US20070161105A1 - Method of forming organ - Google Patents

Method of forming organ Download PDF

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US20070161105A1
US20070161105A1 US10/549,816 US54981604A US2007161105A1 US 20070161105 A1 US20070161105 A1 US 20070161105A1 US 54981604 A US54981604 A US 54981604A US 2007161105 A1 US2007161105 A1 US 2007161105A1
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tissue
organ
tetrahydro
retinoic acid
benzoic acid
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Makoto Asashima
Tatsuo Hamazaki
Hiroyuki Kagechika
Koichi Shudo
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RESEARCH FOUNDATION ITSUU LABORATORY
Itsuu Laboratory Research Foundation
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/0062—General methods for three-dimensional culture
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/18—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for pancreatic disorders, e.g. pancreatic enzymes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/30—Hormones
    • C12N2501/38—Hormones with nuclear receptors
    • C12N2501/385—Hormones with nuclear receptors of the family of the retinoic acid recptor, e.g. RAR, RXR; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [PPAR]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/999—Small molecules not provided for elsewhere
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2506/00—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for forming an organ from undifferentiated cells derived from a vertebrate.
  • organs and tissues exist in a living body of vertebrates including a human.
  • the organs and tissues are originally formed from a single fertilized egg by undergoing cell division (cleavage) and cell differentiation, and finally constitute an individual body with a well-balanced system.
  • Processes for the formation of organs and tissues are highly complicated, through which important intercellular interactions called induction phenomena are considered to be involved in multiple steps.
  • the resulting heart can maintain a normal number of beats even for one month or longer, and gene expression specific to cardiomyocytes, existence of an intercalated disc specific to cardiac muscles and the like can also be observed. Therefore, the heart is considered to a substantially complete heart from viewpoints of function and structure.
  • Retinoic acid (vitamin A acid) is an active metabolite of vitamin A and has extremely important physiological actions such as an action of differentiating immature cells under development to mature cells having a peculiar function, cell growth promoting action and a life-supporting action.
  • vitamin A derivatives having been synthesized so far, e.g., benzoic acid derivatives described in Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication (Kokai) Nos. 61-22047 and 61-76440, compounds described in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1988, Vol. 31, No. 11, p. 2182 and the like, have also been elucidated to have similar physiological actions.
  • Retinoic acid and the aforementioned compounds having retinoic acid-like biological activities are generically referred to as “retinoids.”
  • retinoic acid is a regulatory factor for the embryonic patterning along the anteroposterior axis (Nature, 340, 140-144, 1989; Development, 112, 945-958, 1991; Dev. Biol., 192, 1-16, 1997; Zool. Sci., 15, 879-886, 1998), and that the retinoic acid transforms the anterior neural tissue of Xenopus embryo to a posterior one and is effective on mesodermal development (Genes Dev., 5, 175-187, 1991; Develop. Growth. Differ., 35, 123-128, 1993).
  • retinoic acid As for the action of retinoic acid on the endodermal organ, it has been reported by Dixon et al. that when Xenopus embryos at developmental stages 22 to 32 are treated with retinoic acid, the morphology of digestive organs such as the intestines,.liver and stomach becomes abnormal. However, it has also been reported that the pancreas of Xenopus embryos at developmental stages 22 to 32 treated with retinoic acid is formed normally, and no influence is found in the expression of XlHbox8, an endoderm-specific marker (Dev. Genes Evol., 208, 318-326, 1998).
  • RXRs retinoid X receptors
  • RXRs binding to 9-cis-retinoic acid as a natural ligand (this compound is also serve as a ligand of RARs)
  • RXR forms a dimer with RAR to induce or suppress gene transcription and thereby regulate the expression of the physiological activities of retinoic acid
  • Various agonists or antagonists that can bind to RXRs are known (examples of the agonists include HX600 described in Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication (Kokai) No.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a method of forming a desired organ from undifferentiated cells derived from a vertebrate.
  • the present inventors have conducted various studies to achieve the foregoing object, and as a result, they found that an organ such as a heart and a nerve can be formed from undifferentiated cells by using a ligand that binds to an RXR. Further, they found that when an RAR ligand, which does not substantially bind to the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) subtype ⁇ as an RAR ligand, are used together with activin, a highly differentiated pancreas can be formed from undifferentiated cells.
