US20090036334A1 - Use of ionic liquids for the lubrication of components in wind power plants - Google Patents

Use of ionic liquids for the lubrication of components in wind power plants Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090036334A1
US20090036334A1 US12/184,404 US18440408A US2009036334A1 US 20090036334 A1 US20090036334 A1 US 20090036334A1 US 18440408 A US18440408 A US 18440408A US 2009036334 A1 US2009036334 A1 US 2009036334A1
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lubricant
wind power
methyl
ionic liquids
power plant
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Peter Schwab
Stefan Kempka
Rene Hansel
Andreas Hoff
Axel Kobus
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Evonik Operations GmbH
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Assigned to EVONIK GOLDSCHMIDT GMBH reassignment EVONIK GOLDSCHMIDT GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KOBUS, AXEL, DR., HANSEL, RENE, KEMPKA, STEFAN, SCHWAB, PETER, DR., HOFF, ANDREAS, DR.
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
    • C10M105/56—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing nitrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
    • C10M105/56—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing nitrogen
    • C10M105/58—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines, quaternary amines
    • C10M105/60—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines, quaternary amines having amino groups bound to an acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
    • C10M105/56—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing nitrogen
    • C10M105/70—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing nitrogen as ring hetero atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
    • C10M105/72—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
    • F03D80/70—Bearing or lubricating arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30—Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/66—Special parts or details in view of lubrication
    • F16C33/6637—Special parts or details in view of lubrication with liquid lubricant
    • F16C33/6688—Lubricant compositions or properties, e.g. viscosity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
    • C10M2203/1006—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen used as base material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
    • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
    • C10M2205/0285—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms used as base material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
    • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
    • C10M2223/041—Triaryl phosphates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/02—Viscosity; Viscosity index
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/077—Ionic Liquids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/02—Pour-point; Viscosity index
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the use of ionic liquids for the lubrication of movable parts in wind power plants, in particular for gearbox lubrication.
  • Gearboxes are movable combinations of parts for transmitting and converting force or for conducting parts on a track.
  • friction occurs between the surfaces of the individual components of the gearbox, which can comprise, for example, drive and offtake shafts and toothed wheels.
  • the friction has to be reduced by use of suitable lubricants since otherwise damage (wear) and malfunctions, in particular of the toothed wheels, can occur.
  • the lubricants can significantly prolong the life of components.
  • the lubricant can contribute to reducing the force which has to be applied to produce movement and the energy consumption associated therewith, so as to achieve a higher efficiency.
  • Wind energy is the kinetic energy of the moving air masses of the atmosphere. Wind energy is kinetic energy of the air particles which move at the velocity v.
  • the power of the wind which, for instance, a wind generator can utilize as electric power is considerably lower because the velocity cannot be brought down to “0” in a wind turbine. This fact is allowed for by the Betz factor.
  • Betz factor is not an efficiency but a “utilization factor” since the wind energy which is not utilized is largely retained, firstly in the abovementioned residual motion energy of the wind passing through the wind turbine and secondly because the wind evades the wind turbine and flows around it without a reduction in its speed.
  • a further important parameter is the tip speed ratio ⁇ (lambda). It is the ratio of the circumferential velocity of the rotor (blade tip speed) to the wind speed.
  • blade tip speed the ratio of the circumferential velocity of the rotor (blade tip speed) to the wind speed.
  • the operating point having the highest power coefficient and the design tip speed ratio also gives the design wind velocity.
  • a wind energy plant converts the kinetic energy of the wind into electric energy and feeds this into the power grid. This is achieved by the kinetic energy of the wind flow acting on the rotor blades and thus setting the rotor into rotational motion.
  • the rotor transmits the rotational energy to a generator which converts it into electric power.
  • wind power plant WPP
  • WEC wind energy converter
  • Wind energy plants can be used in all climatic zones, at sea and in all land forms (coast, inland, mountains) to generate electric power.
  • a wind energy plant consists essentially of a rotor with hub and rotor blades, a machine pod which accommodates the generator and frequently a gearbox (except in the case of some wind energy plant manufacturers such as Enercon, Scanwind and Vensys). It is mounted in a rotatable fashion on a tower whose foundation gives the necessary stability. In addition, there are the monitoring and control systems and the power grid connections in the machine pod and in the base of the tower or outside it.
