US20090217888A1 - Apparatus for the cleaning of high-pressure boilers - Google Patents

Apparatus for the cleaning of high-pressure boilers Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090217888A1
US20090217888A1 US12/396,907 US39690709A US2009217888A1 US 20090217888 A1 US20090217888 A1 US 20090217888A1 US 39690709 A US39690709 A US 39690709A US 2009217888 A1 US2009217888 A1 US 2009217888A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
boiler
cleaning
container
distribution device
fluid distribution
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US12/396,907
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English (en)
Inventor
Manfred Frach
Ulrich FRANZE
Jurgen Schroder
Stephan Simon
Michaela WOHLK
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bergemann GmbH
Original Assignee
Bergemann GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bergemann GmbH filed Critical Bergemann GmbH
Assigned to CLYDE BERGEMANN GMBH reassignment CLYDE BERGEMANN GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FRANZE, ULRICH, FRACH, MANFRED, SCHRODER, JURGEN, SIMON, STEPHAN, WOHLK, MICHAELA
Publication of US20090217888A1 publication Critical patent/US20090217888A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28G—CLEANING OF INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL SURFACES OF HEAT-EXCHANGE OR HEAT-TRANSFER CONDUITS, e.g. WATER TUBES OR BOILERS
    • F28G9/00—Cleaning by flushing or washing, e.g. with chemical solvents
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J3/00—Removing solid residues from passages or chambers beyond the fire, e.g. from flues by soot blowers
    • F23J3/02—Cleaning furnace tubes; Cleaning flues or chimneys
    • F23J3/023—Cleaning furnace tubes; Cleaning flues or chimneys cleaning the fireside of watertubes in boilers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28G—CLEANING OF INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL SURFACES OF HEAT-EXCHANGE OR HEAT-TRANSFER CONDUITS, e.g. WATER TUBES OR BOILERS
    • F28G15/00—Details
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28G—CLEANING OF INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL SURFACES OF HEAT-EXCHANGE OR HEAT-TRANSFER CONDUITS, e.g. WATER TUBES OR BOILERS
    • F28G15/00—Details
    • F28G15/003—Control arrangements

