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  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
  • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
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  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
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  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
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  • C07C237/00—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups
  • C07C237/02—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
  • C07C237/04—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
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  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/52—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring condensed with a ring other than six-membered
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D301/00—Preparation of oxiranes
  • C07D301/02—Synthesis of the oxirane ring
  • C07D301/03—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds
  • C07D301/14—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with organic peracids, or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
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  • C07D303/00—Compounds containing three-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D303/02—Compounds containing oxirane rings
  • C07D303/48—Compounds containing oxirane rings with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
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  • C07D498/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D498/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
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  • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K5/02—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing at least one abnormal peptide link
  • C07K5/0202—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing at least one abnormal peptide link containing the structure -NH-X-X-C(=0)-, X being an optionally substituted carbon atom or a heteroatom, e.g. beta-amino acids
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  • C07K—PEPTIDES
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  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
  • C07C2601/02—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a three-membered ring

Definitions

• HCV hepatitis C virus
• the HCV genome encodes a polyprotein of 3010-3033 amino acids [Q. L. Choo, et. al., “Genetic Organization and Diversity of the Hepatitis C Virus.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, pp. 2451-2455 (1991); N. Kato et al., “Molecular Cloning of the Human Hepatitis C Virus Genome From Japanese Patients with Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, pp. 9524-9528 (1990); A. Takamizawa et. al., “Structure and Organization of the Hepatitis C Virus Genome Isolated From Human Carriers,” J.
• the HCV nonstructural (NS) proteins are presumed to provide the essential catalytic machinery for viral replication.
• the NS proteins are derived by proteolytic cleavage of the polyprotein [R. Bartenschlager et. al., “Nonstructural Protein 3 of the Hepatitis C Virus Encodes a Serine-Type Proteinase Required for Cleavage at the NS3/4 and NS4/5 Junctions,” J. Virol., 67, pp. 3835-3844 (1993); A. Grakoui et.
• the HCV NS protein 3 contains a serine protease activity that helps process the majority of the viral enzymes, and is thus considered essential for viral replication and infectivity. It is known that mutations in the yellow fever virus NS3 protease decrease viral infectivity [Chambers, T. J. et. al., “Evidence that the N-terminal Domain of Nonstructural Protein NS3 From Yellow Fever Virus is a Serine Protease Responsible for Site-Specific Cleavages in the Viral Polyprotein”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, pp. 8898-8902 (1990)].
• the first 181 amino acids of NS3 have been shown to contain the serine protease domain of NS3 that processes all four downstream sites of the HCV polyprotein [C. Lin et al., “Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Serine Proteinase: Trans-Cleavage Requirements and Processing Kinetics”, J. Virol., 68, pp. 8147-8157 (1994)].
• HCV NS3 serine protease and its associated cofactor, NS4A help process all of the viral enzymes, and is thus considered essential for viral replication. This processing appears to be analogous to that carried out by the human immunodeficiency virus aspartyl protease, which is also involved in viral enzyme processing. HIV protease inhibitors, which inhibit viral protein processing, are potent antiviral agents in man indicating that interrupting this stage of the viral life cycle results in therapeutically active agents. Consequently HCV NS3 serine protease is also an attractive target for drug discovery.
• Such inhibitors would have therapeutic potential as protease inhibitors, particularly as serine protease inhibitors, and more particularly as HCV NS3 protease inhibitors. Specifically, such compounds may be useful as antiviral agents, particularly as anti-HCV agents.
• the present invention relates to deuterated compounds of formula (I) as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, and solvates thereof.
• D denotes a deuterium atom.
• R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 independently, is H or a C 1-6 alkyl
• R 5 is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl optionally substituted with 1-4 alkyl groups, alkylaryl, aryl, amino optionally substituted with 1 or 2 alkyl groups;
• R 21 is Q 3 -W 3 -Q 2 -W 2 -Q 1 ; wherein each of W 2 and W 3 is independently a bond, —CO—, —CS—, —C(O)N(Q 4 )—, —CO 2 —, —O—, —N(Q 4 )-C(O)—N(Q 4 )-, —N(Q 4 )-C(S)—N(Q 4 )-, —OC(O)NQ 4 -, —S—, —SO—, —SO 2 —, —N(Q 4 )-, —N(Q 4 )SO 2 —, —N(Q 4 )SO 2 N(Q 4 )-, and hydrogen when any of W 2 and W 3 is the terminal group; each of Q 1 , Q 2 , and Q 3 is independently a bond, an optionally substituted aliphatic, an optionally substituted heteroaliphatic, an optionally substituted cycloaliphatic,
• R 1 is in which
• each of R 6 and R 8 is independently
• each of R 7 , R 9 , and R 11 is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted aliphatic group
• R 10 is an optionally substituted aliphatic group, optionally substituted cyclic group or optionally substituted aromatic group;
• L is —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —NR 11 C(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —NR 11 S(O) 2 —, or a bond;
• n 0 or 1.