  • Wind energy plants having a horizontal axis of rotation have now become established for power generation.
  • Wind energy plants having a horizontal rotor axis have to be pointed in the direction of the wind.
  • the pod is mounted on the tower so as to be able to be rotated in a horizontal plane by means of an azimuthal bearing.
  • the wind direction is in the case of large units determined via the wind direction indicator.
  • the rotor is then pointed into the wind by means of servomotors.
  • Asynchronous or synchronous AC generators are used for electromechanical energy conversion.
  • the rotational speed of the generator can be constant, have two settings (low and high wind velocity) or be able to be adjusted steplessly.
  • Different variants of asynchronous generators and directly coupled, multipolar synchronous generators have become established in industry.
  • the generator and any gearbox are optimized in terms of life, weight, size, maintenance requirement and costs.
  • a further parameter is the number of pairs of poles of the generator, which fixes the transmission ratio of any gearbox.
  • the power of the rotational motion of the rotor of a wind power plant is transmitted to the generator via the drive shaft, the gearbox and the offtake shaft.
  • gearboxes and wind power plants without gearboxes there are multistage gearboxes and wind power plants without gearboxes; most gearboxes are three-stage.
  • the first stage is optimum for low wind velocities (the rotor can turn more easily in the first stage).
  • the intermediate and high-speed stages (second and third stages) are particularly well suited for strong wind (similar to the case of bicycle gears).
  • the noise level from wind energy plants represents a problem, especially in more densely populated inland regions, the noise level can in some plants be individually matched to the specific site requirements by programming of the plant control.
  • the gearbox is usually mounted on the pod by means of rubber elements.
  • Movable components in a wind power plant which have to be lubricated comprise, in particular, the following seven important lubrication points:
  • Mineral oils poly-alpha-olefins (PAOs), natural oils (e.g. rapeseed oils), synthetic ester oils or low-viscosity polyglycols are usually used for lubrication.
  • gearbox oil is subjected to particularly demanding requirements since it plays a critical role in determining the life of the gearbox. Grey specks and consequent pitting and also roller bearing damage are frequently occurring problems which increase the frequency of damage. In the offshore area in particular, maintenance and repair work is associated with very high costs. Gearbox oils have to be particularly clean and therefore have to be continually cleaned by means of fine filtration.
  • Natural oils have considerable deficiencies in terms of low-temperature behaviour, ageing behaviour and in the heat resistance and water resistance.
  • Mineral oils display low viscosity indices, high vaporization losses, limited suitability at low temperatures and moderate thermal stability.
  • Polyglycols display low thermal stability, a high vaporization loss, low viscosities and poor compatibility with seals.
  • Ester oils are not stable to hydrolysis and display low shear stability.
  • the alternative lubricant should preferably allow simple handling and display an improved property profile, so that the life of the movable parts can be increased, the intervals between maintenance and repairs can be lengthened and/or the efficiency of the wind power plant can be increased.
  • this object can be achieved by the use of at least one ionic liquid or a mixture of ionic liquids according to Claim 1 .
  • the present invention therefore provides for the use of a lubricant in components of a wind power plant or wind energy plant, which is characterized in that the lubricant comprises, in particular as lubricating material, at least one ionic liquid.
  • the present invention likewise provides wind power plants comprising at least one component having movable elements and a lubricant, characterized in that the lubricant contains an ionic liquid.
  • the use according to the invention of at least one ionic liquid as lubricating material provides a novel lubricant for wind power plants, in particular for their gearboxes, which has an excellent property profile.
  • ionic liquids in or as lubricants also has the advantage that the property profile can be modified over a wide range by selection of appropriate ionic liquids.
  • An appropriate choice of the ionic liquid(s) used enables the property profile to be modified in terms of viscosity, density, thermal stability, anticorrosion properties, oxidation resistance, materials compatibility, wear resistance, low-temperature suitability, V-T behaviour, miscibilities, hydrolysis stabilities, toxicity and ecotoxicity. In this way, a tailored lubricant which fully meets requirements in respect of the abovementioned properties can be provided for each location/climatic zone.