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an apparatus for the cleaning of a boiler by means of a cleaning fluid, with at least one cleaning appliance which comprises means for aligning a fluid distributor device with inner regions of the boiler.
  • a cleaning fluid which comprises means for aligning a fluid distributor device with inner regions of the boiler.
  • Coal gasification is understood as series of methods for coal conversion, in which ground coal is reacted with steam and oxygen at temperatures of 650° C. to 2000° C. and at pressures of up to 100 bar.
  • synthesis gases are obtained, having different fractions of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane.
  • This synthesis gas serves, for example, as an initial substance for the chemical industry, but it is also possible, for example in the case of high methane fractions, that the synthesis gas is employed as a natural gas substitute.
  • the synthesis gas or crude gas is cooled in at least one heat exchanger.
  • additional fluids vapor, gases, etc.
  • Care must be taken, however, to ensure that this synthesis gas or crude gas, when it enters such a heat exchanger, for example of the type of a tube-bundle heat exchanger, still always has temperatures markedly above 1000° C., for example of approximately 1400° C. In this case, if appropriate, even pressures in the region of 50 bar or above are maintained in the heat exchanger boiler.
  • the object of the present invention is at least partially to solve the problems outlined with regard to the prior art.
  • apparatuses and methods are to be specified which, even under the abovementioned ambient conditions inside such a boiler, ensure an, if appropriate, selective, effective cleaning of the heat exchange surfaces during operation.
  • the apparatuses and methods are to be capable of being employed as flexibly as possible. This applies particularly to a heat exchanger which directly follows such a coal gasifier (“syngas cooler”).
  • the apparatus according to the invention for the cleaning of a boiler by means of a cleaning fluid with at least one cleaning appliance which comprises means for aligning a fluid distribution to inner regions of the boiler, has at least one cleaning appliance which is surrounded by a container and which is mountable onto a connecting nipple of the boiler by means of at least one connection piece.
  • the means for alignment can cause pivoting, movement and/or rotation of the fluid distribution device, if appropriate also positioning adjacently to various inner regions of the boiler.
  • the fluid distribution device may be designed, for example, as a type of water, steam and/or gas lance, in particular with a nozzle, which can discharge a directed jet of the cleaning fluid.
  • the means for alignment in this case allow a relative movement with respect to the boiler or to its inner regions, so that, if appropriate, various inner regions can be sprayed with the cleaning fluid.
  • the at least one cleaning appliance be surrounded by a preferably gas-tight container.
  • container is in particular a container, in the inner space of which pressures (markedly above atmospheric pressure) can be maintained, which, in particular, still lie above the (if appropriate, even maximum) operating pressure inside the boiler.
  • a pressure container may be produced, for example, from high-strength steel.
  • the accesses to this container are all designed with a high-pressure seal.
  • This container or pressure container has at least one connection piece which can be mounted (likewise pressure-tight) on a connecting nipple of the boiler.
  • this connection piece is designed in the manner of a tubular attachment on the container, so that the projecting connection piece can easily be positioned with respect to the connecting nipple of the boiler.
  • the connection piece may be designed with connecting elements, so that it can be aligned exactly in position with the connecting nipple.
  • connection piece is provided, for example in order to realize a plurality of connections with the boiler simultaneously or so that different connection variants or connecting nipples of the boiler can be contacted with an exact fit.
  • connection pieces are provided with a closing-off seal so that only the connection piece just being used is open.
  • the apparatus is provided as a construction kit, in which case the container having different reception structures may be provided, in order, if appropriate, to include a plurality of cleaning appliances and/or cleaning appliances different from one another.
  • the latter is connectable to a pressure increasing plant, by means of which the pressure in the container can be varied.
  • the pressure increasing plant comprises, in particular, a gas supply device, if appropriate also a gas blow-off device.
  • a gas in particular what is known as a scavenging gas
  • the pressure increasing plant may be connected to the container, in particular by means of a pressure line and, if appropriate, by means of a pressure sensor.
  • the fluid distribution device be designed to be movable or pivotable at least through the at least one connection piece.
  • the design variant is particularly preferred in which the fluid distribution device both can be moved through the connection piece and is additionally also designed to be pivotable or even additionally also rotatable.
  • means are provided which allow a relative movement of at least a subcomponent of the fluid distribution device through the at least one connection piece.
  • positioning means are also provided which first align the fluid distribution device with the connection piece desired in each case and then lead said fluid distribution device at least partially through the latter.
  • parts of the cleaning fluid line, of the fluid lance (for example a heavy tube-like component with an extent of at least one meter) and/or of the nozzle may in this case be moved through the connection piece.
  • a subcomponent of the fluid distribution device can then be moved through the connection piece only when the connection piece makes essentially a vertical connection to the boiler, such that the fluid distribution device can be introduced vertically from above into the boiler as a result of gravitation.
  • a pivoting of the fluid distribution device is preferred when the fluid distribution device is introduced through an essentially horizontal connection via the connection piece into inner regions of the boiler.
  • the fluid distribution device comprises a flexible hose which can be arranged on a hose drum, and the hose drum is provided in the container.
  • the fluid distribution device comprises, for example, a nozzle which can penetrate vertically in the direction of the boiler and which is arranged on a flexible hose (for example a metal hose) which withstands the temperatures and pressures.
  • the fluid distribution device is in this case designed such that it discharges the cleaning fluid onto the inner regions of the boiler approximately horizontally and/or, preferably, also upwardly counter to gravity, in particular so that it is distributed uniformly in an essentially rotationally symmetrical way.
