US20080146655A1 - Pharmaceutical Composition for the Treatment or Prevention of Diseases Involving Obesity, Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, Neuro-Degenerative Diseases and Mitochondria Dyfunction Diseases - Google Patents

Pharmaceutical Composition for the Treatment or Prevention of Diseases Involving Obesity, Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, Neuro-Degenerative Diseases and Mitochondria Dyfunction Diseases Download PDF

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US20080146655A1
US20080146655A1 US11/816,438 US81643806A US2008146655A1 US 20080146655 A1 US20080146655 A1 US 20080146655A1 US 81643806 A US81643806 A US 81643806A US 2008146655 A1 US2008146655 A1 US 2008146655A1
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compound
lapachone
disease
diseases
formula
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Sang-Ku Yoo
Myunggyu Park
In Geun Jo
Taehwan Kwak
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MD Bioalpha Co Ltd
KT&G Co Ltd
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MD Bioalpha Co Ltd
KT&G Co Ltd
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Assigned to KT & G CO., LTD.,, MD BIOALPHA CO., LTD. reassignment KT & G CO., LTD., ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JO, IN GEUN, KWAK, TAEHWAN, PARK, MYUNGGYU, YOO, SANG-KU
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    • A61K31/352—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. methantheline 
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    • A61K31/353—3,4-Dihydrobenzopyrans, e.g. chroman, catechin
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    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of various diseases involving obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, degenerative diseases and mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases.
  • Obesity a condition in which an amount of body fat is abnormally higher than standard body weight, refers to a disease resulting from accumulation of surplus calories in adipose tissues of the body when calorie intake is greater than calorie expenditure.
  • Complications caused from obesity include, for example hypertension, myocardiac infarction, varicosis, pulmonary embolism, coronary artery diseases, cerebral hemorrhage, senile dementia, Parkinson's disease, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cerebral apoplexy, various cancers (such as uterine cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer and the like), heart diseases, gall bladder diseases, sleep apnea syndrome, arthritis, infertility, venous ulcer, sudden death, fatty liver, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), thromboembolism, esophagitis, abdominal wall hernia (Ventral Hernia), urinary incontinence, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases and the like (Obesity Research Vol.
  • Diabetes is a systemic metabolic disorder resulting from multiple environmental and genetic factors, and refers to a condition characterized by abnormally elevated blood glucose levels due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin in the body.
  • Complications of diabetes includes, for example hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma, macrovascular complications, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy and the like.
  • Metabolic syndromes refer to syndromes accompanied by health risk factors such as hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, glycometabolism disorders, blood coagulation disorders and obesity.
  • NEP National Cholesterol Education Program
  • individuals are diagnosed with the metabolic syndrome by the presence of three or more of the following components: 1) A waistline of 40 inches (102 cm) or more for men and 35 inches (88 cm) or more for women (central obesity as measured by waist circumference), 2) A triglyceride level above 150 mg/dl, 3) A high density lipoprotein level (HDL) less than 40 mg/dl (men) or under 50 mg/dl (women), 4) A blood pressure of 130/85 mm Hg or higher and 5) A fasting blood glucose level greater than 110 mg/dl.
  • Insulin resistance refers to a phenomenon wherein, even though insulin is normally secreted in the body, “supply of glucose into cells” performed by insulin does not work properly. Therefore, glucose in the blood cannot enter cells, thus causing hyperglycemia, and further, cells themselves cannot perform normal functions thereof due to a shortage of glucose, leading to the manifestation of metabolic syndrome.
  • the degenerative disease is the term derived from pathological findings, thus meaning the condition which is accompanied by “decreases in consumption of oxygen”, and refers to a degenerative disease wherein dysfunction of mitochondria, which is an organelle that generates energy using oxygen within the cell, is related to senescence.
  • the degenerative disease mention may be made of neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease (Korean Society of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology News, 2004, 11(2), 16-22).
  • Diseases arising from mitochondrial dysfunction may include for example, mitochondrial swelling due to mitochondrial membrane potential malfunction, functional disorders due to oxidative stress such as by the action of active oxygen species or free radicals, functional disorders due to genetic factors, and diseases due to functional deficiency of oxidative phosphorylation mechanisms for energy production of mitochondria.
  • diseases may include multiple sclerosis, encephalomyelitis, cerebral radiculitis, peripheral neuropathy, Reye's syndrome, Friedrich's ataxia, Alpers syndrome, MELAS, migraine, psychosis, depression, seizure and dementia, paralytic episode, optic atrophy, optic neuropathy, retinitis pigmentosa, cataract, hyperaldosteronemia, hypoparathyroidism, myopathy, amyotrophy, myoglobinuria, hypotonia, myalgia, the decrease of exercise tolerance, renal tubulopathy, renal failure, hepatic failure, liver function failure, hepatomegaly, red blood cell anemia (iron-deficiency anemia), neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, diarrhea, villous atrophy, multiple vomiting, dysphagia, constipation, sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), epilepsy, mental retardation, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease (see,
  • diabetes syndromes The above-mentioned obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, degenerative diseases and mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases will be collectively referred to as “disease syndromes” hereinafter.
  • the present invention has also employed a method of confirming the presence/absence of activation effects on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), as the most fundamental primary test to confirm biological efficacy of compounds of interest on disease syndromes.
  • AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase
  • AMPK promotes muscle contraction and thereby facilitates intake of glucose. That is, AMPK activates GLUT 1, or induces migration of GLUT 4 to a plasma membrane, regardless of insulin action, resulting in increased glucose uptake into cells (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 380, 347-352, 2000, J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 1073-1083, 2001). After increasing glucose uptake into cells, AMPK activates hexokinase, thereby increasing flux of glycometabolism processes and simultaneously inhibiting glycogen synthesis.
  • AMPK activates a phosphorylation process of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFK-2), with consequent activation of a metabolic cascade leading to increased flux of glycometabolism (Curr. Biol. 10, 1247-1255, 2000).
  • PFK-2 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase
  • activation of AMPK in the liver inhibits release of glucose from hepatocytes, and activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase, which are gluconeogenesis enzymes, is inhibited by AMPK (Diabetes 49, 896-903, 2000). This is because AMPK independently takes part in regulation of a blood glucose level via inhibition of release of glucose from the liver, irrespective of insulin.
  • PEPCK phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
  • glucose-6-phosphatase which are gluconeogenesis enzymes
  • oxidative phosphorylation process converts energy produced from fuel metabolites such as glucose and fatty acids into ATP. It is known that the incidence of disorders in mitochondrial functions is involved in a pathogenic mechanism of various degenerative diseases associated with senescence, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, Parkinson's disease and senile dementia (Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 15, 706-716, 2003). Peterson, et al (Science 300, 1140-1142, 2003) have suggested the possibility that deteriorated mitochondrial function is a probable pathogenic cause of insulin resistance syndrome, with reporting that oxidative phosphorylation functions of mitochondria were weakened by about 40% in the elderly. Lee, et al (Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract.