  • a lubricant comprising an ionic liquid or a mixture of ionic liquids in wind power stations, in particular in their gearboxes, enables an increase in the life of the components and a lengthening of the maintenance intervals to be achieved.
  • the lubricants according to the invention have, in particular, the advantage that they do not lose their lubrication properties at very low temperatures.
  • the lubricants according to the invention can, in particular, be used advantageously in climatic zones in which temperatures below 0° C., in particular below ⁇ 40° C., occur.
  • ionic liquids are salts which melt at low temperatures ( ⁇ 100° C.) and represent a novel class of liquids which are made up exclusively of ions.
  • ionic liquids are liquid even at low temperatures ( ⁇ 100° C.) (K. R. Seddon J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1997, 68, 351-356).
  • a lubricant in components of a wind power station comprises at least one ionic liquid.
  • the lubricant can comprise not only one ionic liquid but also a plurality of ionic liquids. Suitable choice of ionic liquids enables the properties of the lubricant to be set.
  • the lubricant is preferably used in components such as bearings or gearboxes of wind power plants.
  • the lubricant comprising ionic liquids can achieve a great improvement and simplification.
  • the component of the wind power plant in which the lubricant according to the invention is used can preferably be, for example, a main or tracking gearbox for gearing up the rotational speed of the rotor to the rotational speed of the generator, an azimuthal gearbox for tracking the wind direction, a pitch gearbox for adjusting the rotor blades, a generator bearing for mounting the generator shaft, a pitch bearing for mounting the rotor blades, a main bearing for mounting the rotor or an azimuthal bearing for providing the rotatable connection between tower and pod of the wind power plant.
  • the lubricant used can contain exclusively one or more ionic liquids as lubricating material.
  • the lubricant used can contain one or more further materials in addition to the ionic liquid(s).
  • Such materials can be, for example, extreme pressure additives (EP additives; e.g. tricresyl phosphate, zinc dialkyldithiophosphate—Additin RC 3048 from Rheinchemie) to optimize the friction- and wear-producing properties or corrosion inhibitors, e.g. fatty acid diethanolamide —REWOCOROS® AC 28, fatty acid monoethanolamide—REWOCOROS® AC 101 (both products of Evonik Goldschmidt GmbH).
  • EP additives e.g. tricresyl phosphate, zinc dialkyldithiophosphate—Additin RC 3048 from Rheinchemie
  • fatty acid diethanolamide —REWOCOROS® AC 28 fatty acid monoethanolamide—REWOCOROS® AC 101 (both products of Evonik Goldschmidt GmbH).
  • the lubricant used according to the invention can contain one or more further lubric
  • Such lubricating materials can be, for example, mineral oils, poly- ⁇ -olefins (PAO), synthetic esters or polyglycols, with the abovementioned groups representing a selection and not a restriction.
  • PAO poly- ⁇ -olefins
  • the addition of further materials and/or lubricating materials enables the property profiles of the lubricants to be adjusted very finely to match them to requirements.
  • the lubricant used according to the invention preferably has a pour point of from 0° C. to ⁇ 80° C., more preferably from ⁇ 25° C. to ⁇ 80° C. and particularly preferably from ⁇ 40° C. to ⁇ 75° C.
  • the proportion of ionic liquids in the lubricant used according to the invention is preferably from 0.1 to 99.98% by weight, more preferably from 75 to 99.95% by weight and particularly preferably from 85 to 99.9% by weight.
  • the lubricant can contain all known ionic liquids as ionic liquids.
  • the lubricant preferably contains ionic liquids which give the lubricant a viscosity at operating temperature of from 10 to 5000 mPas, preferably from 50 to 1000 mPas and particularly preferably from 100 to 500 mPas.
  • Overviews of ionic liquids, their preparation and their properties may be found, for example, in “Ionic Liquids in Synthesis”, P. Wasserscheid, T. Welton (eds.), Wiley, in “Green Industrial Applications of Ionic Liquids”, NATO Science Series. Li. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, 92, or in “Ionic Liquids: Industrial Applications for Green Chemistry”, Robin D. Rogers (ed.), Acs. Symposium Series, 818.
  • Preferred ionic liquids have substituted or unsubstituted, preferably substituted, ammonium, phosphonium, pyridinium or imidazolium cations as cations.