  • the hose is arranged on a corresponding hose drum, such that it can be unwound to a differing extent, depending on the desired cleaning height.
  • This relatively large hose drum is in this case also positioned in the pressure container.
  • Sensors for operating the hose drum are in this case preferably positioned outside the container.
  • the apparatus where the fluid distribution device comprises a flexible hose which can be moved through the at least one connection piece by means of a drive, is equipped with a drive arranged in the container.
  • the metal hose is, for example, driven frictionally by means of driven rollers.
  • the rollers can advantageously be operated in both directions, so that a path-accurate fluid distribution device is implemented.
  • This drive too, is advantageously arranged in the container, and the embodiment outlined here, with the driven rollers, can readily withstand the conditions prevailing during operation.
  • the drive for the hose drum and/or the positioning measuring system for controlling the movement of the hose are positioned outside the container. Suitable leadthroughs through the container are provided for this purpose.
  • a plant too, then, is most particularly preferred which comprises at least one boiler for the treatment of a gas at high pressure and high temperature, in which at least one heat exchange surface is provided in the boiler and at least one apparatus according to the invention and also a corresponding connecting nipple are provided on the outside of the boiler, the fluid distribution device being positionable such that it can convey a cleaning fluid onto the at least one heat exchange surface.
  • This is, in particular, a heat exchanger boiler which follows a combustion plant for coal gasification.
  • This boiler which is designed, for example, as a cylindrical pressure vessel with diaphragm walls and bulkhead heating surfaces (tube material Inconell 800, AC66) and in this case has a diameter of, for example, 3 to 5 m and a height of 30 to 50 m, is operated with a gas pressure in the range of 30 to 50 bar, the inlet temperature of the gas into the boiler lying in a range of 1000° C. to 1600° C.
  • mass flows of the gas of 15 to 25 t/h are implemented. These are, in particular, plants in which even non-coal substances are burnt, in particular heavy oils and the like.
  • the heat exchange surfaces are formed by a plurality of heat exchanger tubes, through which, for example, a cooling medium, such as water, flows. These heat exchange surfaces are positioned, in particular, in the upper third of the boiler. In this case, then, as seen over the cross section of the boiler, the tubes can be arranged in a pattern.
  • Such a pattern comprises, for example, a circular arrangement of the tubes at a certain distance from the boiler casing, from which arrangement there are rows oriented radially inward are provided so as to extend into a central region, so as to form in the circumferential direction a plurality of heat exchanger sectors, for example 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 or 20 in number. It is preferred, then, that at least one connecting nipple is provided for each of these heat exchanger spaces, so that a cleaning appliance (or a plurality of cleaning appliances) or a fluid distribution device (or a plurality of fluid distribution devices) can penetrate vertically into the boiler in a directed manner via the connecting nipple and can move down the desired heat exchanger sector and clean it selectively. Highly directed and thorough cleaning is thereby possible.
  • the boiler has a plurality of connecting nipples and that at least one apparatus be alignable with a plurality of connecting nipples.
  • closing means are provided on the at least one connecting nipple. These closing means serve, in particular, for sealing the connecting nipple with respect to the external surroundings, such that, for example, gas exchange from inside the boiler into the surroundings or the container is no longer possible. What is achieved thereby is that the container can be uncoupled, and, in particular, the pressure contained in it can then be eliminated. As a result, on the one hand, careful treatment of the internal component is achieved and, furthermore, for example, a mounting flap of the container can be opened in order to carry out maintenance and/or repair of the components arranged inside the container.
  • At least sensors for determining a degree of contamination of the heat exchange surface or of the ambient conditions in the boiler are provided. It is preferred that both of the abovementioned types of sensors are present.
  • the sensors for determining a degree of contamination of the heat exchange surface it should be noted that, although these may basically be optical or non-contact sensors, they are preferably heat flow sensors which are brought at specific horizontal levels into heat-conducting contact with the heat exchange surface. Heat exchange between the gas flowing past and the heat exchange means inside the heat exchanger tubes can be detected by means of the temperature difference, so that the degree of slagging can thereby be determined.
  • a control unit be provided for at least one of the following functions: supply of the cleaning fluid, positioning of the apparatus with respect to the boiler, variation of the ambient conditions in the container, detection of operating data of the boiler.
  • the control unit is connected to at least one of the following components: the apparatus, the cleaning fluid supply line, the hose drum, the drive, the connecting nipple, a sensor, the pressure increasing device.
  • the control unit can thus, for example, supply the cleaning fluid or deactivate the supply of cleaning fluid.
  • the slagging the positioning of the apparatus or of the fluid distribution device can also be carried out, for example taking into account the determined slagging of the heat exchange surface.
  • the apparatus is aligned with the corresponding connecting nipple but, on the other hand, the position of the fluid distribution device or of the nozzle with respect to the cleaning surface can also or alternatively be undertaken and influenced.
  • a method for the cleaning of a plant which is in operation, with at least one boiler for the treatment of a gas at high pressure and high temperature is proposed, which comprises at least the following steps:
  • This method can be implemented, in particular, by means of the plant described according to the invention here.
  • the ambient conditions in the container refer, in particular, to the pressure. Therefore, particularly when the pressure in the container is being adapted, such a pressure as lies above the pressure in the boiler must be selected, for example an overpressure of approximately 50 kPa. As a result of the slight overpressure, the scavenging gas (for example nitrogen) flows through the connection piece and the connecting nipple into the boiler, such that penetration of the synthesis gas into the pressurized container is avoided. Contamination of the components lying in the container is thus counteracted at the same time.
