Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/575—Hormones
  • C07K14/57563—Vasoactive intestinal peptide [VIP]; Related peptides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/14—Prodigestives, e.g. acids, enzymes, appetite stimulants, antidyspeptics, tonics, antiflatulents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
  • A61P5/48—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/575—Hormones
  • C07K14/605—Glucagons
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel GLP-1 compounds, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and to the use of the compounds for the treatment of diseases related to diabetes.
• Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder in which the ability to utilize glucose is partly or completely lost. About 5% of all people suffer from diabetes and the disorder approaches epidemic proportions. Since the introduction of insulin in the 1920's, continuous efforts have been made to improve the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
• GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1
• Human GLP-1 is a 37 amino acid residue peptide originating from pre-proglucagon which is synthesized i.a. in the L-cells in the distal ileum, in the pancreas and in the brain. GLP-1 is an important gut hormone with regulatory function in glucose metabolism and gastrointestinal secretion and metabolism. GLP-1 stimulates insulin secretion in a glucose-dependant manner, stimulates insulin biosynthesis, promotes beta cell rescue, decreases glucagon secretion, gastric emptying and food intake.
• GLP-1 Human GLP-1 is hydrolysed to GLP-1(7-37) and GLP-1(7-36)-amide which are both insulinotropic peptides.
• a simple system is used to describe fragments and analogues of this peptide.
• [Gly 8 ]GLP-1(7-37) designates an analogue of GLP-1(7-37) formally derived from GLP-1(7-37) by substituting the naturally occurring amino acid residue in position 8 (Ala) by Gly.
• (N ⁇ 34 -tetradecanoyl)[Lys 34 ]GLP-1(7-37) designates GLP-1(7-37) wherein the ⁇ -amino group of the Lys residue in position 34 has been tetradecanoylated.
• PCT publications WO 98/08871 and WO 99/43706 disclose stable derivatives of GLP-1 analogues, which have a lipophilic substituent. These stable derivatives of GLP-1 analogues have a protracted profile of action compared to the corresponding GLP-1 analogues.
• Exendin-4 is a 39 amino acid residue peptide isolated from the venom of Heloderma suspectum , and this peptide shares 52% homology with GLP-1(7-37) in the overlapping region.
• Exendin-4 is a potent GLP-1 receptor agonist which has been shown to stimulate insulin release and ensuing lowering of the blood glucose level when injected into dogs.
• the group of exendin-4(1-39), certain fragments thereof, analogs thereof and derivatives thereof, are potent insulinotropic agents. Most importantly the group of exendin-4(1-39), insulinotropic fragments thereof, insulinotropic analogs thereof and insulinotropic derivatives thereof.
• GLP-1 and exendins are that an extensive amount of variants have been synthesized and studied in particular in relation the plasma half-life. Low plasma half-lifes may be due to chemical stability towards peptidases (mainly dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV) and to renal clearance.
• peptidases mainly dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV
• these analogues and derivatives of insulionotropic peptides lack a satisfactory bioavailability when administered by the pulmonary route, i.e. when administered to the lower respirary tract such as through the bronchioles or alveoli.
• WO 00/66629 discloses modified exendin agonists which have been coupled to polyethyleneglycol via a lysine residue to decrease renal clearance.
• WO 03/40309 discloses peptide acting as both GLP-1 receptor agonists and glucagon receptor antagonists.
• the disclosed peptides are two peptides which have been coupled to polyethyleneglycol via a C-terminal cycteine residue.
• WO 2004/093823 discloses polyethylene glycolated GLOP-1 peptides.
• GLP-1 peptides Pulmonary administration of GLP-1 peptides have been disclosed in WO 01/51071 and WO 00/12116.
• the insulinotropic peptides derived from GLP-1 and Exendin-4 stimulatesd insulin release only when plasma glucose levels are high, the risk of hypoglycaemic events is reduced.
• the peptides are particularly useful for patients with diabetes who no longer respond to OHA's (oral hyperglycaemic agents) and who should from a strict medical point of view be administered insulin. Patients and to some extent also doctors are often not keen on initiating insulin treatment before this is absolutely necessary, presumably because of the fear of hypoglycaemic events or the fear of injections/needles.
• OHA's oral hyperglycaemic agents
• insulinotropic peptides which have sufficient pulmonary bioavailability to serve as an alternative to peptides for paranteral administration.
• Insulinotropic peptides having pulmonary bioavailability is a balance between potency and bioavailability. It is also an object of the present invention to provide insulinotropic peptides which are less prone to aggregation, a well known problem associated with the glucagon-like peptides. Being less prone to aggregation facilitates economical manufacturing processes as well as enabling the compounds to be administered by medical infusion pumps.
• polypeptide and “peptide” as used herein means a compound composed of at least five constituent amino acids connected by peptide bonds.
• the constituent amino acids may be from the group of the amino acids encoded by the genetic code and they may natural amino acids which are not encoded by the genetic code, as well as synthetic amino acids.
• Natural amino acids which are not encoded by the genetic code are e.g. hydroxyproline, ⁇ -carboxyglutamate, ornithine, phosphoserine, D-alanine and D-glutamine.
• Synthetic amino acids comprise amino acids manufactured by chemical synthesis, i.e.
• D-isomers of the amino acids encoded by the genetic code such as D-alanine and D-leucine, Aib ( ⁇ -aminoisobutyric acid), Abu ( ⁇ -aminobutyric acid), Tle (tert-butylglycine), ⁇ -alanine, 3-aminomethyl benzoic acid, anthranilic acid.
• analogue as used herein referring to a polypeptide means a modified peptide wherein one or more amino acid residues of the peptide have been substituted by other amino acid residues and/or wherein one or more amino acid residues have been deleted from the peptide and/or wherein one or more amino acid residues have been deleted from the peptide and or wherein one or more amino acid residues have been added to the peptide.
• Such addition or deletion of amino acid residues can take place at the N-terminal of the peptide and/or at the C-terminal of the peptide.
• derivative as used herein in relation to a peptide means a chemically modified peptide or an analogue thereof, wherein at least one substituent is not present in the unmodified peptide or an analogue thereof, i.e. a peptide which has been covalently modified. Typical modifications are amides, carbohydrates, alkyl groups, acyl groups, esters and the like.
• An example of a derivative of GLP-1(7-37) is N ⁇ 26 -((4S)-4-(hexadecanoylamino)-butanoyl)[Arg 34 ,Lys 26 ]GLP-1-(7-37).
• insulinotropic agent means a compound which is an agonist of the human GLP-1 receptor, i.e. a compound which stimulates the formation of cAMP in a suitable medium containing the human GLP-1 receptor (one such medium disclosed below).
• the potency of an insulinotropic agent is determined by calculating the EC 50 value from the dose-response curve as described below.
• Baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells expressing the cloned human GLP-1 receptor (BHK-467-12A) were grown in DMEM media with the addition of 100 IU/mL penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin, 5% fetal calf serum and 0.5 mg/mL Geneticin G-418 (Life Technologies). The cells were washed twice in phosphate buffered saline and harvested with Versene. Plasma membranes were prepared from the cells by homogenisation with an Ultraturrax in buffer 1 (20 mM HEPES-Na, 10 mM EDTA, pH 7.4). The homogenate was centrifuged at 48,000 ⁇ g for 15 min at 4° C.
• the pellet was suspended by homogenization in buffer 2 (20 mM HEPES-Na, 0.1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4), then centrifuged at 48,000 ⁇ g for 15 min at 4° C. The washing procedure was repeated one more time. The final pellet was suspended in buffer 2 and used immediately for assays or stored at ⁇ 80° C.
• the functional receptor assay was carried out by measuring cyclic AMP (cAMP) as a response to stimulation by the insulinotropic agent.
• cAMP formed was quantified by the AlphaScreenTM cAMP Kit (Perkin Elmer Life Sciences). Incubations were carried out in half-area 96-well microtiter plates in a total volume of 50 ⁇ L buffer 3 (50 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM HEPES, 10 mM MgCl 2 , pH 7.4) and with the following addiditions: 1 mM ATP, 1 ⁇ M GTP, 0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), 0.01% Tween-20, 0.1% BSA, 6 ⁇ g membrane preparation, 15 ⁇ g/mL acceptor beads, 20 ⁇ g/mL donor beads preincubated with 6 nM biotinyl-cAMP.
• buffer 3 50 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM HEPES, 10 mM
• GLP-1 peptide as used herein means GLP-1(7-37) (SEQ ID No 1), a GLP-1 (7-37) analogue, a GLP-1(7-37) derivative or a derivative of a GLP-1(7-37) analogue.
