:45).
  • the resin was washed 2 times with DMF and deprotected using two treatments with 1.5 M piperidine/DMF as described in Example 1.
  • Fmoc-L-Glu(OtBu)-OH (4.0 eq.) was activated by subsequent addition of 0.5 M HOAt in DMF (4.0 eq.) and DIC (4.0 eq.), transferred to the reaction vessel manually and allowed to couple for 2 hrs.
  • Fmoc-[(S)- ⁇ -Me-Pro]-OH was coupled as follows: Fmoc-[(S)- ⁇ -Me-Pro]-OH (2.4 eq.) was activated by subsequent addition of 0.5 M HOAt in DMF (2.4 eq.), diluted with NMP (0.12 mL), and of DIC (2.4 eq.). The solution was transferred to the reaction vessel manually and allowed to couple for 18 hrs. The resin was rinsed with NMP.
  • Fmoc-(L)-His(Trt)-OH was coupled by adding manually a solution of the amino acid (4 eq.) in 0.5 M HOAt in DMF (4 eq.), diluted with NMP (0.2 mL), and DIC (4 eq.) to the reaction vessel. The coupling reaction was allowed to couple for 18 hrs. The resin was rinsed with NMP. The Fmoc group was removed as described for the previous coupling. The TFA cleavage/deprotection of the peptide was performed as described in Example 1. This was purified by preparative HPLC using a gradient of 0.1% TFA/MeCN in 0.1% TFA/water, from 10% to 60% over 20 min.
  • the organic phase was washed with 0.1 M Na 2 CO 3 (2 ⁇ 20 mL), water (1 ⁇ 20 mL) and then saturated NaCl (1 ⁇ 20 mL).
  • the ethyl acetate was treated with 2 g of MgSO 4 and 1 g of activated charcoal for 10 minutes.
  • the solids were removed by filtration through a celite pad and the solvent removed on a rotavap. The residue began to crystallize.
  • Fresh ethyl acetate was added (10 mL) and the solution was warmed with a heat gun to redissolve the solids.
  • the product crystallized overnight at room temperature.
  • the crystalline material was collected, washed with ethyl acetate (5 mL) and then ethyl ether (10 mL), and dried in vacuo to a constant weight of 3.59 g.
  • the reaction mixture was poured into ethyl ether (100 ml), filtered through a celite pad and the solvents were removed by evaporation under reduced pressure.
  • the residual oil was dissolved in 30 ml of ethyl acetate and washed with 0.1 M NaHCO 3 (1 ⁇ 15 ml), saturated NaCl (1 ⁇ 15 ml) and dried over MgSO 4 .
  • the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the resultant oil was left in a desiccator in vacuum for 3 days to yield 0.207 g.
  • Methyl- ⁇ -carbomethoxy- ⁇ -methyl- ⁇ -4-(1-tosylimidazole)-propionate (0.186 g, 0.5 mmole) was dissolved in 2 ml of methanol. To this was added 1.5 ml of 1.0 N NaOH and the reaction was allowed to stir overnight. After purification by preparative HPLC, the product obtained by lyophilization (0.1366 g) was dissolved with 5 ml of 1.0 N NaOH and heated at 100° C. for 2 hours in a 16 ⁇ 100 mm screw-cap tube sealed with a PTFE lined cap, followed by addition of 2 ml of concentrated HCl and heating at 145° C. for 6 hours. The desired decarboxylated product was formed.
  • the entire solution was filtered and loaded onto a YMC G-340-10P ODS 50 ⁇ 20 mm preparative HPLC column.
  • the product was eluted with a gradient of 0% to 60% 0.1% TFA/MeCN in 0.1% TFA/water over 60 minutes.
  • the fractions corresponding to 11 to 13 minutes in the gradient were pooled, frozen and lyophilized to give 32 mg of product.
  • the product was eluted with a gradient of 0% to 80% 0.1% TFA/MeCN in 0.1% TFA/water over 40 minutes. The fractions corresponding to 12.5 to 14.5 minutes in the gradient were pooled and dried in a Savant SpeedVacTM overnight. Additional product was recovered by dissolving the water-insoluble crude product in DMSO, followed by preparative HPLC as described above. The combined fractions produced 31 mg of pure product after lyophilization.
  • the peptidyl-resin was washed with NMP then DCM (3 ⁇ 1.5 mL ⁇ 1 min) and then treated with 10% acetic anhydride in DCM, 1 ⁇ 2 mL ⁇ 90 minutes, followed by DCM then DMF washes (3 ⁇ 1.5 mL ⁇ 1 min).