  • AMPK increases gene expression of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 ⁇ (PGC-1 ⁇ ) which is known to play an important role in mitochondrial biogenesis (Endocr. Rev. 24, 78-90, 2003).
  • POC-1 ⁇ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 ⁇
  • Raynald, et al Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 281, 1340, 2001
  • NRF-1 nuclear respiratory factor-1
  • NRF-1 nuclear respiratory factor-1
  • AMPK Upon reviewing a mechanism of AMPK participating in fat metabolism, AMPK induces phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, thereby resulting in inhibition of fatty acid synthesis. Therefore, AMPK is known to facilitate fatty acid oxidation, by the action of decreasing an intracellular concentration of malonyl-CoA that is an intermediate of fatty acid synthesis and is an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyl-CoA transferase I (CPT I). CPT I is an enzyme essential for a fatty acid oxidation process wherein fatty acids enter mitochondria and are oxidized, and is known under the control of malonyl-CoA.
  • AMPK is known to inhibit activity of HMG-CoA reductase and glycerol phosphate acyl transferase (GPAT), involved in synthesis of cholesterol and triacylglycerol, through phosphorylation (J. Biol. Chem. 277, 32571-32577, 2002, J. Appl. Physiol. 92, 2475-2482, 2002).
  • GPAT glycerol phosphate acyl transferase
  • AMPK inhibits synthesis of proteins via inhibition of mTOR and p70S6K by activating TSC, or AMPK inhibits translation elongation via activation of elongation factor-2 (eEF2) kinase and inactivation of eEF2 through phosphorylation thereof. It was found that eEF2 kinase is a direct substrate for AMPK (J. Biol. Chem. 278, 41970-41976, 2003).
  • AMPK is known to play a central role in energy metabolism of glucose, protein and fat in vitro and in vivo.
  • Neil, et al (Nature drug discovery, 3 (April), 340, 2004) has asserted that AMPK and Malonyl-CoA are possible targets for the treatment of metabolic syndromes, and they have also stated that patients suffering from metabolic syndromes can be characterized by insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells, type II diabetes and manifestation of arteriosclerosis. It was hypothesized that a common feature linking these multiple abnormalities is dysregulation of AMPK/Malonyl-CoA energy level-sensing and signaling network.
  • AMPK may be a possible target to control obesity by lowering activity of hypothalamic AMPK, thereby increasing a content of malonyl-CoA and then regulating appetite for food intake.
  • alpha-lipoic acid can exert anti-obesity effects by suppressing hypothalamic AMPK activity, thus controlling appetite. They have also reported that alpha-lipoic acid promotes fat metabolism via activation of AMPK in muscle tissues, not hypothalamus, and alpha-lipoic acid is therapeutically effective for the treatment of obesity because it facilitates energy expenditure by activating UCP-1, particularly in adipocytes.
  • AMPK activates endothelial NO synthase through phosphorylation, in the presence of Ca-calmodulin in murine muscle cells and myocardial cells. This represents that AMPK is implicated in heart diseases including angina pectoris.
  • AMPK may function as a sensor to detect the relationship between lifespan extension and energy level and insulin-like signal information.
  • Danshen Salvia miltiorrhiza
  • Danshen has been widely used as an important herbal medicine in Northeast Asia regions since ancient times, and is well-known to have excellent effects on prevention and treatment of various cardiovascular diseases.
  • main ingredients of Danshen are superb medicinal substances capable of treating various diseases such as obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndromes.
  • Korean Patent Nos. 2003-0099556, 2003-0099557, 2003-0099657, 2003-0099658, 2004-0036195, 2004-0036197 and 2004-0050200 assigned to the present applicant.
  • the present inventors have revealed that main principles of Danshen including Cryptotanshinone, 15,16-Dihydrotanshinone, Tanshinone II-A, and Tanshinone I can treat metabolic syndrome diseases.
  • naphthoquinone-based compounds such as ⁇ -lapachone ⁇ 7,8-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-naphtho(2,3-b)dihydropyran-7,8-dione ⁇ , dunnione ⁇ 2,3,3-trimethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-naphtho(2,3-b)dihydrofuran-6,7-dione ⁇ , ⁇ -dunnione ⁇ 2,3,3-trimethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-naphtho(2,3-b)dihydrofuran-6,7-dione ⁇ , nocardinone A, nocardinone B, lantalucratin A, lantalucratin B and lantalucratin C can also be used in the prevention or treatment of various diseases such as obesity,
  • ⁇ -lapachone is a naturally occurring plant product derived from lapachol (a naphthoquinone) obtained from the lapacho tree ( Tabebuia avellanedae ) which is native to South America. Dunnione and ⁇ -dunnione are also obtained from the leaves of Streptocarpus dunnii native to South America. Since ancient times in South America, these natural tricyclic naphthoquinone derivatives have been widely used as an anti-cancer drug and in the treatment of Chagas disease which is typically endemic in South America, and are also known to exert excellent therapeutic effects.
  • the present inventor have examined therapeutic effects for the treatment and/or prevention of disease syndromes including obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndromes, through various experiments using ob/ob mice, a animal model of obesity caused by decreased secretion of leptin. Consequently, the present inventors have confimed that the naphthoquinone compounds in accordance with the present invention have excellent effects on the treatment and/or prevention of disease syndromes. The present invention has been completed based on these findings.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising, as an active ingredient, a naphthoquinone compound which is therapeutically effective for the treatment and prevention of disease syndromes such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, degenerative diseases and mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases.