• the GLP-1 peptide is an insulinotropic agent.
• exendin-4 peptide as used herein means exendin-4(1-39) (SEQ ID No 2), an exendin-4(1-39) analogue, an exendin-4(1-39) derivative or a derivative of an exendin-4(1-39) analogue.
• the exendin-4 peptide is an insulinotropic agent.
• DPP-IV protected as used herein referring to a polypeptide means a polypeptide which has been chemically modified in order to render said compound resistant to the plasma peptidase dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-4 (DPP-IV).
• the DPP-IV enzyme in plasma is known to be involved in the degradation of several peptide hormones, e.g. GLP-1, GLP-2, Exendin-4 etc.
• GLP-1, GLP-2, Exendin-4 etc e.g. GLP-1, GLP-2, Exendin-4 etc.
• a considerable effort is being made to develop analogues and derivatives of the polypeptides susceptible to DPP-IV mediated hydrolysis in order to reduce the rate of degradation by DPP-IV.
• a DPP-IV protected peptide is more resistant to DPP-IV than GLP-1(7-37) or Exendin-4(1-39).
• Peptides and their degradation products may be monitored by their absorbance at 220 nm (peptide bonds) or 280 nm (aromatic amino acids), and are quantified by integration of their peak areas related to those of standards.
• the rate of hydrolysis of a peptide by dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV is estimated at incubation times which result in less than 10% of the peptide being hydrolysed.
• mPEGyl means a polydisperse or monodisperse radical of the structure wherein m is an integer larger than 1.
• a mPEGyl wherein m is 90 has a molecular weight of 3991 Da, i.e. approx 4 kDa.
• a mPEGyl with an average molecular weigt of 20 kDa has an average m of 454. Due to the process for producing mPEGyl these molecues often have a distribution of molecular weights. This distribution is described by the polydispersity index.
• polydispersity index means the ratio between the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight, as known in the art of polymer chemistry (see e.g. “Polymer Synthesis and Characterization”, J.a: Nairn, Uiversity of Utah, 2003).
• the polydispersity index is a number which is greater than or qual to one, and it may be estimated from Gel Permeation Chromatographic data.
• the polydispersity index is one the product is monodisperse, and is thus made up of a single moleculer weight.
• the polydispersity index is greater than one it is a measure of the polydispersity of that polymer, i.e. how broad the distribution of polymers with different molecular weights is.
• C 1-6 -alkyl as used herein means a saturated, branched, straight or cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, n-hexyl, isohexyl, cyclohexane and the like.
• pharmaceutically acceptable means suited for normal pharmaceutical applications, i.e. giving rise to no adverse events in patients etc.
• heavy atom as used herein means an atom having a molar weight equal to or larger than carbon, e.g. C, N, O and S.
• excipient means the chemical compounds which are normally added to pharmaceutical compositions, e.g. buffers, tonicity agents, preservatives and the like.
• an effective amount means a dosage which is sufficient to be effective for the treatment of the patient compared with no treatment.
• pharmaceutical composition means a product comprising an active compound or a salt thereof together with pharmaceutical excipients such as buffer, preservative, and optionally a tonicity modifier and/or a stabilizer.
• pharmaceutical excipients such as buffer, preservative, and optionally a tonicity modifier and/or a stabilizer.
• a pharmaceutical composition is also known in the art as a pharmaceutical formulation.
• treatment of a disease means the management and care of a patient having developed the disease, condition or disorder.
• the purpose of treatment is to combat the disease, condition or disorder.
• Treatment includes the administration of the active compounds to eliminate or control the disease, condition or disorder as well as to alleviate the symptoms or complications associated with the disease, condition or disorder.
• the present invention relates to a compound having the structure of the formula (I): Insulinotropic agent(—Y—C*) f -Q (I) wherein Insulinotropic agent is a radical derived from an insulinotropic peptide which binds to the human GLP-1 receptor, or a redical derived from a peptide in which 22 positions out of the first 30 are identical to those found in corresponding positions in GLP-1 or found in corresponding positions in Exendin-4, and Y is a bivalent connecting chemical group connecting C* with the Insulinotropic agent, and C* is a bivalent polar separating chemical group where 50-20% of the heavy atoms are either O or N, and f is 0 or 1 and Q is selected from wherein
• A is a polar chemical group of a single molecular size (monodisperse) or of several molecular sizes (polydisperse) where
• 50-20% of the heavy atoms are independently oxygen or nitrogen, and
• W is a bivalent chemical group whereby A is connected
• X is a bivalent connecting chemical group whereby B is connected
• B is a connecting or branching chemical group.
• the present invention relates to a compound having the structure of the formula (I): Insulinotropic agent(—Y—C*) f -Q (I) wherein Insulinotropic agent is a redical derived from an insulinotropic peptide which binds to the human GLP-1 receptor, or a radical derived from a peptide in which 22 positions out of the first 30 are identical to those found in corresponding positions in GLP-1 or found in corresponding positions in Exendin-4, with the proviso that the C-terminal amino acid residue of said insulinotropic agent is not cysteine, and Y is a bivalent connecting chemical group connecting C* with the Insulinotropic agent, and C* is a bivalent polar separating chemical group where 50-20% of the heavy atoms are either O or N, and f is 0 or 1 and Q is selected from wherein
• A is a polar chemical group of a single molecular size (monodisperse) or of several molecular sizes (polydisperse) where
• 50-20% of the heavy atoms are independently oxygen or nitrogen, and
• W is a bivalent chemical group whereby A is connected
• X is a bivalent connecting chemical group whereby B is connected
• B is a connecting or branching chemical group.
• the insulinotropic agent is the radical comprising the peptide including the four methylene groups in the lysine residue in position 37.
• the group A is the mPEGyl-CH 2 CH 2 — wherein mPEGyl has a molecular weight of approximately 2 kDa.
• the bivalent chemical group W whereby mPEGyl-CH 2 CH 2 — is connected to the radical derived from the insulinotropic peptide is the amide —C(O)—NH—.
• A is a monodisperse or polydisperse chemical group having the structure —(CH 2 ) l O[(CH 2 ) n O] m (CH 2 ) p —H, where l, n and p independently are an integer in the range from 1 to 10, m is an integer in the range from 1 to 5000, and where m multiplied by n+1 is less than 10000.
• A is a monodisperse or polydisperse chemical group having the structure —(CH 2 ) l C( ⁇ O)O[(CH 2 ) n O] m (CH 2 ) p —H, where l, n and p independently are an integer in the range from 1 to 10, m is an integer in the range from 1 to 5000, and where m multiplied by n+1 is less than 10000.
• n 2 or 3.
• m is in the range from 10-1000, or in the range from 20-250.
• A is a monodisperse or polydisperse chemical group having the structure -(Z 1 (CH 2 ) f O[(CH 2 ) 2 O] m (CH 2 ) p —NR 1 ) q -Z 2 , where Z 1 is —CO— or —CO—(CH 2 ) n —CO—NH—, and Z 2 is —R 1 , —CO—(CH 2 ) n —R 1 , —(CH 2 ) l O[(CH 2 ) 2 O] m (CH 2 ) p —R 1 wherein l and n and p independently are integers in the range from 1 to 10, and R 1 is —OH, —NH 2 , —NH—R 2 , —NH(—R 2 )—R 2 , —COOH, C 1-6 -alkyl, or —NH—CH(R 2 )—COOH, and where m and q are independently integers in the range
• A is mPEGyl
• A is mPEGyl-C( ⁇ O)—(CH 2 ) r —, wherein r is an integer in the range from 1-10.
• A is monodisperse, i.e. it is made up of only one component.
• A has a polydispersity index from 1.00 to 1.10.
• A is polydisperse and preferably having a polydispersity index which is less than 1.2, less than 1.1, less than 1.05, less than 1.03, less than 1.02, less than 1.010, less than 1.008, less than 1.005 or less than 1.0025.
• the branching chemical group B is selected from wherein a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i are integers independently selected from the range from 0 to 24. In another embodiment of the invention the branching group B is wherein a, b, c are integers independently selected from the range from 0 to 24. In another embodiment of the invention the branching chemical group B is selected from wherein a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i are integers independently selected from the range from 0 to 24.
• the insulinotropic agent is attached to B via the left hand terminal of B.
• a+b is less than 6 or a+b+c is less than 14 or a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+l is less than 16.
• a is 0 or 1 and b, c, d, e, f, h and i are all in the range from 0 to 5.
• a, c, d, e, g and i are all 0 and b, f and h are all in the range from 1 to 4.
