Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D205/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D205/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D205/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D205/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with one oxygen atom directly attached in position 2, e.g. beta-lactams
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/397—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having four-membered rings, e.g. azetidine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings

Definitions

• the instant invention relates to substituted 2-azetidinones and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters there of, and to their use alone or in combination with other active agents to treat hypercholesterolemia and for preventing, halting or slowing the progression of atherosclerosis and related conditions and disease events.
• LDL low density lipoprotein
• HDL high density lipoprotein
• this therapy is not easy to administer or tolerate and was therefore often unsuccessful except in specialist lipid clinics.
• the fibrates produce a moderate reduction in LDL cholesterol accompanied by increased HDL cholesterol and a substantial reduction in triglycerides, and because they are well tolerated these drugs have been more widely used.
• Probucol produces only a small reduction in LDL cholesterol and also reduces HDL cholesterol, which, because of the strong inverse relationship between HDL cholesterol level and CHD risk, is generally considered undesirable.
• lovastatin the first inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase to become available for prescription in 1987, for the first time physicians were able to obtain large reductions in plasma cholesterol with very few adverse effects.
• Ezetimibe the first compound to receive regulatory approval in this class, is currently marketed in the U.S. under the tradename ZETIA®. Ezetimibe has the following chemical structure and is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. Re. 37721 and 5,846,966:
• WO2002/066464 A1 discloses hypolipidemic compounds of general formula
• a 1 , A 3 and A 4 can be
• R 2 is —CH 2 OH, —CH 2 OC(O)—R 1 , or —CO 2 R 1 ;
• R 3 is —OH or —OC(O)R 1 , and
• R 4 is —(CH 2 ) k R 5 (CH 2 ) i — where k and i are zero or integers of one or more, and k+i is an integer of 10 or less; and
• R 5 is a single bond, —CH ⁇ CH—, —OCH 2 —, carbonyl or —CH(OH).
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 independently of one another can be (C 0 -C 30 )-alkylene-(LAG), where one or more carbon atoms of the alkylene radical may be replaced by —O—, —(C ⁇ O)—, —CH ⁇ CH—, —C ⁇ C—, —N((C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl)-, —N((C 1 -C 6 )-alkylphenyl) or —NH—; and (LAG) is a sugar residue, disugar residue, trisugar residue, tetrasugar residue; a sugar acid, or an amino sugar.
• LAG is a sugar residue, disugar residue, trisugar residue, tetrasugar residue; a sugar acid, or an amino sugar.
• the instant invention provides novel cholesterol absorption inhibitors, described below.
• One object of the instant invention is to provide novel cholesterol absorption inhibitors of Formula I
• a second object of the instant invention is to provide a method for inhibiting cholesterol absorption comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I to a patient in need of such treatment.
• Another object is to provide a method for reducing plasma cholesterol levels, especially LDL-cholesterol, and treating hypercholesterolemia comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I to a patient in need of such treatment.
• methods for preventing or reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis, as well as for halting or slowing the progression of atherosclerotic disease once it has become clinically evident, comprising the administration of a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount, as appropriate, of a compound of Formula I to a patient who is at risk of developing atherosclerosis or who already has atherosclerotic disease.
• Another object of the present invention is the use of the compounds of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament useful in treating, preventing or reducing the risk of developing these conditions.
• Other objects of this invention are to provide processes for making the compounds of Formula I and to provide novel pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds.
• the compounds of this invention can be used in screening assays, where the assay is designed to identify new cholesterol absorption inhibitors that have the same mechanism of action as ezetimibe. Additional objects will be evident from the following detailed description.
• novel cholesterol absorption inhibitors of the instant invention are compounds of structural Formula I
• Ar 1 is selected from the group consisting of aryl and R 4 -substituted aryl wherein R 4 is 1-2 substituents independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of: —OR 5 , —O(CO)R 5 , —O(CO)OR 8 , —O—C 1-5 alkyl-OR 5 , —O(CO)NR 5 R 6 , —NR 5 R 6 , —NR 5 (CO)R 6 , —NR 5 (CO)OR 8 , —NR 5 (CO)NR 6 R 7 , —NR 5 SO 2 R 8 , —COOR 5 , —CONR 5 R 6 , —COR 5 , —SO 2 NR 5 R 6 , —S(O) t R 8 , —O—C 1-10 alkyl-COOR 5 , —O—C 1-10 alkyl-CONR 5 R 6 and fluoro.
