US20060251749A1 - Compositions Of Bakuchiol And Methods Of Making The Same - Google Patents

Compositions Of Bakuchiol And Methods Of Making The Same Download PDF

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US20060251749A1
US20060251749A1 US11/382,309 US38230906A US2006251749A1 US 20060251749 A1 US20060251749 A1 US 20060251749A1 US 38230906 A US38230906 A US 38230906A US 2006251749 A1 US2006251749 A1 US 2006251749A1
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bakuchiol
composition
cox
compositions
impurities
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Qi Jia
Mei-Feng Hong
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Unigen Inc
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Unigen Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Assigned to UNIGEN PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. reassignment UNIGEN PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HONG, MEI-FENG, JIA, QI
Publication of US20060251749A1 publication Critical patent/US20060251749A1/en
Priority to US13/049,731 priority patent/US20110223267A1/en
Assigned to UNIGEN, INC. reassignment UNIGEN, INC. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: UNIGEN PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Priority to US14/807,712 priority patent/US10905654B2/en
Priority to US17/164,231 priority patent/US20210154155A1/en
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compositions of bakuchiol and compounds related thereto having low levels of impurities, particularly furanocoumarin impurities.
  • the present invention provides improved methods for the isolation, purification and analysis of compositions of bakuchiol.
  • the present invention provides methods for using the purified bakuchiol compositions and formulations thereof for the prevention and treatment of various diseases and conditions mediated by cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), minor inflammatory conditions and various microbial infections.
  • COX cyclooxygenase
  • LOX lipoxygenase
  • Bakuchiol is a phenolic compound having a single hydroxyl group on the aromatic ring and an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. It has been isolated from the seeds of Psoralea. corylifolia L. (Luguminosae) and the aerial part of Psoralea. glandulosa L. (Papilionaceae).
  • Bakuchiol extracted from the plant Psoralea corylifolia , has been shown to have anti-tumor, anti-oxidant (Haraguchi et al. (September 2002) Phytother Res. 16(6):539-544), cytotoxic ((December 1989) Yakugaku Zasshi. 109(12):962-965), anti-microbial (Newton et al. (January 2002) J Ethnopharmacol. 79(1):57-67) and hepatoprotective activity (Cho et al. (November 2001) Planta Med. 67(8):750-751). It has also been shown to be a topoisomerase II inhibitor (Sun et al. (March 1998) J Nat Prod.
  • Bakuchiol inhibits PTP1B activity in a dose-dependent manner, displaying IC 50 values of 20.8+/ ⁇ 1.9 ⁇ M (Kim et al. (January 2005) Planta Med. 71(1):87-99).
  • the preparation and in vitro evaluation of radioiodinated bakuchiol as an anti tumor agent has been reported by Batap et al. ((March 2005) Appl Radiat Isot. 62(3):389-393).
  • the terpenoid chain of bakuchiol has been reported to be critical to its anti-oxidant activity (Adhikari et al. (September 2003) Chem Res Toxicol. 16(9):1062-1069).
  • Bakuchiol has also been reported as being a useful compound for the development of antibacterial agents against oral pathogens and as having great potential for use in food additives and mouthwash for preventing and treating dental caries (Katsura et al. (November 2001) Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 45(11):3009-3013).
  • the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity guided fractionation of the active extracts of Psoralea corylifolia resulted in the isolation of bakuchiol together with three other active compounds: cyclobakuchiols A and B and angelicin. (Backhouse et al. (November 2001) J Ethnopharmacol. 78(1):27-31).
  • Bakuchiol reportedly controls leukocytic functions such as eicosanoid production, migration and degranulation in the inflammatory site and is a weak inhibitor of secretary and intracellular PLA2. It dose-dependently reduces the formation of LTB4 and TXB2 by human neutrophils and platelet microsomes, respectively (Ferrandiez et al. (September 1996) J Pharm Pharmacol. 48(9):975-980.). It also inhibits the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene via the inactivation of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB in RAW 264.7 macrophages. (Pae et al. (September 2001) International Immunopharmacol. 1(9-10):1849-1855).
  • Bakuchiol therefore, is a biologically active natural product having a great deal of potential for use in the prevention and treatment of various diseases and conditions.
  • bakuchiol compositions isolated from plants in the Psoralea genus is the presence of psoralens, such as psoralen and isopsoralen, the structures of which are set forth below.
  • Psoralens also known as furanocoumarins, are naturally occurring secondary metabolites in plants, including many fruits and vegetables.
  • Psoralens are well known to be phototoxic agents, which increase the sensitivity of skin to ultra violet radiation and promote skin cancer (Epstein (1999) Med. Surg. 18(4):274-284). Psoralen has been shown to induce growth inhibition in rats (Diawara et al. (1997) Cancer Lett. 114(1-2):159-160). Gonadal toxicity from crude extracts of Psoralea plants has been linked directly with the disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (Takizawa et al. (2002) J. Toxicological Sciences 27(2):97-105).
  • Oral administration of the psoralens, bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) and xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) in the diet of female rats reduced birthrates, the number of implantation sites, pups, corpora lutea, full and empty uterine weight, and circulating estrogen levels in a dose-dependent manner (Diawara et al. (1999) J. Biochem. Molecular Toxicology 13(3/4): 195-203).