  • the peptidyl-resin was treated with 10% thiophenol in DMF (1.5 mL) for 1 hr and washed with DMF and DCM (4 ⁇ 1.5 mL ⁇ 1 min).
  • the peptidyl-resin was then treated with TFA/DCM/TIS (3:1.9:0.1) (1 mL) for 10 min and filtered. The filtrates were collected and gently vortexed for another hr.
  • the TFA mixture was concentrated in a speed-vac to about 0.5 mL and added to 4 mL of MTBE. After 1 hr the precipitated product was collected by centrifugation, washed and then dried to give 0.0841 g of crude product.
  • the diastereomeric peptide mixture (10 mg) was dissolved in MeCN/MeOH.
  • the solution was loaded onto a Chirobiotic V 2.2 ⁇ 50 cm, 5 ⁇ m column and eluted with MeCN/MeOH/N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 3 /CH 3 COOH: 65/35/0.5/0.5 at 20 mL/min.
  • Isomer A was collected between 29 and 35 minutes.
  • Isomer B was collected between 36 and 44 min.
  • a second run was made as described above. The fractions containing Isomer A were combined, concentrated to about 5 mL, diluted with water/MeCN (4:1) and the solution was lyophilized. Isomer B was processed in the same manner.
  • the resultant residues were converted to TFA salts by preparative HPLC.
  • Each peptide was injected into a Phenomenex Luna C18(2) 5 ⁇ m 100 ⁇ 21.2 mm column and eluted using a linear gradient from 20% to 50% 0.1% TFA/MeCN in 0.1% TFA/water over 40 min. at a flow rate of 10 mL/min with effluent UV detection at 217 nm.
  • the fractions containing the desired product were pooled, frozen and lyophilized to give 6.0 mg 100% pure Isomer A, HPLC retention time 21.28 min. under the following conditions: gradient, 10% to 60% solvent B in A over 25 minutes at 1 mL/min.
  • Solvent A 0.1% TFA in water
  • Solvent B 0.1% TFA in MeCN.
  • 4.9 mg of 100% pure peptide Isomer B was obtained; HPLC retention time, 21.3 min. under the following conditions: gradient, 10% to 60% solvent B in A over 25 minutes at 1 mL/min.
  • Solvent A 0.1% TFA in water
  • Solvent B 0.1% TFA in MeCN.
  • the Fmoc group was removed from the Sieber Amide resin using steps 1 to 5 above.
  • N- ⁇ -Fmoc-4-(2′-Methylphenyl)-3-pyridylalanine (0.73 g, 1.50 mmole)
  • PyBOP (0.78 g, 1.50 mmole)
  • HOBt (0.39 g, 1.50 mmole) were dissolved in NMP (5 ml) and the solution was then added to the resin followed by the addition of DIEA (0.39 g, 3.05 mmole).
  • the coupling mixture was vortexed for 16 hours.
  • the resin was treated with 10% acetic anhydride in DCM (1 ⁇ 50 mL ⁇ 60 mins.), washed with DCM (4 ⁇ 50 ml ⁇ 1 min.) and dried in vacuo for overnight. An Fmoc determination test gave a substitution of 0.456 mmole/gram. The synthesis was continued with 3.11 g (1.42 mmole) of resin.
  • N- ⁇ -Fmoc-L-Aspartic acid ⁇ -t-butyl ester (0.6487 g, 1.24 mmole) was coupled for 48 hrs using HCTU (1.03 g, 2.49 mmole) and DIEA (0.65 g, 5.03 mmole) in NMP (10 ml).
  • N- ⁇ -Fmoc-N-im-trityl-L-Histidine (3.85 g, 6.25 mmole) was coupled for 16 hours using 0.546 M HOAt in DMF (11.5 mL, 6.3 mmole) and DIC (0.96 mL, 6.3 mmole).
  • N- ⁇ -Fmoc-O-t-butyl-L-Threonine 2.5 g, 6.30 mmole
  • N- ⁇ -Fmoc- ⁇ -methyl-2-fluoro-L-Phenylalanine (0.78 g, 1.86 mmole) in 0.546M HOAt in DMF (3.4 mL, 1.87 mmole) was added to the resin followed by DIC (0.24 g, 1.87 mmole) in DMF (3.5 ml), and coupling was allowed to proceed for 4 hours.
  • N- ⁇ -Fmoc-O-t-butyl-L-Threonine (4.97 g, 12.50 mmole) was coupled for 16 hours using a solution of 0.546 M HOAt in DMF (25 mL, 12.50 mmole) and DIC (1.58 g, 12.52 mmole).