• Ar 1 is unsubstituted, mono- or di-substituted phenyl.
• Ar 1 is phenyl mono-substituted with fluoro, and particularly 4-fluoro-phenyl.
• R 9 is —(CH 2 ) w —NR 10 R 11 .
• R 11 is selected from —SO 2 —C 1-3 alkyl and —SO 2 -phenyl.
• R 9 is —(CH 2 ) w NR 10 —SO 2 CH 3 .
• w is an integer selected from 3, 4, 5 and 6.
• R 9 is —C ⁇ C—(CH 2 ) y —NR 10 R 11 .
• R 11 is selected from —SO 2 —C 1-3 alkyl and —SO 2 -phenyl.
• R 9 is —C ⁇ C—(CH 2 ) y —NR 10 —SO 2 CH 3 .
• y is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3 and 4.
• R 9 is —C ⁇ C—(CH 2 ) y —NR 10 R 11 .
• R 1 is selected from —SO 2 —C 1-3 alkyl and —SO 2 -phenyl.
• R 9 is —C ⁇ C—(CH 2 ) y —NR 10 —SO 2 CH 3 .
• y is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3 and 4.
• R 12 is —C 1-8 alkyl mono- or poly-substituted with —OH.
• R 12 is —C 3-6 alkyl mono- or poly-substituted with —H.
• each embodiment, class or sub-class described above for each variable (i.e., Ar 1 , R, R 1 , R 9 , R 12 , etc.) in Formulas I, Ia and Ib may be combined with one or more of the embodiments, classes or sub-classes described above for one or more other variables, and all such sub-generic combinations are included within the scope of this invention.
• alkyl is intended to include both branched- and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms.
• alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), n-propyl (Pr), n-butyl (Bu), n-pentyl, n-hexyl, and the isomers thereof such as isopropyl (i-Pr), isobutyl (i-Bu), secbutyl (s-Bu), tertbutyl (t-Bu), 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, isopentyl, isohexyl and the like.
• n-alkyl group is an n-alkyl group (i.e., “propyl” is “n-propyl”).
• alkyl groups defined herein may be “mono- or poly-substituted with —OH,” meaning that one or more hydroxyl substituents is present on the alkyl group, and that each carbon atom available for substitution in the alkyl group may independently be unsubstituted or mono-substituted with hydroxyl provided that at least one carbon atom is substituted with hydroxyl.
• aryl is intended to include phenyl (Ph), naphthyl, indenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl or indanyl. Phenyl is preferred.
• Hydroxyl protecting groups may be used on intermediates during the synthetic procedures for making final products within the scope of this invention.
• Suitable protecting groups (designated as “PG” herein) for the hydroxyl groups, for example those in R 12 and R 13 , include but are not limited to those that are known to be useful as hydroxyl protecting groups, such as for example benzyl, acetyl, benzoyl, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, para-methoxybenzyl, benzylidine, dimethylacetal and methoxy methyl. Conditions required to selectively add and remove such protecting groups are found in standard textbooks such as Greene, T, and Wuts, P. G. M., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1999.
• Compounds of Formula I may contain one or more asymmetric centers and can thus occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, enantiomeric mixtures, diastereomeric mixtures and individual diastereomers. All such isomeric forms of the compounds of Formula I are included within the scope of this invention. Furthermore, some of the crystalline forms for compounds of the present invention may exist as polymorphs and as such are intended to be included in the present invention. In addition, some of the compounds of the instant invention may form solvates with water or organic solvents. Such hydrates and solvates are also encompassed within the scope of this invention.
• the compounds of the present invention can be used in screening assays, where the assay is designed to identify new cholesterol absorption inhibitors.
• Radioactive isotopes of the compounds of Formula I are particularly useful in such assays, for example compounds of Formula I wherein sulfur is replaced with “hot”- 35 S-, and particularly wherein the radioactive sulfur isotope is incorporated within the R 9 moiety. All such radioactive isotopes of the compounds of Formula I are included within the scope of this invention.
• the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” means non-toxic salts of the compounds employed in this invention which are generally prepared by reacting the free acid with a suitable organic or inorganic base, particularly those formed from cations such as sodium, potassium, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, zinc and tetramethylammonium, as well as those salts formed from amines such as ammonia, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, lysine, arginine, ornithine, choline, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, diethanolamine, procaine, N-benzylphenethylamine, 1-p-chlorobenzyl-2-pyrrolidine-1′-yl-methylbenzimidazole, diethylamine, piperazine, morpholine, 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentamine and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.