• a, c, d, e, g and l are all 0 and b, f and h are all in the range from 1 to 4.
• W and X are independently selected from the bi-valent connecting chemical groups comprising
• amines —NR—, where R is hydrogen or C 1-6 -alkyl,
• thioethers —S—, —S—(CH 2 ) 2 —SO 2 — or ethers: —O—, urethanes: —N(R 1 )—CO—N(R 2 )—, where R 1 and R 2 independently is hydrogen or C 1-6 -alkyl, carbamates: —O—CO—N(R)—, where R is hydrogen or C 1-6 -alkyl, hydrazines: where R is hydrogen or C 1-6 -alkyl, oximes: —O—N ⁇ C(—R)—, where R is hydrogen or C 1-6 -alkyl, oxazolidines or thiazolidines:
• hydrazine derivatives of the formula, where R is hydrogen or C 1-6 -alkyl may be formed by reaction of an aldehyde derivative (—CO—H) or a ketone derivative (—CO—R) with
• W is —C(O)—NR—, where R is hydrogen or C 1-6 -alkyl.
• the insulinotropic agent is attached to W via the left hand terminal (the carbon) of W.
• the insulinotropic agent is attached to W via the right hand terminal (the nitrogen) of W.
• f 0.
• C* is —(CH 2 ) n1 O[(CH 2 ) n2 O] n3 (CH 2 ) n4 —, where n1, n2 and n4 independently is an integer in the range from 1 to 10, n3 is an integer in the range from 1 to 5000, and where n3 multiplied by n2+1 is less than 10000.
• n2 is 2 or 3.
• n3 is in the range from 1-20.
• C* is —(CH 2 ) n5 —, where n5 is an integer in the range from 1 to 10.
• amines —NR—, where R is hydrogen or C 1-6 -alkyl,
• thioethers —S—, —S—(CH 2 ) 2 —SO 2 — or ethers: —O—, urethanes: —N(R 1 )—CO—N(R 2 )—, where R 1 and R 2 independently is hydrogen or C 1-6 -alkyl, carbamates: —O—CO—N(R)—, where R is hydrogen or C 1-6 -alkyl, hydrazines: where R is hydrogen or C 1-6 -alkyl, oximes: —O—N ⁇ C(—R)—, where R is hydrogen or C 1-6 -alkyl, oxazolidines or thiazolidines:
• the insulinotropic agent is a DPPIV protected peptide.
• the insulinotropic agent has an EC 50 of less than 1 nM as determined by the functional receptor assay disclosed herein.
• the insulinotropic agent has an EC 50 of less than 300 pM, less than 200 pM or less than 100 pM as determined by the functional receptor assay disclosed herein.
• the insulinotropic agent is derived from a peptide having a length between 27 and 45 amino acid residues in which 22 out of the first 28 amino acid residues are identical to those found in corresponding positions in GLP-1(7-37) (SEQ ID No. 1) or in corresponding positions in Exendin-4(1-39) (SEQ ID No. 2).
• the insulinotropic agent is derived from a peptide having a length between 28 and 45 amino acid residues in which 22 out of the first 28 amino acid residues are identical to those found in corresponding positions in GLP-1(7-37) or in corresponding positions in Exendin-4(1-39).
• the insulinotropic agent is selected from a peptide comprising the amino acid sequence of the formula (II): Xaa 7 -Xaa 8 -Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Xaa 16 -Ser-Xaa 18 -Xaa 19 -Xaa 20 -Glu-Xaa 22 -Xaa 23 -Ala-Xaa 25 -Xaa 26 -Xaa 27 -Phe-Ile-Xaa 30 -Trp-Leu-Xaa 33 -Xaa 34 -Xaa 35 -Xaa 36 -Xaa 37 -Xaa 38 -Xaa 39 -Xaa 40 -Xaa 41 -Xaa 42 -Xaa 43 -Xaa 44 -Xaa 45 -Xaa 46 Formula (II) (SEQ ID No: 3) wherein Xaa 7 is L-histidine,
• Xaa 39 is Ser, Lys, amide or is absent;
• Xaa 40 is Gly, amide or is absent;
• Xaa 41 is Ala, amide or is absent;
• Xaa 42 is Pro, amide or is absent;
• Xaa 43 is Pro, amide or is absent;
• Xaa 44 is Pro, amide or is absent;
• Xaa 45 is Ser, amide or is absent;
• Xaa 46 is amide or is absent; provided that if Xaa 38 , Xaa 39 , Xaa 40 , Xaa 41 , Xaa 42 , Xaa 43 , Xaa 44 , Xaa 45 or Xaa 46 is absent then each amino acid residue downstream is also absent.
• the insulinotropic agent is a peptide comprising the amino acid sequence of formula (III): Xaa 7 -Xaa 8 -Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Xaa 18 -Tyr-Leu-Glu-Xaa 22 -Xaa 23 -Ala-Ala-Xaa 26 -Glu-Phe-Ile-Xaa 30 -Trp-Leu-Val-Xaa 34 -Xaa 35 -Xaa 36 -Xaa 37 -Xaa 38 Formula (III) (SEQ ID No: 4) wherein Xaa 7 is L-histidine, D-histidine, desamino-histidine, 2-amino-histidine, ⁇ -hydroxy-histidine, homohistidine, N ⁇ -acetyl-histidine, ⁇ -fluoromethyl-histidine, ⁇ -methyl-histidine,
• the insulinotropic agent is selected from GLP-1(7-35), GLP-1(7-36), GLP-1(7-36)-amide, GLP-1(7-37), GLP-1(7-38), GLP-1(7-39), GLP-1(7-40), GLP-1(7-41) or an analogue thereof.
• the insulinotropic agent comprises no more than fifteen amino acid residues which have been exchanged, added or deleted as compared to GLP-1(7-37) (SEQ ID No. 1), or no more than ten amino acid residues which have been exchanged, added or deleted as compared to GLP-1(7-37) (SEQ ID No. 1).
• the insulinotropic agent comprises no more than six amino acid residues which have been exchanged, added or deleted as compared to GLP-1(7-37) (SEQ ID No. 1).
• the insulinotropic agent comprises no more than 4 amino acid residues which are not encoded by the genetic code.
• the insulinotropic agent comprises an Aib residue as the second amino acid residue from the N-terminal.
• the N-terminal amino acid residue (position 7 in formulae II and III) of said insulinotropic agent is selected from the group consisting of D-histidine, desamino-histidine, 2-amino-histidine, ⁇ -hydroxy-histidine, homohistidine, N ⁇ -acetyl-histidine, ⁇ -fluoromethyl-histidine, ⁇ -methyl-histidine, 3-pyridylalanine, 2-pyridylalanine and 4-pyridylalanine.
• the insulinotropic agent is selected from the group consisting of [Arg 34 ]GLP-1(7-37), [Arg 26,34 ]GLP-1(7-37)Lys, [Lys 36 Arg 26,34 ]GLP-1(7-36), [Aib 8,22,35 ]GLP-1(7-37), [Aib 8,35 ]GLP-1(7-37), [Aib 8,22 ]GLP-1(7-37), [Aib 8,22,35 Arg 26,34 ]GLP-1(7-37)Lys, [Aib 8,35 Arg 26,34 ]GLP-1(7-37)Lys, [Aib 8,35 Arg 26,34 ]GLP-1(7-37)Lys, [Aib 8,22 Arg 26,34 ]GLP-1(7-37)Lys, [Aib 8,22,35 Arg 26,34 ]GLP-1(7-37)Lys, [Aib 8,35 Arg 26,34 ]GLP-1(7
• the insulinotropic agent comprises at least one Aib residue.
• the insulinotropic agent contains two Aib residues.
• the insulinotropic agent comprises a serine residue at position 18 relative to GLP-1(7-37) (SEQ ID: No. 1), corresponding to position 12 relative to Exendin-4(1-39).
• the insulinotropic agent comprises a tyrosine residue at position 19 relative to GLP-1(7-37) (SEQ ID. No. 1), corresponding to position 13 relative to Exendin-4(1-39).
• the insulinotropic agent comprises a glycine residue at position 22 relative to GLP-1(7-37) (SEQ ID. No. 1), corresponding to position 16 relative to Exendin-4(1-39).
• the insulinotropic agent comprises a glutamine residue at position 23 relative to GLP-1(7-37) (SEQ ID. No. 1), corresponding to position 17 relative to Exendin-4(1-39).
• the insulinotropic agent comprises a lysine residue at position 26 relative to GLP-1(7-37) (SEQ ID. No. 1), corresponding to position 20 relative to Exendin-4(1-39).