  • the resin was capped with 10% acetic anhydride in DMF (20 mL) for 1 hour and washed with DMF (4 ⁇ 20 mL).
  • the Fmoc group was removed, and N-Fmoc-Glycine (1.11 g, 3.75 mmole) was coupled for 90 min.
  • N- ⁇ -Fmoc-L-Aspartic acid ⁇ -t-butyl ester coupling step followed by N- ⁇ -Fmoc-L-glutamic acid ⁇ -t-butyl ester (1.60 g, 3.75 mmole) in the same manner.
  • a portion of the peptidyl-resin (0.030 mmole) was deprotected and N- ⁇ -Fmoc- ⁇ -methyl-L-proline (21.2 mg, 0.06 mmole) was coupled for 16 hours using 0.546 M HOAt in DMF (0.110 ml, 0.83 mmole) and DIC (7.6 mg, 0.06 mmole) in DMF (0.1 ml).
  • N- ⁇ -Fmoc-4-(2′-Methylphenyl)-3-pyridylalanine HCl salt (0.0549 g, 0.11 mmole) and PyBOP (0.0667 g, 0.13 mmole) were dissolved in DMF (1 ml). This solution was added to the deprotected resin, followed by DIEA (0.0423 g, 0.33 mmole) in DMF (1 mL). The resin was vortexed for 3.5 hours, washed with DMF and DCM (4 ⁇ 2 mL ⁇ 1 min).
  • the resin was treated with 10% acetic anhydride in DCM (2 mL) overnight, washed with DCM (6 ⁇ 2 ml ⁇ 1 min.) and dried in vacuo for 1 hour. Yield: 0.2508 g.
  • An Fmoc determination test gave a substitution of 0.35 mmole/gram. 0.083 g (0.029 mmol) of the resin was used in the next step.
  • the peptide-resin was treated with trifluoroacetic acid/triisopropylsilane/water 96:2:2 (2 ⁇ 1 mL ⁇ 10 mins.). The filtrates were collected and concentrated in vacuo to a residue which was triturated with diisopropyl ether and centrifuged to yield a solid product. This was washed with diisopropyl ether and dried in vacuo to give 0.0244 g of dipeptide. The dipeptide was dissolved in 0.2% DIEA in THF (1 mL) and treated for 2 hours with macroporous triethylammonium methylpolystyrene carbonate resin (0.0682 g, 0.211 mmole, Argonaut Technologies).
  • the Fmoc group was removed from the Sieber Amide resin using steps 1 to 5 above.
  • N- ⁇ -Fmoc-4-(2-Methylphenyl)-3-pyridylalanine HCl salt (1.0977 g, 2.13 mmole)
  • PyBOP (1.0972 g, 2.11 mmole)
  • HOBt monohydrate (0.3228 g, 2.11 mmole) were dissolved in DMF (8 ml).
  • DIEA (0.8052 g, 6.23 mmole) was added to the solution, which was then added to the resin.
  • the coupling mixture was vortexed for 16 hours.
  • N- ⁇ -Fmoc- ⁇ -methyl-2-fluoro-L-Phenylalanine (0.3497 g, 0.834 mmole) was coupled for 1 hour using HOBt (0.1271 g, 0.830 mmole) and DIC (0.1044 g, 0.827 mmole) in DMF/DCM (1:1) (6 ml).
  • N- ⁇ -Fmoc-O-t-butyl-L-Threonine (1.6413 g, 4.14 mmole) was coupled for 16 hours using a solution of 0.5 M HOAt in DMF (8.3 mL, 4.15 mmole) and DIC (0.5240 g, 4.15 mmole).
  • DMF and DCM 3 mg of wet resin was treated with 1 ml of TFA/TIS/water (96:2:2) for 1.5 hours. The resin was filtered off and the solvents were removed in a speed-vac. The residue was dissolved in 2 ml of water/acetonitrile (1:1). HPLC and MS analyses showed no uncoupled peptide.
  • N-Fmoc-Glycine (0.3691 g, 1.24 mmole) was coupled for 1 hr as described for the previous N- ⁇ -Fmoc-L-Aspartic acid ⁇ -t-butyl ester coupling step, followed by N- ⁇ -Fmoc-L-glutamic acid ⁇ -t-butyl ester (0.5297 g, 1.24 mmole) in the same manner.
  • N- ⁇ -Fmoc- ⁇ -methyl-L-proline (0.2902 g, 0.83 mmole) was then coupled for 3.5 hours using HOBt (0.1271 g, 0.83 mmole) and DIC (0.1042 g, 0.83 mmole) in DMF/DCM 1:1 (6 ml).