• a suitable organic or inorganic base particularly those formed from cations such as
• salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic and organic acids.
• acids include acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and the like.
• Particularly preferred are citric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, maleic, phosphoric, sulfuric, and tartaric acids.
• esters of available hydroxy or carboxylic acid groups can optionally be formed as well.
• examples of pharmaceutically acceptable esters include, but are not limited to, —C 1-4 alkyl and —C 1-4 alkyl substituted with phenyl, dimethylamino and acetylamino.
• patient includes mammals, especially humans, who use the instant active agents for the prevention or treatment of a medical condition.
• Administering of the drug to the patient includes both self-administration and administration to the patient by another person.
• the patient may be in need of treatment for an existing disease or medical condition, or may desire prophylactic treatment to prevent or reduce the risk for diseases and medical conditions affected by inhibition of cholesterol absorption.
• terapéuticaally effective amount is intended to mean that amount of a pharmaceutical drug that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, a system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician.
• prophylactically effective amount is intended to mean that amount of a pharmaceutical drug that will prevent or reduce the risk of occurrence of the biological or medical event that is sought to be prevented in a tissue, a system, animal or human by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician.
• the dosage a patient receives can be selected so as to achieve the amount of LDL cholesterol lowering desired; the dosage a patient receives may also be titrated over time in order to reach a target LDL level.
• the dosage regimen utilizing a compound of the instant invention is selected in accordance with a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition to be treated; the potency of the compound chosen to be administered; the route of administration; and the renal and hepatic function of the patient. A consideration of these factors is well within the purview of the ordinarily skilled clinician for the purpose of determining the therapeutically effective or prophylactically effective dosage amount needed to prevent, counter, or arrest the progress of the condition.
• the compounds of the instant invention are cholesterol absorption inhibitors and are useful for reducing plasma cholesterol levels, particularly reducing plasma LDL cholesterol levels, when used either alone or in combination with another active agent, such as an anti-atherosclerotic agent, and more particularly a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, for example an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
• another active agent such as an anti-atherosclerotic agent, and more particularly a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, for example an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
• a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor for example an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
• methods for preventing or reducing the risk of developing atherosclerosis, as well as for halting or slowing the progression of atherosclerotic disease once it has become clinically evident comprising the administration of a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount, as appropriate, of a compound of Formula I to a mammal who is at risk of developing atherosclerosis or who already has atherosclerotic disease.
• Atherosclerosis encompasses vascular diseases and conditions that are recognized and understood by physicians practicing in the relevant fields of medicine.
• Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease including restenosis following revascularization procedures, coronary heart disease (also known as coronary artery disease or ischemic heart disease), cerebrovascular disease including multi-infarct dementia, and peripheral vessel disease including erectile dysfunction are all clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis and are therefore encompassed by the terms “atherosclerosis” and “atherosclerotic disease.”
• a compound of Formula I may be administered to prevent or reduce the risk of occurrence, or recurrence where the potential exists, of a coronary heart disease event, a cerebrovascular event, and/or intermittent claudication.
• Coronary heart disease events are intended to include CHD death, myocardial infarction (i.e., a heart attack), and coronary revascularization procedures.
• Cerebrovascular events are intended to include ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (also known as cerebrovascular accidents) and transient ischemic attacks. Intermittent claudication is a clinical manifestation of peripheral vessel disease.
• the term “atherosclerotic disease event” as used herein is intended to encompass coronary heart disease events, cerebrovascular events, and intermittent claudication. It is intended that persons who have previously experienced one or more non-fatal atherosclerotic disease events are those for whom the potential for recurrence of such an event exists.
• the instant invention also provides a method for preventing or reducing the risk of a first or subsequent occurrence of an atherosclerotic disease event comprising the administration of a prophylactically effective amount of a compound of Formula I to a patient at risk for such an event.
• the patient may or may not have atherosclerotic disease at the time of administration, or may be at risk for developing it.
• Persons to be treated with the instant therapy include those at risk of developing atherosclerotic disease and of having an atherosclerotic disease event.
• Standard atherosclerotic disease risk factors are known to the average physician practicing in the relevant fields of medicine. Such known risk factors include but are not limited to hypertension, smoking, diabetes, low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and a family history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
• Published guidelines for determining those who are at risk of developing atherosclerotic disease can be found in: Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III), JAMA, 2001; 285 pp.