  • Psoralens have also been shown to induce the mRNAs of the liver enzymes CYP1A1 and UGT1A6, suggesting that enhanced metabolism of estrogens by psoralens may explain the reproductive toxicity and the observed reduction of ovarian follicular function and ovulation (Diawara et al. (May-June 2003) Pediatr Pathol Mol Med. 22(3):247-58.)
  • Psoralen and isopsoralen account for about 0.1-2% of the dry weight of Psoralea seeds and about 1-20% of the weight in ethanol and other organic solvent crude extracts.
  • toxic compounds such as psoralen and isopsoralen, as well as other coumarins in order to enhance the purity and safety of bakuchiol compositions, particularly those isolated from plant sources.
  • AA arachidonic acid
  • LOX lipoxygenase
  • COX cyclooxygenase
  • COX-1 is a constitutive form of the enzyme, which has been linked to the production of physiologically important prostaglandins, which help to regulate normal physiological functions, such as platelet aggregation, protection of cell function in the stomach and maintenance of normal kidney function.
  • the second isoform, COX-2 is a form of the enzyme that is inducible by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 ⁇ (IL-1 ⁇ ) and other growth factors.
  • pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 ⁇ (IL-1 ⁇ ) and other growth factors.
  • IL-1 ⁇ interleukin-1 ⁇
  • This isoform catalyzes the production of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE2) from arachidonic acid (AA).
  • Inhibitors that demonstrate dual specificity for COX and LOX would have the obvious benefit of inhibiting multiple pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. Such inhibitors would block the inflammatory effects of prostaglandins (PG), as well as, those of multiple leukotrienes (LT) by limiting their production. This includes the vasodilation, vasopermeability and chemotactic effects of PGE2, LTB4, LTD4 and LTE4, also known as the slow reacting substance of anaphalaxis. Of these, LTB4 has the most potent chemotactic and chemokinetic effects. (Moore (1985) in Prostanoids: pharmacological, physiological and clinical relevance , Cambridge University Press, N.Y., pp. 229-230).
  • COX inhibitors are used to treat many of the same symptoms, including pain and swelling associated with inflammation in transient skin conditions and chronic diseases in which inflammation plays a critical role. Consequently, the enzymes responsible for generating these mediators of inflammation have become the targets in the development of a number of novel drugs aimed at the treatment of inflammation, which contributes to the pathogenesis of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and Alzheimer's disease.
  • Transient skin conditions include treatment of inflammation associated with minor abrasions or contact dermatitis, as well as, skin conditions that are directly associated with the prostaglandin and leukotriene pathways, such as skin hyperpigmentation, age spots, vitilago, systemic lupus erythromatosus, psoriasis, carcinoma, melanoma, and other mammalian skin cancers.
  • COX inhibitors has been expanded to include diseases, such as systemic lupus erythromatosus (SLE) (Goebel et al. (1999) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 12:488-500; Patrono et al. (1985) J. Clin. Invest.
  • COX inhibitors are also used for the relief of inflammatory skin conditions that are not of rheumatic origin, such as psoriasis, in which reducing the inflammation resulting from the overproduction of prostaglandins could provide a direct benefit.
  • psoriasis a skin condition that is not of rheumatic origin
  • psoriasis a skin condition that is not of rheumatic origin
  • reducing the inflammation resulting from the overproduction of prostaglandins could provide a direct benefit.
  • Prostaglandins and leukotrienes also play important roles in the physiological and pathological processes of wounds, burns, scald, acne, microbial infections, dermatitis, and many other diseases and conditions of the skin.
  • the activation of a pro-inflammatory cascade after thermal or chemical burns with significantly elevated cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities are well documented and play an important role in the development of subsequent severe symptoms and immune dysfunction that may lead to multiple organ failure. (Schwacha (2003) Burns 29(1):1; He (2001) J. Burn Care Rehabil. 22(1):58).
  • COX inhibitors In addition to their use as anti-inflammatory agents, another potential role for COX inhibitors is in the treatment of cancer. Over expression of COX has been demonstrated in various human malignancies and inhibitors of COX have been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of animals with skin tumors. While the mechanism of action is not completely understood, the over expression of COX has been shown to inhibit apoptosis and increase the invasiveness of tumorgenic cell types. (Dempke et al. (2001) J. Can. Res. Clin. Oncol. 127:411-17; Moore and Simmons (2000) Current Med. Chem. 7:1131-1144). Up regulated COX production has been implicated in the generation of actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma in skin.
  • COX inhibitors such as indomethacin and CelebrexTM have been found to be effective in treating UV induced erythema and tumor formation.
  • lipoxygenase has also been shown to be related to epidermal tumor development (Muller (2002) Cancer Res.
  • Acne is a chronic disease of the pilosebaceous unit characterized by excess production of sebum by the sebaceous glands, follicular epithelial desquamation, bacterial proliferation and inflammation. Hormone imbalance, microbial infection and inflammation are three of the major factors associated with the onset of acne (Toombs (2005) Dermatol. Clin. 23(3):575-581; Nishijima et al. (2000) J. Dermatol. 27(5):318-323). Current therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of acne include anti-inflammatory agents, such as retinoids, antimicrobial agents and hormonal drugs. (Leyden (2003) J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 49(3 Suppl):S200).
  • the principal bacterial species associated with acne are Propionibacterium acnes and gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis (Perry and Lambert (2006) Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 42(3):185-188).