  • N- ⁇ -Fmoc-N-im-trityl-L-Histidine (2.5564 g, 4.13 mmole) was coupled for 12 hours as described for the N- ⁇ -Fmoc-O-t-butyl-L-Threonine coupling to the N- ⁇ -Fmoc- ⁇ -methyl-2-fluoro-L-Phenylalanine.
  • a deprotected peptide sample released from the peptidyl-resin as described above showed some uncoupled peptide by MS.
  • the Fmoc group was manually removed and, after DMF and DCM washes, a solution of N-(methyloxycarbonyloxy)succinimide (0.2163 g, 1.25 mmole) in DCM (6 mL) was added and the mixture was vortexed for 16 hours.
  • the peptide-resin was washed with DCM (4 ⁇ 10 ml ⁇ 1 min.). A Kaiser ninhydrin test was negative.
  • N-methyloxycarbonyl-derivatized peptidyl-resin was treated with TFA/TIS/water (96:2:2) (10 mL) for 10 minutes, followed by two additional treatments with 5 mL each.
  • the combined filtrates were left to stand for an additional 2 hours at RT.
  • concentration in vacuo to about 4 mL the solution was added drop wise to diethyl ether (50 ml) with stirring.
  • the resulting solid was collected by filtration, washed with diethyl ether (2 ⁇ 5 ml) and dried in vacuo to yield 0.691 g (92%) of crude peptide. This was purified by preparative HPLC using the procedures described in Method A of this Example.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-(2′-ethylphenyl)-3- 4-(2′-Methylphenyl)-3- Phe(2,6-di- pyridylalanine pyridylalanine-NH 2 Fluoro) 15.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me-Phe(2- T S D Bip(2′-Et-4′-OMe) 4-[3-(4- Fluoro) Methyl)pyridyl)]phenylalanine- NH 2 16.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-[3-(4′- Bip(2′-Me)-NH 2 Phe(2,6-di- Methyl)pyridyl)]- Fluoro) phenylalanine 21.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me-Phe(2- T S D 4-[(4′-Me-6′-OMe)-3- Bip(2′-Me)-NH 2 Fluoro) pyridyl]phenylalanine 22.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-(3′- 4-(2′-Methylphenyl)-3- Phe(2,6-di- pyridyl)phenylalanine pyridylalanine-NH 2 Fluoro) 48.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-(4′- 4-(2′-Methylphenyl)-3- Phe(2,6-di- pyridyl)phenylalanine pyridylalanine-NH 2 Fluoro) 49.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-[3′-(2′-Cl-6′- 4-(2′-Methylphenyl)-3- Phe(2,6-di- CF3)pyridyl]- pyridylalanine-NH 2 Fluoro) phenylalanine 52.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-(2′-ethylphenyl)-3- Bip(2′-Cl)-NH 2 Phe(2,6-di- pyridylalanine Fluoro) 53.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-(2′-ethylphenyl)-3- Bip(3′,5′-di-Me)-NH 2 Phe(2,6-di- pyridylalanine Fluoro) 56.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-(2′-ethylphenyl)-3- 4-(2′,3′- Phe(2,6-di- pyridylalanine pyridazyl)phenylalanine- Fluoro) NH 2 57.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-(2′-ethylphenyl)-3- 4-[3′-(2′-CN-6′- Phe(2,6-di- pyridylalanine Me)pyridyl]phenylalanine- Fluoro) NH 2 60.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-[3′-(4′- Bip(2′-Cl)-NH 2 Phe(2,6-di- Me)pyridyl]- Fluoro) phenylalanine 61.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-[3′-(4′- Bip(3′-Cl-4′-F)-NH 2 Phe(2,6-di- Me)pyridyl]- Fluoro) phenylalanine 62.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-[3′-(4′- Bip(3′,5′-di-Me)-NH 2 Phe(2,6-di- Me)pyridyl]- Fluoro) phenylalanine 63.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-[3′-(4′- Bip(2′-Me-4′-OMe)- Phe(2,6-di- Me)pyridyl]- NH 2 Fluoro) phenylalanine 64.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-[3′-(4′- Bip(2′-Me-3′-F)-NH 2 Phe(2,6-di- Me)pyridyl]- Fluoro) phenylalanine 65.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-[3′-(4′- Bip(2′-F)-NH 2 Phe(2,6-di- Me)pyridyl]- Fluoro) phenylalanine 66.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-[(4′-Me-6′-OMe)-3- Bip(2′-Cl)-NH 2 Phe(2,6-di- pyridyl]phenylalanine Fluoro) 67.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-[(4′-Me-6′-OMe)-3- Bip(3′,4′-di-OMe)- Phe(2,6-di- pyridyl]phenylalanine NH 2 Fluoro) 68.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-[(4′-Me-6′-OMe)-3- 4-(2′- Phe(2,6-di- pyridyl]phenylalanine pyridyl)phenylalanine- Fluoro) NH 2 69.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-[(4′-Me-6′-OMe)-3- Bip(2′-Me-4′-OMe)- Phe(2,6-di- pyridyl]phenylalanine NH 2 Fluoro) 70.