• the insulinotropic agent comprises a glutamate residue at position 27 relative to GLP-1(7-37) (SEQ ID. No. 1), corresponding to position 21 relative to Exendin-4(1-39).
• the insulinotropic agent is exendin-4(1-39).
• the insulinotropic agent is ZP-10, i.e. [Ser 38 Lys 39 ]Exendin-4(1-39)LysLysLysLysLys-amide (SEQ ID No. 5).
• the insulinotropic agent is attached to Y—C*-Q or Q via the amino acid residue in position 25 to 45 relative to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID. No 1.
• the insulinotropic agent is attached to Y—C*-Q or Q via an amino acid residue selected from one of the 10 C-terminal amino acid residues.
• the insulinotropic agent is attached to Y—C*-Q or Q via the amino acid residue in position 23, 26, 34, 36 or 38 relative to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No:1.
• the insulinotropic agent is attached to Y—C*-Q or Q via the amino acid residue in position 17, 20, 28, 30 or 32 relative to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No:2.
• the insulinotropic agent is attached to Y—C*-Q or Q via the C-terminal amino acid residue.
• the insulinotropic agent is attached to Y—C*-Q or Q via a carboxyl group, an amino group, a keto group, a hydroxyl group, a thiol group or a hydrazide group.
• the insulinotropic agent is attached to Y—C*-Q or Q via a the epsilon-amino group on a lysine residue.
• the insulinotropic agent comprises only one lysine residue.
• the insulinotropic agent comprises only one lysine residue which is the C-terminal amino acid residue of said insulinotropic agent.
• the compound according to the present invention has an EC 50 of less than 1000 pM, less than 500 pM, less than 300 pM, less than 200 pM, less than 100 pM, less than 50 pM or less than 10 pM as determined by the functional receptor assay disclosed herein.
• the compounds of the present invention can be produced by classical peptide synthesis, e.g. solid phase peptide synthesis using t-Boc or Fmoc chemistry or other well established techniques, see e.g. Green and Wuts, “Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis”, John Wiley & Sons, 1999. These methods are preferred when the insulinotropic agent is a peptide comprising non-natural amino acid residues.
• the polypeptides can also be produced by a method which comprises culturing a host cell containing a DNA sequence encoding the polypeptide and capable of expressing the polypeptide in a suitable nutrient medium under conditions permitting the expression of the peptide, after which the resulting peptide is recovered from the culture and then derivatized to the compound of formula (I).
• the medium used to culture the cells may be any conventional medium suitable for growing the host cells, such as minimal or complex media containing appropriate supplements. Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published recipes (e.g. in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection).
• the peptide produced by the cells may then be recovered from the culture medium by conventional procedures including separating the host cells from the medium by centrifugation or filtration. For extracellular products the proteinaceous components of the supernatant are isolated by filtration, column chromatography or precipitation, e.g. microfiltation, ultrafiltration, isoelectric precipitation, purification by a variety of chromatographic procedures, e.g.
• ion exchange chromatography hydrophobic interaction chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, affinity chromatography, or the like, dependent on the type of polypeptide in question.
• the cells isolated from the culture medium are disintegrated or permeabilised and extracted to recover the product polypeptide or precursor thereof.
• the DNA sequence encoding the therapeutic polypeptide may suitably be of genomic or cDNA origin, for instance obtained by preparing a genomic or cDNA library and screening for DNA sequences coding for all or part of the peptide by hybridisation using synthetic oligonucleotide probes in accordance with standard techniques (see, for example, Sambrook, J, Fritsch, E F and Maniatis, T, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 1989).
• the DNA sequence encoding the polypeptide may also be prepared synthetically by established standard methods, e.g.
• the DNA sequence may also be prepared by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers, for instance as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202 or Saiki et al., Science 239 (1988), 487-491.
• the DNA sequence may be inserted into any vector which may conveniently be subjected to recombinant DNA procedures, and the choice of vector will often depend on the host cell into which it is to be introduced.
• the vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e. a vector which exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g. a plasmid.
• the vector may be one which, when introduced into a host cell, is integrated into the host cell genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated.
• the vector is preferably an expression vector in which the DNA sequence encoding the polypeptide is operably linked to additional segments required for transcription of the DNA, such as a promoter.
• the promoter may be any DNA sequence which shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice and may be derived from genes encoding proteins either homologous or heterologous to the host cell. Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription of the DNA encoding the peptide of the invention in a variety of host cells are well known in the art, cf. for instance Sambrook et al., supra.
• the DNA sequence encoding the polypeptide may also, if necessary, be operably connected to a suitable terminator, polyadenylation signals, transcriptional enhancer sequences, and translational enhancer sequences.
• the recombinant vector of the invention may further comprise a DNA sequence enabling the vector to replicate in the host cell in question.
• the vector may also comprise a selectable marker, e.g. a gene the product of which complements a defect in the host cell or one which confers resistance to a drug, e.g. ampicillin, kanamycin, tetracyclin, chloramphenicol, neomycin, hygromycin or methotrexate.
• a selectable marker e.g. a gene the product of which complements a defect in the host cell or one which confers resistance to a drug, e.g. ampicillin, kanamycin, tetracyclin, chloramphenicol, neomycin, hygromycin or methotrexate.
• the selectable marker preferably is not antibiotic resistance, e.g. antibiotic resistance genes in the vector are preferably excised when the vector is used for large scale manufacture. Methods for eliminating antibiotic resistance genes from vectors are known in the art, see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,358,705 which is incorporated herein by reference.
• a secretory signal sequence (also known as a leader sequence, prepro sequence or pre sequence) may be provided in the recombinant vector.
• the secretory signal sequence is joined to the DNA sequence encoding the peptide in the correct reading frame.
• Secretory signal sequences are commonly positioned 5′ to the DNA sequence encoding the peptide.
• the secretory signal sequence may be that normally associated with the peptide or may be from a gene encoding another secreted protein.
• the host cell into which the DNA sequence or the recombinant vector is introduced may be any cell which is capable of producing the present peptide and includes bacteria, yeast, fungi and higher eukaryotic cells.
• suitable host cells well known and used in the art are, without limitation, E. coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae , or mammalian BHK or CHO cell lines.
• compositions containing a compound according to the present invention may be prepared by conventional techniques, e.g. as described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1985 or in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19 th edition, 1995.
• One object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound according to the present invention which is present in a concentration from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 25 mg/ml, and wherein said formulation has a pH from 2.0 to 10.0.
• the formulation may further comprise a buffer system, preservative(s), isotonicity agent(s), chelating agent(s), stabilizers and surfactants.
• the pharmaceutical formulation is an aqueous formulation, i.e. formulation comprising water. Such formulation is typically a solution or a suspension.
• the pharmaceutical formulation is an aqueous solution.
• aqueous formulation is defined as a formulation comprising at least 50% w/w water.
• aqueous solution is defined as a solution comprising at least 50% w/w water
• aqueous suspension is defined as a suspension comprising at least 50% w/w water.
• the pharmaceutical formulation is a freeze-dried formulation, whereto the physician or the patient adds solvents and/or diluents prior to use.
• the pharmaceutical formulation is a dried formulation (e.g. freeze-dried or spray-dried) ready for use without any prior dissolution.
• the invention in a further aspect relates to a pharmaceutical formulation
• a pharmaceutical formulation comprising an aqueous solution of a compound according to the present invention, and a buffer, wherein said compound is present in a concentration from 0.1 mg/ml or above, and wherein said formulation has a pH from about 2.0 to about 10.0.
• the pH of the formulation is from about 7.0 to about 9.5. In another embodiment of the invention the pH of the formulation is from about 3.0 to about 7.0. In another embodiment of the invention the pH of the formulation is from about 5.0 to about 7.5. In another embodiment of the invention the pH of the formulation is from about 7.5 to about 9.0. In another embodiment of the invention the pH of the formulation is from about 7.5 to about 8.5. In another embodiment of the invention the pH of the formulation is from about 6.0 to about 7.5. In another embodiment of the invention the pH of the formulation is from about 6.0 to about 7.0.
• the pH of the formulation is from about 3.0 to about 9.0, and said pH is at least 2.0 pH units from the isoelectric pH of compound of the present invention.
• the buffer is selected from the group consisting of sodium acetate, sodium carbonate, citrate, glycylglycine, histidine, glycine, lysine, arginin, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate, and tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethan, bicine, tricine, malic acid, succinate, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, aspartic acid or mixtures thereof.
• Each one of these specific buffers constitutes an alternative embodiment of the invention.
• the formulation further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable preservative.