  • RAR retinoic acid receptor
  • the present invention thus provides a method for forming an organ and/or tissue from undifferentiated cells derived from a vertebrate in vitro, which comprises the step of culturing the undifferentiated cells derived from a vertebrate in the presence of a retinoic acid X receptor ligand.
  • the present invention provides the aforementioned method, wherein the retinoic acid X receptor ligand is an agonist or antagonist of the retinoic acid X receptor, and the aforementioned method, wherein the organ and/or tissue to be formed is a heart, a smooth muscle tissue, or an adipocyte tissue.
  • the present invention also provides a differentiation inducer for forming an organ and/or a tissue from undifferentiated cells derived from a vertebrate in vitro, which comprises a retinoic acid X receptor ligand.
  • the present invention provides a method for forming a pancreas from undifferentiated cells derived from a vertebrate in vitro or a method for forming a tissue having morphology and function of a pancreas from undifferentiated cells derived from a vertebrate in vitro, which comprises the step of culturing the undifferentiated cells derived from a vertebrate in the presence of a retinoic acid receptor ligand that does not substantially bind to the retinoic acid receptor subtype ⁇ together with activin.
  • the aforementioned method wherein the aforementioned retinoic acid receptor ligand is 4-[(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)carbamoyl]benzoic acid.
  • the present invention also provides a differentiation inducer for forming a pancreas or tissue having morphology and function of a pancreas from undifferentiated cells derived from a vertebrate in vitro, which comprises a retinoic acid receptor ligand that does not substantially bind to the retinoic acid receptor subtype ⁇ .
  • the present invention also provides an organ and/or issue formed by the aforementioned methods.
  • FIG. 1 is a photograph showing ES cell colonies.
  • FIG. 2 is a photograph showing embryoid bodies formed-on a bacteria dish.
  • FIG. 3 is a photograph showing a heart (cardiac muscle-like cell aggregates) formed by the method of Example 1.
  • FIG. 4 is a photograph showing a smooth muscle tissue (smooth muscle-like cell aggregates) formed by the method of Example 2.
  • FIG. 5 is a photograph showing an adipocyte tissue formed by the method of Example 2.
  • FIG. 6 is a photograph showing a pancreatic tissue including pancreatic duct, endocrine/exocrine cells and the like differentiated and induced from embryoid bodies by the method of Example 3.
  • FIG. 7 is a photograph showing pancreatic exocrine cells induced by the method of Example 3.
  • FIG. 8 is a photograph showing pancreatic ⁇ cells (endocrine cells) induced by the method of Example 3.
  • organ and/or tissue means any of organs, tissues, and bound masses thereof for constituting a vertebrate animal.
  • a structure ordinarily classified as a tissue may bind to an organ formed by the method of the present invention, and a method for forming the bound mass and the like also falls within the scope of the present invention.
  • the organ and tissue simultaneously formed by the method of the present invention may each consist of two or more types of organs and tissues.
  • the organ include, for example, heart, pancreas, kidney and the like.
  • the tissue include nerve tissue, smooth muscle tissue, adipocyte tissue and the like.
  • the organ and tissue are not limited to these examples.
  • Preferred examples of the organ include heart, pancreas and the like
  • preferred examples of the tissue include smooth muscle tissue, adipocyte tissue and the like.
  • the retinoic acid X receptor ligands include a retinoic acid X receptor agonist (hereinafter also referred to as “RXR agonist”) and retinoic acid X receptor antagonist (hereinafter also referred to as “RXR antagonist”). Whether or not a substance can serve as an RXR ligand can be easily confirmed by those skilled in the art by, for example, the methods described in Boehm, M. F. et al., J. Med. Chem., 37(18), 2930-2941, 1994; Heyman, R. A. et al., Cell, 68(2), 397-406, 1992; Levin, A. A.
  • RXR ligand compounds that can act as an RXR ligand among those described in, for example, Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication (Kokai) Nos. 9-100270, 10-59951, 10-114757, 10-237050, 10-338658 and 2000-273079, International Patent Publication WO99/24415 and the like can be used.