  • H Aib E G T L- ⁇ -Me- T S D 4-[(4′-Me-6′-OMe)-3- 4-(2′-Methylphenyl)-3- Phe(2,6-di- pyridyl]phenylalanine pyridylalanine-NH 2 Fluoro) 71.
  • the GLP-1 receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor.
  • GLP-1 (7-36)-amide the biologically active form, binds to the GLP-1 receptor and through signal transduction causes activation of adenylyl cyclase and increases intracellular cAMP concentrations.
  • agonism of peptide compounds in stimulating the GLP-1 receptor adenylyl cyclase activity was monitored by assaying for intracellular cAMP content.
  • Full-length human glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor was stably expressed in CHO-K1 cells and clonal lines were established. The clones were screened for the greatest increase in cAMP content in response to a saturating dose of GLP-1 and clone CHO-GLP1R-19 was selected.
  • CHO-GLP-1R-19 cells (20,000 in 100 ⁇ l of media) were plated into each well of a 96-well tissue culture microtiter plate and incubated overnight in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere at 37° C. On the day of the assay, cells were washed once with 100 ⁇ l of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). A Biomek 2000 was used to serially dilute all peptides prior to beginning the assay. Serial dilutions were carried out in 100% DMSO.
  • Peptide plates were created prior to the initiation of the assay using a Platemate Plus; 1.5 uL of compound was transferred to a V bottom plate and 150 uL of assay buffer supplemented with 100 ⁇ M 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (a nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor) was added to the plate to give a 1:100 dilution and a 1% final concentration of DMSO.
  • a serial dilution of cAMP in the range 0.2-25.6 pmol/well was made up in lysis reagent 1 (Amersham cAMP SPA kit). 50 ⁇ l of each cAMP standard was added by hand and 70 ⁇ l of mix reagent (Amersham cAMP SPA kit) was added using the multidrop. The plates were then sealed and counted on a Trilux counter after 15 hours. This standard curve was used to convert CPM to pmol of cAMP.
  • peptides of the present invention have EC 50 values in the range of 0.0005 nM to 10 nM, more preferably in the range of 0.0005 nM to 0.200 nM.
  • mice were dissolved in an appropriate vehicle at a concentration in nmol/ml equivalent to the dose that was to be administered in nmol/kg so that each mouse would receive the same volume/weight of dosing solution.
  • Male C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice (10 weeks old) were randomized into groups of 6 mice per group based on fed plasma glucose and body weight. After an overnight fast, mice were weighed and placed in the experimental lab. After 30 min in the environment, the mice were bled via tail tip at ⁇ 30 min and immediately injected subcutaneously (sc) with vehicle or the peptide dissolved in vehicle (0.1 ml solution/100 g body weight).
  • mice were bled and then injected intraperitoneally with 50% glucose (2 g/kg) to initiate the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (ipGTT).
  • the mice were bled 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after the glucose injection.
  • Blood samples were drawn into potassium EDTA, placed on ice during the study and subsequently centrifuged for 10 min at 3000 rpm at 4° C.
  • Plasma samples were diluted 1-fold for glucose analysis in the Cobas System. Another 5 ⁇ l plasma sample was diluted 5-fold with 20 ⁇ l of Sample Diluent (Insulin ELISA assay kit, Crystal Chem Inc.) and stored at ⁇ 20° C. for subsequent analysis using the Ultra Sensitive Mouse Insulin ELISA kit (Crystal Chem Inc.).
  • the compounds of SEQ ID NOs: 9, 118, 151 and 158 produced a time-dependent (between 0 and 180 or 210 minutes) statistically significant decrease in postprandial plasma glucose following subcutaneous administration in ob/ob mice ( FIGS. 3 , 5 , 6 and 7 ).
  • the effect of the compound of SEQ ID NO: 9 on postprandial glucose was dose-dependent between 1-100 nmol/kg and plasma glucose AUC decreased 85.8% at 100 nmol/kg dose ( FIG. 3 ).
  • the ED50 for the compound of SEQ ID NO: 9 was determined to be 5 nmoles/kg.