  • Current therapeutic agents include benzoyl peroxide and other antimicrobial drugs, such as Ampicillin and Gentamicin (Fermandez et al. (2005) Expert Rev. Anti Infect Ther. 3(4):557-591).
  • drug resistance by both Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis has been reported (Nishijima et al. (2000) J. Dermatol. 27(5):318-323).
  • retinoids such as retinoids (Millikan (2003) J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 4(2):75) and the COX inhibitor salicylic acid (Lee (2003) Dermatol Surg 29(12):1196) have also been clinically demonstrated to be an effective and safe therapy for the treatment of acne.
  • nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs
  • NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Periodontal disease is an inflammation and infection of some or all of the tooth support structures (gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone and other tissues surrounding the teeth). Gingivitis (gums) and periodontitis (gums and bone) are the two main forms of periodontal disease. According to National Oral Information distributed by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, an estimated 80 percent of American adults currently have some form of periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is initiated when a pellicle forms on a clean tooth or teeth. This pellicle attracts aerobic gram-positive bacteria (mostly actinomyces and streptococci), which adhere to the tooth forming plaque.
  • periodontal disease There are four primary stages of periodontal disease that can be characterized as indicated below. The destructive impact of periodontal disease goes beyond dental hygiene and health, in that microscopic lesions resulting from periodontal disease have been found in the liver, kidneys, and brain of some affected persons.
  • the present invention includes a novel composition of matter comprised of bakuchiol, which is substantially free of impurities, particularly furanocoumarin impurities.
  • This composition of matter is also referred to herein as UP256.
  • the composition is obtained from the family of plants including, but not limited to Luguminosae, Papilionaceae, Lauraceae and Magnoliaceae.
  • the composition is obtained from a plant or plants selected from the genus of plants including, but not limited to Psorlea, Sassafras, Magnolia and Astractylodes .
  • the plant is selected from the group including, but not limited to Psoralea corylifolia L.
  • composition of the invention may be obtained from the whole plant or from one or more individual parts of the plant including, but not limited to the seeds, stems, bark, twigs, tubers, roots, root bark, young shoots, rhixomes, flowers and other reproductive organs, leaves and other aerial parts.
  • the amount of bakuchiol in the composition can be in the range of about 14 to 100 weight percent (%) depending on the method of extraction and the extent of purification of the crude extract. In one embodiment the amount of bakuchiol in the composition is in the range of 30% to 100%. In other embodiments the amount of bakuchiol in the composition is selected from the group consisting of at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of bakuchiol in the composition is approximately 30%.
  • An impurity includes any substance that is unwanted in the bakuchiol composition.
  • the impurities present in the bakuchiol compositions are a result of the process employed to produce them, including both isolation from natural sources and synthetic methods.
  • impurities include furanocoumarins, such as psoralen, isopsoralen and other coumarin type components.
  • the present invention also includes improved methods for isolating and purifying crude compositions of bakuchiol and related compounds obtained from natural sources.
  • the improved method for isolating and purifying these compositions includes the steps of extraction of the compounds from a plant source, hydrolysis of the crude extract with a basic solution, and purification by a method including but not limited to column chromatography, extraction followed by crystallization, solvent partition, recrystallization and combinations thereof. Crude extracts purified in this manner are essentially free of furanocoumarin impurities such as psoralen and isopsoralen. Thus, the potential phototoxicity, topical irritation, carcenogenecity, and reproductive toxicity associated with these compounds are essentially eliminated.
  • the purity of these compositions following isolation and purification by the methods of the instant invention is in a range selected from about 27% to 100%.
  • the method for analyzing compositions of bakuchiol is comprised of the step of analyzing said compositions by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Analysis by HPLC enables quantification of the various components in the mixture and also provides a means to track bakuchiol, psoralen, isopsoralen and other natural components in Psoralea plants to guide the extraction, hydrolysis and purification processes.
  • HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatography
  • the present invention also includes methods for the prevention and treatment of COX and LOX mediated diseases and conditions of the skin, mouth, teeth and gums.
  • the method for preventing and treating COX and LOX mediated diseases and conditions of the skin, mouth, teeth and gums is comprised of administering, preferably topically, to a host in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising bakuchiol, which is substantially free of furanocumarin impurities together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the amount of bakuchiol in the composition is in the range of 27% to 100%. In preferred embodiments the amount of bakuchiol in the composition is approximately 30%.
  • the bakuchiol is isolated from a plant or plants in the Psorlea genus of plants.
  • COX and LOX mediated diseases or conditions of the skin include, but are not limited to, acne, dandruff, sun burn, thermal burns, topical wounds, minor inflammatory conditions caused by fungal, microbial and viral infections, vitilago, systemic lupus erythromatosus, psoriasis, carcinoma, melanoma, as well as other mammal skin cancers, skin damage resulting from exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, chemicals, heat, wind and dry environments, wrinkles, saggy skin, lines and dark circles around the eyes, dermatitis and other allergy related conditions of the skin.
  • UV ultraviolet
  • COX/LOX mediated diseases and conditions of the mouth, teeth and gums include, but not limited to periodontal diseases, oral pre-cancerous conditions, oral cancers, and other oral malignancies, sensitive gums and teeth, sequelae, pulpitis, irritation, pain and inflammation caused by the physical implantation of oral dentures, trauma, injuries, bruxism and other minor wounds in mouth, on the gums or on the tongue, dental plague and calculus, tooth decalcification, proteolysis and caries (decay).