  • the RXR ligands are not limited to these compounds. Two or more types of RXR ligands may be used in combination.
  • the RXR agonist and RXR antagonist can also be used in combination.
  • examples of the RXR agonist include, for example:
  • RXR antagonist examples include:
  • Types of undifferentiated cells derived from a vertebrate animal that can be used for the method of the present invention are not particularly limited, and undifferentiated cells derived from vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, and amphibians in addition to mammals can be used.
  • undifferentiated cells stem cells such as embryonic stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and basal cells of small intestine crypts, as well as cell populations such as animal cap cells and embryoid bodies of mid-blastula to late-blastula, for example, can be used.
  • the term “undifferentiated cells” used in the present specification should not be construed to exclude a cell population and cell aggregate formed by two or more kinds of cells.
  • Formation of an organ and/or tissue by the method of the present invention can be carried out by various methods used in this field as methods of forming organs and/or tissues from undifferentiated cells.
  • methods of forming a pancreas from undifferentiated cells are described in detail in Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication (Kokai) Nos. 2001-299335 and 2001-333770, and accordingly, those skilled in the art can form a desired organ from undifferentiated cells according to the methods of the examples in the present specification by referring to the aforementioned publications.
  • the entire disclosures of Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication (Kokai) Nos. 2001-299335 and 2001-333770 are incorporated in the disclosures of the present specification by reference.
  • an organ can be formed by culturing embryoid bodies induced from embryonic stem cells in the presence of an RXR ligand at a suitable concentration for one to several days. After the embryoid bodies are cultured in the presence of the RXR ligand for one to several days, culture may be further continued in the absence of the RXR ligand.
  • concentration of the RXR ligand is not particularly limited, and can be suitably selected from the range of, for example, from about 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 12 to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 M.
  • the method of the present invention can be carried out in vitro, and the term “in vitro” is used in the present specification to mean outside the living organisms and should not be construed in any limitative sense.
  • ES cells embryonic stem cells
  • B6 cells of the C57BL mouse strain established by Ledermann and Burki ATCC #: SCRC-1002
  • SCRC-1002 embryonic stem cells
  • these cells were established as cell lines from internal cell aggregates in the mouse blastocyst.
  • the types of ES cells are not limited to these examples.
  • the passage number of ES cells usually does not affect the organ and/or tissue forming ability.
  • embryoid bodies induced from ES cells are adhered to a gelatin-coated culture plate, and an RXR ligand solution diluted with a medium as required is added to the medium to treat the embryoid bodies for one to several days.
  • a solvent for dissolving the RXR ligand water, physiological saline, or a buffer as well as an organic solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide or a mixture of water and an organic solvent can be used.
  • a multiwell plate coated with laminin, collagen I, or matrigel Biocoat, Becton Dickinson
  • the embryoid bodies may also be treated with BMP2/4 or BMP6/7, which are bone formation factors (bone morphogenic proteins, BMP), as well as induction factors such as FGF, activin, follistatin, vitellogenin, insulin, glucagon, concanavalin, cytochalasin and cadverine, cell growth factors, cytokines and the like.
  • BMP2/4 or BMP6/7 bone formation factors (bone morphogenic proteins, BMP)
  • induction factors such as FGF, activin, follistatin, vitellogenin, insulin, glucagon, concanavalin, cytochalasin and cadverine, cell growth factors, cytokines and the like.
  • the method of the present invention provided from another aspect is a method for forming a pancreas from undifferentiated cells derived from a vertebrate animal in vitro, or a method for forming a tissue having morphology and function of pancreas from undifferentiated cells derived from a vertebrate animal in vitro, which comprises the step of culturing the undifferentiated cells of a vertebrate in the presence of a retinoic acid receptor ligand, together with activin, that does not substantially bind to the retinoic acid receptor subtype ⁇ .
  • the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) ligand (hereinafter also referred to as “RAR ligand”) is a compound that has a property of binding to a receptor necessary for all-trans-retinoic acid or 9-cis-retinoic acid to exhibit the physiological actions.