  • the effect of the compound of SEQ ID NO: 9 on plasma glucose is also accompanied by a significant increase in postprandial insulin in these animals ( FIG. 4 ).
  • the effect on insulin appears to be dose-dependent with a maximum increase of 187.7% in AUC at 30 nmol/kg dose ( FIG. 4 ).
  • the effect of the compound of SEQ ID NO: 118 on postprandial glucose was dose-dependent between 1-30 nmol/kg and plasma glucose AUC decreased 81% at 30 nmol/kg dose ( FIG. 5 ).
  • the ED50 for the compound of SEQ ID NO: 118 was determined to be 2.5 nmoles/kg.
  • the dosing vehicle for both routes of administration was propylene glycol:phosphate buffer (50:50).
  • Serial blood samples were collected in EDTA-containing microcentrifuge tubes at predose, 0.083, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, and 30 hours post-dose after intravenous administration; at predose, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, and 30 hours post-dose after subcutaneous administration. Approximately 0.3 mL of blood was collected at each time point. Blood samples were immediately centrifuged at 4° C. The obtained plasma was frozen with dry ice and stored at ⁇ 20° C. Plasma drug levels were determined using the LC-MS/MS assay described above.
  • Plasma samples from in vivo dog study were prepared for analysis by precipitating plasma proteins with two volumes of acetonitrile containing an internal standard. The samples were vortex mixed and removed the precipitated proteins by centrifugation. The resulting supernatants were transferred to a 96-well plate and 10 ⁇ L were injected for analysis. Samples were prepared with the Packard Multiprobe II and Quadra 96 Liquid Handling System.
  • the HPLC system consisted of two Shimadzu LC10AD pumps (Columbia, Md.), a CTC PAL autosampler (Leap Technologies, Switzerland).
  • the column used was a YMC Hydrosphere C18 (2.0 ⁇ 50 mm, 3 ⁇ m) (YMC, Inc., Milford, Mass.).
  • the column temperature was maintained at 50° C. and the flow rate was 0.3 mL/minute.
  • the mobile phase A consisted of 10 mM ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid in water and mobile phase B consisted of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile.
  • the initial mobile phase composition was 5% B, and remained at 5% B for one minute to equilibrate the column.
  • composition was ramped to 95% B over two minutes and held there for one additional minute.
  • the mobile phase was then returned to initial conditions in one minute.
  • Total analysis time was five minutes.
  • a switching valve was used. The eluents between 0-1 minute were diverted to the waste.
  • the HPLC was interfaced to a Sciex API 4000 mass spectrometer, (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) and was equipped with a TurboIonspray ionization source. Ultra high purity nitrogen was used as the nebulizing and turbo gas. The temperature of turbo gas was set at 300° C. and the interface heater was set at 60° C. Data acquisition utilized selected reaction monitoring (SRM). Ions representing the (M+2H) 2+ species for the compound of SEQ ID NO:9, and (M+2H) 2+ for BMS-501143 (IS) were selected in Q1 and were collisionally dissociated with high purity nitrogen at a pressure of 3.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 torr to form specific product ions which were subsequently monitored by Q3. The transitions and voltages are summarized in Table 4.
  • SRM selected reaction monitoring
  • the standard curve concentrations ranging from 1 to 1000 nM and from 4 to 5000 nM, were used for the in vivo samples obtained from low and high doses, respectively.
  • the curves were fitted with a quadratic regression weighted by reciprocal concentration (1/x 2 ).
  • Standards were analyzed in duplicate.
  • Quality control (QC) samples prepared in blank matrix at the same concentrations as the standard were also analyzed in each analytical set.
  • QC Quality control
  • the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 plasma concentration vs. time data were analyzed by noncompartmental methods using the KINETICATM software program.
  • the C max and T max values were recorded directly from experimental observations.
  • the AUC0-n and AUCtot values were calculated using a combination of linear and log trapezoidal summations.
  • the total plasma clearance (CL P ), terminal half life (t 1/2 ), mean residence time (MRT), and the steady state volume of distribution (Vss) were calculated after intra-arterial or intravenous administration.
  • the total blood clearance (CL B ) was calculated using the total plasma clearance and the blood to plasma concentration ratio.
  • CL B and Vss values were compared to standard liver blood flow and total body water values, respectively, reported in the literature.
  • the absolute subcutaneous bioavailability (expressed as %) was estimated by taking the ratio of dose-normalized AUC values after a subcutaneous dose of the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 to that after an intravenous dose.