• n 1
• R 6 is methylene substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted aliphatic group, an optionally substituted cyclic group, and an optionally substituted aromatic group.
• R 6 is methylene substituted with isobutyl.
• R 7 is hydrogen
• R 8 is methylene substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of an optionally substituted aliphatic group, an optionally substituted cyclic group, and an optionally substituted aromatic group. In some other embodiments, R 8 is methylene substituted with an optionally substituted cyclic group. In still some other embodiments, R 8 is methylene substituted with cyclohexyl.
• R 9 is hydrogen
• L is —CO—.
• R 10 is an optionally substituted aromatic group.
• R 10 is selected from the group consisting of
• R 10 is optionally substituted pyrazinyl (e.g., 2-pyrazinyl).
• R 2 is hydrogen, each of R 4 and R 5 independently is hydrogen or cyclopropyl. In another embodiment, R 3 is propyl. In another embodiment, n is 0. In another embodiment, L is —NR 11 C(O)— and R 11 is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R 10 is an optionally substituted aliphatic group. In another embodiment, R 10 is t-butyl. In another embodiment, the compound is
• R 1 is in which
• the moiety includes all of its stereospecific enantiomers, e.g., (when A and B are both CH 2 , and Y 1 and Y 2 are both H).
• R 21 is aminoalkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, cycloaliphaticalkylcarbonyl, or heterocycloaliphaticalkylcarbonyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents.
• R 21 is heterocycloalkyl-oxycarbonylamino-alkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl-carbonylamino-alkyl-carbonylamino-alkyl-carbonyl, bicycloaryl-sulfonylamino-alkylcarbonyl, aryl-alkoxy-carbonylamino-alkyl-carbonyl, alkyl-carbonylamino-alkyl-carbonyl, aliphatic-oxycarbonylamino-alkyl-carbonyl, cycloaliphatic-alkyl-aminocarbonylamino-alkyl-carbonyl, heteroaryl-carbonylamino-alkyl-carbonylamino-alkyl-carbonyl, alkyl-aminocarbonylamino-alkyl-carbonyl, or bicycloaryl-aminocarbonylamino-alkyl-carbonyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents.
• R 22 is an optionally substituted aliphatic, optionally substituted heteroaliphatic, optionally substituted cycloaliphatic, optionally substituted heterocycloaliphatic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.
• R 22 is optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted naphthyl, optionally substituted anthracenyl, optionally substituted naphthalene, or optionally substituted anthracene.
• each of X 1 , X 2 , Y 1 and Y 2 is hydrogen, each of a and b is 1.
• R 21 is an optionally substituted alkylcarbonyl.
• R 21 is an aminoalkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, cycloaliphaticalkylcarbonyl, or heterocycloaliphaticalkylcarbonyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents.
• R 21 is heterocycloalkyl-oxycarbonylamino-alkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl-carbonylamino-alkyl-carbonylamino-alkyl-carbonyl, bicycloaryl-sulfonylamino-alkylcarbonyl, aryl-alkoxy-carbonylamino-alkyl-carbonyl, alkyl-carbonylamino-alkyl-carbonyl, aliphatic-oxycarbonylamino-alkyl-carbonyl, cycloaliphatic-alkyl-aminocarbonylamino-alkyl-carbonyl, cycloaliphatic-alkyl-carbonylamino-alkyl-carbonyl, heteroaryl-carbonylamino-alkyl-carbonylamino-alkyl-carbonyl, alkyl-aminocarbonylamino-alkyl-carbonyl, or bicycloaryl-aminocarbonylamin
• R 22 is an optionally substituted aliphatic, optionally substituted heteroaliphatic, optionally substituted cycloaliphatic, optionally substituted heterocycloaliphatic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.
• R 22 is optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted naphthyl, optionally substituted anthracenyl, optionally substituted naphthalene, or optionally substituted anthracene.
• each of X 1 , X 2 , Y 1 , and Y 2 is hydrogen, each of a and b is 1.
• R 22 is an optionally substituted aliphatic, optionally substituted heteroaliphatic, optionally substituted cycloaliphatic, optionally substituted heterocycloaliphatic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.
• the compound is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl
• the deuterated compounds of this invention undergo slower epimerization than its non-deuterated counterparts. As shown below, the deuterated compound 1 very slowly converts to a non-deuterated intermediate which then converts to epimers 2 and 3. The epimers 2 and 3 then maintain in an equilibrium, which further slows the epimerization of the deuterated compound 1. As a result of their slow epimerization, the deuterated compounds of this invention can enhance the concentration of the active isomers in vivo relative to its non-deuterated analogs.