  • RAR ligand that exhibits actions similar to those of retinoic acid (for example, one or more kinds of actions among cell differentiation action, cell growth promoting action, life-supporting action and the like) or a part of the actions can be preferably used as the retinoic acid receptor agonist (hereinafter also referred to as “RAR agonist”).
  • RAR agonist retinoic acid receptor agonist
  • the RAR ligand used for the method of the present invention is an RAR ligand that binds to the RAR subtype ⁇ (RAR ⁇ ) and subtype ⁇ (RAR ⁇ ) and does not substantially bind to the subtype ⁇ (RAR ⁇ ). Binding to a retinoic acid receptor subtype can be easily confirmed by methods described in the literature (H. de The and A. Dejean, “Retinoids, 10 years on”, Basel, Karger, pp. 2-9, 1991).
  • RAR ligand having the aforementioned properties for example, an RAR agonist comprising phenyl-substituted carbamoylbenzoic acid or phenyl-substituted carboxamidobenzoic acid as the basal skeleton can be used.
  • RAR ligands having phenyl-substituted carbamoylbenzoic acid or phenyl-substituted carboxamidobenzoic acid as their basal skeleton are known.
  • the term “basal skeleton” means a fundamental chemical structure for binding of one or more arbitrary substituents.
  • a phenyl group substituted on carbamoyl group or carboxamido group has one or more substituents.
  • substituents for example, a lower alkyl group can be used (in the present specification, the term “lower” means a carbon number of about 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 4).
  • the lower alkyl group is preferably a straight or branched alkyl group, and more specifically, examples thereof include methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group and the like.
  • examples of the substituent on the aforementioned phenyl group include a lower alkoxy group such as methoxy group, a halogen atom (the halogen atom may be any of fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom and iodine atom), a lower alkyl-substituted silyl group such as trimethylsilyl group and the like.
  • Preferred examples of the phenyl group substituting on the carbamoyl group include a phenyl group substituted with two to four lower alkyl groups, a phenyl group substituted with one or two tri(lower alkyl)silyl groups and the like, and more preferred examples include a phenyl group substituted with two to four alkyl groups, a phenyl group substituted with two trimethylsilyl groups and the like.
  • these two lower alkyl groups may form one or two, preferably one, 5- or 6-membered rings together with the ring-constituting carbon atoms of the phenyl group to which they bind.
  • the ring formed as described above may be saturated or unsaturated, and may be substituted with one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl group -and ethyl group on the ring.
  • two to four methyl groups, more preferably four methyl groups may substitute.
  • two adjacent lower alkyl groups substituting on the phenyl ring together form 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene ring, 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene ring or the like.
  • RAR ligand examples include an RAR ligand represented by the following general formula (I): [wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 each independently represent hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group or a lower alkyl-substituted silyl group, wherein when any two adjacent groups among R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are lower alkyl groups, they may form a 5- or 6-membered ring together with the carbon atoms of the benzene ring to which they bind (this ring may have one or more alkyl groups), and X represents —CONH— or —NHCO—].
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 each independently represent hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group or a lower alkyl-substituted silyl group, wherein when any two adjacent groups among R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are lower alky
  • a straight or branched alkyl group having about 1 to 6 carbons, preferably 1 to 4 carbons can be used as the lower alkyl group represented by R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 or R 5 .
  • methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group and the like can be used.
  • One or more arbitrary substituents may exist on the aforementioned lower alkyl group. Examples of the substituent include hydroxyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a halogen atom and the like.
  • Examples of the lower alkyl-substituted silyl group represented by R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 or R 5 include, for example, trimethylsilyl group and the like.
  • Two of adjacent lower alkyl groups selected from the group consisting of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 may form one or two, preferably one 5- or 6-membered ring, together with the carbon atoms of the benzene ring to which they bind.
  • the ring formed as described above may be saturated, partially saturated or aromatic, and may have one or more alkyl groups on the ring.
  • the alkyl group that can substitute on the ring a straight or branched alkyl group having about 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms, can be used.
  • methyl group, ethyl group and the like can be used, and preferably two to four methyl groups, more preferably four methyl groups, may substitute.
  • 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene ring, 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro naphthalene ring or the like is formed by the benzene ring on which R 2 and R 3 substitute and R 2 and R 3 .