• the preservative is selected from the group consisting of phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, 2-phenoxyethanol, butyl p-hydroxybenzoate, 2-phenylethanol, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, and thiomerosal, bronopol, benzoic acid, imidurea, chlorohexidine, sodium dehydroacetate, chlorocresol, ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, benzethonium chloride, chlorphenesine (3p-chlorphenoxypropane-1,2-diol) or mixtures thereof.
• the preservative is present in a concentration from 0.1 mg/ml to 20 mg/ml. In a further embodiment of the invention the preservative is present in a concentration from 0.1 mg/ml to 5 mg/ml. In a further embodiment of the invention the preservative is present in a concentration from 5 mg/ml to 10 mg/ml. In a further embodiment of the invention the preservative is present in a concentration from 10 mg/ml to 20 mg/ml. Each one of these specific preservatives constitutes an alternative embodiment of the invention.
• the use of a preservative in pharmaceutical compositions is well-known to the skilled person. For convenience reference is made to Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19 th edition, 1995.
• the formulation further comprises an isotonic agent.
• the isotonic agent is selected from the group consisting of a salt (e.g. sodium chloride), a sugar or sugar alcohol, an amino acid (e.g. L-glycine, L-histidine, arginine, lysine, isoleucine, aspartic acid, tryptophan, threonine), an alditol (e.g. glycerol (glycerine), 1,2-propanediol (propyleneglycol), 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol) polyethyleneglycol (e.g. PEG400), or mixtures thereof.
• a salt e.g. sodium chloride
• a sugar or sugar alcohol e.g. L-glycine, L-histidine, arginine, lysine, isoleucine, aspartic acid, tryptophan, threonine
• Any sugar such as mono-, di-, or polysaccharides, or water-soluble glucans, including for example fructose, glucose, mannose, sorbose, xylose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, trehalose, dextran, pullulan, dextrin, cyclodextrin, soluble starch, hydroxyethyl starch and carboxymethylcellulose-Na may be used.
• the sugar additive is sucrose.
• Sugar alcohol is defined as a C4-C8 hydrocarbon having at least one —OH group and includes, for example, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, galacititol, dulcitol, xylitol, and arabitol.
• the sugar alcohol additive is mannitol.
• the sugars or sugar alcohols mentioned above may be used individually or in combination. There is no fixed limit to the amount used, as long as the sugar or sugar alcohol is soluble in the liquid preparation and does not adversely effect the stabilizing effects achieved using the methods of the invention.
• the sugar or sugar alcohol concentration is between about 1 mg/ml and about 150 mg/ml.
• the isotonic agent is present in a concentration from 1 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml. In a further embodiment of the invention the isotonic agent is present in a concentration from 1 mg/ml to 7 mg/ml. In a further embodiment of the invention the isotonic agent is present in a concentration from 8 mg/ml to 24 mg/ml. In a further embodiment of the invention the isotonic agent is present in a concentration from 25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml. Each one of these specific isotonic agents constitutes an alternative embodiment of the invention.
• the use of an isotonic agent in pharmaceutical compositions is well-known to the skilled person. For convenience reference is made to Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19 th edition, 1995.
• the formulation further comprises a chelating agent.
• the chelating agent is selected from salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid, and aspartic acid, and mixtures thereof.
• the chelating agent is present in a concentration from 0.1 mg/ml to 5 mg/ml.
• the chelating agent is present in a concentration from 0.1 mg/ml to 2 mg/ml.
• the chelating agent is present in a concentration from 2 mg/ml to 5 mg/ml.
• Each one of these specific chelating agents constitutes an alternative embodiment of the invention.
• the use of a chelating agent in pharmaceutical compositions is well-known to the skilled person. For convenience reference is made to Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19 th edition, 1995.
• the formulation further comprises a stabiliser.
• a stabilizer in pharmaceutical compositions is well-known to the skilled person. For convenience reference is made to Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19 th edition, 1995.
• compositions of the invention are stabilized liquid pharmaceutical compositions whose therapeutically active components include a polypeptide that possibly exhibits aggregate formation during storage in liquid pharmaceutical formulations.
• aggregate formation is intended a physical interaction between the polypeptide molecules that results in formation of oligomers, which may remain soluble, or large visible aggregates that precipitate from the solution.
• during storage is intended a liquid pharmaceutical composition or formulation once prepared, is not immediately administered to a subject. Rather, following preparation, it is packaged for storage, either in a liquid form, in a frozen state, or in a dried form for later reconstitution into a liquid form or other form suitable for administration to a subject.
• liquid pharmaceutical composition or formulation is dried either by freeze drying (i.e., lyophilization; see, for example, Williams and Polli (1984) J. Parenteral Sci. Technol. 38:48-59), spray drying (see Masters (1991) in Spray-Drying Handbook (5th ed; Longman Scientific and Technical, Essez, U.K.), pp. 491-676; Broadhead et al. (1992) Drug Devel. Ind. Pharm. 18:1169-1206; and Mumenthaler et al. (1994) Pharm. Res. 11:12-20), or air drying (Carpenter and Crowe (1988) Cryobiology 25:459-470; and Roser (1991) Biopharm. 4:47-53).
• Aggregate formation by a polypeptide during storage of a liquid pharmaceutical composition can adversely affect biological activity of that polypeptide, resulting in loss of therapeutic efficacy of the pharmaceutical composition. Furthermore, aggregate formation may cause other problems such as blockage of tubing, membranes, or pumps when the polypeptide-containing pharmaceutical composition is administered using an infusion system.
• compositions of the invention may further comprise an amount of an amino acid base sufficient to decrease aggregate formation by the polypeptide during storage of the composition.
• amino acid base is intended an amino acid or a combination of amino acids, where any given amino acid is present either in its free base form or in its salt form. Where a combination of amino acids is used, all of the amino acids may be present in their free base forms, all may be present in their salt forms, or some may be present in their free base forms while others are present in their salt forms.
• amino acids to use in preparing the compositions of the invention are those carrying a charged side chain, such as arginine, lysine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid.
• Any stereoisomer i.e., L, D, or DL isomer
• a particular amino acid e.g. glycine, methionine, histidine, imidazole, arginine, lysine, isoleucine, aspartic acid, tryptophan, threonine and mixtures thereof
• a particular amino acid e.g. glycine, methionine, histidine, imidazole, arginine, lysine, isoleucine, aspartic acid, tryptophan, threonine and mixtures thereof
• the L-stereoisomer is used.
• Compositions of the invention may also be formulated with analogues of these amino acids.
• amino acid analogue is intended a derivative of the naturally occurring amino acid that brings about the desired effect of decreasing aggregate formation by the polypeptide during storage of the liquid pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.
• Suitable arginine analogues include, for example, aminoguanidine, ornithine and N-monoethyl L-arginine
• suitable methionine analogues include S-ethyl homocysteine and S-butyl homocysteine
• suitable cystein analogues include S-methyl-L cystein.
• the amino acid analogues are incorporated into the compositions in either their free base form or their salt form.
• the amino acids or amino acid analogues are used in a concentration, which is sufficient to prevent or delay aggregation of the protein.
• methionine (or other sulphur containing amino acids or amino acid analogous) may be added to inhibit oxidation of methionine residues to methionine sulfoxide when the polypeptide acting as the therapeutic agent is a polypeptide comprising at least one methionine residue susceptible to such oxidation.
• inhibitor is intended minimal accumulation of methionine oxidized species over time. Inhibiting methionine oxidation results in greater retention of the polypeptide in its proper molecular form. Any stereoisomer of methionine (L, D, or DL isomer) or combinations thereof can be used.
• the amount to be added should be an amount sufficient to inhibit oxidation of the methionine residues such that the amount of methionine sulfoxide is acceptable to regulatory agencies. Typically, this means that the composition contains no more than about 10% to about 30% methionine sulfoxide. Generally, this can be achieved by adding methionine such that the ratio of methionine added to methionine residues ranges from about 1:1 to about 1000:1, such as 10:1 to about 100:1.
• the formulation further comprises a stabiliser selected from the group of high molecular weight polymers or low molecular compounds.
• the stabilizer is selected from polyethylene glycol (e.g. PEG 3350), polyvinylalcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxy-/hydroxycellulose or derivates thereof (e.g. HPC, HPC-SL, HPC-L and HPMC), cyclodextrins, sulphur-containing substances as monothioglycerol, thioglycolic acid and 2-methylthioethanol, and different salts (e.g. sodium chloride).