• the deuterium enrichment is at least 50% in the compounds of this invention. In some embodiments, the deuterium enrichment is at least 80% in the compounds of this invention. In some embodiments, the deuterium enrichment is at least 90% in the compounds of this invention. In some embodiments, the deuterium enrichment is at least 99% in the compounds of this invention.
• the invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of formula (I) or any of its embodiments described above.
• the invention also relates to a method for increasing the concentration of the active isomer of a pharmaceutical agent in vivo, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a deuterated isomer of the pharmaceutical agent in an amount sufficient to confer the pharmaceutical effect.
• the invention also relates to a method for enhancing the bioavailability of a compound, comprising replacing a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a steric carbon atom in the compound with a deuterium atom.
• the deuterated compound is of formula (I) or any of its embodiments described above.
• the invention also relates to a method for inhibiting HCV protease, comprising contacting HCV protease with a deuterated compound of formula (I) or any of its embodiments described above.
• the invention also relates to a method for treating a patient suffering from HCV infection or a condition mediated by HCV protease, comprising administering to the patient a pharmaceutically effective amount of a deuterated compound of formula (I) or any of its embodiments described above.
• the method includes the steps of:
• R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl
• R′ 2 is —NHR 2 wherein R 2 is a C 1-6 alkyl or C 1-6 cycloalkyl.
• R 1 is propyl and R 2 is cyclopropyl.
• the method further includes aminating a compound of Formula ii with an aminating reagent to provide a compound of Formula iii
• the aminating reagent is an azide salt and the intermediate azido compound is reduced by hydrogenation.
• the method further includes oxidizing an unsaturated compound of Formula i wherein R′ 2 is —NHR 2 or —OE, wherein E is C 1-5 alkyl or optionally substituted benzyl, with an oxidizing reagent to provide a compound of Formula ii.
• the oxidizing reagent comprises t-butyl hydroperoxide. In some further embodiments, the oxidizing reagent further includes a chiral reagent. In some further embodiments, the oxidizing reagent is a mixture of samarium (III) isopropoxide, triphenyl arsine oxide, S-( ⁇ )1,1′-bi-2-naphthol and 4 ⁇ molecular sieves. In some further embodiments, the oxidizing reagent comprises urea-hydrogen peroxide in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride.
• the method further includes hydrolyzing the compound of Formula ii to give an acid and then converting the acid to an amide compound of Formula ii wherein R′ 2 is —NHR 2 .
• the compound of Formula 1 is (2S,3S)-3-amino-3-deutero-N-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyhexanamide.
• the organic acid is L-tartaric acid or deoxycholic acid.
• R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl
• R′ 2 is —NHR 2 wherein R 2 is a C 1-6 alkyl or C 1-6 cycloalkyl.
• R 1 is propyl and R 2 is cyclopropyl.
• the method further includes the step of aminating a compound of Formula ii with an aminating reagent to provide a compound of Formula iii
• the aminating reagent is an azide salt and the intermediate azido compound is reduced by hydrogenation.
• the method further includes the step of oxidizing an unsaturated compound of Formula i wherein R′ 2 is —NHR 2 or —OE, wherein E is C 1-5 alkyl or optionally substituted benzyl, with an oxidizing reagent to provide a compound of Formula ii.
• the oxidizing reagent comprises t-butyl hydroperoxide.
• the oxidizing reagent further a chiral reagent.
• the oxidizing reagent is a mixture of samarium (III) isopropoxide, triphenyl arsine oxide, S-( ⁇ )1,1′-bi-2-naphthol and 4 ⁇ molecular sieves.
• the oxidizing reagent comprises urea-hydrogen peroxide in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride.
• R′2 is —OE. In some embodiments, R′ 2 is —NHR 2 .
• the method further includes hydrolyzing the compound of Formula ii to give an acid and then converting the acid to an amide compound of Formula ii wherein R′ 2 is —NHR 2 .
• the method further includes oxidizing a compound of Formula iv to give the compound of Formula ii.
• the oxidation is conducted by using manganese dioxide.
• the method further includes reducing a compound of Formula v to give the compound of Formula iv.
• the compound is reduced with Red-A1® and then quenched with deuterium oxide.
• Red-A1® refers to the compound [(CH 3 OCH 2 OCH 2 ) 2 AlH 2 ]Na, which is commercial available, generally as a solution in toluene (e.g., 70% W/W).
• Red-A1® see, e.g., Bates R. W. et al., Tetrahedron, 1990, 46, 4063.
• the compound of Formula 1 is (2S,3S)-3-amino-3-deutero-N-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyhexanamide.