  • the present invention further includes methods for the prevention and treatment of other COX and LOX mediated diseases and conditions, including but not limited to general joint pain and stiffness, lack of mobility and loss of physical function due to pathological conditions of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, menstrual cramps, arteriosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, respiratory allergic reaction, chronic venous insufficiency, psoriasis, chronic tension headache, migraine headaches, inflammatory bowl disease, prostate cancer and other solid tumors.
  • diseases and conditions including but not limited to general joint pain and stiffness, lack of mobility and loss of physical function due to pathological conditions of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, menstrual cramps, arteriosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, respiratory allergic reaction, chronic venous insufficiency, psoriasis, chronic tension headache, migraine headaches, inflammatory bowl disease, prostate cancer and other solid tumors.
  • the method for preventing and treating said COX and LOX mediated diseases and conditions is comprised of administering to a host in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising bakuchiol, which is substantially free of furanocumarin impurities together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a composition comprising bakuchiol, which is substantially free of furanocumarin impurities together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the amount of bakuchiol in the composition is in the range of 27% to 100%. In preferred embodiments the amount of bakuchiol in the composition is approximately 30%.
  • the bakuchiol is isolated from a plant or plants in the Psorlea genus of plants.
  • microbial infections including but not limited to bacterial, viral and fungal infections
  • said method comprising administering to a host in need thereof an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprised of bakuchiol, which is substantially free of furanocoumarin impurities together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Diseases and conditions of the skin, mouth, gums and teeth mediated by microbial infections include, but are not limited to dandruff, acne, athletes foot, periodontal diseases, selected from the group consisting of caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, pulpitis, periodontal conditions caused by the physical implantation of oral dentures, trauma, injuries, bruxism, neoplastic and other degenerative processes; material alba, pellicles, dental plagues, calculus and stains.
  • the bacterium is selected from Propionibacterium acnes or Staphylococcus epidermidis.
  • compositions of this invention can be administered by any method known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the modes of administration include, but are not limited to, enteral (oral) administration, parenteral (intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular) administration and topical application.
  • the compositions are administered topically.
  • the method of prevention and treatment according to this invention comprises administering internally or topically to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount a composition comprised of bakuchiol, which is substantially free of impurities, particularly furanocoumarin impurities.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the HPLC chromatogram of a representative extract from Psoralea plants. Two furanocoumarins—psoralen and isopsoralen are present in an equal amount in the extract.
  • FIG. 2 illustrate the HPLC chromatograms of Psoralea extracts before ( FIG. 2A ) and after ( FIG. 2B ) sodium hydroxide hydrolysis reaction.
  • FIG. 3 depicts the HPLC chromatogram of a UP256 sample (MH-258-07-01) comprised of 31% bakuchiol.
  • FIG. 4 depicts the HPLC chromatogram of a UP256 sample (MH-258-07-02) comprised of 41% bakuchiol.
  • FIG. 5 depicts the HPLC chromatogram of a UP256 sample (MH-258-12-08) comprised of 99% bakuchiol.
  • FIG. 6 depicts graphically a dose response curve of the inhibition of the activity of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) by a UP256 composition (#MH-258-12-08 ⁇ -) relative to positive control—NDGA (- ⁇ -).
  • the present invention includes compositions of bakuchiol (UP246) having low levels of impurities. Included in the present invention are improved methods for the isolation and purification of compositions of bakuchiol. Also included in the present invention is a method for analyzing compositions of bakuchiol, which enables the detection and quantification of various impurities. Further included in this invention is a method for using the purified bakuchiol compositions and formulations thereof for the prevention and treatment of various diseases and conditions mediated by cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), minor inflammatory conditions and various microbial infections.
  • COX cyclooxygenase
  • LOX lipoxygenase
  • “Bakuchiol” as used herein refers to the compound having the following formula: wherein the central double-bond may be either cis or trans. Phenolic compounds structurally related to bakuchiol are also included within this definition.
  • impurity includes any substance that is not wanted in the bakuchiol composition, typically resulting from the isolation of bakuchiol from natural sources.
  • impurity includes, but is not limited to furanocoumarin compounds selected from the group including but not limited to psoralen, isopsoralen and other coumarin type impurities. Impurities also refer to impurities resulting from synthetic processes to obtain these compositions.
  • “Therapeutic” as used herein, includes treatment and/or prophylaxis. When used, therapeutic refers to humans as well as other animals.
  • “Pharmaceutically or therapeutically effective dose or amount” refers to a dosage level sufficient to induce a desired biological result. That result may be the alleviation of the signs, symptoms or causes of a disease or any other alteration of a biological system that is desired.
  • “Placebo” refers to the substitution of the pharmaceutically or therapeutically effective dose or amount dose sufficient to induce a desired biological that may alleviate the signs, symptoms or causes of a disease with a non-active substance.
  • a “host” or “patient” is a living subject, human or animal, into which the compositions described herein are administered.
  • the invention described herein may be used for veterinary as well as human applications and the terms “patient” or “host” should not be construed in a limiting manner.
  • the dosage ranges can be determined as described below, taking into account the body weight of the animal.
  • the present invention includes a novel composition of matter comprised of bakuchiol, which is substantially free of impurities, particularly furanocoumarin impurities.
  • This composition of matter is also referred to herein as UP256.