  • FIGS. 1 through 3 are graphs showing fat distribution in terms of numerical values according to each organ of C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice which were administered with a pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the present invention
  • FIG. 4 is a photograph showing effects of ⁇ -lapachone on regulation of phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC in cells;
  • FIG. 5 is a photograph showing effects of ⁇ -lapachone on phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS);
  • FIGS. 6A to 6C are graphs showing effects of ⁇ -lapachone on activation of AMPK in C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIG. 7 is a photograph showing effects of ⁇ -lapachone on phosphorylation of AMPK & ACC in C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIGS. 8A through 8F are graphs showing effects of ⁇ -lapachone on transcript expression of proteins involved in lipid metabolism of C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIGS. 9A through 9C are graphs showing effects of ⁇ -lapachone on transcript expression of proteins involved in glucose metabolism of C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIGS. 10A through 10E are graphs showing effects of ⁇ -lapachone on transcript expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis of C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIGS. 11A through 11F are graphs showing effects of ⁇ -lapachone on transcript expression of proteins in involved energy metabolism in C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIG. 12A through 12F are graphs showing effects of ⁇ -lapachone on transcript expression of SIRT-related proteins in C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIG. 13 is a graph showing effects of ⁇ -lapachone on transcript expression of UCP1 and UCP2 genes in C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIGS. 14A and 14B are graphs showing changes in body weight and diet with respect to the passage of time, after administration of ⁇ -lapachone in DIO C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIG. 15 is a graph comparing weight changes in various organs between the treatment group and control group after administration of ⁇ -lapachone to DIO C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIGS. 16A through 16C are photographs showing whole laparotomized states of animals after administration of ⁇ -lapachone to DIO C57BL/6 mice and results of oil red O staining and EM examination on fat accumulation in liver tissues;
  • FIG. 17 is a photograph showing comparison results of the size of adipocyte in gonadal adipose tissues after administration of ⁇ -lapachone to DIO C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIG. 18 is a graph showing changes in concentrations of blood lipid, glucose and hormone with respect to the passage of time after administration of ⁇ -lapachone to DIO C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIG. 19 is a photograph showing comparison results of H&E staining of brown adipose tissues after administration of ⁇ -lapachone to DIO C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIG. 20 is a photograph showing results of EM examination of brown adipose tissue after administration of ⁇ -lapachone to DIO C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIGS. 21A to 21E are graphs and photographs showing changes in dietary intake/g body weight, body weight and accumulation amount of fat, and EM examination results of tissue, after administration of ⁇ -lapachone to leptin receptor-deficient (ob/ob) mice;
  • FIG. 22 is a graph showing effects of ⁇ -lapachone on spontaneous locomotor activity after administration of ⁇ -lapachone to DIO C57BL/6 mice;
  • FIG. 23 is a graph showing effects of ⁇ -lapachone on enhancement of physical endurance after administration of ⁇ -lapachone to DIO C57BL/6 mice.
  • FIG. 24 is a graph showing effects of ⁇ -lapachone on Respiratory Quotient (RQ) after administration of ⁇ -lapachone to DIO C57BL/6 mice.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of disease syndromes such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, degenerative diseases and mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases, comprising: (a) a therapeutically effective amount of a compound represented by Formula I below:
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, alkoxy, hydroxy or lower alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are each independently hydrogen, hydroxy, C 1 -C 20 alkyl, alkene or alkoxy, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, or two substituents of R 3 to R 8 may be taken together to form a cyclic structure which may be saturated or partially or completely unsaturated; and
  • n is 0 or 1, with proviso that when n is 0, carbon atoms adjacent to n form a cyclic structure via a direct bond; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, solvate or isomer thereof, and
  • the present inventors have further confirmed that therapeutic and prophylactic effects of disease syndromes by the compound of Formula I were examined through in vivo experiments using ob/ob mice, a model of obesity, db/db mice, a model of obesity/diabetes, DIO (diet-induced obesity) mice, caused by high fat dietary conditions, and Zucker fa/fa rats, a model of obesity/diabetes, and as a result, the compound of Formula I was highly therapeutically effective.
  • the pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the present invention comprising the compound of Formula I as an active ingredient, can treat and prevent a variety of disease syndromes as defined in the present invention via activation of AMPK.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means a formulation of a compound that does not cause significant irritation to an organism to which it is administered and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the compound.
  • the pharmaceutical salt may include acid addition salts of the compound (I) with acids capable of forming a non-toxic acid addition salt containing pharmaceutically acceptable anions, for example, inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid and hydroiodic acid; organic carbonic acids such as tartaric acid, formic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, gluconic acid, benzoic acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid and salicylic acid; or sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid.
  • examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carboxylic acid salts include salts with alkali metals or alkaline earth metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and guanidine, salts with organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, diethanoamine, choline and triethylamine.
  • the compound of Formula I in accordance with the present invention may be converted into salts thereof, by conventional methods well-known in the art.
  • prodrug means an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo.
  • Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration, whereas the parent may be not.
  • the prodrugs may also have improved solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug.
  • An example of a prodrug would be a compound of the present invention which is administered as an ester (the “prodrug”) to facilitate transport across a cell membrane where water-solubility is detrimental to mobility, but which then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity, once inside the cell where water-solubility is beneficial.
  • a further example of the prodrug might be a short peptide (polyamino acid) bonded to an acidic group, where the peptide is metabolized to reveal the active moiety.
  • solvate means a compound of the present invention or a salt thereof, which further includes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of a solvent bound thereto by non-covalent intermolecular forces.
  • Preferred solvents are volatile, non-toxic, and/or acceptable for administration to humans. Where the solvent is water, the solvate refers to a hydrate.
  • the term “isomer” means a compound of the present invention or a salt thereof, that has the same chemical formula or molecular formula but is optically or sterically different therefrom.
  • compound of Formula I is intended to encompass a compound per se, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, solvate and isomer thereof.
  • alkyl refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
  • the alkyl moiety may be a “saturated alkyl” group, which means that it does not contain any alkene or alkyne moieties.
  • the alkyl moiety may also be an “unsaturated alkyl” moiety, which means that it contains at least one alkene or alkyne moiety.
  • alkene moiety refers to a group in which at least two carbon atoms form at least one carbon-carbon double bond
  • an “alkyne” moiety refers to a group in which at least two carbon atoms form at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • the alkyl moiety regardless of whether it is substituted or unsubstituted, may be branched, linear or cyclic.
  • heterocycloalkyl means a carbocyclic group in which one or more ring carbon atoms are substituted with oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur and which includes, for example, but is not limited to furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyrroline, pyrrolidine, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, pyrazole, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, isothiazole, triazole, thiadiazole, pyran, pyridine, piperidine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, piperazine and triazine.
  • aryl refers to an aromatic substituent group which has at least one ring having a conjugated pi ( ⁇ ) electron system and includes both carbocyclic aryl (for example, phenyl) and heterocyclic aryl (for example, pyridine) groups. This term includes monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of carbon atoms) groups.
  • heteroaryl refers to an aromatic group that contains at least one heterocyclic ring.
  • aryl or heteroaryl examples include, but are not limited to, phenyl, furan, pyran, pyridyl, pyrimidyl and triazyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 in Formula I in accordance with the present invention may be optionally substituted.
  • the substituent group(s) is(are) one or more group(s) individually and independently selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclic, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, cyano, halogen, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido, N-sulfonamido, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, nitro, silyl, trihalomethanesulfony
  • Compounds of Formula II are compounds wherein n is 0 and adjacent carbon atoms form a cyclic structure (furan ring) via a direct bond therebetween and are often referred to as “furan compounds” or “furano-o-naphthoquinone derivatives” hereinafter.