• the organic acid is L-tartaric acid or deoxycholic acid.
• aliphatic encompases alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl.
• an “alkyl” group refers to a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing 1-8 (e.g., 1-6 or 1-4) carbon atoms.
• An alkyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of an alkyl group include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-heptyl, and 2-ethylhexyl.
• An alkyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, amino, nitro, carboxy, cyano, halo, hydroxy, sulfo, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkyl-alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, heterocycloalkyl-carbonylamino, heterocycloalkyl-alkylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl,
• an “alkenyl” group refers to an aliphatic carbon group that contains 2-8 (e.g., 2-6 or 2-4) carbon atoms and at least one double bond. Like an alkyl group, an alkenyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of an alkenyl group include, but are not limited to, allyl, isoprenyl, 2-butenyl, and 2-hexenyl.
• An alkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, amino, nitro, carboxy, cyano, halo, hydroxy, sulfo, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkyl-alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, heterocycloalkyl-carbonylamino, heterocycloalkyl-alkylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl,
• an “alkynyl” group refers to an aliphatic carbon group that contains 2-8 (e.g., 2-6 or 2-4) carbon atoms and has at least one triple bond.
• An alkynyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of an alkynyl group include, but are not limited to, propargyl and butynyl.
• An alkynyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, amino, nitro, carboxy, cyano, halo, hydroxy, sulfo, mercapto, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkyl-alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, heterocycloalkyl-carbonylamino, heterocycloalkyl-alkylcarbonylamino, heteroarylcarbonylamino, heteroaralkylcarbonylamino, urea, thiourea, sulfamoyl
• an “amino” group refers to —NR X R Y wherein each of R X and R Y is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl.
• R X has the same meaning as defined above.
• an “aryl” group refers to phenyl, naphthyl, or a benzofused group having 2 to 3 rings.
• a benzofused group includes phenyl fused with one or two C 4-8 cycloaliphatic moieties, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, dihydroindanyl, or fluorenyl.
• An aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl (including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, (cycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, (heterocycloal
• an “aralkyl” group refers to an alkyl group (e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl group) that is substituted with an aryl group. Both “alkyl” and “aryl” have been defined above. An example of an aralkyl group is benzyl.
• cycloaliphatic encompasses cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl and cycloalkynyl.
• a “cycloalkyl” group refers to an aliphatic carbocyclic ring of 3-10 (e.g., 4-8) carbon atoms.
• Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, norbornyl, cubyl, octahydro-indenyl, decahydro-naphthyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, bicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl, and bicyclo[3.2.3]nonyl,.
• a “cycloalkenyl” group refers to a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring of 3-10 (e.g., 4-8) carbon atoms having one or more double bonds.
• Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include cyclopentenyl, 1,4-cyclohexa-di-enyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, hexahydro-indenyl, octahydro-naphthyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octenyl, and bicyclo[3.3.1]nonenyl.
• a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl (including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, (cycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkyl
• heterocycloaliphatic means heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl and heterocycloalkynyl.
• a “heterocycloalkyl” group refers to a 3- to 10-membered (e.g., 4- to 8-membered) saturated ring structure, in which one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom, e.g., N, O, or S.
• heterocycloalkyl group examples include piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuryl, dioxolanyl, oxazolidinyl, isooxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydro-benzofuryl, octahydro-chromenyl, octahydro-thiochromenyl, octahydro-indolyl, octahydro-pyrindinyl, decahydro-quinolinyl, octahydro-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 2-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 3-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, anad 2,6-dioxa-tricyclo[3.3.1.03,7]nonyl.
• heterocycloalkenyl group refers to a 3- to 10-membered (e.g., 4- to 8-membered) non-aromatic ring structure having one or more double bonds, and wherein one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom, e.g., N, O, or S.
• a heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl (including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, (cycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkyl
• a substituent on the heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl itself can be cyclic (which optionally contains one or more hetero atoms) such that the resultant substituted heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl is a spiro ring system, e.g.,
• heteroaryl group refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic ring structure having 5 to 15 ring atoms wherein one or more of the ring atoms is a heteroatom, e.g., N, O, or S and wherein one or more rings of the bicyclic or tricyclic ring structure is aromatic.
• heteroaryl examples include pyridyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, 2,3-dihydroindolyl, quinolyl, 1,2-dihydroquinolyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuryl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, benzthiazolyl, xanthene, thioxanthene, phenothiazine, dihydroindole, and benzo[1,3]dioxole.
• a heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as alkyl (including carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and haloalkyl such as trifluoromethyl), alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, (heterocycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, aralkyloxy, heteroaralkyloxy, aroyl, heteroaroyl, amino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, cycloalkylcarbonylamino, (cycloalkyl)alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, (heterocycloal
• heteroaryl group refers to an alkyl group (e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl group) that is substituted with a heteroaryl group. Both “alkyl” and “heteroaryl” have been defined above.