  • the composition is obtained from a plant or plants selected from the Psorlea genus of plants.
  • the plant is selected from the group including, but not limited to Psoralea corylifolia L. (Luguminosae) or Psoralea glandulosa L. (Papilionaceae).
  • composition of the invention may be obtained from the whole plant or from one or more individual parts of the plant including, but not limited to the seeds, stems, bark, twigs, tubers, roots, root bark, young shoots, rhixomes, flowers and other reproductive organs, leaves and other aerial parts.
  • the amount of bakuchiol in the composition can be in the range of about 14 to 100 weight percent (%) depending on the method of extraction and the extent of purification of the crude extract. In one embodiment the amount of bakuchiol in the composition is in the range of 30% to 100%. In other embodiments the amount of bakuchiol in the composition is selected from the group consisting of at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of bakuchiol in the composition is approximately 30%.
  • An impurity includes any substance that is unwanted in the bakuchiol composition.
  • the impurities present in the bakuchiol compositions are a result of the process employed to produce them, including both isolation from natural sources and synthetic methods.
  • impurities include furanocoumarins, such as psoralen, isopsoralen and other coumarin type components.
  • the present invention also includes improved methods for isolating, analyzing and purifying crude compositions of bakuchiol obtained from natural sources.
  • the improved method for isolating and purifying these compositions includes the steps of extraction of the compound from a plant source, hydrolysis of the crude extract with a basic solution, and purification by a method including but not limited to column chromatography, extraction followed by crystallization, solvent partition, recrystallization and combinations thereof. Crude extracts purified in this manner are essentially free of furanocoumarin impurities such as psoralen and isopsoralen.
  • Example 1 A method for analyzing compositions of bakuchiol using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described in Example 1 (Table 1). Analysis by HPLC enables quantification of the various components in the mixture and also provides a means to track bakuchiol, psoralen, isopsoralen and other natural components in Psoralea plants to guide the extraction, hydrolysis and purification processes.
  • HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
  • Example 2 The efficiency of bakuchiol extraction from plant sources was evaluated using six different organic solvent systems under two sets of extraction conditions as described in Example 2. The results are set forth in Table 2. With reference to Table 2, it can be seen that bakuchiol can be extracted from Psoralea plants with any number of organic solvents and/or combinations thereof. The amount of bakuchiol in the various extracts ranged from a maximum of 29.1% to 13.7% by weight. It was determined that extraction with petroleum ether provided the highest purity bakuchiol in the crude extract with good recovery. A representative HPLC chromatogram of a crude extract is illustrated in FIG. 1 . With reference to this figure it can be seen that the crude extract contained bakuchiol as well as the furanocoumarin impurities psoralen and isopsoralen. Example 3 describes a large scale extraction with petroleum ether at 70° C.
  • Example 4 The efficacy of purification of crude bakuchiol extracts by column chromatography is demonstrated in Example 4. Eight different types of resins were evaluated specifically for their ability to separate bakuchiol from furanocoumarin impurities. Both silica gel and CG-161 resins demonstrated satisfactory separation. Column chromatographic separation of crude plant extracts on an industrial scale, however, is typically not economically feasible in that it requires expensive equipment and reagents and experienced personnel, not to mention the extremely low loading capacity of these samples due to the complexity of crude plant extracts.
  • Examples 5-7 describe a novel, economical method for separating bakuchiol from furanocoumarin impurities, said method comprising treatment of compositions containing said impurities with a base.
  • treatment with base opens up the lactone ring of the furanocoumarins, thereby converting them into the corresponding salts of carboxylic acids, which can then be easily separated from the remainder of the mixture by a variety of methods.
  • the basic solution can be selected from any base which can be used to open lactone rings, including, but not limited to sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide.
  • the solution can be selected to have different concentration and pH values to maximize the conversion to the acid salt.
  • the reaction mixture can also be heated under different temperature and pressures to maximize the reaction rate, efficiency and yield.
  • the course of the reaction can be followed by HPLC to ensure complete conversion of the coumarins into their respective carboxylic acid salts.
  • HPLC chromatograms of the crude composition before and after hydrolysis are illustrated in FIGS. 2A and B.
  • the reaction solution can be processed using various methods, including but are not limited to column chromatography extraction followed by crystallization, solvent partition, recrystallization or combinations thereof. Crude extracts purified in this manner are essentially free of furanocoumarin impurities such as psoralen and isopsoralen.
  • Organic solvents that can be used for solvent partition include, but are not limited to petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, hexane, chloroform, propanol, butanol, and methylene chloride, as well as other water immiscible organic solvents.
  • the crude reaction mixture is loaded directly onto a column followed by elution with a polar solvent.
  • compositions comprised of 70% to 100% of bakuchiol can be obtained.
  • following hydrolysis the crude reaction mixture was loaded directly onto a CG-161 cd column followed by elution with methanol to provide highly pure (approximately 99%) bakuchiol.
  • Other types of resins that can be used according to this embodiment include, but are not limited to XAD (Amerlite), CG-71/CG-161 or other type of polystyrene resins; ion exchange resins and silica gel.
  • the column can be eluted with solvents selected from the group including, but not limited to water, methanol/water, ethanol/water, acetone/water and acetonitrile/water as well as other combinations of polar solvents. It is worth noting that the loading capacity of the column after hydrolysis was much higher than prior to hydrolysis. Additionally, the color of these highly pure furanocoumarin free, bakuchiol compositions was light brown and they were very stable with respect to both color and composition of the active agent, making them particularly suitable for formulation, storage and cosmetic applications.