  • examples of the RAR ligand suitably used for the method of the present invention include 4-(2,4-bistrimethylsilylphenylcarboxamido)benzoic acid (Am555s, J. Med. Chem., 33, pp. 1430-1437, 1990), 4-[(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)carbamoyl]benzoic acid (Am80, Hashimoto, Y., Cell struct. Funct., 16, pp. 113-123, 1991; Hashimoto, Y. et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 166, pp. 1300-1307, 1990) and the like, and a particularly preferred RAR ligand is Am80.
  • the method of the present invention comprises the step of culturing undifferentiated cells derived from a vertebrate animal in the presence of the aforementioned RAR ligand and activin.
  • the undifferentiated cells and the culture method those explained above can be used.
  • the method of the present invention has a feature, for example, in that an organ substantially completed as a pancreas or a highly differentiated tissue substantially having morphology and function of pancreas can be obtained without using any induction factor (for example, FGF) other than activin.
  • the concentrations of the RAR ligand and activin used in combination can be suitably selected.
  • the concentration of the RAR ligand can be selected from a range of about 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 12 to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 M, and the concentration of activin can be selected from a range of about 0.1 to 1000 ng/ml.
  • an RAR ligand and an RXR ligand can be used in combination to form an organ having a more complicated structure.
  • the organ and/or tissue formed by the method of the present invention can be used for screening of a medicament that acts on that organ and/or tissue as a direct or indirect site of action.
  • a medicament that acts on increase or decrease of heart rate for example, can be screened.
  • E14 cells of the 29 mouse strain (ATCC #: CRL-1821) or B6 cells of the C57BL mouse strain (ATCC #: SCRC-1002) were used.
  • Mouse fetal fibroblasts prepared from a mouse embryo on the 13th day were inoculated on a 0.1% gelatin-coated culture dish, and cultured in a medium containing 12% fetal bovine serum (Gibco), 100 U/ml penicillin (Sigma) and 100 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin (Sigma) for 24 hours.
  • MMC mytomicin C
  • PBS phosphate-buffered saline
  • D-MEM high glucose, Gibco
  • fetal bovine serum for ES Gibco
  • 2 mM L-glutamine Gibco
  • MEM non-essential amino acid Sigma
  • 1 mM sodium pyruvate Gibco
  • 0.0007% ⁇ -mercaptoethanol Sigma
  • 1000 U/ml Leukemia inhibiting factor Chemicon
  • 100 U/ml penicillin Sigma
  • 100 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin Sigma
  • Subculture was performed 72 hours after the inoculation of the ES cells.
  • MMC-treated feeder cells mouse fetus fibroblasts
  • the ES cells completely dissociated by a treatment with 0.05% trypsin-0.02% EDTA were inoculated to allow formation of colonies (see, FIG. 1 ).
  • the ES cells were cultured for three days after the inoculation to allow formation of colonies, and a colony was isolated by pipetting and then inoculated on a culture dish for bacteria with an extremely low cell attachment property.
  • D-MEM high glucose
  • Knockout SR 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin was used.
  • the cells were further cultured for three days under this condition to prepare embryoid bodies ( FIG. 2 ).
  • the frequency of appearance of this cell aggregate was 0.2 cell aggregate per embryoid body, and almost no differentiation of cardiac muscle-like cells was observed in the untreated group or the control group treated with 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 M all-trans retinoic acid over two weeks after the treatment, which suggested significant action of PA024.
  • Embryoid bodies treated with 2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 M PA024 produced cardiac muscle-like cell aggregates at a high frequency, although the time of appearance was delayed, and the formation of 0.5 cell aggregate per embryoid body was observed in 72 to 96 hours. These cell aggregates were formed without a fibrous structure observed in skeletal muscle-like cells and the like, and the formed cell aggregates continued autonomous beating.
  • PMEFs Primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (PMEFs), of which cell division was inhibited by treatment with Mytomicin-C (10 ⁇ g/ml, 3 hours), were inoculated on a 10-cm culture dish (TPP) coated overnight with 0.1% gelatin, cultured for more than one day and used as a feeder layer.
  • TPP 10-cm culture dish coated overnight with 0.1% gelatin, cultured for more than one day and used as a feeder layer.