  • Compounds of Formula III are compounds wherein n is 1 and are often referred to as “pyran compounds” or “pyrano-o-naphthoquinone” hereinafter.
  • each R 1 and R 2 is particularly preferably hydrogen.
  • furan compounds of Formula II particularly preferred are compounds of Formula IIa wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 4 are independently hydrogen, or compounds of Formula IIb wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 6 are independently hydrogen.
  • pyran compounds of Formula III particularly preferred are compounds of Formula IIIa wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are independently hydrogen.
  • composition means a mixture of a compound of Formula I with other chemical components, such as diluents or carriers.
  • the pharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound to an organism.
  • Various techniques of administering a compound are known in the art and include, but are not limited to oral, injection, aerosol, parenteral and topical administrations.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions can also be obtained by reacting compounds of interest with acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the like.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount means an amount of an active ingredient that is effective to relieve or reduce to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disease in need of treatment, or to retard initiation of clinical markers or symptoms of a disease in need of prevention, when the compound is administered.
  • a therapeutically effective amount refers to an amount of the active ingredient which exhibit effects of (i) reversing the rate of progress of a disease; (ii) inhibiting to some extent further progress of the disease; and/or, (iii) relieving to some extent (or, preferably, eliminating) one or more symptoms associated with the disease.
  • the therapeutically effective amount may be empirically determined by experimenting with the compounds concerned in known in vivo and in vitro model systems for a disease in need of treatment.
  • carrier means a chemical compound that facilitates the incorporation of a compound into cells or tissues.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • carrier facilitates the uptake of many organic compounds into the cells or tissues of an organism.
  • diluent defines chemical compounds diluted in water that will dissolve the compound of interest as well as stabilize the biologically active form of the compound. Salts dissolved in buffered solutions are utilized as diluents in the art.
  • buffer solution is phosphate buffered saline (PBS) because it mimics the ionic strength conditions of human body fluid. Since buffer salts can control the pH of a solution at low concentrations, a buffer diluent rarely modifies the biological activity of a compound.
  • the compounds described herein may be administered to a human patient per se, or in the form of pharmaceutical compositions in which they are mixed with other active ingredients, as in combination therapy, or suitable carriers or excipient(s). Techniques for formulation and administration of the compounds may be found in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 18th edition, 1990.
  • compounds of Formula I can be prepared by conventional methods known in the art and/or various processes which are based upon the general technologies and practices in the organic chemistry synthesis field.
  • the preparation processes described below are only exemplary ones and other processes can also be employed. As such, the scope of the instant invention is not limited to the following processes.
  • ⁇ -lapachone is obtained in a relatively small amount from the lapacho tree, whereas lapachol, used as a raw material for synthesis of ⁇ -lapachone, is obtained in a considerably large amount from the lapacho tree. Therefore, a process for synthesis of ⁇ -lapachone utilizing lapachol was already developed long time ago. That is, as taught by L. F. Fieser in J. Am. Chem. Scoc. 49 (1927), 857, ⁇ -lapachone is obtained in a relatively high yield by mixing lapachol and sulfuric acid and vigorously stirring the resulting mixture at room temperature.
  • tricyclic naphthoquinone (pyrano-o-naphthoquinone and furano-o-naphthoquinone) derivatives having a relatively simple chemical structure are generally synthesized in a relatively high yield via cyclization using sulfuric acid as a catalyst, as in Reaction scheme below. Based on this process, a variety of compounds of Formula I can be synthesized.
  • C-alkylated derivatives thus obtained may be subjected to cyclization using sulfuric acid as a catalyst, thereby being capable of synthesizing pyrano-o-naphthoquinone or furano-o-naphthoquinone derivatives among compounds of Formula I.
  • This method is advantageous in that various forms of pyrano-o-naphtho-quinone derivatives can be synthesized in a relatively simplified manner, as compared to induction of cyclization of lapachol derivatives using sulfuric acid as a catalyst.
  • 2-haloethyl or 3-haloethyl radical chemical species derived from 3-halopropanoic acid or 4-halobutanoic acid derivative
  • 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone to thereby synthesize 3-(2-haloethyl or 3-halopropyl)-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone which is then subjected to cyclization under suitable acidic catalyst conditions to synthesize various pyrano-o-naphthoquinone or furano-o-naphthoquinone derivatives.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be manufactured in a manner that is itself known, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing processes.
  • compositions for use in accordance with the present invention thus may be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Any of the well-known techniques, carriers, and excipients may be used as is suitable and understood in the art; e.g., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, above.
  • the compounds of Formula I may be formulated into injectable and parenteral preparation depending upon intended purpose.
  • the agents of the present invention may be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline.
  • physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline.
  • penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.
  • the compounds can be formulated readily by combining the active compounds with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art.
  • Such carriers enable the compound of the present invention to be formulated as tablet, pill, powder, granule, dragee, capsule, liquid, gel, syrup, slurry, suspension and the like, for oral ingestion by a patient.
  • Preferred are capsule, tablet, pill, powder and granule, and capsule and tablet are particularly useful. Tablet and pill are preferably prepared in enteric coating.
  • Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained by mixing one or more excipients with one or more compounds of the present invention, optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
  • Suitable excipients may be fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol and sorbitol; and cellulose substances such as, for example, corn starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
  • disintegrating agents such as cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate, lubricants such as magnesium stearate and carries such as binders.
  • compositions which can be used orally may include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
  • the push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with fillers such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate.
  • the active compounds may be dissolved or dispersed in suitable solvents, such as fatty acid, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • stabilizers may also be added. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosage forms suitable for such administration.
  • the compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
  • Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage forms, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
  • the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
  • a suitable vehicle e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water
  • compositions suitable for use in the present invention include compositions in which the active ingredients are contained in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose. More specifically, a therapeutically effective amount means an amount of compound effective to prevent, alleviate or ameliorate symptoms of disease or prolong the survival of the subject being treated. Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein.
  • the compound of Formula I as the active ingredient is preferably contained in a unit dose of about 0.1 to 1,000 mg.
  • the amount of the compound of Formula I administered will be determined by the attending physician, depending upon body weight and age of patients being treated, characteristic nature and the severity of diseases. However, for adult patients, a dose of the active ingredient administered to the patient is typically within a range of about 1 to 1000 mg/kg BW/day, depending upon frequency and intensity of administration. For intramuscular or intravenous administration into adult patients, the total of about 1 to 500 mg per day as a single dose will be sufficient, but the use of a higher daily dose may be preferred for some patients.