  • the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 exhibited low systemic clearance (0.9 ⁇ 0.2 mL/min/kg; 3.2% of liver blood flow, 31 mL/min/kg).
  • the steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) was 0.10 ⁇ 0.03 L/kg (2 times of vascular fluid, 0.05 L/kg; 71% of extracellular fluid, 0.14 L/kg), indicating limited extravascular distribution.
  • the estimated elimination half-life was 5.1 ⁇ 0.5 h and the mean residence time was 3.0 ⁇ 1.0 h.
  • the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) after subcutaneous administration was 90 ⁇ 29 mM.
  • the subcutaneous bioavailability of the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 in dogs was 93 ⁇ 22%.
  • the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 was synthesized by and Zinc acetate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.). HPLC grade solvents was purchased from EMD Chemicals (Bibbsons Town, N.J.).
  • EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
  • the concentration of the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 was analyzed by a Waters HPLC system (Waters 2690 Separations Module and Waters 996 Photodiode Array Detector). A gradient method was used where solvent A is 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, Sigma) in water, and solvent B is 0.05% TFA in acetone nitrile (ACN, Sigma). Light at a wavelength of 220 nm was used to detect the absorption of the compound of SEQ ID NO:9.
  • TFA trifluoroacetic acid
  • ACN acetone nitrile
  • the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 and zinc acetate were dissolved separately in ethanol at concentrations of 30 mg/ml.
  • the two solutions were mixed at predetermined Zn:Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 molar ratio, and a white precipitation of Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct was formed.
  • the solids were isolated for different purposes so two methods were used.
  • Method 1 was used to produce multiple, small batches of Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct for characterization. With this method, the Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 methanol suspension was poured into large volume of Millipore water stirred for 2 hours before the final suspension was filtered and washed by large amount of H 2 O.
  • the obtained solid Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct was vacuum dried at room temperature for 48 hours.
  • Method 2 was used to produce a Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct with controlled particle size for dog pharmacokinetics study.
  • the ethanol suspension of the Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct was spray dried by a Buchi B-191 mini spray dryer (Brinkmann Instruments, Westbury, N.Y.) to generate solid particles. Spray drying parameters were as follows: inlet temperature was 60° C., solution pumping rate was 3 ml/min, N 2 flow rate was 500 Nl/hour, aspirator was set at 100%. The outlet temperature was maintained around 35° C.
  • the concentration of the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 in solution was obtained by centrifuging the suspension and analyzing the clear supernatants by HPLC.
  • a plot of the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 concentration versus molar ratio of Zn:Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 is shown in FIG. 11A .
  • the Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct was suspended in pH 6.8, 50 mM phosphate buffer. A strong chelating agent for Zn(II), EDTA, was added into the suspension in excess amount. The Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 suspension with and without EDTA was centrifuged and the supernatants were injected into HPLC. The HPLC chromatographs are shown in FIG. 11B . As shown in FIG.
  • the solid Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct had a solubility below the level of detection at pH 6.8, as shown in FIG. 11B-1 .
  • EDTA chelates strongly with metal ions
  • free compound of SEQ ID NO:9 was released and its solution concentration reached saturation. This result demonstrated that the binding between Zn (II) and the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 is reversible, which is a prerequisite for the Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct to be useful in extended release application.
  • MDSC Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry
  • the glass transition temperature (T g ) of the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 and Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct was determined by a TA DSC Q1000 Differential Scanning Calorimeter. Approximately 3 mg of sample was placed into an Alumina pan (open) and all samples were heated from 0-250° C. The ramp rate is 2° C./minute, and modulate 0.32° C. every 60 seconds.
  • a scanning electron microscope (Philips XL 30ESEM, FEI Philips, Hillsboro, Oreg.) was used to study the morphology of the spray dried Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 powder.
  • Spray dried powder was mounted on the aluminum stubs by double-sided tape and sputter coated with Pd (Pelco SC-7 Auto Sputter Coater). The SEM analysis was carried out at an accelerating voltage of 15-20 kV.
  • Spray dried Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 particles were suspended in water, slightly sonicated, and the particle size distribution was analyzed by a Horiba LA-910 laser scattering particle size distribution analyzer.
  • T g glass transition temperature
  • Free compound of SEQ ID NO:9 has a T g of 158° C.
  • the adducts with 0.4:1 and 1:1 Zn:Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 ratio have elevated single T g of 175° C. and 219° C., respectively.
  • No T g of free Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 was detected in the adducts, which indicated that these adducts were not merely physical mixtures of Zn salt and free compound of SEQ ID NO:9, but rather molecular level new forms.