• NCEP National Cholesterol Education Program
• People who are identified as having one or more of the above-noted risk factors are intended to be included in the group of people considered at risk for developing atherosclerotic disease. People identified as having one or more of the above-noted risk factors, as well as people who already have atherosclerosis, are intended to be included within the group of people considered to be at risk for having an atherosclerotic disease event.
• the oral dosage amount of the compound of Formula I is from about 0.1 to about 30 mg/kg of body weight per day, preferably about 0.1 to about 15 mg/kg of body weight per day. For an average body weight of 70 kg, the dosage level is therefore from about 5 mg to about 1000 mg of drug per day. However, dosage amounts will vary depending on factors as noted above, including the potency of the particular compound.
• the active drug of the present invention may be administered in divided doses, for example from two to four times daily, a single daily dose of the active drug is preferred. As examples, the daily dosage amount may be selected from, but not limited to, 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 25 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 80 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg.
• the active drug employed in the instant therapy can be administered in such oral forms as tablets, capsules, pills, powders, granules, elixirs, tinctures, suspensions, syrups, and emulsions.
• Oral formulations are preferred, and particularly solid oral formulations such as tablets.
• administration of the active drug can be via any pharmaceutically acceptable route and in any pharmaceutically acceptable dosage form.
• Additional suitable pharmaceutical compositions for use with the present invention are known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts; for example, see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.
• the active drug is typically administered in admixture with suitable pharmaceutical diluents, excipients or carriers (collectively referred to herein as “carrier” materials) suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, that is, oral tablets, capsules, elixirs, syrups and the like, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices.
• carrier suitable pharmaceutical diluents, excipients or carriers
• the active drug component can be combined with a non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable, inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, glucose, modified sugars, modified starches, methyl cellulose and its derivatives, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol and other reducing and non-reducing sugars, magnesium stearate, steric acid, sodium stearyl fumarate, glyceryl behenate, calcium stearate and the like.
• a non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable, inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, glucose, modified sugars, modified starches, methyl cellulose and its derivatives, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol and other reducing and non-reducing sugars, magnesium stearate, steric acid, sodium stearyl fumarate, glyceryl behenate, calcium stearate and the like.
• suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents and coloring and flavoring agents can also be incorporated into the mixture.
• Stabilizing agents such as antioxidants, for example butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, citric acid, calcium metabisulphite, hydroquinone, and 7-hydroxycoumarin, particularly BHA, propyl gallate and combinations thereof, can also be added to stabilize the dosage forms.
• BHA butylated hydroxyanisole
• BHT 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol
• propyl gallate sodium ascorbate
• citric acid calcium metabisulphite
• hydroquinone hydroquinone
• 7-hydroxycoumarin particularly BHA, propyl gallate and combinations thereof
• a compound of Formula I is formulated together with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor such as simvastatin
• the instant invention also encompasses a process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising combining a compound of Formula I with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also encompassed is the pharmaceutical composition which is made by combining a compound of Formula I with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• One or more additional active agents may be administered in combination with a compound of Formula I, and therefore an embodiment of the instant invention encompasses a drug combination.
• the drug combination encompasses a single dosage formulation comprised of the compound of Formula I and additional active agent or agents, as well as administration of each of the compound of Formula I and the additional active agent or agents in separate dosage formulations, which allows for concurrent or sequential administration of the active agents.
• the additional active agent or agents can be lipid modifying agents, particularly a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor such as an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, or agents having other pharmaceutical activities, or agents that have both lipid-modifying effects and other pharmaceutical activities.
• HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors useful for this purpose include statins in their lactonized or dihydroxy open acid forms and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof, including but not limited to lovastatin (MEVACOR®; see U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,767); simvastatin (ZOCOR®; see U.S. Pat. No. 4,444,784); dihydroxy open-acid simvastatin, particularly the ammonium or calcium salts thereof; pravastatin, particularly the sodium salt thereof (PRAVACOL®; see U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,227); fluvastatin particularly the sodium salt thereof (LESCOL®; see U.S. Pat. No.
• statins in their lactonized or dihydroxy open acid forms and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof including but not limited to lovastatin (MEVACOR®; see U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,767); simvastatin (ZOCOR®; see U.S
• atorvastatin particularly the calcium salt thereof
• CRESTOR® see U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,440
• pitavastatin also referred to as NK-104 (see PCT international publication number WO 97/23200).