  • a use of a compound of Formula I in the preparation of a drug for the treatment or prevention of disease syndromes refer to obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, degenerative diseases and mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases.
  • treatment refers to stopping or delaying of the disease progress, when the drug is used in the subject exhibiting symptoms of disease onset.
  • prevention refers to stopping or delaying of symptoms of disease onset, when the drug is used in the subject exhibiting no symptoms of disease onset but having high risk of disease onset.
  • the reaction solution was cooled below 10° C., and 76 g of ice was first added and 250 ml of water was then added. Thereafter, 25 ml of concentrated HCl was gradually added to maintain the resulting solution at an acidic pH>1.
  • 200 ml of EtOAc was added to the reaction mixture which was then stirred vigorously, thereby producing white solids that were not dissolved in EtOAc. These solids were filtered and an EtOAc layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted once again with 100 ml of EtOAc and was combined with the previously extracted organic layer. The organic layer was washed with 150 ml of 5% NaHCO 3 , and was concentrated.
  • the resulting concentrates were dissolved in 200 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 , and were vigorously shaken to separate two layers with addition of 70 ml of an aqueous 2N NaOH solution.
  • a CH 2 Cl 2 layer was further separated twice with treatment of an aqueous 2N NaOH solution (70 ml ⁇ 2).
  • the thus-separated aqueous solutions were combined together and adjusted to an acidic pH>2, thereby forming solids.
  • the resulting solids were filtered and separated to give Lapachol.
  • the thus-obtained Lapachol was recrystallized from 75% EtOH.
  • the resulting Lapachol was mixed with 80 ml of sulfuric acid, and the mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature for 10 min and 200 g of ice was added thereto to complete the reaction. 60 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 was added to the reaction materials which were then shaken vigorously. Thereafter, a CH 2 Cl 2 layer was separated and washed with 5% NaHCO 3 . An aqueous layer was extracted once again using 30 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 , washed with 5% NaHCO 3 and combined with the previously extracted organic layer. The organic layer was dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated to give impure ⁇ -Lapachone. The thus-obtained ⁇ -Lapachone was recrystallized from isopropanol, thereby obtaining 8.37 g of pure ⁇ -Lapachone.
  • Example 2 4.8 g (0.020M) of 2-prenyloxy-1,4-naphthoquinone purified in Example 2 was dissolved in xylene, and xylene was refluxed for 15 hours, thereby inducing Claisen Rearrangement under significantly higher temperature conditions and prolonged reaction conditions as compared to Example 2. According to this reaction process, ⁇ -Dunnione that had progressed to cyclization was obtained together with a Lapachol derivative which had undergone Claisen Rearrangement and in which one of two methyl groups has shifted. Xylene was concentrated by distillation under reduced pressure and purified by chromatography on silica gel to give 1.65 g of pure ⁇ -Dunnione.
  • the reaction solution was cooled below 10° C., and 80 g of ice was first added and 250 ml of water was then added. Thereafter, 25 ml of concentrated HCl was gradually added to maintain the resulting solution at an acidic pH>1.
  • 200 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 was added to the reaction mixture which was then shaken vigorously to separate two layers.
  • the aqueous layer was extracted once again with addition of 70 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 and was combined with the previously extracted organic layer. Two materials were confirmed to be formed newly by TLC and were subsequently used without any particular separation process.
  • the organic layer was concentrated by distillation under reduced pressure, dissolved again in xylene and then refluxed for 8 hours.
  • Lapachol derivative was mixed with 80 ml of sulfuric acid and stirred vigorously at room temperature for 10 min, and 200 g of ice was added thereto to complete the reaction. 80 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 was added to the reaction materials which were then shaken vigorously. Thereafter, a CH 2 Cl 2 layer was separated and washed with 5% NaHCO 3 . An aqueous layer was extracted once again using 50 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 , washed with 5% NaHCO 3 and combined with the previously extracted organic layer.
  • Compound 5 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4, except that allyl bromide was used instead of methallyl bromide.
  • the reaction solution was cooled below 10° C., and 80 g of ice was first added and 250 ml of water was then added. Thereafter, 25 ml of concentrated HCl was gradually added to maintain the resulting solution at an acidic pH >1.
  • 200 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 was added to dissolve the reaction mixture which was then shaken vigorously to separate two layers. The aqueous layer was discarded, and a CH 2 Cl 2 layer was treated with an aqueous 2N NaOH solution (100 ml ⁇ 2) to separate the aqueous layer twice. At this time, the remaining CH 2 Cl 2 layer after extraction with an aqueous 2N NaOH solution was used again in Example 8.
  • the thus-separated aqueous solutions were combined and adjusted to an acidic pH>2 using concentrated HCl, thereby forming solids.
  • the resulting solids were filtered and separated to give a Lapachol derivative.
  • the thus-obtained Lapachol derivative was recrystallized from 75% EtOH.
  • the resulting Lapachol derivative was mixed with 50 ml of sulfuric acid, and the mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature for 10 min and 150 g of ice was added thereto to complete the reaction. 60 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 was added to the reaction materials which were then shaken vigorously. Thereafter, a CH 2 Cl 2 layer was separated and washed with 5% NaHCO 3 .
  • the thus-obtained Lapachol derivative was recrystallized from 75% EtOH.
  • the resulting Lapachol derivative was mixed with 50 ml of sulfuric acid, and the mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature for 10 min, followed by addition of 150 g of ice to complete the reaction.
  • 60 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 was added to the reaction materials which were then shaken vigorously. Thereafter, a CH 2 Cl 2 layer was separated and washed with 5% NaHCO 3 .
  • An aqueous layer was extracted once again using 30 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 , washed with 5% NaHCO 3 and combined with the previously extracted organic layer.
  • the organic layer was concentrated and purified by chromatography on silica gel to give 1.78 and 0.43 g of pure Compounds 16 and 17, respectively.
  • the thus-obtained product was mixed with 50 ml of sulfuric acid without further purification, and the mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature for 10 min, followed by addition of 150 g of ice to complete the reaction. 60 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 was added to the reaction materials which were then shaken vigorously. Thereafter, a CH 2 Cl 2 layer was separated and washed with 5% NaHCO 3 . An aqueous layer was extracted once again using 30 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 , washed with 5% NaHCO 3 and combined with the previously extracted organic layer. The organic layer was concentrated and purified by chromatography on silica gel to give 3.62 g of pure Compound 20.
  • Compound 21 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 6-chloro-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone was used instead of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone.
  • Compound 22 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 2-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone was used instead of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone.
  • Compound 23 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 6,7-dimethoxy-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone was used instead of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone.
  • Compound 24 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 1-bromo-3-methyl-2-pentene was used instead of 1-bromo-3-methyl-2-butene.