  • solvents selected from the group including, but not limited to water, methanol/water, ethanol/water, acetone/water and acetonitrile/water as well as other combinations of polar solvents.
  • the crude reaction mixture can first be extracted with an organic solvent followed by further purification by chromatography and/or solvent partition and/or recrystallization.
  • further purification by chromatography and/or solvent partition and/or recrystallization.
  • the present invention includes methods for using the purified bakuchiol compositions and formulations thereof for the prevention and treatment of various diseases and conditions mediated by cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), minor inflammatory conditions and various microbial infections.
  • COX cyclooxygenase
  • LOX lipoxygenase
  • UP256 The biological properties and safety of these unique furanocoumarin free bakuchiol compositions, referred to herein as UP256, were evaluated as described in Examples 8-11.
  • Example 8 a highly pure composition of UP256 (MH-258-12-08, 99% purity) was tested for inhibition of both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. UP256 showed potent inhibitory activity for both enzymes. The IC 50 for COX-1 was determined to be 2.34 ⁇ M, while IC 50 for COX-2 was quantified at 78 ⁇ M. Thus, this composition provides a more balanced modulation of the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes than conventional COX inhibitors. For example, aspirin, a COX-1 selective inhibitor, which is more than 150 times more effective against COX-1 versus COX-2, causes gastrointestinal side effects.
  • Vioxx®, Celebrex® and Bextra® which are selective COX-2 inhibitors having 50-200 times more potency against COX-2, do not cause as much gastrointestinal damage, however, these COX-2 selective drugs increase cardiovascular risks.
  • the novel composition of matter disclosed herein provide the best modulation of the eicosanoid pathway without the stomach irritation caused by COX-1 selective NSAIDs and cardiovascular risks posed by COX-2 selective inhibitors.
  • Example 9 describes a LOX inhibition assay.
  • the inhibition of LOX results in a decrease in the accumulation of phagocytic leukotrienes, which are directly associated with the symptoms of chronic inflammation, and also reduces potential gastrointestinal side effects.
  • Such efficacy is demonstrated in Example 9.
  • the highly pure UP256 composition, MH-258-12-08 (99% purity) was tested in duplicate at four concentrations against the human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO or 5-LOX) enzyme.
  • the COX-2 inhibitory activity was confirmed by measurement of dose response and IC 50 (the concentration required to inhibit 50% of the enzyme's activity).
  • the dose response curve is depicted in FIG. 6 .
  • the IC 50 for LOX inhibition was determined to be 3.41 ⁇ M.
  • UP256 provides the additional benefit of significantly reducing leukotriene production. This reduction in leukotriene production is by far superior to traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen.
  • Example 10 describes an experiment designed to determine the anti-microbial activity UP256.
  • UP256 was tested in duplicate at eight concentrations for the inhibition of six different microbes. It was found that UP256 inhibited two specific microbes, Propionibacterium acnes and gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis , at a minimum effective concentration of 1 ⁇ g/mL. Both of these microbes are directly associated with acne, dermatitis, and other skin infections. UP256 also showed moderate inhibition of Trichophyton mentagrophytes at a concentration 30 ⁇ g/mL. No inhibition was observed for Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis or Pityrosporum ovale.
  • UP256 at concentrations of 30% and 70%, was tested for acute toxicity in mice as described in Example 10. The mice tested were given an oral daily of 2 g/kg for 14 days. Mice showed no adverse effects in terms of weight gain and blood chemistry. Additionally, no toxicity was observed in any of the major organs tested. In conclusion, weight, blood work and histological data, was no different for the treatment group than for the control group. No adverse effects were observed in the fourteen-day study. Thus, it can be concluded that UP256 has a solid safety profile.
  • the partition coefficient of a chemical compound provides a thermodynamic measure of its hydrophilicity/lipophilicity balance and thus its potential bioavailability. Having a partition coefficient of 6.13 means this compound has high cell membrane penetration and bioavailability when formulated in a delivery system.
  • the present invention therefore includes methods for the prevention and treatment of COX and LOX mediated diseases and conditions of the skin, mouth, teeth and gums.
  • the method for preventing and treating COX and LOX mediated diseases and conditions of the skin, mouth, teeth and gums is comprised of administering, preferably topically, to a host in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising bakuchiol, which is substantially free of furanocumarin impurities together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the amount of bakuchiol in the composition is in the range of 27% to 100%. In preferred embodiments the amount of bakuchiol in the composition is approximately 30%.
  • the bakuchiol is isolated from a plant or plants in the Psorlea genus of plants.
  • COX and LOX mediated diseases or conditions of the skin include, but are not limited to, acne, dandruff, sun burn, thermal burns, topical wounds, minor inflammatory conditions caused by fungal, microbial and viral infections, vitilago, systemic lupus erythromatosus, psoriasis, carcinoma, melanoma, as well as other mammal skin cancers, skin damage resulting from exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, chemicals, heat, wind and dry environments, wrinkles, saggy skin, lines and dark circles around the eyes, dermatitis and other allergy related conditions of the skin.