  • Zn (II) in the adducts acts to “bind” the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 molecule tighter than when they exist as the free form. This is also consistent with the lower solubility of Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adducts compared with free compound of SEQ ID NO:9.
  • Spray dried Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct from ethanol suspension are spherical particles composed of finer powders ( FIG. 13A ).
  • Adduct particles under SEM range from ⁇ 1-10 ⁇ m, which is consistent with the particle size distribution showed by laser scattering ( FIG. 13B ).
  • spray drying generates Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct with controlled particle size and relatively narrow particle size distribution, which is essential for injectable suspension formulation.
  • the small particle size of the spray dried Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct also allows the suspension to be easily injected through a fine syringe needle (27 gauge or smaller) for better patient compliance.
  • Spray drying also offered more flexibility in controlling the Zn:Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 molar ratio.
  • the maximal Zn:Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 ratio is about 1.5:1 in the precipitated adducts made by Method 1, regardless of how much Zn is in excess during the manufacturing.
  • the unbound Zn is soluble in water and would be simply removed during the stirring, centrifuge, and wash steps.
  • Pharmacokinetics of the sustained release formulations of SEQ ID NO: 9, were evaluated in purebred, male, beagle dogs. Each dog weighed approximately 8 to 12 kg. Individual doses were calculated based on body weight recorded on the day of dose administration. A subcutaneous dose was administered via syringe and needle in the dorsal thoracic region. Blood (approximately 2 to 3 mL) was collected from each animal, pre-dose and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours post-dose. Blood was collected via the jugular vein into tubes containing sodium heparin anticoagulant. The blood samples were analyzed by LC/MS for concentration of the compound of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • Protamine forms a less soluble adduct with the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 thereby extending the release of the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 following subcutaneous injection.
  • the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 that was suspended in protamine solution showed significantly protracted PK profile compared with a control formulation with “semi-crystalline” compound of SEQ ID NO:9 only. Two different methods were used to prepare the protamine formulation.
  • the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 was dissolved in pH 8.0, 0.1M Tris buffer at 20 mg/ml. Protamine sulfate was dissolved in the same buffer at 20 mg/ml. The protamine solution was then added into the Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 solution and a white precipitation was formed. The suspension was then centrifuged, washed with excess amount of water and vacuum dried.
  • an alcohol/water (such as MeOH/H 2 O) system can be used to make the same protamine/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct.
  • protamine/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 was amorphous.
  • solubility of protamine/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct in MeOH is less than 1 mg/ml, while that of free Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 is greater than 50 mg/ml and, upon suspending in aqueous suspending medium, the protamine/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct tends to form aggregates, and stick on the glass wall.
  • the administration of the protamine/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct may need a suitable suspending agent; or it maybe injected as dry powder.
  • the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 (“semi-crystalline”) or Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 was suspended in a protamine solution. Pure amorphous compound of SEQ ID NO:9 is difficult to suspend due to gelling of the drug in aqueous medium, while “semi-crystalline” compound of SEQ ID NO:9 or Zn/Compound of SEQ ID NO:9 adduct can form a milk, homogenous, and stable (up to 5 days) suspension. A “semi-crystalline” compound of SEQ ID NO:9 suspension in protamine solution was dosed in dogs and demonstrated extended release profile ( FIG. 15 ).
  • the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 and protamine were co-processed by spray dry or lyophilization to obtain a physical mixture of the two, then suspend the powder.
  • the co-spray dried compound of SEQ ID NO:9/protamine solution ( FIG. 16 ) can form relatively homogenous suspension but aggregates formed in the suspension after 5-day storage.
  • the sustained GLP-1 formulations may also be made by lyophilization.
  • mannitol was added into the solution as a bulk agent.
  • the concentration of mannitol used was 2.5% w/v.
  • the solution was then filled in vials and subject to a lyophilization cycle in a Virtis Genesis lyophilizer.
  • the lyophilization cycle was as follows:
  • the sustained GLP-1 formulations may be made by co-precipitation in aqueous solution as a ready-to-use suspension. To do so, first suspend the compound of SEQ ID NO: 9 in H 2 O and adjust pH to 8.5 by 2M NaOH to obtain a clear solution with a concentration of 10 mg/mL. Dissolve zinc acetate in H 2 O, to obtain a concentration of 36 mg/mL and pH is 6.4. Add the zinc acetate solution dropwise into the compound of SEQ ID NO:9 solution and stir vigorously. The suspension obtained has a molar ratio of Zn:compound of SEQ ID NO: 9 of 3:1, and a final pH of about 6.0.
  • the aqueous suspension may further comprise one or more surfactants, suspending agents and/or thickening agents.

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