  • Compound 25 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 1-bromo-3-ethyl-2-pentene was used instead of 1-bromo-3-methyl-2-butene.
  • Compound 26 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 1-bromo-3-phenyl-2-butene was used instead of 1-bromo-3-methyl-2-butene.
  • Compound 27 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 2-bromo-ethylidenecyclohexane was used instead of 1-bromo-3-methyl-2-butene.
  • Compound 28 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 2-bromo-ethylidenecyclopentane was used instead of 1-bromo-3-methyl-2-butene.
  • Myoblast cells, C2C12 were cultured in DMEM containing 10% bovine calf serum. When a cell density reached a range of about 85% to 90%, the culture medium was replaced with a medium containing 1% bovine calf serum to induce differentiation of cells. The thus-differentiated myoblast cells were treated with samples synthesized in Examples 1 through 29 at a concentration of 5 ⁇ g/ml, and compared with a control group. Enzymatic activity of AMPK was determined as follows. Firstly, C2C12 cells were lysed to obtain protein extracts and then ammonium sulfate was added to a final concentration of 30%, thereby precipitating proteins.
  • Protein precipitates were dissolved in a buffer (62.5 mM Hepes, pH 7.2, 62.5 mM NaCl, 62.5 mM NaF, 1.25 mM Na pyrophosphate, 1.25 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM PMSF, and 200 ⁇ M AMP). Thereafter, 200 ⁇ M SAMS peptide (HMRSAM S GLHLVKRR: the underlined serine residue is a phosphorylation site, as an AMPK phosphorylation site of acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and [ ⁇ -32P]ATP were added thereto and reactants were reacted for 10 minutes at 30° C.
  • HMRSAM S GLHLVKRR the underlined serine residue is a phosphorylation site, as an AMPK phosphorylation site of acetyl-CoA carboxylase
  • mice were allowed to acclimate to new environment of the breeding room for two weeks and were then administered some pyrano-o-naphthoquinone and furano-o-naphthoquinone derivatives synthesized according to the present invention at doses of 100 mg/kg for 26 days. Observation was made on changes in body weight, blood glucose and dietary intake, with respect to a time course of administration. After administration was complete, Computed Tomography (CT) was performed to confirm changes in adipose tissue distribution of animals, changes in fat distribution of tissues in various organs, changes in sizes of adipocytes, and changes in glucose, lipid and enzyme levels in blood and liver.
  • CT Computed Tomography
  • Table 3 shows results of changes over time in body weight of C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob Mice to which some compounds of the present invention were administered.
  • FIGS. 1 through 3 disclose fat distribution in terms of numerical values for the respective organs of C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice to which compounds as set forth in Table 3 were administered.
  • the experimental groups to which the compounds according to the present invention were administered exhibited a significant reduction in fat content of tissues for all organs, and further exhibited increases in brown fat contents compared with the control group, indicating that fat metabolism was significantly increased.
  • Table 4 shows changes in blood lipid and glucose levels of C57BL/6JL Lep ob/Lep ob mice to which the compounds of the present invention were administered.
  • ⁇ -lapachone Compound 1
  • AMPK and ACC which are intracellular energy-regulating proteins.
  • HepG2 cells Human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line
  • the culture medium was replaced with a serum-free RPMI medium, and cells were treated with ⁇ -lapachone (10 ⁇ M) for 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr and 6 hr, respectively, in combination with a control (DMSO).
  • ⁇ -lapachone 10 ⁇ M
  • Anti-ACC and Anti-pS79-ACC were used in order to observe phosphorylated ACC
  • Anti-AMPK and Anti-pT172-AMPK were used in order to observe phosphorylated AMP kinase, respectively.
  • phosphorylation of AMP kinase by ⁇ -lapachone could be observed from the initial time (30 min), and it can be confirmed that such phosphorylation effects lasted up to 6 hours.
  • AMPK nitric oxide
  • NO/cGMP activates PGC-1a and NRF-1 to facilitate mitochondrial biogenesis.
  • ⁇ -lapachone which activates AMPK, is involved in production of nitric oxide (NO)
  • eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase
  • phosphorylation of eNOS reached a maximum increase 30 min after treatment of ⁇ -lapachone and then gradually diminished, thereby not observed 2 hours later.
  • An increase in phosphorylation of eNOS by ⁇ -lapachone presents the possibility that ⁇ -lapachone may be therapeutically used for ischemic heart diseases and mitochondrial myopathy, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases (for example, degenerative cerebral diseases, diabetes, cardiomyopathy, diseases associated with senescence).
  • FIG. 6 shows that ⁇ -lapachone activates AMPK in C57BL/6 mice.
  • a vehicle and 5 mg/kg of ⁇ -lapachone were administered via tail veins to C57BL/6 mice for 2 hours and 4 hours, respectively.
  • Liver and gonadal adipose tissues were removed and activity of AMPK kinase was assayed.
  • a degree of activation was expressed as a CPM value of radioisotopes.
  • HepG2 cells a cell line derived from human liver, were treated with 10 ⁇ M ⁇ -lapachone for 30 min, and then an assay for AMPK kinase activity was carried out.
  • administration of ⁇ -lapachone leads to increased AMPK activity in the liver and gonadal adipose tissues and hepatocytes.
  • ⁇ -lapachone was administered daily to diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg via an oral route, and effects of ⁇ -lapachone on phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC, which play an important role in energy metabolism and lipogenesis in the liver and gonadal adipose tissues, were examined.
  • DIO diet-induced obesity
  • FIG. 13 it was confirmed through Western blot analysis that ⁇ -lapachone has an effect on phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC in the gonadal and liver tissues of C57BL/6 mice.
  • Phosphorylated AMPK is believed to activate metabolism associated with energy.
  • ACC which is affected by activation of AMPK, is phosphorylated and lipogenic activity thereof is then inhibited, which will then exert some effects on lipid metabolism including inhibition of obesity.
  • ⁇ -lapachone was administered daily to diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg via an oral route, and an attempt was made to confirm levels of mRNAs of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) 1 (7,8), ACC2 (9), fatty acid synthase (FAS) (10,11), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (12-15), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) (16,17), which participate in lipid metabolism in the liver and gonadal adipose tissues, by real-time quantitative PCR.
  • ACC acetyl CoA carboxylase
  • FAS fatty acid synthase
  • LPL lipoprotein lipase
  • SCD1 stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1
  • ⁇ -lapachone was administered daily to diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg via an oral route, and levels of mRNAs for hexokinase 2 (HK2) (21,22), glucose transporter (GLUT) 2 and GLUT4 (18,19,20) in the liver and gonadal adipose tissues were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR.