• cyclic moiety includes cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which has been defined previously.
• an “acyl” group refers to a formyl group or alkyl-C( ⁇ O)— where “alkyl” has been defined previously. Acetyl and pivaloyl are examples of acyl groups.
• a “carbamoyl” group refers to a group having the structure —O—CO—NR x R y or —NR x —CO—O—R z wherein R x and R y have been defined above and R z can be alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl.
• a “carboxy” and a “sulfo” group refer to —COOH and —SO 3 H, respectively.
• alkoxy refers to an alkyl-O— group where “alkyl” has been defined previously.
• a “sulfoxy” group refers to —O—SO—R X or —SO—O—R X , where R X has been defined above.
• a sulfanyl group refers to —S—R X , where R X has been defined above.
• a sulfinyl group refers to —S(O)—R X , where R X has been defined above.
• a sulfonyl group refers to —S(O) 2 —R X , where R X has been defined above.
• halogen or “halo” group refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
• a “sulfamoyl” group refers to the structure —S(O) 2 —NR x R y or —NR x —S(O) 2 —R z wherein R x , R y , and R z have been defined above.
• sulfamide refers to the structure —NR X —S(O) 2 —NR Y R Z wherein R X , R Y , and R Z have been defined above.
• urea refers to the structure —NR X —CO—NR Y R Z and a “thiourea” group refers to the structure —NR X —CS—NR Y R Z .
• R X , R Y , and R Z have been defined above.
• guanidino group refers to the structure —N ⁇ C(NR x R y )N(R x R y ) wherein R X and R Z have been defined above.
• amino group refers to the structure —C ⁇ (NR x )N(R x R y ) wherein R X and R Y have been defined above.
• oximino group refers to the structure —C ⁇ N—OR x wherein R x has been defined above.
• an effective amount is defined as the amount required to confer a therapeutic effect on the treated patient, and is typically determined based on age, surface area, weight, and condition of the patient.
• the interrelationship of dosages for animals and humans (based on milligrams per meter squared of body surface) is described by Freireich et al., Cancer Chemother. Rep., 50: 219 (1966).
• Body surface area may be approximately determined from height and weight of the patient. See, e.g., Scientific Tables, Geigy Pharmaceuticals, Ardsley, N.Y., 537 (1970).
• patient refers to a mammal, including a human.
• An antagonist as used herein, is a molecule that binds to the receptor without activating the receptor. It competes with the endogenous ligand(s) or substrate(s) for binding site(s) on the receptor and, thus inhibits the ability of the receptor to transduce an intracellular signal in response to endogenous ligand binding.
• an alkyl group may be substituted with alkylsulfanyl and the alkylsulfanyl may be optionally substituted with one to three of halo, oxo, cyano, alkoxy, hydroxyl, nitro, haloalkyl, and alkyl.
• an alkyl may be substituted with a (cycloalkyl)carbonylamino and the cycloalkyl portion of a (cycloalkyl)carbonylamino may be optionally substituted with one to three of halo, cyano, oxo, alkoxy, hydroxyl, nitro, haloalkyl, and alkyl.
• substituted refers to the replacement of hydrogen radicals in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent.
• Specific substituents are described above in the definitions and below in the description of compounds and examples thereof.
• an optionally substituted group may have a substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position.
• a ring substituent such as a heterocycloalkyl
• substituents envisioned by this invention are those combinations that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds.
• stable or chemically feasible refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and preferably their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein.
• a stable compound or chemically feasible compound is one that is not substantially altered when kept at a temperature of 40° C. or less, in the absence of moisture or other chemically reactive conditions, for at least a week.
• structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, (Z) and (E) double bond isomers, and (Z) and (E) conformational isomers. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention.
• structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms.
• compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a 13 C- or 14 C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.
• Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools or probes in biological assays.
• N-oxide derivative or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of each of the compounds of formula (I) is also within the scope of this invention.
• a nitrogen ring atom of the imidazole or pyrazole core ring or a nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl substituent can form an oxide in the presence of a suitable oxidizing agent such as m-chloroperbenzoic acid or H 2 O 2 .
• a compound of formula (I) that is acidic in nature can form a pharmaceutically acceptable salt such as a sodium, potassium, calcium, or gold salt.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt such as a sodium, potassium, calcium, or gold salt.
• salts formed with pharmaceutically acceptable amines such as ammonia, alkyl amines, hydroxyalkylamines, and N-methylglycamine.
• a compound of formula (I) can be treated with an acid to form acid addition salts.