  • the ionic liquids which are preferably used according to the invention preferably comprise at least one cation of the general formulae:
  • the ionic liquid can likewise contain cations derived from saturated or unsaturated cyclic compounds or aromatic compounds having in each case at least one trivalent nitrogen atom in a 4- to 10-membered, preferably 5- or 6-membered, heterocyclic ring which may be substituted.
  • Such cations can be described in simplified form (i.e. without indication of precise position and number of the double bonds in the molecule) by the general formulae (IX), (X) and (XI) below, where the heterocyclic rings may also contain a plurality of heteroatoms.
  • R 1 and R 2 are as defined above,
  • cyclic nitrogen compounds of the above-mentioned type are pyrrolidine, dihydropyrrole, pyrrole, imidazoline, oxazoline, oxazole, thiazoline, thiazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, indole, carbazole, piperidine, pyridine, the isomeric picolines and lutidines, quinoline and isoquinoline.
  • the cyclic nitrogen compounds of the general formulae (IX), (X) and (XI) can be unsubstituted (R ⁇ H) or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by the radical R, and in the case of multiple substitution by R, the individual radicals R can be different.
  • the ionic liquid can also contain ions derived from saturated acyclic, saturated or unsaturated cyclic compounds or from aromatic compounds having in each case more than one trivalent nitrogen atom in a 4- to 10-membered, preferably 5- or 6-membered, heterocyclic ring. These compounds can be substituted both on the carbon atoms and on the nitrogen atoms. They can also be fused with unsubstituted or substituted benzene rings and/or cyclohexane rings to form polycyclic structures.
  • Examples of such compounds are pyrazole, 3,5-dimethylpyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, N-methylimidazole, dihydropyrazole, pyrazolidine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, 2,3-, 2,5- and 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, phenazine and piperazine. Cations derived from imidazole and its alkyl and phenyl derivatives have been found to be particularly useful as constituents of ionic liquids.
  • the ionic liquid can likewise contain cations which contain two nitrogen atoms and have the general formula (XII)
  • the ionic liquids particularly preferably contain imidazolium ions selected from among 1-methylimidazolium, 1-ethylimidazolium, 1-(1-butyl)imidazolium, 1-(1-octyl)imidazolium, 1-(1-dodecyl)imidazolium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)imidazolium, 1-(1-hexadecyl)imidazolium, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(1-butyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(1-butyl)-3-ethylimidazolium, 1-(1-hexyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(1-hexyl)-3-ethylimidazolium, 1-(1-hexyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(1-hexyl)-3-eth
  • the ionic liquid can likewise contain ions which, in particular, are made up of the abovementioned cations as a result of dimerization, trimerization or polymerization to form dications, trications or polycations.
  • ions which, in particular, are made up of the abovementioned cations as a result of dimerization, trimerization or polymerization to form dications, trications or polycations.
  • dications, trications and polycations which have a polymeric backbone, for example one based on siloxanes, polyethers, polyesters, polyamides or polyacrylates, in particular branched and hyperbranched polymers.
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A]+is a pyridinium ion (XIIIa)
  • the ionic liquid very particularly preferably has a pyridinium ion (XIIIa) selected from among 1-methylpyridinium, 1-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-butyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-hexyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-octyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-hexyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-octyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-dodecyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-hexadecyl)pyridinium, 1,2-dimethylpyridinium, 1-ethyl-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-butyl)-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-hexyl)-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-octyl)-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-dodecyl)-2-methylpyr
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is a pyridazinium ion (XIIIb)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is a pyrimidinium ion (XIIIc)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is a pyrazinium ion (XIIId)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is a pyrazolium ion (XIIIf), (XIIIg) or (XIIIg′)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is a pyrazolium ion (XIIIh)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is a 1-pyrazolinium ion (XIIIi)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is a 2-pyrazolinium ion (XIIIj)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is a 3-pyrazolinium ion (XIIIk) or (XIIIk′)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is an imidazolinium ion (XIIIl)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is an imidazolinium ion (XIIIm) or (XIIIm′)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is an imidazolinium ion (XIIIn) or (XIIIn′)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is a thiazolium ion (XIIIo) or (XIIIo′) or an oxazolium ion (XIIIp)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is a 1,2,4-triazolium ion (XIIIq), (XIIIq′) or (XIIIq′′)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is a 1,2,3-triazolium ion (XIIIr), (XIIIr′) or (XIIIr′′)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is a pyrrolidinium ion (XIIIs)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is an imidazolidinium ion (XIIIt)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is an ammonium ion (IV)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is a guanidinium ion (IVv),
  • a very particularly preferred guanidinium ion (IVv) is N,N,N′,N′,N′′,N′′-hexamethylguanidinium.