  • GLUT is well-known as a protein that mediates intracellular uptake and expenditure of blood glucose in organs such as liver, adipocytes and myoblast cells, whereas HK2, an enzyme belonging to a glucokinase class, phosphorylates proteins that are thus allowed to enter glycolytic pathways. As can be seen from the results of FIG.
  • a HK2 mRNA level is decreased as compared to a control group, whereas mRNAs of GLUT2 and GLUT4, two enzymes involved in glucose transportation, exhibited significant increases in their expression. Increased levels of GLUT2 and GLUT4 facilitate intracellular uptake of blood glucose, thus presenting the possibility of ⁇ -lapachone as an anti-diabetic drug.
  • ⁇ -lapachone was administered daily to diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg via an oral route, and levels of mRNAs of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator alpha 1 (PGC1 ⁇ ) (23,24), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) (25-27), mitochondrial transcription factor (mtTFA) (25-27), and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) 4 and 7 (28,29) in the liver and gonadal adipose tissues were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR.
  • PPC1 ⁇ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator alpha 1
  • NEF1 nuclear respiratory factor 1
  • mtTFA mitochondrial transcription factor
  • COX cytochrome c oxidase
  • ⁇ -lapachone-administered groups exhibited increased levels of mRNAs for all enzymes, as compared to the control group. Since abnormal activity of mitochondria is reported in a variety of metabolic syndromes, these results show the possibility that ⁇ -lapachone can be therapeutic for the treatment of metabolic syndromes, mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases and energy metabolism-related diseases, via amelioration of such phenomena.
  • ⁇ -lapachone was administered daily to diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg via an oral route, and levels of transcripts of genes involved in energy metabolism in the liver and gonadal adipose tissues were measured using real-time quantitative PCR.
  • DIO diet-induced obesity
  • PPAR alpha and gamma are enzymes responsible for transcriptional regulation of enzymes involved in energy expenditure (30,31)
  • AMPK plays a central role in the maintenance of cell energy homeostasis by sensing the intracellular AMP/ATP ratio
  • AOX catalyzes to activate oxidative phosphorylation via oxidation of acyl CoA which resides in a certain step of a lipid metabolism process (32,33).
  • CPT1 is also an enzyme involved in energy metabolism, and is well-known as an enzyme that enables the passage of long chain acyl CoA into mitochondria, not taking a route toward synthesis of triacylglycerol (34,35).
  • ⁇ -lapachone In the group to which ⁇ -lapachone was administered, levels of mRNA of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) alpha was not changed, whereas PPAR gamma exhibited about two-fold increases in mRNA levels thereof.
  • PPAR peroxisome proliferator activated receptor
  • ⁇ -lapachone-administered groups exhibited increased levels in mRNAs of such enzymes, as compared to the control group. Increased expression levels of such genes show the possibility that ⁇ -lapachone can be as therapeutic for the treatment of energy metabolism-related diseases.
  • SIRT Sirtuin
  • FIG. 12 there are known 7 species of transcripts in humans.
  • SIRT1 is well-known as an enzyme involved in longevity and it is also reported that SIRT1 is greatly increased when calories are ingested with limitation (37).
  • SITR1, SIRT3 and SIRT6 were significantly increased, while SIRT2, SIRT5 and SIRT7 did not exhibit any noticeable difference between the experimental groups and control group.
  • ⁇ -lapachone was administered daily to diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg via an oral route, and levels of transcripts of uncoupling protein 1 & 2 (UCP 1 & 2) genes in the liver and gonadal adipose tissues was measured using real-time quantitative PCR.
  • UCP 1 & 2 are enzymes that perform energy expenditure via heat generation, and it is reported that these enzymes function to consume energy without involving production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are also closely correlated with the incidence of obesity (38,39).
  • ROS reactive oxygen species
  • FIG. 13 administration of ⁇ -lapachone has led to significant increases in mRNA levels of UCP1 & 2.
  • FIG. 14 shows changes in dietary intake/body weight and weight changes for 56 days, after daily administration of ⁇ -lapachone into diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg via an oral route.
  • ⁇ -lapachone-administered group exhibited decreases in dietary intake for first two weeks, and thereafter the dietary intake level recovered similar to that of a control group. These results are believed to be due to decomposition of fat being facilitated and therefore sufficient amounts of energy are generated.
  • mice were fed high-fat diet animals exhibited a continuous weight loss for 56 days, as compared to a control group.
  • FIG. 15 is a graph comparing weight changes in various organs between the treatment group and control group after administration of ⁇ -lapachone to DIO C57BL/6 mice for 56 days; as shown in FIG. 15 , there were significant changes in weight of tissues, resulting from decreased fat contents in organ tissues after administration of ⁇ -lapachone.
  • FIGS. 16A through 16C show whole laparotomized states of animals after administration of ⁇ -lapachone to DIO C57BL/6 mice for 56 days and results of oil red O staining and EM examination on fat accumulation in liver tissues.
  • C57BL/6 mice to which ⁇ -lapachone was administered for 56 days exhibited conspicuous decreases in visceral fat and body weight, and a reduced size of liver tissues that were turned into red color.
  • accumulated fat in the liver was stained using oil red O staining and as a result, it was confirmed that fat has diminished by 90% or more, as compared to a control group.
  • the results of EM examination on liver tissues exhibited remarkably decreased fat vacuoles and glycogen stores as compared to a control group, recovery of normal mitochondrial shape, significant increases in mitochondrial numbers, and improved shapes of endoplasmic reticulum.
  • FIG. 17 after daily administration of ⁇ -lapachone to DIO C57BL/6 mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg via an oral route, animals were laparotomized on day 56 of ⁇ -lapachone administration and perilipin staining was performed on gonadal adipose tissues. As can be seen from FIG. 17 , the size of adipocytes was remarkably decreased.
  • FIG. 18 shows changes in triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, free fatty acid, glucose, insulin, TNF ⁇ , resistin and leptin levels in the blood collected on days 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56, respectively, after daily administration of ⁇ -lapachone to DIO C57BL/6 mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg via an oral route.
  • TG triglyceride
  • FIG. 18 shows changes in triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, free fatty acid, glucose, insulin, TNF ⁇ , resistin and leptin levels in the blood collected on days 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56, respectively, after daily administration of ⁇ -lapachone to DIO C57BL/6 mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg via an oral route.
  • TG triglyceride
  • FIG. 19 after daily administration of ⁇ -lapachone to DIO C57BL/6 mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg via an oral route, H&E staining of brown adipose tissues was performed on day 56 of administration. As can be seen from FIG. 19 , the size of adipocytes was remarkably decreased.
  • FIG. 20 shows results of EM examination of brown adipose tissue taken on day 56 after daily administration of ⁇ -lapachone to DIO C57BL/6 mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg via an oral route. As can be seen there-from, the size of adipocytes was remarkably decreased.