  • the ES-E14TG2a cells ATCC # CRL-1821, which are widely used as mouse ES cells, were inoculated on the feeder layer and cultured.
  • DMEM high glucose, Gibco
  • FBS fetal bovine serum
  • non-essential amino acid 0.007% ⁇ -mercaptoethanol
  • 1000 U/ml Leukemia inhibiting factor 1000 U/ml penicillin, and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin was used. The medium was exchanged every day.
  • EBs were formed from colonies 72 hours after the inoculation of the ES cells.
  • ES cell colonies were washed once with Dulbecco's PBS, then added with 1 ml of 1 mg/ml collagenase/dispase (Roche) per 10-cm dish and treated at room temperature for 30 to 40 seconds.
  • 13 ml of DMEM (high glucose) containing Embryoid medium (EM), 15% Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR, Gibco) 100 U/ml penicillin, and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin was added to each 10-cm culture dish, and the colonies were collected.
  • DMEM high glucose
  • EM Embryoid medium
  • KSR Knockout Serum Replacement
  • ES cell colonies were collected with the medium into a 15 ml tube so as not to physically damage the colonies and left standing for about 5 minutes. When colonies precipitated, the medium was removed, and the colonies were resuspended in EM. These ES colonies were inoculated on a 10-cm low-attachment culture dish (Corning or Nunc), and the culture was continued as a floating system. The medium was exchanged every other day, and the cells on the 4th day were used for experiment as the embryoid bodies (EBs).
  • EBs embryoid bodies
  • EB EB of about 500 ⁇ m in diameter was transferred to each well of a low attachment 24-well plate (Corning or Nunc) with 100 ⁇ l of medium under observation using a stereoscopic microscope.
  • EBs were added with 900 ⁇ l of a differentiation inducing medium containing activin/Am80 (4-[(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)carbamoyl]benzoic acid): DMEM (high glucose) containing 15% KSR, 10 ng/ml activin, 0.1 ⁇ M Am80, 0.1% BSA, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin, and the culture was continued for 48 hours.
  • activin/Am80 4-[(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)carbamoyl]benzoic acid
  • EBs were treated in the differentiation inducing medium for 48 hours (6 days after formation of EBs), then transferred to a 24-well tissue culture dish coated overnight with 0.1% gelatin (TPP) under observation using a stereoscopic microscope and cultured in DMEM (high glucose) containing 10% KSR, 100 U/ml penicillin and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin with exchanging the medium once in three days.
  • TPP 0.1% gelatin
  • An intestine-like structure was induced and formed in 12 to 16 days of the culture (number of days from the start of EB formation). The induction and formation were observed in 60 to 70% of EBs treated with activin/Am80. Around the 21st day of the culture, a pancreas tissue-specific structure and specifically differentiated cells were formed in about 60% of the EBs in which the intestine-like structure was observed. In this pancreatic tissue, formation of a pancreas duct structure as well as morphology of many exocrine cells, including amylase secretory granules and endocrine cells producing insulin and glucagon, were observed.
  • FIG. 6 A photograph of the differentiated pancreatic tissue containing the pancreas duct and endocrine and exocrine cells induced from the embryoid bodies is shown in FIG. 6 .
  • FIG. 7 is a photograph showing induced pancreatic exocrine cells.
  • FIG. 8 is a photograph showing induced pancreatic ⁇ cells (endocrine cells). Further, cultures were positive for anti-insulin antibody and anti-amylase antibody, and expressions of pancreas-specific transcription factors such as PDX-1, PAX-4, and NGN-3 were continuously observed in analysis by the RT-PCR method from 10th to 14th days of the culture.
  • the method of the present invention provides a means for forming a desired organ, for example, an organ such as a heart, nerve, pancreas or the like, from undifferentiated cells derived from a vertebrate animal.

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US6121256A (en) * 1995-09-21 2000-09-19 Institute Of Medicinal Molecular Design, Inc. Compounds activating pharmacological effect of retinoids
US6476017B2 (en) * 1995-09-21 2002-11-05 Institute Of Medicinal Molecular Design, Inc. Compounds activating pharmacological effect of retinoids

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