  • the scavenging gas for example nitrogen
  • step (b) in particular a fluidic connection between the container and the boiler is implemented, for example as a result of the opening of corresponding shut-off and/or closing means.
  • the fluid distribution device in particular the vertical penetration of a hose with a lance or nozzle into the boiler is meant, the fluid distribution device then particularly preferably being positioned selectively at (only) the contaminated sectors and commencing cleaning there.
  • Step (d) means, in particular, the supply of a cleaning medium at a pressure which is sufficient for reaching the heat exchange surfaces to be cleaned.
  • the pressure must be selected such that only wetting (essentially without abrasive action) is implemented, whereas, where gases are concerned, the kinetic energy must be sufficiently high to blow away the contamination, and therefore, here, as short a distance as possible between the fluid distribution device and the heat exchange surface should be implemented.
  • the ending of the cleaning operation comprises at least one of the following steps:
  • Identification of a cleaning condition means, in particular, that the current cleaning condition is detected or measured.
  • a specific cleaning intensity or cleaning duration as a fixed (time) limit for ending the cleaning operation, for example on the basis of experimental values, nevertheless a cleaning result of higher quality can be achieved by means of the first-mentioned variant.
  • the fluid connection between the container and the boiler then needs to be separated, in particular, such that, for example, motor-driven shut-off and/or closing means are activated.
  • the ambient condition in the container is adapted to the normal atmosphere again.
  • step (a) This method is most particularly advantageous when the container is provided in step (a) with a pressure of at least 30 bar, in particular, for example, even 50 bar.
  • the container and also the corresponding seals must be suitably selected for this purpose.
  • the cleaning fluid used is a liquid, this being introduced at an overpressure of 1 to 10 bar, preferably 1 to 5 bar, with respect to the pressure in the boiler. This is just sufficient, even taking into account the flow velocities of the synthesis gas, to make it possible to wet the regions of the boiler which, for example, are at distance of more than 200 mm.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically the set-up of a coal gasification plant with an apparatus according to the invention for implementing the method according to the invention.
  • the boiler 2 is in this case illustrated, which is designed here with two connecting nipples 8 which are in each case designed with closing means 15 .
  • the connection means 15 are designed with a motor (illustrated by a circle with an M), while the right connecting nipple 8 has a closing means 15 in the manner of a flap which can be opened only manually.
  • a heat exchange surface 14 is illustrated, for example with a row of heat exchange tubes through which water flows.
  • the tubes or the heat exchange surface 14 extending in the vertical direction have or has, at various horizontal levels, sensors 16 for determining the temperature.
  • sensors 16 By means of these sensors 16 , conclusions can be drawn as to the degree of slagging or of contamination of the heat exchange surface 14 .
  • the cleaning process commences, in which case, advantageously, cleaning is actually carried out selectively only in the sufficiently heavily contaminated sectors of the heat exchange surface 14 .
  • the cleaning itself is implemented here by means of the apparatus 1 according to the invention.
  • the apparatus 1 comprises a cleaning appliance 4 which comprises a hose drum 11 , a hose 10 , a drive 12 and a fluid distribution device 5 .
  • these components are arranged in a container 6 which withstands pressures of up to, for example, 60 bar.
  • the container 6 is designed essentially in the form of a boiler, a side wall closed in a pressure-tight manner being separable as a mounting flap for mounting the individual components.
  • the container 6 has a connection piece 7 which can be connected to the connecting nipple 8 of the boiler 2 . This may, on the one hand, take place directly or, as illustrated here, by means of an (in particular tubular) intermediate piece.
  • the fluid distribution device 5 has been led out of the container 6 through the connection piece 7 and the connecting nipple 8 , such that the fluid distribution device 5 is positioned with respect to the corresponding sectors of the heat exchange surface 14 to be cleaned.
  • the heat exchange surfaces 14 are wetted and are also cleaned due to the expansion of the liquid.
  • the fluid distribution device 5 is returned to the interior of the container 6 into a latching position again, the hose 10 at the same time being rolled up on the hose drum 11 .
  • the closing means 15 can then be activated motively, such that the boiler 2 is closed, leak-tight, again.
  • the container 6 is acted upon with a scavenging medium, in particular nitrogen. This is introduced into the interior of the container 6 by means of the pressure increasing plant 9 .
  • a scavenging medium in particular nitrogen.
  • the pressure inside the container 6 can be exactly set or (for example also as a function of the pressure in the boiler) regulated.
  • the closing means 15 can be opened once again.
  • the supply of cleaning fluid can also be monitored by means of corresponding sensors (to monitor the pressure, pressure sensors are provided which are identified by a P).
  • a plurality of servomotors 19 are provided for the conveyance of fluids or for the operation of closing means, valves and similar equipment.
  • the servomotors, sensors and the like are, moreover, connected to a control unit 17 via various connections 18 , in order to implement data exchange and/or control and/or regulation of various components.
  • This entire plant 13 serves, in particular, for cooling a synthesis gas which flows into the boiler 2 at temperatures of above 1300° C. and at a pressure of above 40 bar.
  • the apparatus 1 illustrated here makes it possible for the first time to clean heat exchange surfaces in those boilers which are operated at high pressure and high temperature, specifically online, that is to say during operation.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Cleaning In General (AREA)
  • Incineration Of Waste (AREA)
US12/396,907 2006-09-04 2009-03-03 Apparatus for the cleaning of high-pressure boilers Abandoned US20090217888A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102006041742A DE102006041742A1 (de) 2006-09-04 2006-09-04 Vorrichtung zur Reinigung von Hochdruckkesseln
DE102006041742.9 2006-09-04
PCT/EP2007/058938 WO2008028844A1 (de) 2006-09-04 2007-08-28 Vorrichtung zur reinigung von hochdruckkesseln