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is a derivative of an ethanolamine, e.g. a cholinium ion (XIIIw) or of a diethanolamine (XIIIw′) or of a triethanolamine (XIIIw′′)
  • the cation [A] + is a derivative of an ethanolamine, e.g. a cholinium ion (XIIIw) or of a diethanolamine (XIIIw′) or of a triethanolamine (XIIIw′′)
  • the lubricant contains ionic liquids in which the cation [A] + is a phosphonium ion (VI) in which R 1 to R 3 are each, independently of one another, C 1 -C 18 -alkyl, in particular butyl, isobutyl, 1-hexyl or 1-octyl.
  • cation [A] + is a phosphonium ion (VI) in which R 1 to R 3 are each, independently of one another, C 1 -C 18 -alkyl, in particular butyl, isobutyl, 1-hexyl or 1-octyl.
  • the lubricants according to the invention very particularly preferably contain ionic liquids which have one or more cations selected from among 1-methylpyridinium, 1-ethylpyridinium, 1-(1-butyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-hexyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-octyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-hexyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-octyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-dodecyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-tetradecyl)pyridinium, 1-(1-hexadecyl)pyridinium, 1,2-dimethylpyridinium, 1-ethyl-2-methylpyridinium, 1-(1-butyl)-2-methyl
  • the metal cations [M 1 ] + , [M 2 ] + , [M 3 ] + , [M 4 ] 2+ and [M 5 ] 3+ mentioned in the formulae (IIIa) to (IIIj) are preferably metal cations of Groups 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 of the Periodic Table. Particularly preferred metal cations are, for example, Li + , Na + , K + , Cs + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Ba 2+ , Cr 3+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ag + , Zn 2+ and Al 3+ .
  • the ionic liquids which are preferably used according to the invention comprise at least one of the abovementioned cations in combination with at least one anion in each case.
  • anions it is in principle possible to use all anions which in combination with the cation lead to an ionic liquid.
  • the anion [Y] n ⁇ of the ionic liquid can, for example, be selected from:
  • the ionic liquids used according to the invention preferably have anions selected from among halides, carboxylates, phosphates, thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, dicyanamides, sulphates, alkylsulphates, sulphonates, alkylsulphonates, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate and bis(trifluoromethylsulphonyl)imide.
  • Preferred anions are chloride, bromide, iodide, thiocyanate, hexafluorophosphate, trifluoromethanesulphonate, methanesulphonate, formate, acetate, glycolate, lactate, mandelate, nitrate, nitrite, trifluoroacetate, sulphate, hydrogensulphate, methyl sulphate, ethyl sulphate, 1-propyl sulphate, 1-butyl sulphate, 1-hexyl sulphate, 1-octyl sulphate, phosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, hydrogenphosphate, C 1 -C 4 -dialkylphosphates, propionate, tetrachloroaluminate, Al 2 Cl 7 ⁇ , chlorozincate, chloroferrate, bis(trifluoromethylsulphonyl)imide, bis(pentafluoroethylsulphonyl)imide, bis
  • anions are anions from the group consisting of halides, bis(perfluoroalkylsulphonyl)amides and bis(perfluoroalkylsulphonyl)imides such as bis(trifluoromethylylsulphonyl)imide, alkyltosylates and aryltosylates, perfluoroalkyltosylates, nitrate, sulphate, hydrogensulphate, alkylsulphates and arylsulphates, polyether sulphates and sulphonates, perfluoroalkylsulphates, sulphonate, alkylsulphonates and arylsulphonates, perfluorinated alkylsulphonates and arylsulphonates, alkylcarboxylates and arylcarboxylates, perfluoroalkylcarboxylates, perchlorate, tetrachloroaluminate, saccharinate, dicyanamide
  • Very particularly preferred anions are chloride, bromide, hydrogensulphate, tetrachloroaluminate, thiocyanate, methylsulphate, ethylsulphate, methanesulphonate, formate, acetate, glycolate, lactate, dimethylphosphate, diethylphosphate, p-toluenesulphonate, tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate.