• acids examples include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, p-bromophenyl-sulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, salicylic acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, acetic acid, and other mineral and organic acids well known to those skilled in the art.
• the acid addition salts can be prepared by treating a compound of formula (I) in its free base form with a sufficient amount of an acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid) to produce an acid addition salt (e.g., a hydrochloride salt).
• the acid addition salt can be converted back to its free base form by treating the salt with a suitable dilute aqueous basic solution (e.g., sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, or ammonia).
• a suitable dilute aqueous basic solution e.g., sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, or ammonia.
• Compounds of formula (I) can also be, for example, in a form of achiral compounds, racemic mixtures, optically active compounds, pure diastereomers, or a mixture of diastereomers.
• BEMP 2-tert-butylimino-2-diethylamino-1,3-dimethylperhydro-1,3,2-diazaphosphorine
• BOP benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate
• CDI carbonyl diimidazole
• EDCI ethyl-1-(3-dimethyaminopropyl)carbodiimide
• PEPC 1-(3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)propyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide
• the deuterated compounds of this invention can be synthesized by methods known in the art as for synthesizing their non-deuterated forms, except that a deuterated starting material or a reacting reagent is used during the synthesis process.
• Examples of applicable methods include those described in U.S. Application No. 60/711,530; WO 02/18369; WO 07/022459; Advanced Organic Chemistry, 2 nd Ed., p. 204, J. March, McGraw Hill, New York, N.Y., 1997; and Synthesis of A: Elemes and Ragnarsosson, J. of Chem. Soc., Perkin 1, 1996, 537.
• the acid of Formula i is reacted with a deuterated amino-alcohol-amide of Formula ii in the presence of a condensing reagent such as, for example, EDCI and HOSu to provide the hydroxy-amide of Formula iii .
• a condensing reagent such as, for example, EDCI and HOSu
• the percent deuterium (D) enrichment as shown in ii is greater than 10%.
• the enrichment is from 10% to 99.95%, 40% to 99.95%, 50% to 99.95%, 60% to 99.95%, 80% to 99.95%, 90% to 99.95%, 93% to 99.95%, 97% to 99.95%, or 99-99.95%, or 99.95% or higher.
• Oxidation of iii with a suitable oxidizing reagent provides the compounds of Formula I.
• Suitable oxidizing reagents include, for example, Dess-Martin periodinane or TEMPO and sodium hypochlorite.
• deuterated amino-alcohol-amides of Formula ii shown in Scheme 1 can be prepared by using known methods and, for example, as illustrated below in Scheme II.
• Reaction of viii with methoxymethylamine in the presence of the condensing reagent CDI provides the Weinreb amide of Formula ix.
• Reduction of vi with, for example, diisobutylaluminum hydride or lithium aluminum hydride provides the aldehyde x.
• the aldehyde x is converted to the cyanohydrin xi and thence to the protected hydroxy-amino acid xii.
• the acid xii is converted to the protected amide xiii which is deprotected to provide the amino-amide ii .
• the propargyl alcohol xiv is reduced with sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminumhydride, followed by qenching the reaction mixture with deuterium oxide to provide the deuterated allylic alcohol xv.
• Oxidation of xv with manganese dioxide provides the aldehyde xvi which is further oxidized to the acid xvii with sodium chlorite (NaClO 2 ) in the presence of sodium phosphate and 2-methyl-2-butene.
• Reaction of the acid xvii with isobutylchloroformate (ICBF) in the presence of N-methylmorpholine followed by reaction of the intermediate mixed anhydride with the amine HNR 4 R 5 provides the amide xviii.
• Epoxidation of xviii to provide the epoxide xix may be acheived with urea hydrogen peroxide (UHP) in the presence of trifluoracetic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid.
• Reaction of xix with sodium azide provides the intermediate azido compound xx which is subsequently reduced to the racemic-aminoalcohol xxi by catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of palladium on carbon.
• the racemic aminoalcohol xxi may be resolved using known methods such as chiral chromatography, preparation of optically active derivatives or the formation of salts with an optically active acid HA followed by crystallization from an organic solvent.
• Suitable optically active organic acids for preparing salts include, for example, L-tartaric acid, L-malic acid, (S)-mandelic acid, (1S)-(+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid, ( ⁇ )2,2:4,6-di-O-isopropylidiene-2-keto-L-gulonic acid hydrate, N-acety-L-leucine, deoxycholic acid, (+)-O,O′-dibenzoyl-D-tartaric acid, O,O′-di-(4-toluoyl)-D-tartaric acid, S-(+)1,1-binaphtyl-2-2-phosphoric acid, L-lactic acid, D-Gluconic acid, lactobionic acid, dipivaloyl-L-tartaric acid, S-(+)-O-acetylmandelic acid and S-( ⁇ )2-(phenylcarbamoyloxy)propionic acid.