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2007/058938 Continuation WO2008028844A1 (de) 2006-09-04 2007-08-28 Vorrichtung zur reinigung von hochdruckkesseln

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20090217888A1 true US20090217888A1 (en) 2009-09-03

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US12/396,907 Abandoned US20090217888A1 (en) 2006-09-04 2009-03-03 Apparatus for the cleaning of high-pressure boilers

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US20090217888A1 (zh)
EP (1) EP2054692B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN101512281B (zh)
AU (1) AU2007293986B2 (zh)
CA (1) CA2661096A1 (zh)
DE (1) DE102006041742A1 (zh)
WO (1) WO2008028844A1 (zh)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20130192541A1 (en) * 2010-04-29 2013-08-01 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method and device for controlling the temperature of steam in a boiler
US20230019710A1 (en) * 2021-07-16 2023-01-19 Dell Products L.P. Managing a heatsink of an information handling system
US12011805B2 (en) * 2016-11-28 2024-06-18 Candu Energy Inc. System and method of cleaning a heat exchanger

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT1394362B1 (it) * 2009-05-18 2012-06-15 Termosanitaria S R L Sistema per igienizzare e/o detergere uno scambiatore di calore
EP2418023A1 (de) 2010-08-13 2012-02-15 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zum Abschluss einer chemischen Kraftwerksreinigung
DE102010051275A1 (de) 2010-11-12 2012-05-16 Heyo Mennenga Reinigungsvorrichtung für Rührwerksreaktoren
CN103389006A (zh) * 2013-06-21 2013-11-13 安徽华速机器人科技有限公司 一种凝汽器在线清洗机器人干式增压盘管系统
CN111220001A (zh) * 2020-01-13 2020-06-02 国家能源集团煤焦化有限责任公司 冷却器和煤焦化系统

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US4333742A (en) * 1981-03-04 1982-06-08 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Soot blower using fuel gas as blowing medium
US4907543A (en) * 1988-11-07 1990-03-13 Matranga Joseph G Boiler air port cleaner
US5129455A (en) * 1990-03-08 1992-07-14 Ohmstede Mechanical Services, Inc. Multi-lance tube cleaning system having flexible portions
US5237718A (en) * 1992-05-01 1993-08-24 The Babcock & Wilcox Company Sootblower with lance bypass flow
US5579726A (en) * 1994-08-04 1996-12-03 Finucane; Louis Apparatus for cleaning boilers
US6681839B1 (en) * 2001-02-23 2004-01-27 Brent A. Balzer Heat exchanger exchange-tube cleaning lance positioning system
US6892679B2 (en) * 2002-07-09 2005-05-17 Clyde Bergemann, Inc. Multi-media rotating sootblower and automatic industrial boiler cleaning system
US7765960B2 (en) * 2003-06-20 2010-08-03 Sif Ventures B.V. Device for cleaning the fire tubes in a boiler
US7360508B2 (en) * 2004-06-14 2008-04-22 Diamond Power International, Inc. Detonation / deflagration sootblower
US20080271685A1 (en) * 2007-05-04 2008-11-06 Lupkes Kirk R Detonative cleaning apparatus

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20130192541A1 (en) * 2010-04-29 2013-08-01 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method and device for controlling the temperature of steam in a boiler
US12011805B2 (en) * 2016-11-28 2024-06-18 Candu Energy Inc. System and method of cleaning a heat exchanger
US20230019710A1 (en) * 2021-07-16 2023-01-19 Dell Products L.P. Managing a heatsink of an information handling system
US11924994B2 (en) * 2021-07-16 2024-03-05 Dell Products L.P. Managing a heatsink of an information handling system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2054692B1 (de) 2011-06-15
CN101512281A (zh) 2009-08-19
EP2054692A1 (de) 2009-05-06
CA2661096A1 (en) 2008-03-13
WO2008028844A1 (de) 2008-03-13
AU2007293986A1 (en) 2008-03-13
DE102006041742A1 (de) 2008-03-06
CN101512281B (zh) 2012-01-11
AU2007293986B2 (en) 2011-06-16

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