  • the lubricant very particularly preferably contains ionic liquids or mixtures thereof which contain a combination of a 1,3-dialkylimidazolium, 1,2,3-trialkylimidazolium, 1,3-dialkylimidazolinium or 1,2,3-trialkylimidazolinium cation with an anion selected from the group consisting of halides, bis(trifluoromethylylsulphonyl)imide, perfluoroalkyltosylates, alkylsulphates and alkylsulphonates, perfluorinated alkylsulphonates and alkylsulphates, perfluoroalkylcarboxylates, perchlorate, dicyanamide, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate, tetraphenylborate, tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, dimethylphosphate and diethy
  • acyclic quaternary ammonium salts such as TEGO® IL T16ES [quaternary fatty amine ethoxylate], TEGO® IL K5MS [coconut alkylpentaethoxymethylammonium ethosulphate], TEGO® IL DS [distearyldimethylammonium chloride] or TEGO® IL 2MS [dimethyldiethanolammonium methylsulphonate] (all products of Evonik Goldschmidt GmbH) and also cyclic quaternary nitrogen compounds selected from the groups of imidazolium salts, pyridinium salts, pyrrolidinium salts, etc., e.g. TEGO® IL IM ES [1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulphate] (product of Evonik Goldschmidt GmbH) as ionic liquids in the lubricant according to the invention.
  • TEGO® IL T16ES
  • ionic liquids can be selected according to their property profile so that they are stable at high temperatures, noncombustible, corrosion-inhibiting and in terms of viscosity, density, oxidation stability, materials compatibility, wear protection, suitability for use at low temperatures, V-T behaviour, miscibility and hydrolysis resistance can be matched precisely to the respective specifications, these ionic liquids can be used particularly advantageously as lubricants in wind power plants, in particular in their gearboxes.
  • ionic liquids which are biodegradable and/or nontoxic, e.g. imidazolium salts and pyridinium salts, in particular 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulphate.
  • imidazolium salts and pyridinium salts in particular 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulphate.
  • the lubricant used according to the invention preferably contains ionic liquids which either on their own or when mixed with others have a melting point of ⁇ 100° C., preferably ⁇ 80° C., particularly preferably ⁇ 50° C. and very particularly preferably ⁇ room temperature.
  • the lubricant used according to the invention more preferably contains ionic liquids which either on their own or when mixed with others are liquid at a temperature of from ⁇ 85° C. to 400° C., preferably from ⁇ 70° C. to 250° C., particularly preferably from ⁇ 60° C. to 150° C. and very particularly preferably from ⁇ 55° C. to 100° C.
  • Ionic liquids which are liquid at low temperatures are, for example, imidazolium salts or pyridinium sulphates, in particular 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulphate, 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate or 1-ethyl-3-methylpyridinium ethylsulphate.
  • the lubricant used according to the invention preferably contains ionic liquids which either on their own or when mixed with others have a decomposition temperature of >150° C., preferably >250° C., more preferably 200° C. and particularly preferably >300° C.
  • the choice of the ionic liquid or the mixture of ionic liquids depends on the property profile of the machinery selected and the respective climatic and environmental conditions (locations).
  • FIGS. 1 to 3 The present invention is illustrated by FIGS. 1 to 3 , without the invention being restricted to the embodiment presented there.
  • FIG. 1 shows the typical curve of the coefficient of friction as a function of the rubbing speed, divided into the regions of solids contact, boundary friction, mixed friction and hydrodynamic friction. This depiction is referred to as the Stribeck curve.
  • An ideal lubricant should display a very low level of friction in all the regions mentioned, in particular in the region of boundary friction.
  • the Stribeck curve ideally runs parallel to the x axis.