• the deuterated compounds thus obtained can be characterized by conventional analytical methods, e.g., NMR and Mass Spectroscope.
• NMR can be used to determine a compound's structure
• Mass Spectroscopy can be used to determine the amount of deuterium atom in the compound by comparison with its non-deuterated form.
• the deuterated compounds of this invention are generally more stable and less inclined to epimerize than their non-deuterated analogs. Thus, they can be used in application where specific steric configuration in the compounds of this invention is desired.
• the deuterated compounds of formula (I) may be used to treat or prevent infection caused by HCV or other HCV protease-mediated condition, as they are capable of inhibiting HCV protease.
• Their inhibitory activity can be measured by traditional enzyme inhibition essays, some of which are described in the publications cited above. See, e.g., Perni, R. B. et al., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2006 (march), 50 (3): 899-909.
• deuterated compounds of formula (I) can be used as a biological tool to study the pharmacological properties of their non-deuterated analogs. Accordingly, these uses are also within the scope of this invention.
• the deuterated sultam (i.e., compound vi shown in the scheme below) was prepared by known methods such as those described in Y. Elemes and U. Ragnarsson, J. of Chem. Soc., Perkin 1, 1996, 6, 537; W. Oppolzer, et.al., Helv. Chim. Acta., 1994, 25: 2363, by using the corresponding unsubstituted sultam and propyl iodide.
• Step b Preparation of (S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-deuteropentanoic acid, viii
• the aqueous phase was diluted with THF (200 mL) and cooled to 0° C. while stirring rapidly and CBZ-Cl (7.6 mL, 54 mmol) was added dropwise over 15 minutes. After stirring for an hour at 0° C., the THF solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was acidified by addition of 1N HCl (50 mL). The solution was extracted with EtOAc (3 times, 100 mL each) and the organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated to provide an oil. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (25 mL) and heptane (150 mL), seeded and stirred overnight at the room temperature.
• Step c Preparation of (S)-benzyl 1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-2-deuteropentan-2-ylcarbamate
• Step c the Cbz-protected amino acid of Step c is converted to the title compound. Specifically, into a flask containing 1.0 eq. of (S)-benzyl 1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-2-deuteropentan-2-ylcarbamate (810 mg, 2.75 mmol) in 10 mL of dry THF maintained at 0° C. (in an ice bath) was added slowly 1.7 eq. of a solution of lithium borohydride (1.0M) (4.67 mL). After about 10 minutes, the ice bath was removed and the reaction continue for an hour. The reaction was quenched at 0° C.
• Step e Preparation of benzyl (3S)-1-(cyclopropylamino)-2-hydroxy-1-oxo-3-deuterohexan-3-ylcarbamate
• Step g Preparation of (1S,3aR,6aS)-2-((S)-2-((S)-2-cyclohexyl-2-(pyrazine-2-carboxamido)acetamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl)-N-((3S)-1-(cyclopropylamino)-3-deutero-2-hydroxy-1-oxohexan-3-yl)octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-1-carboxamide
• the title compound was prepared from the hydroxy-amino amide product of Step f by condensation with the appropriate acid in the presence of a coupling reagent such as, e.g., EDCI and HOSu. Specifically, in a flask containing 1.2 eq. of (1S,3aR,6aS)-2-((S)-2-((S)-2-cyclohexyl-2-(pyrazine-2-carboxamido)acetamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl)octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-1-carboxylic acid (1.59 g) in 20 mL of DMF, was added 2.5 eq.
• a coupling reagent such as, e.g., EDCI and HOSu.
• Step h Preparation of (1S,3aR,6aS)-2-((S)-2-((S)-2-cyclohexyl-2-(pyrazine-2-carboxamido)acetamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl)-N—((S)-1-(cyclopropylamino)-1,2-dioxo-3-deutero-hexan-3-yl)octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-1-carboxamide
• the title compound was prepared by oxidation of the product of Step g with a suitable oxidizing reagent such as Dess Martin periodinane or TEMPO and sodium hypochlorite. Specifically, in a flask containing 1.31 g of (1S,3aR,6aS)-2-((S)-2-((S)-2-cyclohexyl-2-(pyrazine-2-carboxamido)acetamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl)-N-((3S)-1-(cyclopropylamino)-3-deutero-2-hydroxy-1-oxohexan-3-yl)octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-1-carboxamide in 40 mL of dichloromethane was added at room temperature 1.06 g of Dess Martin periodinane.
• a suitable oxidizing reagent such as Dess Martin periodinane or TEMPO and sodium hypochlorite.