• PEG 3350 polyethylene glycol
• PVA polyvinylalcohol
• PVpyrrolidone polyvinylpyrrolidone
• carboxy-/hydroxycellulose or derivates thereof e.g. HPC, HPC-SL, HPC-L and HPMC
• cyclodextrins e.g. sulphur-containing substances as monothiogly
• compositions may also comprise additional stabilizing agents, which further enhance stability of a therapeutically active polypeptide therein.
• Stabilizing agents of particular interest to the present invention include, but are not limited to, methionine and EDTA, which protect the polypeptide against methionine oxidation, and a nonionic surfactant, which protects the polypeptide against aggregation associated with freeze-thawing or mechanical shearing.
• the formulation further comprises a surfactant.
• the surfactant is selected from a detergent, ethoxylated castor oil, polyglycolyzed glycerides, acetylated monoglycerides, sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block polymers (eg. poloxamers such as Pluronic® F68, poloxamer 188 and 407, Triton X-100), polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene and polyethylene derivatives such as alkylated and alkoxylated derivatives (tweens, e.g.
• Tween-20, Tween-40, Tween-80 and Brij-35 monoglycerides or ethoxylated derivatives thereof, diglycerides or polyoxyethylene derivatives thereof, alcohols, glycerol, lecitins and phospholipids (eg. phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl inositol, diphosphatidyl glycerol and sphingomyelin), derivates of phospholipids (eg. dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid) and lysophospholipids (eg.
• phospholipids eg. dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid
• lysophospholipids eg.
• ceramides e.g. sodium tauro-dihydrofusidate etc.
• long-chain fatty acids and salts thereof C6-C12 e.g.
• acylcarnitines and derivatives N ⁇ -acylated derivatives of lysine, arginine or histidine, or side-chain acylated derivatives of lysine or arginine, N ⁇ -acylated derivatives of dipeptides comprising any combination of lysine, arginine or histidine and a neutral or acidic amino acid, N ⁇ -acylated derivative of a tripeptide comprising any combination of a neutral amino acid and two charged amino acids, DSS (docusate sodium, CAS registry no [577-11-7]), docusate calcium, CAS registry no [128-49-4]), docusate potassium, CAS registry no [7491-09-0]), SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate), sodium caprylate, cholic acid or derivatives thereof, bile acids and salts thereof and glycine or taurine
• N-alkyl-N,N-dimethylammonio-1-propanesulfonates 3-cholamido-1-propyldimethylammonio-1-propanesulfonate
• cationic surfactants quarternary ammonium bases
• cetyl-trimethylammonium bromide cetylpyridinium chloride
• non-ionic surfactants eg. dodecyl ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside
• poloxamines eg.
• Tetronic's which are tetrafunctional block copolymers derived from sequential addition of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide to ethylenediamine, or the surfactant may be selected from the group of imidazoline derivatives, or mixtures thereof. Each one of these specific surfactants constitutes an alternative embodiment of the invention.
• Such additional ingredients may include wetting agents, emulsifiers, antioxidants, bulking agents, tonicity modifiers, chelating agents, metal ions, oleaginous vehicles, proteins (e.g., human serum albumin, gelatin or proteins) and a zwitterion (e.g., an amino acid such as betaine, taurine, arginine, glycine, lysine and histidine).
• additional ingredients should not adversely affect the overall stability of the pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention.
• compositions containing a compound according to the present invention may be administered to a patient in need of such treatment at several sites, for example, at topical sites, for example, skin and mucosal sites, at sites which bypass absorption, for example, administration in an artery, in a vein, in the heart, and at sites which involve absorption, for example, administration in the skin, under the skin, in a muscle or in the abdomen.
• topical sites for example, skin and mucosal sites
• sites which bypass absorption for example, administration in an artery, in a vein, in the heart
• sites which involve absorption for example, administration in the skin, under the skin, in a muscle or in the abdomen.
• Administration of pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be through several routes of administration, for example, lingual, sublingual, buccal, in the mouth, oral, in the stomach and intestine, nasal, pulmonary, for example, through the bronchioles and alveoli or a combination thereof, epidermal, dermal, transdermal, vaginal, rectal, ocular, for examples through the conjunctiva, uretal, and parenteral to patients in need of such a treatment.
• routes of administration for example, lingual, sublingual, buccal, in the mouth, oral, in the stomach and intestine, nasal, pulmonary, for example, through the bronchioles and alveoli or a combination thereof, epidermal, dermal, transdermal, vaginal, rectal, ocular, for examples through the conjunctiva, uretal, and parenteral to patients in need of such a treatment.
• the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to Formula (I), and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• the pharmaceutical composition is suited for pulmonary administration.
• the present invention relates to the use of a compound of formula (I) for the preparation of a pulmonary medicament.
• compositions of the current invention may be administered in several dosage forms, for example, as solutions, suspensions, emulsions, microemulsions, multiple emulsion, foams, salves, pastes, plasters, ointments, tablets, coated tablets, rinses, capsules, for example, hard gelatine capsules and soft gelatine capsules, suppositories, rectal capsules, drops, gels, sprays, powder, aerosols, inhalants, eye drops, ophthalmic ointments, ophthalmic rinses; vaginal pessaries, vaginal rings, vaginal ointments, injection solution, in situ transforming solutions, for example in situ gelling, in situ setting, in situ precipitating, in situ crystallization, infusion solution, and implants.
• solutions for example, suspensions, emulsions, microemulsions, multiple emulsion, foams, salves, pastes, plasters, ointments, tablets, coated tablets, rinses,
• compositions of the invention may further be compounded in, or attached to, for example through covalent, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, a drug carrier, drug delivery system and advanced drug delivery system in order to further enhance stability of the compound, increase bioavailability, increase solubility, decrease adverse effects, achieve chrono-therapy well known to those skilled in the art, and increase patient compliance or any combination thereof.
• carriers, drug delivery systems and advanced drug delivery systems include, but are not limited to, polymers, for example cellulose and derivatives, polysaccharides, for example dextran and derivatives, starch and derivatives, poly(vinyl alcohol), acrylate and methacrylate polymers, polylactic and polyglycolic acid and block co-polymers thereof, polyethylene glycols, carrier proteins, for example albumin, gels, for example, thermogelling systems, for example block co-polymeric systems well known to those skilled in the art, micelles, liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticulates, liquid crystals and dispersions thereof, L2 phase and dispersions there of, well known to those skilled in the art of phase behaviour in lipid-water systems, polymeric micelles, multiple emulsions, self-emulsifying, self-microemulsifying, cyclodextrins and derivatives thereof, and dendrimers.
• polymers for example cellulose and derivatives, polysaccharides, for example dextran and derivative
• compositions of the current invention are useful in the formulation of solids, semisolids, powder and solutions for pulmonary administration of the compound, using, for example a metered dose inhaler, dry powder inhaler and a nebulizer, all being devices well known to those skilled in the art.
• compositions of the current invention are specifically useful in the formulation of controlled, sustained, protracting, retarded, and slow release drug delivery systems. More specifically, but not limited to, compositions are useful in formulation of parenteral controlled release and sustained release systems (both systems leading to a many-fold reduction in number of administrations), well known to those skilled in the art. Even more preferably, are controlled release and sustained release systems administered subcutaneous.
• examples of useful controlled release system and compositions are hydrogels, oleaginous gels, liquid crystals, polymeric micelles, microspheres, nanoparticles,
• Methods to produce controlled release systems useful for compositions of the current invention include, but are not limited to, crystallization, condensation, co-cystallization, precipitation, co-precipitation, emulsification, dispersion, high pressure homogenization, encapsulation, spray drying, microencapsulation, coacervation, phase separation, solvent evaporation to produce microspheres, extrusion and supercritical fluid processes.
• General reference is made to Handbook of Pharmaceutical Controlled Release (Wise, D. L., ed. Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000) and Drug and the Pharmaceutical Sciences vol. 99: Protein Formulation and Delivery (MacNally, E. J., ed. Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000).
• Parenteral administration may be performed by subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal or intravenous injection by means of a syringe, optionally a pen-like syringe.
• parenteral administration can be performed by means of an infusion pump.
• a further option is a composition which may be a solution or suspension for the administration of the compound according to the present invention in the form of a nasal or pulmonal spray.
• the pharmaceutical compositions containing the compound of the invention can also be adapted to transdermal administration, e.g. by needle-free injection or from a patch, optionally an iontophoretic patch, or transmucosal, e.g. buccal, administration.
• stabilized formulation refers to a formulation with increased physical stability, increased chemical stability or increased physical and chemical stability.
• physical stability of the protein formulation as used herein refers to the tendency of the protein to form biologically inactive and/or insoluble aggregates of the protein as a result of exposure of the protein to thermo-mechanical stresses and/or interaction with interfaces and surfaces that are destabilizing, such as hydrophobic surfaces and interfaces.