• additional active agents include but are not limited to one or more of FLAP inhibitors; 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors; additional cholesterol absorption inhibitors such as ezetimibe (ZETIA®), described in U.S. Pat. Nos. Re.
• cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors for example JTT-705 and torcetrapib, also known as CP529,414
• HMG-CoA synthase inhibitors for example JTT-705 and torcetrapib
• HMG-CoA synthase inhibitors for example JTT-705 and torcetrapib
• squalene epoxidase inhibitors for example squalene synthetase inhibitors
• acyl-coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors including selective inhibitors of ACAT-1 or ACAT-2 as well as dual inhibitors of ACAT1 and -2
• microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) inhibitors niacin; niacin receptor agonists such as acipimox and acifran, as well as niacin receptor partial agonists
• platelet aggregation inhibitors for
• a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount, as appropriate, of a compound of Formula I can be used for the preparation of a medicament useful for inhibiting cholesterol absorption, as well as for treating and/or reducing the risk for diseases and conditions affected by inhibition of cholesterol absorption, such as treating lipid disorders, preventing or reducing the risk of developing atherosclerotic disease, halting or slowing the progression of atherosclerotic disease once it has become clinically manifest, and preventing or reducing the risk of a first or subsequent occurrence of an atherosclerotic disease event.
• the medicament may be comprised of about 5 mg to about 1000 mg of a compound of Formula I.
• the medicament comprised of a compound of Formula I may also be prepared with one or more additional active agents, such as those described supra.
• Compounds of this invention were determined to inhibit cholesterol absorption employing the Cholesterol Absorption Assay in Mice, below. This assay involves comparing a test compound to ezetimibe with respect to their ability to inhibit cholesterol absorption in mice. Both ezetimibe and the tested compounds of this invention inhibited cholesterol absorption by >90% at the highest dose tested. The tested compounds had an ID 50 ⁇ 1 mg/kg.
• the compounds of structural Formula I of the present invention can be prepared according to the procedures of the following Scheme and Examples, using appropriate materials, and are further exemplified by specific examples which follow. Moreover, by utilizing the procedures described herein, one of ordinary skill in the art can readily prepare additional compounds of the present invention claimed herein. The compounds illustrated in the examples are not, however, to be construed as forming the only genus that is considered as the invention. The Examples further illustrate details for the preparation of the compounds of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readily understand that known variations of the conditions and processes of the following preparative procedures can be used to prepare these compounds.
• HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography
• MPLC Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography
• pre TLC preparative Thin Layer Chromatography
• flash chromatography with silica gel or reversed-phase silica gel ion-exchange chromatography; and radial chromatography. All temperatures are degrees Celsius unless otherwise noted.
• I-1 is treated with a terminal alkyne of type I-2 in the presence of a suitable palladium catalyst such as tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium(0) or [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) or the like, and copper(I) iodide.
• a suitable palladium catalyst such as tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium(0) or [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) or the like, and copper(I) iodide.
• the reaction is usually performed in an inert organic solvent such as DMF, between room temperature and 100° C., for a period of 6-48 h, and the product is an internal alkyne of structural formula I-3.
• Alkyne 1-2 may contain a radioactive atom such as 35 S to provide the corresponding radiolabele
• Conversion of I-3 to I-4 can be achieved by hydrogenation of the triple bond in the R 9 position, followed by treatment with guanidine and triethylamine in methanol to selectively remove the phenolic acetate; then converting the phenol to the triflate I-4 via treatment with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amino pyridine in the presence of either triethylamine or N,N diisopropyl-N-ethyl amine in dichloromethane medium.
• Incorporation of the alkynyl-R 2a group is achieved by palladium assisted coupling of the triflate 1-4 with either hydroxyl-protected or unprotected alkynyl-R 12a derivative I-5.
• hydroxyl protecting groups include, for example, benzyl, acetate, acetal or any other suitable oxygen protecting group, or combinations thereof, compatible with earlier or subsequent chemical reactions.
• R 12a includes but is not limited to —C 1-6 alkyl-OBn and
• 1-4 is treated with an alkynyl-R 12a of type I-5 in the presence of a suitable palladium catalyst such as tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium(0) and copper(I) iodide with an initiator such as tetrabutylammonium iodide.
• a suitable palladium catalyst such as tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium(0) and copper(I) iodide with an initiator such as tetrabutylammonium iodide.