  • UV ultraviolet
  • COX/LOX mediated diseases and conditions of the mouth, teeth and gums include, but not limited to periodontal diseases, oral pre-cancerous conditions, oral cancers, and other oral malignancies, sensitive gums and teeth, sequelae, pulpitis, irritation, pain and inflammation caused by the physical implantation of oral dentures, trauma, injuries, bruxism and other minor wounds in mouth, on the gums or on the tongue, dental plague and calculus, tooth decalcification, proteolysis and caries (decay).
  • the present invention further includes methods for the prevention and treatment of other COX and LOX mediated diseases and conditions, including but not limited to general joint pain and stiffness, lack of mobility and loss of physical function due to pathological conditions of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, menstrual cramps, arteriosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, respiratory allergic reaction, chronic venous insufficiency, psoriasis, chronic tension headache, migraine headaches, inflammatory bowl disease, prostate cancer and other solid tumors.
  • diseases and conditions including but not limited to general joint pain and stiffness, lack of mobility and loss of physical function due to pathological conditions of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, menstrual cramps, arteriosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, respiratory allergic reaction, chronic venous insufficiency, psoriasis, chronic tension headache, migraine headaches, inflammatory bowl disease, prostate cancer and other solid tumors.
  • the method for preventing and treating said COX and LOX mediated diseases and conditions is comprised of administering to a host in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising bakuchiol, which is substantially free of furanocumarin impurities together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a composition comprising bakuchiol, which is substantially free of furanocumarin impurities together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the amount of bakuchiol in the composition is in the range of 27% to 100%. In preferred embodiments the amount of bakuchiol in the composition is approximately 30%.
  • the bakuchiol is isolated from a plant or plants in the Psorlea genus of plants.
  • microbial infections including but not limited to bacterial, viral and fungal infections
  • said method comprising administering to a host in need thereof an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprised of bakuchiol, which is substantially free of furanocoumarin impurities together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Diseases and conditions of the skin, mouth, gums and teeth mediated by microbial infections include, but are not limited to dandruff, acne, athletes foot, periodontal diseases, selected from the group consisting of caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, pulpitis, periodontal conditions caused by the physical implantation of oral dentures, trauma, injuries, bruxism, neoplastic and other degenerative processes; material alba, pellicles, dental plagues, calculus and stains.
  • the bacterium is selected from Propionibacterium acnes or Staphylococcus epidermidis.
  • compositions of this invention can be administered by any method known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the modes of administration include, but are not limited to, enteral (oral) administration, parenteral (intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular) administration and topical application.
  • the compositions are administered topically.
  • the method of prevention and treatment according to this invention comprises administering internally or topically to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount a composition comprised of bakuchiol, which is substantially free of impurities, particularly furanocoumarin impurities.
  • the method of prevention and treatment according to this invention comprises administering systemically or topically to a host in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of UP256 (bakuchiol) synthesized and/or isolated from a single plant or multiple plants and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • UP256 (bakuchiol) synthesized and/or isolated from a single plant or multiple plants and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the purity of the UP256 includes, but is not limited to 30% to 100%, depending on the methodology used to obtain and purify the compound.
  • doses of UP256 an efficacious, nontoxic quantity generally selected from the range of 0.001% to 100% based on total weight of the topical formulation and/or 0.001-200 mg per kilogram based on the total body weight of the host. Persons skilled in the art using routine clinical testing are able to determine optimum doses for the particular ailment being treated.
  • the present invention includes an evaluation of different compositions of UP256 (bakuchiol) synthesized and/or isolated from a single plant or multiple plants and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier using enzyme, receptor, microbial and other in vitro and in vivo models to optimize the formulation and obtain the desired physiological activity.
  • the compositions of this invention can be administered by any method known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the modes of administration include, but are not limited to, enteral (oral) administration, parenteral (intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular) administration and topical application.
  • the method of treatment according to this invention comprises administering internally or topically to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of UP256 (bakuchiol) synthesized and/or isolated from a single plant or multiple plants, wherein said bakuchiol is substantially free of furanocoumarin impurities.
  • the composition is administered topically.
  • Methods for topical administration include, but are not limited to a toothpaste, gel, ointment, mouthwash, chewing gum, tinctures, drinks and as well as other known pharmaceutical formulations.
  • the content of the composition can be in the range of 0.1 to 2 weight percent (%) of bakuchiol.
  • compositions of the present invention can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions, which include other components such as a pharmaceutically and/or cosmetically acceptable excipient, an adjuvant, and/or a carrier.
  • compositions of the present invention can be formulated in an excipient that the host to be treated can tolerate.
  • An excipient is an inert substance used as a diluent or vehicle for a drug.
  • excipients examples include, but are not limited to water, buffers, saline, glycerin, hydrated silica, propylene glycol, aluminum oxide, carrageenan, cellulose gum, titanium dioxide, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, mannitol, Hank's solution, preservatives and other aqueous physiologically balanced salt solutions.
  • Nonaqueous vehicles such as fixed oils, sesame oil, ethyl oleate, or triglycerides may also be used.
  • Other useful formulations include suspensions containing viscosity enhancing agents, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
  • Excipients can also contain minor amounts of additives, such as EDTA, disodium DDTA, BHA, BHT, diammonium citrate, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, propyl gallate, sodium gluconate, Sodium metabisulfite, t-butyl hydroquinone, SnCl 2 , H 2 O 2 , and 2,4,5-trihydroxybutyrophenone, vitamin C vitamin E and other substances that enhance isotonicity and chemical stability.