• Physical stability of the aqueous protein formulations is evaluated by means of visual inspection and/or turbidity measurements after exposing the formulation filled in suitable containers (e.g. cartridges or vials) to mechanical/physical stress (e.g. agitation) at different temperatures for various time periods. Visual inspection of the formulations is performed in a sharp focused light with a dark background.
• the turbidity of the formulation is characterized by a visual score ranking the degree of turbidity for instance on a scale from 0 to 3 (a formulation showing no turbidity corresponds to a visual score 0, and a formulation showing visual turbidity in daylight corresponds to visual score 3).
• a formulation is classified physical unstable with respect to protein aggregation, when it shows visual turbidity in daylight.
• the turbidity of the formulation can be evaluated by simple turbidity measurements well-known to the skilled person.
• Physical stability of the aqueous protein formulations can also be evaluated by using a spectroscopic agent or probe of the conformational status of the protein.
• the probe is preferably a small molecule that preferentially binds to a non-native conformer of the protein.
• Thioflavin T is a fluorescent dye that has been widely used for the detection of amyloid fibrils. In the presence of fibrils, and perhaps other protein configurations as well, Thioflavin T gives rise to a new excitation maximum at about 450 nm and enhanced emission at about 482 nm when bound to a fibril protein form. Unbound Thioflavin T is essentially non-fluorescent at the wavelengths.
• hydrophobic patch probes that bind preferentially to exposed hydrophobic patches of a protein.
• the hydrophobic patches are generally buried within the tertiary structure of a protein in its native state, but become exposed as a protein begins to unfold or denature.
• these small molecular, spectroscopic probes are aromatic, hydrophobic dyes, such as antrhacene, acridine, phenanthroline or the like.
• spectroscopic probes are metal-amino acid complexes, such as cobalt metal complexes of hydrophobic amino acids, such as phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, and valine, or the like.
• chemical stability of the protein formulation as used herein refers to chemical covalent changes in the protein structure leading to formation of chemical degradation products with potential less biological potency and/or potential increased immunogenic properties compared to the native protein structure.
• chemical degradation products can be formed depending on the type and nature of the native protein and the environment to which the protein is exposed. Elimination of chemical degradation can most probably not be completely avoided and increasing amounts of chemical degradation products is often seen during storage and use of the protein formulation as well-known by the person skilled in the art.
• Most proteins are prone to deamidation, a process in which the side chain amide group in glutaminyl or asparaginyl residues is hydrolysed to form a free carboxylic acid.
• a “stabilized formulation” refers to a formulation with increased physical stability, increased chemical stability or increased physical and chemical stability.
• a formulation must be stable during use and storage (in compliance with recommended use and storage conditions) until the expiration date is reached.
• the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the compound according to the present invention is stable for more than 6 weeks of usage and for more than 3 years of storage.
• the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the compound according to the present invention is stable for more than 4 weeks of usage and for more than 3 years of storage.
• the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the compound according to the present invention is stable for more than 4 weeks of usage and for more than two years of storage.
• the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the compound is stable for more than 2 weeks of usage and for more than two years of storage.
• the present invention relates to the use of a compound according to the invention for the preparation of a medicament.
• a compound according to the invention is used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, type 1 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, syndrome X, dyslipidemia, cognitive disorders, atheroschlerosis, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular disorders, stroke, inflammatory bowel syndrome, dyspepsia and gastric ulcers.
• a compound according to the invention is used for the preparation of a medicament for delaying or preventing disease progression in type 2 diabetes.
• a compound according to the invention is used for the preparation of a medicament for decreasing food intake, decreasing ⁇ -cell apoptosis, increasing ⁇ -cell function and ⁇ -cell mass, and/or for restoring glucose sensitivity to ⁇ -cells.
• the treatment with a compound according to the present invention may also be combined with combined with a second or more pharmacologically active substances, e.g. selected from antidiabetic agents, antiobesity agents, appetite regulating agents, antihypertensive agents, agents for the treatment and/or prevention of complications resulting from or associated with diabetes and agents for the treatment and/or prevention of complications and disorders resulting from or associated with obesity.
• a second or more pharmacologically active substances e.g. selected from antidiabetic agents, antiobesity agents, appetite regulating agents, antihypertensive agents, agents for the treatment and/or prevention of complications resulting from or associated with diabetes and agents for the treatment and/or prevention of complications and disorders resulting from or associated with obesity.
• Examples of these pharmacologically active substances are: Insulin, sulphonylureas, biguanides, meglitinides, glucosidase inhibitors, glucagon antagonists, DPP-IV (dipeptidyl peptidase-IV) inhibitors, inhibitors of hepatic enzymes involved in stimulation of gluconeogenesis and/or glycogenolysis, glucose uptake modulators, compounds modifying the lipid metabolism such as antihyperlipidemic agents as HMG CoA inhibitors (statins), compounds lowering food intake, RXR agonists and agents acting on the ATP-dependent potassium channel of the ⁇ -cells; Cholestyramine, colestipol, clofibrate, gemfibrozil, lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, probucol, dextrothyroxine, neteglinide, repaglinide; ⁇ -blockers such as alprenolol, atenolol,
• HPLC analysis by the methods A1, B1 and B6 was performed on a Waters 2690 Separation Module equipped with a Waters 996 diode array detector.
• a Vydac 218TP54 4.6 mm ⁇ 250 mm 5 ⁇ m C-18 silica column (The Separations Group, Hesperia) was used and detection was by UV at 214 nm, 254 nm, 280 nm and 301 nm.
• HPLC analysis by the method 01_B4 — 2 was performed on a Waters 600S system fitted with a Waters 996 diode array detector. A Symmetry300 C18, 5 ⁇ m, 3.9 mm ⁇ 150 mm column (Waters) was used and detection was by UV at 214 nm and 254 nm.
• Protein amount was calculated by comparing the UV detector response of the sample with the detector response from at of from a hGH standard for which the amount has been determined by amino acid analysis.
• LC-MS analysis was performed on a PE-Sciex API 100 mass spectrometer equipped with two Perkin Elmer Series 200 Micropumps, a Perkin Elmer Series 200 autosampler, a Applied Biosystems 785A UV detector and a Sedex 75 Evaporative Light scattering detector.
• a Waters Xterra 3.0 mm ⁇ 50 mm 5 ⁇ C-18 silica column was eluted at 1.5 ml/min at room temperature. It was equilibrated with 5% CH 3 CN/0.1% TFA/H 2 O and eluted for 1.0 min with 5% CH 3 CN/0.1% TFA/H 2 O and then with a linear gradient to 90% CH 3 CN/0.1% TFA/H 2 O over 7 min.
• Detection was by UV detection at 214 nm and Evaporative light Scattering. A fraction of the column eluate was introduced into the ionspray interface of a PE-Sciex API 100 mass spectrometer. The mass range 300-2000 amu was scanned every 2 seconds during the run. Maldi TOF MS analysis was performed on a Bruker Autoflex instrument in linear mode. Samples a prepared by the thin layer dried droplet method using ⁇ -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid as the matrix.
• Boc-His(Boc)-Aib-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Thr(tBu)-Phe-Thr(tBu)-Ser(tBu)-Asp(OtBu)-Val-Ser(tBu)Ser(tBu)-Tyr(tBu)-Leu-Glu(OtBu)-Aib-Gln(Trt)-Ala-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Glu(OtBu)-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp(Boc)-Leu-Val-Lys(Boc)-Aib-Arg(Pmc)-Lys(Dde)-Rink amide resin was prepared according to the Fmoc strategy on an Applied Biosystems 433A peptide synthesizer in 0.25 mmol scale using the manufacturer supplied FastMoc UV protocols which employ HBTU mediated couplings in NMP, and UV monitoring of the deprotection of the Fmoc protection group
• Aib residues and residues following Aib were coupled using HATU instead of HBTU as the coupling reagent.
• the starting resin (438 mg) used for the synthesis was 4-(2′,4′-Dimethoxyphenyl-Fmoc-aminomethyl)-phenoxy resin (Rink amide resin) (Merck Biosciences GmbH, Germany. cat. #: 01-12-0013) with a substitution capacity of 0.57 mmol/g.
• the protected amino acid derivatives used were (2S)-6-[1-(4,4-Dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohexylidene)-ethylamino]-2-(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-hexanoic acid (Fmoc-Lys(Dde)-OH), Fmoc-Arg(Pmc)-OH, Fmoc-Aib-OH, Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH, Fmoc-Val-OH, Fmoc-Leu-OH, Fmoc-Trp(Boc)-OH, Fmoc-Ala-OH, Fmoc-Ile-OH, Fmoc-Phe-OH, Fmoc-Glu(OtBu)-OH, Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-OH, Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Ser(t
• the yield was 1.37 g of dry peptidyl resin.