  • FIG. 2 shows the results of the comparative experiments of the example comparing a commercially available completely additivated poly-alpha-olefin, a commercially available completely additivated mineral oil of group 3 (Castrol SLX 0W-30 from Castrol), TEGO® IL IMES, TEGO® IL IMES containing an EP additive from Evonik Goldschmidt GmbH (lubricant 4) and TEGO® IL IMES containing a commercially available EP additive (lubricant 5).
  • the measured values for lubricant 1 are shown as dots, those for lubricant 2 (mineral oil) as diamonds, those for lubricant 3 (ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulphate) as squares, those for lubricant 4 as crosses and those for lubricant 5 as plus signs.
  • ionic liquids generally depends on the expected lubrication requirements, the load uptake (load uptake capability) and the temperature prevailing in the lubrication region. To reduce the energy consumption in apparatuses/machines/gearboxes and thus increase the efficiency, it is useful to work at low viscosities which nevertheless do not run the risk of increasing the mixed friction. If there is a risk of solids contact friction, for instance at high loads and/or low speeds of the moving surfaces, it may be necessary to achieve boundary lubrication by means of friction-reducing additives (EP additives). Apart from a high viscosity index (VI), which describes the stability of the viscosity at relatively high temperatures, it is therefore also necessary to ensure boundary lubrication.
  • VI viscosity index
  • a high VI is a guarantee that a constant lubricating action is achieved with increasing speed of the moving surfaces and an associated temperature increase. This region of lubrication is referred to as hydrodynamic lubrication.
  • the film which is then formed between the surfaces to be lubricated displays the lowest friction which is then dependent essentially only on the viscosity of the liquids.
  • the viscosity index is a dimensionless parameter and is used to characterize the viscosity-temperature behaviour (VT) of a liquid (mainly lubricating oils).
  • a high viscosity index means good VT behaviour, i.e. the viscosity changes only slightly with temperature.
  • Good oils should have a VI of >150. This can be set by means of additives. In general, a very high VI at a relatively low viscosity of the oil is sought. The lower the viscosity of the oil, the lower the energy consumption, since the oil has a lower frictional resistance.
  • a good mineral oil of group 3 has a VI of about 130, so that it has to be increased by means of additives.
  • lubricant 1 poly-alpha-olefin (PAO 8)
  • lubricant 2 a commercially available completely additivated mineral oil having a KV 40 of 31 cSt (Castrol SLX 0W-30 from Castrol)
  • lubricant 3 TEGO® IL IMES [ionic liquid from Evonik Goldschmidt GmbH having a KV 40 (kinematic viscosity at 40° C.) of 39 cSt]
  • lubricant 4 TEGO® IL IMES containing 0.3% by mass of REWOCOROS® EAK 8190 (Evonik Goldschmidt GmbH)
  • lubricant 5 TEGO® IL IMES containing 0.3% by mass of the commercially available EP additive tricresyl phosphate.
  • FIG. 1 shows an idealized Stribeck curve.
  • FIG. 2 the measurement points obtained in the studies on the various lubricant compositions are shown in the form of a Stribeck curve.
  • the Stribeck curves at 80° C. show that the mixed friction part, i.e. increasing coefficient of friction, commences at speeds of ⁇ 250 mm/s in the case of lubricants 1 and 2 and lubricants 3 to 5.
  • the coefficients of friction of the lubricants 3 to 5 are significantly below those of the conventional lubricants 1 and 2. Only in the boundary region at speeds of ⁇ 20 mm/s does the coefficient of friction of the ionic liquid without additives (lubricant 3) rise above that of the commercial lubricants 1 and 2.
  • Addition of cresyl phosphate as EP additive (lubricant 5) or REWOCOROS® EAK 8190 (lubricant 4) enables the boundary friction to be reduced below the values for the commercial lubricants.
  • the lubricants containing ionic liquids display a significantly lower coefficient of friction than commercially available lubricants.
  • the ionic liquids display significantly lower coefficients of friction than commercially available lubricants over the entire speed range.
  • Traction curves can also be measured by means of the MTM2.
  • the slide-to-roll ratio varies continuously at a constant temperature and constant pressure.
  • the slide-to-roll ratio is the ratio of the sliding speed to the rolling speed.
  • the plate and the ball move at the same surface speed (pure rolling).