• the reaction is usually performed in an inert organic solvent such as DMF, at 50° C., for a period of 1 to 5 hrs, and the product possesses an alkynyl-R 2a of structure I-6.
• Hydrogenation of the triple bond occurs along with the removal of any benzyl protecting groups contained in R 12a by treatment with 10% palladium on carbon catalyst under hydrogen atmosphere in a solvent such as ethyl acetate reacting over 15-24 hours to form 1-7. Hydrolysis or cleavage of any remaining hydroxyl protecting groups may be performed at this time, or non-benzylic protecting groups can be removed prior to the hydrogenation step. For example, diols protected as acetals that are contained in R 2a may be removed by treatment with aqueous acid. When R 12a contains one or more acetate groups, deprotection with potassium cyanide in methanol heated to 50° C. for 1-2 hours affords the free hydroxyl groups.
• the preparation of compounds possessing a 2-hydroxyphenyl group in the final product I-12 is outlined in Scheme II.
• the bis(benzyloxy)intermediate I-8 may be treated with a terminal alkyne of type I-2 in the presence of a suitable palladium catalyst such as tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium(0) or [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) or the like, and copper(I) iodide.
• a suitable palladium catalyst such as tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium(0) or [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) or the like, and copper(I) iodide.
• the reaction is usually performed in an inert organic solvent such as DMF, between room temperature and 100° C., for a period of 6-48 h, and the product
• Alkyne 1-2 may contain a radioactive atom such as 35 S to provide the corresponding radiolabeled adduct upon reaction with 1-8.
• Conversion of 1-9 to 1-10 can be achieved by hydrogenation of the triple bond, with concomitant selective hydrogenolysis of the benzyl ether which is not at the 2-position, followed by converting the resulting phenol to the triflate I-10 via treatment with triflic anhydride (trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anhydride) in the presence of pyridine in dichloromethane medium.
• triflic anhydride trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anhydride
• Dihydroxylation of this alkenyl phenyl intermediate may be achieved using standard conditions such as OsO4 (catalytic) with N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide re-oxidant in the presence of a base such as triethylamine in an appropriate solvent.
• the intermediate contains protecting groups such as acetate, deprotection to afford the free hydroxyl groups may be achieved as described previously using KCN in MeOH.
• compounds containing a 2-carbon linker to the functionalized nitrogen group may be obtained by treating the alkenyl intermediate I-17 with 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) to form the alkyl borate ester, which upon palladium catalyzed cross-coupling with the iodide I-18 may afford the intermediate I-19 possessing a 2-carbon-linked nitrogen functional group.
• Intermediate I-19 may be deprotected and then converted to functionalized nitrogen intermediates using procedures as described herein and those known in the art for sulfonamide formation, carboxamide formation, etc. Subsequent intermediates may then be converted to compounds of the present invention using procedures similar to those previously described above and in Schemes I, II and III.
• compounds containing a one carbon linker may be obtained by treating iodo intermediate I-18 with reagents capable of aryl cyanation such as trimethylsilylcyanide (TMS-CN) and a palladium catalyst to afford aryl cyanide intermediates.
• TMS-CN trimethylsilylcyanide
• This cyano-intermediate may be hydrogenated in the presence of Raney-Nickel catalyst to afford the desired aminomethyl intermediate I-19 with one carbon-linked nitrogen group.
• This intermediate may then be converted to functionalized nitrogen intermediates using procedures as described herein and those known in the art for sulfonamide formation, carboxamide formation, etc. Further manipulation of compounds of formula I-19 may be achieved by sequence similar to those described in Schemes I-III to make compounds of Formula I.
• Methansulfonylchloride (1.40 mL, 18.1 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of propargylamine (1.00 g, 18.1 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (44.0 mg, 0.36 mmol) in pyridine (10 mL) at 0° C. After aging for approximately 15 h, the reaction mixture was poured into 1N HCl and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated in vacuo, to afford the title compound I-1. Crude i-1 crystallized on standing and was used without further purification.
• Methanesulfonylchloride (1.12 mL, 14.5 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of N-methylpropargylamine (1.22 mL, 14.5 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (35 mg, 0.30 mmol) in pyridine (10 mL) at room temperature. After aging for approximately 15 h, the reaction mixture was poured into ethyl acetate and washed successively with 1N HCl and brine. The organic phase was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated in vacuo, to afford the title compound (i-2), which was used without further purification.