• the resin was characterized by cleaving off the crude peptide from 50 mg of this resin by treating it for 2 hours with a mixture of 14 ⁇ l TIS, 14 ⁇ l H 2 O and 0.5 ml TFA. The resin was removed by filtration and the crude peptide was isolated by precipitation and wash with Et 2 O. HPLC and LC-MS analysis was performed on the dry precipitate.
• the protected peptidyl resin resulting from (1.a) (1.35 g, 250 ⁇ mol) was washed in NMP:DCM 1:1 (15 ml) twice. A freshly prepared solution of hydrazine hydrate 2% in NMP (20 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was shaken for 12 min at room temperature, and then filtered. The hydrazine treatment was repeated twice. After this the resin was washed extensively with NMP, DCM and NMP.
• the Dde deprotected resin was suspended in NMP (20 ml). 3-(mPEGyl)propionic acid 2,5-dioxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl ester (2.0 g, 1 mmol, 4 eq.) and DIEA (344 ⁇ l, 2 mmol, 8 eq.) was added and the suspension was shaken overnight. Then the resin was isolated by filtration and washed extensively with NMP, DCM, 2-propanol, methanol and Et 2 O and dried in vacuo.
• the resin from 1.d was stirred for 3 h at room temperature with a mixture of 350 ⁇ l TIS, 350 ⁇ l H 2 O and 14 ml TFA.
• the resin was removed by filtration and washed with 3 ml TFA.
• the collected filtrates were concentrated in vacuo. to 5 ml and the crude product was precipitated by addition of 40 ml Et 2 O followed by centrifugation. The pellet was washed with 40 ml Et 2 O two times and then air dried.
• the dry resin was stirred with 25 ml of a mixture of Acetic acid/TFE/DCM 1:1:3 for 2 h and then filtered and washed thoroughly with further 25 ml of this mixture.
• the pooled filtrates were concentrated to an oil in vacuo. and the oil was stripped 5 times with heptane to remove residual acetic acid.
• the crude peptide in solution from 2.c was purified by semipreparative HPLC in one run on a 25 mm ⁇ 250 mm column packed with 7 ⁇ m C-18 silica. The column was eluted with a gradient of 30 to 65% CH 3 CN in 0.1% TFA/H 2 O at 10 ml/min at a temperature of 40° C. for 47 min. The peptide containing fractions corresponding to the major peak was collected, diluted to 30 ml with approximately 3 volumes of H 2 O and lyophilized. The final product obtained was characterized as follows: Analytical method Result HPLC A1 r.t.: 41.12 min., HPLC B6 r.t.: 29.89 min., yield 47.9 mg.
• This compound was prepared from 100 mg of crude protected peptide from 2.b using procedures similar to those in example 2.c and 2.b with the major exception that 400 mg 100 mg mPEG-20000-SPA (mPEG-SPA m.w. 20.000 Lot PT-05C-11, Shearwater, Ala., USA) was used for the pegylation.
• the final product obtained was characterized as follows: Analytical method Result HPLC A1 r.t.: 47.62 min. HPLC B6 r.t.: 34.47 min. Maldi TOF MS The mass spectrum displays a cluster of peaks with an average mass 25304 Da. This is in agreement with the expected structure of the target compound.
• This compound was prepared from 100 mg of crude protected peptide from 2.b using procedures similar to those in example 2.c and 2.b with the major exception that 800 mg mPEG2-40000-NHS ester (mPEG2-NHS ester m.w. 40.000 Lot. PT-11C-06, Shearwater, Ala., USA) was used for the pegylation.
• the pegylated peptide was then cleaved from the resin using procedures similar to those of example i.e. and purified using a procedures similar to those of example 1.f
• the ivDde protection was removed from the protected peptidyl resin as follows.
• the resin (382 mg, 90 ⁇ mol) was washed in NMP.
• a freshly prepared solution of hydrazine hydrate 2% in NMP (20 ml) was added and the reaction mixture was shaken for 12 min at room temperature, and then filtered.
• the hydrazine treatment was repeated twice. After this the resin was washed extensively with NMP and coupled with (N-(2-mPEGyl-ethyl)-4-(2,5-dioxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-4-oxo-butyramide ( ⁇ -Methoxy- ⁇ -NHS ester PEG, Rapp Polymere GmbH, Tübingen, FRG, cat no. 12 750-35) (0.27 g, 0.36 mmol, 4 eq.) using the procedures of example 1.d.
• the pegylated peptide was then cleaved and characterized from the resin using procedures similar to those of example i.e.
• the pegylation was performed as follows. 20 mg of the unprotected peptide was dissolved in 600 ⁇ l water and 100 mg of the pegylation reagent (mPEGyl)propionic acid 2,5-dioxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl ester) (Shearwater cat. no. 2M4M0D01, mPEG-SPA, MW 2,000) was added together with 9 ⁇ l DIEA and stirred for 24 h. The final product was isolated from this mixture using procedures similar to those of example 1.f. The yield was 3.7 mg of the title compound and results from HPLC and MALDI analysis were:
• This compound was prepared by acylation in solution of unprotected [Arg 34 ]GLP-1-(7-37) which was obtained by expression in yeast.
• [Arg34]GLP-1-(7-37) peptide (0.3 g, 30% peptide content) was dissolved in water containing DIEA (101 ⁇ l, 20 e.q.) and acylated with mPEG SPA 2000 (Shearwater Cat. no. 2M4M0D01, mPEG-SPA, MW 2,000) (89 mg, 1.5 e.q.) for 1 h at room temperature.
• the final product was isolated from this mixture using procedures similar to those of example 1.f.
• ImPr(Adoc)-OH was used for the introduction of the N-terminal 3-(4-Imidazolyl)propinoyl group and Boc-Lys(Fmoc)OH was used for introducing three side chain linked Lys residues in the C-terminal of the sequence.
• the present protocol describes the methods and materials used in the development of an anaesthetized rat model for pulmonal delivery of aerosols.
• the aerosols are generated by use of a nebulizer catheter with a well defined droplet/particle size (mean mass aerodynamic diameter, MMAD).
• the nebulizer catheter is an extruded multi-lumen catheter that provides fine-particle, baffle-free, aerosols. It incorporates multiple (typically 4-6) gas-lumens around one liquid lumen. Each lumen extends the length of the catheter which tapers to a fine ( ⁇ 0.5 mm diameter) nozzle with tiny orifices at the distal tip. The intimate contact between the gas and liquid at the tip produces a fine aerosol without baffling.
• the nebulizer catheter is guided through an endotracheal tube and is placed just above the main bronchial branch.
• the aerosol is deposited in pulses managed from a control unit.
• the equipment for pulmonary delivery is obtained from Trudell Medical International (London, Ontario, Canada).
• Air with a pressure of 100 psi is used as supporting gas and maximal fluid pressure, usually 98 psi.
• a 100 ⁇ l syringe is used as reservoir.
• the LABNeb CCS used a pulse time of 80 msec and a gas delay of 20 msec. Thus, 2.3 ml air and 0.93 ⁇ l test solution are delivered in each pulse.
• Sprague Dawley ⁇ rats weighing between 250 and 350 g.
• the animals are housed under standardised conditions with free access to food (Altromine 1324) and drinking water. On the experimental day the animals are used in their fed state.
• Hypnorm® (fentanyl 0.2 mg/ml, fluansol 10 mg/ml) is diluted with sterile water 1+1.
• Dormicum® (midazolam 5 mg/ml) is diluted with sterile water 1+1. The two solutions are mixed 1+1.
• Anaesthesia is induced by injecting subcutaneously the prepared Hyponorm/Dormicum solution 0.25 ml/100 g BW.
• An endotracheal tube PE 240, Becton Dickinson
• PE 240, Becton Dickinson is inserted and guided to a position about 1 ⁇ 2 cm above the branch of the two main bronchii. Any heat loss is minimised by wrapping a plastic shield round the rat.
• test solution Before applying the test solution into the lungs, it is secured that the syringe and catheter system is free of air bubbles. Before applying the test solution endotracheally, it is sprayed into a vial to test subsequently the amount of substance administered by the catheter. Then, the catheter is guide through the endotracheal tube leaving 1-2 mm of the catheter tip free of the tube end and the test solution is aerosolised into the lungs of the anaesthetised rat.

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• 2004
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