  • FIG. 21 shows changes in dietary intake/body weight ( FIG. 21A ) and changes in body weight ( FIG. 21B ) for 56 days, according to daily administration of ⁇ -lapachone into leptin receptor-deficient (ob/ob) mice at a dose of 150 or 200 mg/kg via an oral route.
  • Dietary intake/body weight was notably decreased around at 10 days of administration, and thereafter the dietary intake level recovered similar to that of a control group. This is because fat degradation is facilitated and therefore sufficient amounts of energy are generated, despite similar dietary intake.
  • mice were fed high-fat diet, animals exhibited a continuous weight loss for 56 days, as compared to a control group.
  • FIG. 21C shows through the results of H&E staining on liver tissue that almost all fat vacuoles have disappeared as compared to the control group.
  • the results of EM examination on liver tissues showed remarkably decreased fat vacuoles and glycogen stores as compared to the control group, recovery of normal mitochondrial shape, significant increases in mitochondrial numbers, and improved shapes of endoplasmic reticulum.
  • FIG. 21E the results of EM examination on a muscle tissue of animal limbs showed the recovery of normal mitochondrial shape in the treatment group as compared to strange morphology of mitochondria shown in the control group, and significant increases in numbers of mitochondrial.
  • ⁇ -lapachone was administered to DIO C57BL/6 mice, and 3 hours later, spontaneous locomotor activity was measured using Versa MAX Activity Monitors & Analyzer (AccuSan Instruments, Columbus, Ohio).
  • the monitor used to measure motion of animals was a 41 cm ⁇ 41 cm Plexiglas chamber (height: 30 cm) equipped with infrared rays at intervals of 2.5 cm along the x- and y-axes, respectively, whereby 16 scanning lines are respectively arranged on front/rear and right/left sides of the chamber.
  • animal activity was measured by taking continuous interference of two different scanning lines caused by mice as an effective determination standard.
  • a ⁇ -lapachone-administered group, a vehicle-administered group and a control group were respectively placed in each measuring apparatus, and activity and motion of animals were measured for 7 hours. For acclimation of animal to new environment, mice were placed in the apparatus 2 hours prior to measurement. As shown in FIG. 22 , the vehicle-administered group and control group exhibited substantially no difference therebetween, but the ⁇ -lapachone-administered group exhibited a significant difference in motion and locomotor activity of animals.
  • This Example was intended to measure difference in physical endurance of mice through a swimming test.
  • water was placed in a cylindrical trough having a diameter of 9.5 cm and height of 25 cm, and ⁇ -lapachone was administered to DIO C57BL/6 mice. 3 hours later, a sample-administered group and a control group were placed simultaneously into each cylindrical trough for measurement, and physical endurance of each group was compared. As shown in FIG. 23 , it was confirmed that ⁇ -lapachone-administered group exhibited more than two-fold swimming duration by single administration of ⁇ -lapachone, as compared to the control group.
  • This Example was intended to examine effects of ⁇ -lapachone on fat metabolism via measurement of Respiratory Quotient (RQ).
  • Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured using an Oxyscan open-circuit indirect calorimeter (AccuScan Instruments, Columbus, Ohio). This apparatus consisted of enclosed acrylic chambers (21 ⁇ 21 ⁇ 21 cm). Fresh air was drawn into each chamber at a rate of 1500 ml/min and then O 2 and CO 2 were allowed to pass through detectors. The concentrations of the gases were recorded in ml/kg body weight/min.
  • RQ was calculated as the volume of CO 2 produced (VCO 2 ) divided by the volume of O 2 consumed (VO 2 ).
  • a ⁇ -lapachone-administered group, a vehicle-administered group and a control group were placed in each apparatus, and RQ was measured for 7 hours.
  • mice were placed in the apparatus 2 hours prior to measurement.
  • the thus-measured results have confirmed that the ⁇ -lapachone-administered group exhibited a significant difference in a RQ value, as compared to the vehicle-administered group and control group.
  • Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250 ⁇ 7 g (Jung-Ang Lab Animal Inc., Seoul, Korea) were divided into 4 groups, consisting of 10 animals each, and were orally administered Compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 24, 25 and 26 in accordance with the present invention at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively.
  • After oral administration upon observing for 2 weeks whether toxicity was exhibited or not, none of the animals died in all four groups and no visually observable symptoms with exception of weight loss were noticed compared to the control group.
  • Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 255 ⁇ 6 g (Jung-Ang Lab Animal Inc., Seoul, Korea) were divided into 4 groups, consisting of 10 animals each, and were peritoneally administered Compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 24, 25 and 26 in accordance with the present invention at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively.
  • peritoneal administration upon observing for 2 weeks whether toxicity was exhibited or not, none of the animals died in all four groups and no visually observable symptoms with exception of weight loss were noticed compared to the control group.
  • compounds in accordance with the present invention are compounds modulating activity of various genes and proteins, and therefore will be therapeutically effective for the treatment of various diseases and disorders via regulation of energy levels in vivo.
  • Pharmaceuticals using the above-mentioned compounds as an active ingredient exhibit superior effects on the treatment and/or prevention of various disease such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, degenerative diseases and mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases.

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AU2006214892B2 (en) 2013-06-27
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CN101119726B (zh) 2011-02-02
CA2770430A1 (fr) 2006-08-24
IL219915A0 (en) 2012-06-28
EP1848432A1 (fr) 2007-10-31
EP1848432B1 (fr) 2013-07-17
US9066922B2 (en) 2015-06-30
IL184554A0 (en) 2008-12-29
EP2532390A3 (fr) 2013-02-20
NZ556585A (en) 2010-07-30
CN101119726A (zh) 2008-02-06
US8466141B2 (en) 2013-06-18
KR100752244B1 (ko) 2007-08-27
EA013214B1 (ru) 2010-04-30
PH12013500419A1 (en) 2016-02-22
CA2595564C (fr) 2015-03-31
MX2007009944A (es) 2007-10-10
AU2006214892A1 (en) 2006-08-24
EP2532390B1 (fr) 2016-08-17
EA200701746A1 (ru) 2007-12-28
EP1848432A4 (fr) 2009-12-30
WO2006088315A1 (fr) 2006-08-24
EP2532389A2 (fr) 2012-12-12
EP2532388A2 (fr) 2012-12-12
US20090292011A1 (en) 2009-11-26
JP2008530085A (ja) 2008-08-07
EP2532390A2 (fr) 2012-12-12
JP5039565B2 (ja) 2012-10-03
EP2532389A3 (fr) 2013-02-20
CA2595564A1 (fr) 2006-08-24
US20130245111A1 (en) 2013-09-19

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