• the reaction mixture was washed with 1N NaOH (3 vol ⁇ 2), 1N HCl (3 vol ⁇ 2), and brine solution (3 vol), and water (3 vol).
• the organic layer was dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated to afford the crude product as oil.
• the crude product was dissolved with heptane (5 vol) and cooled down to ⁇ 78° C. with stirring.
• the precipitated solid was filter and dried to afford 8.7 g of the product (compound 5) as a white solid.
• Deoxycholic acid (15.7 g, 0.75 eq.) was charged to a three-neck 250 mL round bottom flask equipped with mechanical stirrer and containing the racemic (2S,3S)-3-amino-3-deutero-N-cyclopropyl-2-hydroxyhexanamide of step 7(10 g, 0.05 mole) in THF (100 mL, 10 v).
• the reaction mixture was heated to 65 ⁇ 5° C. and stirred for 1 hour.
• the resulting homogeneous mixture was cooled to 23 ⁇ 2° C. over 1 hour, and left at the same temperature range for 1 hour.
• the precipitated solids were collected by filtration, washed with THF (50 mL, 5 vol), and dried to give 12.4 g of the salt compound (compound 9) as a white solid.
• the product has an enatiomeric ratio(ER) of 2:98.
• the deuterated compounds of this invention undergo slow epimerization as follows:
• the epimerization rate was measured according to the following assay. Specifically, 100 ⁇ L medium (buffer, rat plasma, dog plasma, or human plasma) was added into a 96-well deep plate. To the plasma was then added 10 ⁇ L acetonitrile solution containing a test compound (1S,3aR,6aS)-2-((S)-2-((S)-2-cyclohexyl-2-(pyrazine-2-carboxamido)acetamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl)-N—((S)-1-(cyclopropylamino)-1,2-dioxo-3-deutero-hexan-3-yl)octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-1-carboxamide (at 1 uM or 10 uM) and 1200 ⁇ L ethyl acetate into the 96 deep-well plate (2 mL) by using a TomTec liquid handling workstation (Hamden, Conn
• the plate was then covered tightly and shaken with a vortex for 20 minutes before it was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. After centrifuge, 900 ⁇ L of the supernatant was transferred to a new V-shape 96 deep-well plate using TomTec, and then dried under nitrogen gas (flow rate of 60 L/min) at 25° C. for about 30 minutes. The residue was reconstituted with 100 ⁇ L ethyl acetate, and the solution was again transferred into the glass inserts in the 96-well plate. 20 uL of the reconstituted solution was injected into LC-MS/MS to determine the amount of the epimers.
• the LC-MS/MS spectrometer used a ChiralPak AD Column (4.6 ⁇ 150 mm, 10 ⁇ m), a mixture of isopropanol and n-heptane (10:90, 50:50, or 90:10) as the mobile phase, and isopropanol as the washing solvent. Also used in the MS spectrometer was a deuterated analog of the test compound containing 11 deuterium atoms in the cyclohexyl group (C 36 H 42 D 11 N 7 O 6 , MW 690.47).
• test compound had a mass (M+H, m/z) of 681.36, while its non-deuterated analogs (with the same or different chiral configurations at the deuterated carbon center) had a mass (M+H, m/z) of 680.36.
• Their LC-MS/MS spectra showed a fragment of 323.30 (with deuterium) and 322.30 (non-deuterated).
• the test deuterated compound of formula (I) showed a slower epimerization rate than its non-deuterated form buffer, rat plasma, and dog plasma; and a much slower epimerization rate in human plasma.
• the deuterated compound epimerized for about 30% in 180 minutes whereas the non-deuterated form epimerized for almost 40%.
• the deuterated compound epimerized at a linear rate for 180 minutes while the non-deuterated form showed an exponential rate of epimerization in the first 60 minutes before it leveled off.
• Huh-7 cells harboring an autonomously replicating, subgenomic HCV replicon of the Con1 strain were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM L-glutamine, and nonessential amino acids (JRH Biosciences, Lenexa, Kans.), plus 0.25 mg/ml G418 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).
• the subgenomic HCV replicon also encodes a neomycin phosphotransferase, which allows selective growth of HCV replicon-containing Huh-7 cells over HCV replicon-negative Huh-7 cells in the presence of G418.
• the replicon cells were incubated with the test compound diluted in DMEM containing 2% FBS and 0.5% DMSO (without G418) at 37° C.
• Total cellular RNA was extracted using an RNeasy-96 kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, Calif.), and the copy number of the HCV RNA was determined in a quantitative, real-time, multiplex reverse transcription-PCR (QRT-PCR, or Taqman) assay.
• the cytotoxicity of compounds in the HCV replicon cells was measured under the same experimental settings using the tetrazolium-based cell viability assay.

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