• Acetyl chloride (0.52 mL, 7.3 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of propargylamine (0.5 mL, 7.3 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (18 mg, 0.14 mmol) in pyridine (2.5 mL) at 0° C., and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature. After approximately 15 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed successively with 1N HCl and brine. The organic phase was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the title compound (i-3), which was used without further purification.
• Benzene sulfonyl chloride (1.16 mL, 9.1 mmol) was added to stirred solution of propargylamine (0.62 mL, 9.1 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (22 mg, 0.18 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) at room temperature. The resulting solution was aged at ambient temperature for approximately 15 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed successively with 1N HCl and brine. The organic phase was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to furnish the title compound (i-4), which was used without further purification.
• Dimethyl carbamylchloride (0.84 mL, 9.1 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of propargylamine (0.62 mL, 9.1 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (22 mg, 0.18 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) at room temperature. The resulting suspension was stirred at ambient temperature for approximately 15 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed successively with 1N HCl and brine.
• the crude intermediate was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (100 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere. To the resulting solution was added simultaneously by syringe acetic anhydride (4.34 mL, 46 mmol) and TEA (6.4 mL, 46 mmol). To the reaction mixture was added DMAP (0.56 g, 4.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hrs at room temperature at which time the reaction was quenched by the addition of 1N aq. HCl (100 mL). The reaction mixture was transferred to separatory funnel and the organic layer was separated. The organic layer was washed with aq.
• reaction mixture was transferred to separatory funnel and extracted with ether (3 ⁇ 75 mL).
• the combined organic extracts were washed with water (50 mL), brine (75 mL), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered and the solvent removed under vacuum.
• the residue was purified by MPLC (silica column) with stepwise gradient elution (0-60% EtOAc/hexanes as eluent) to afford the title compound (i-11).
• Step A Preparation of 4-[(2S,3R)-3-[(3S)-3-(acetyloxy)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl]-1-(4- ⁇ 3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]prop-1-yn-1-yl ⁇ phenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl]phenyl acetate (i-9 wherein R 10 is —H)
• Step B Preparation of 4-[(2S,3R)-3-[(3S)-3-(acetyloxy)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl]-1-(4- ⁇ 3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]propyl ⁇ phenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl]phenyl acetate (i-10a wherein R 10 is —H)
• Step C Preparation of (1S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-[(3R,4S)-1-(4- ⁇ 3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]propyl ⁇ phenyl)-2-oxo-4-(4- ⁇ [(trifluoromethyl)-sulfonyl]oxy ⁇ phenyl)azetidin-3-yl]propyl acetate (i-10a wherein R 10 is —H)
• Guanidine hydrochloride (1.34 g, 13.93 mmol) was added to a mixture of the intermediate from Step B, (8.5 g, 13.93 mmol) and triethylamine (1.95 mL, 13.93 mmol) in methanol (150 mL). After 3 h, the solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (200 mL)/water (1100 mL) and 2N aq. HCl. The mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel and the layers separated. The organic layer was washed with brine (100 mL), dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford a clear oil.
• the crude intermediate was dissolved in methylene chloride (100 mL) and to the solution was added (bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amino pyridine (8.14 g, 13.93 mmol), triethylamine (1.95 mL, 13.93 mmol), DMAP ( ⁇ 100 mg, catalytic).
• the resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at room temperature.
• the reaction was quenched with 1N aq. HCl and the organic layer was separated.
• the organic extract was washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo.
• Step D Preparation of (1S)-3-[(2S,3R)-2-(4- ⁇ [5-(acetyloxy)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl]ethynyl ⁇ phenyl)-1-(4- ⁇ 3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]propyl ⁇ phenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-3-yl]-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl acetate
• Step E Preparation of (1S)-3-[(2S,3R)-2-(4- ⁇ 2-[5-(acetyloxy)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl]ethyl ⁇ phenyl)-1-(4- ⁇ 3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]propyl ⁇ phenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-3-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl acetate
• Step F Preparation of 3- ⁇ 4-[(2S,3R)-3-[(3S)-3-(acetyloxy)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl]-1-(4- ⁇ 3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]propyl ⁇ phenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl]phenyl ⁇ -1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)propyl acetate
• step E To a solution of the intermediate of step E (1.5 g, 2 mmol) in THF/water (16 mL/4 mL) was added TFA (1 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 16 hr. To the reaction mixture was added 100 mL toluene and the water was removed under vacuum with water bath temperature of 40° C.