  • a slide-to-roll ratio of 2 one of the two surfaces remains still (pure sliding). Since various proportions of sliding can occur in the case of different components, the traction curve makes it possible to show the lubricant behaviour under these different conditions. Conditions with a high proportion of sliding at the toothed wheel contacts prevail in gearboxes in particular.

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US12/184,404 2007-08-03 2008-08-01 Use of ionic liquids for the lubrication of components in wind power plants Abandoned US20090036334A1 (en)

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US20100120640A1 (en) * 2008-05-09 2010-05-13 Peter Schwab Liquid conductivity additives for nonaqueous hydraulic oils
US20100192814A1 (en) * 2009-02-05 2010-08-05 Evonik Goldschmidt Gmbh Process for producing antistatically treated artificial stone for flat structures
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US20100227785A1 (en) * 2009-02-20 2010-09-09 Jacob Joseph Habeeb Method for the control of deposit formation in formulated lubricating oil by use of ionic liquids as additives
US20100227783A1 (en) * 2009-02-20 2010-09-09 Jacob Joseph Habeeb Method for reducing friction/wear of formulated lubricating oils by use of ionic liquids as anti-friction/anti-wear additives
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US20160024414A1 (en) * 2012-12-14 2016-01-28 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Ionic liquids as lubricating oil base stocks, cobase stocks and multifunctional functional fluids
US20170058227A1 (en) * 2014-05-29 2017-03-02 Dexerials Corporation Ionic liquid, lubricant, and magnetic recording medium
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US20100120640A1 (en) * 2008-05-09 2010-05-13 Peter Schwab Liquid conductivity additives for nonaqueous hydraulic oils
US20100016205A1 (en) * 2008-07-17 2010-01-21 Evonik Goldschmidt Gmbh Use of ionic liquids as an additive for cleaning processes in liquefied and/or supercritical gas
US20100192814A1 (en) * 2009-02-05 2010-08-05 Evonik Goldschmidt Gmbh Process for producing antistatically treated artificial stone for flat structures
US8268760B2 (en) 2009-02-20 2012-09-18 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Method for reducing friction/wear of formulated lubricating oils by use of ionic liquids as anti-friction/anti-wear additives
US20100227785A1 (en) * 2009-02-20 2010-09-09 Jacob Joseph Habeeb Method for the control of deposit formation in formulated lubricating oil by use of ionic liquids as additives
US20100227783A1 (en) * 2009-02-20 2010-09-09 Jacob Joseph Habeeb Method for reducing friction/wear of formulated lubricating oils by use of ionic liquids as anti-friction/anti-wear additives
US8263536B2 (en) 2009-02-20 2012-09-11 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Method for the control of deposit formation in formulated lubricating oil by use of ionic liquids as additives
US20100216675A1 (en) * 2009-02-20 2010-08-26 Jacob Joseph Habeeb Method for the control of hydroperoxide-induced oxidation in formulated lubricating oils by use of ionic liquids as additives
US8278253B2 (en) 2009-02-20 2012-10-02 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Method for the control of hydroperoxide-induced oxidation in formulated lubricating oils by use of ionic liquids as additives
US20130053287A1 (en) * 2010-02-01 2013-02-28 The Nippon Synthetic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Synthetic lubricant
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US9878285B2 (en) 2012-01-23 2018-01-30 Evonik Degussa Gmbh Method and absorption medium for absorbing CO2 from a gas mixture
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US8716207B2 (en) 2012-06-05 2014-05-06 Ecolab Usa Inc. Solidification mechanism incorporating ionic liquids
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CN107338099A (zh) * 2017-06-30 2017-11-10 北京雅士科莱恩石油化工有限公司 一种全合成风力发电齿轮油
US11905485B2 (en) 2019-04-26 2024-02-20 Total Marketing Services Lubricant composition and use as a lubricant additive of guanidinium-based ionic liquids
CN110423639A (zh) * 2019-06-13 2019-11-08 徐武警 一种多功能润滑油添加剂及其应用
US11760766B2 (en) * 2020-07-28 2023-09-19 Ut-Battelle, Llc Ionic liquids containing quaternary ammonium and phosphonium cations, and their use as environmentally friendly lubricant additives

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