• Step G Preparation of N-[3-(4- ⁇ (2S,3R)-2- ⁇ 4-[3,4-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)butyl]phenyl ⁇ -3-[(3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl]-4-oxoazetidin-1-yl ⁇ phenyl)propyl]methanesulfonamide
• Step A Preparation of 4-[(2S,3R)-3-[(3S)-3-(acetyloxy)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl]-1-(4- ⁇ 3-methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]prop-1-yn-1-yl ⁇ phenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl]phenyl acetate (i-9 wherein R 10 is —CH 3 )
• Step 13 Preparation of 4-[(2S,3R)-3-[(3S)-3-(acetyloxy)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl]-1-(4- ⁇ 3-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]propyl ⁇ phenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl]phenyl acetate (i-10a wherein R 10 is CH 3 )
• Step C Preparation of (1S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-[(3R,4S)-1-(4- ⁇ 3-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)-amino]propyl ⁇ phenyl)-2-oxo-4-(4- ⁇ [(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]oxy ⁇ phenyl)azetidin-3-yl]propyl acetate (i-10b wherein R 10 ⁇ CH 3 )
• Triethylamine 24 mL, 0.17 mmol
• DMAP 2.0 mg, 0.016 mmol
• (bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amino) pyridine 77 mg, 0.13 mmol
• the reaction was quenched with 0.5N aq. HCl and extracted three times with EtOAc.
• the combined organic extracts were washed with water, brine, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo. Purification of the crude residue by flash chromatography on silica gel (gradient elution; 35%-40% EtOAc/hexanes as eluent) afforded the title compound.
• Step D Preparation of (1S)-3-[(2S,3R)-2- ⁇ 4-[6-(benzyloxy)hex-1-yn-1-yl]phenyl ⁇ -1-(4- ⁇ 3-methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]propyl ⁇ phenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-3-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl acetate
• Step E Preparation of (1S)-3-[(2S,3R)-2- ⁇ 4-[6-(benzyloxy)hexyl]phenyl ⁇ -1-(4- ⁇ 3-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]propyl ⁇ phenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-3-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl acetate
• step D The title compound was prepared from the intermediate of step D according to the procedure for Example 1, step B.
• the crude product was purified by preparative TLC plates eluting with EtOAc/hexanes (80/20) to afford the title compound m/z (ES) 607 (M ⁇ OAc) + .
• Step F Preparation of N-[3-(4- ⁇ (2S,3R)-3-[(3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl]-2-[4-(6-hydroxyhexyl)phenyl]-4-oxoazetidin-1-yl ⁇ phenyl)propyl]-N-methylmethanesulfonamide
• Step A Preparation of (1S)-3-[(2S,3R)-2-[2,4-bis(benzyloxy)phenyl]-1-(4- ⁇ 3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]prop-1-yl-1-yl ⁇ phenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-3-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl acetate
• Step B Preparation of (1S)-3-[(2S,3R)-2-[2-(benzyloxy)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-(4- ⁇ 3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]propyl ⁇ phenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-3-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl acetate
• Step C Preparation of (1S)-3-[(2S,3R)-2-(2-(benzyloxy-4- ⁇ [(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]-oxy ⁇ phenyl)-1-(4- ⁇ 3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]propyl ⁇ phenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-3-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl acetate
• Step D Preparation of (1S)-3-[(2S,3R)-2-[4- ⁇ [5-(acetyloxy)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl]ethynyl ⁇ -2-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-1-(4- ⁇ 3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]propyl ⁇ phenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-3-yl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl acetate
• Step E Preparation of 3-[4-[(2S,3R)-3-[(3S)-3-(acetyloxy)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl]-1-(4- ⁇ 3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]propyl ⁇ phenyl)-4-oxoazetidin-2-yl]-3-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl acetate
• Step F Preparation of N-[3-(4- ⁇ (2S,3R)-2- ⁇ 2-(benzyloxy)-4-[3,4-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yn-1-yl]phenyl ⁇ -3-[(3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl]-4-oxoazetidin-1-yl ⁇ phenyl)propyl]methanesulfonamide
• Step G Preparation of N-[3-(4- ⁇ (2S,3R)-2- ⁇ 4-[3,4-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)butyl]-2-hydroxyphenyl ⁇ -3-[(3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl]-4-oxoazetidin-1-yl ⁇ phenyl)propyl]methanesulfonamide

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