  • additives such as EDTA, disodium DDTA, BHA, BHT, diammonium citrate, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, propyl gallate, sodium gluconate, Sodium metabisulfite, t-butyl hydroquinone, SnCl 2 , H 2 O 2 , and 2,4,5-trihydroxybutyrophenone, vitamin C vitamin E and other substances that enhance isotonicity and chemical stability.
  • substances for adjusting pH of the formulation include sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, pentasodium triphosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium lauryl sulfate, calcium peroxide, phosphate buffer, bicarbonate buffer, tris buffer, histidine, citrate, and glycine, or mixtures thereof, while examples of flavors include, but are not limited to thimerosal, m- or o-cresol, formalin, fruit extracts and benzyl alcohol.
  • Standard formulations can either be liquid or solids, which can be taken up in a suitable liquid as a suspension or solution for administration.
  • the excipient can comprise dextrose, human serum albumin, preservatives, etc., to which sterile water or saline can be added prior to administration.
  • the composition can also include an adjuvant or a carrier.
  • adjuvants are typically substances that generally enhance the biological response of a mammal to a specific bioactive agent. Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to, Freund's adjuvant; other bacterial cell wall components; aluminum, calcium, copper, iron, zinc, magnesium, stannous based salts; silica; polynucleotides; toxoids; serum proteins; viral coat proteins; other bacterial-derived preparations; gamma interferon; block copolymer adjuvants, such as Hunter's Titermax adjuvant (VaxcelTM, Inc.
  • Carriers are typically compounds that increase the half-life of a therapeutic composition in the treated host. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, polymeric controlled release formulations, biodegradable implants, liposomes, bacteria, viruses, oils, esters, and glycols.
  • the composition is prepared as a controlled release formulation, which slowly releases the composition of the present invention into the host.
  • a controlled release formulation comprises a composition of the present invention in a controlled release vehicle.
  • Suitable controlled release vehicles will be known to those skilled in the art.
  • Preferred controlled release formulations are biodegradable (i.e., bioerodible).
  • the therapeutic agents of the instant invention are administered topically by any suitable means, known to those of skill in the art for topically administering therapeutic compositions including, but not limited to as an ointment, gel, lotion, or cream base or as an emulsion, as a patch, dressing or mask, a nonsticking gauze, a bandage, a swab or a cloth wipe.
  • Such topical application can be locally administered to any affected area, using any standard means known for topical administration.
  • a therapeutic composition can be administered in a variety of unit dosage forms depending upon the method of administration.
  • a therapeutic composition of the present invention can be formulated in an excipient of the present invention.
  • a therapeutic reagent of the present invention can be administered to any host, preferably to mammals, and more preferably to humans. The particular mode of administration will depend on the condition to be treated.
  • a suitable ointment is comprised of the desired concentration of UP256 (bakuchiol) that is an efficacious, nontoxic quantity generally selected from the range of 0.001% to 100% based on total weight of the topical formulation, from 65% to 100% (preferably 75% to 96%) of white soft paraffin, from 0% to 15% of liquid paraffin, and from 0% to 7% (preferably 3 to 7%) of lanolin or a derivative of synthetic equivalent thereof.
  • the ointment may comprise a polyethylene-liquid paraffin matrix.
  • a suitable cream is comprised of an emulsifying system together with the desired concentration of UP256 (bakuchiol) synthesized and/or isolated from a single plant or multiple plants as provided above.
  • the emulsifying system is preferably comprised of from 2 to 10% of polyoxyethylene alcohols (e.g.
  • a suitable gel is comprised of a semi-solid system in which a liquid phase is constrained within a three dimensional polymeric matrix with a high degree of cross-linking.
  • the liquid phase may be comprised of water, together with the desired amount of UP256 (bakuchiol), from 0 to 20% of water-miscible additives, for example glycerol, polyethylene glycol, or propylene glycol, and from 0.1 to 10%, preferably from 0.5 to 2%, of a thickening agent, which may be a natural product, for example tragacanth, pectin, carrageen, agar and alginic acid, or a synthetic or semi-synthetic compound, for example methylcellulose and carboxypolymethylene (carbopol); together with one or more preservatives, for example from 0.1 to 2% of methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (methyl paraben) or phenoxyethanol-differential.
  • UP256 UP256
  • glycerol poly
  • Another suitable base is comprised of the desired amount of UP256 (bakuchiol), together with from 70 to 90% of polyethylene glycol (for example, polyethylene glycol ointment containing 40% of polyethylene glycol 3350 and 60% of polyethylene glycol 400, prepared in accordance with the U.S. National Formulary (USNF)), from 5 to 20% of water, from 0.02 to 0.25% of an anti-oxidant (for example butylated hydroxytoluene), and from 0.005 to 0.1% of a chelating agent (for example ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)).
  • polyethylene glycol for example, polyethylene glycol ointment containing 40% of polyethylene glycol 3350 and 60% of polyethylene glycol 400, prepared in accordance with the U.S. National Formulary (USNF)
  • an anti-oxidant for example butylated hydroxytoluene
  • a chelating agent for example ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)
  • soft paraffin as used above encompasses the cream or ointment bases white soft paraffin and yellow soft paraffin.
  • lanolin encompasses native wool fat and purified wool fat. Derivatives of lanolin include in particular lanolins which have been chemically modified in order to alter their physical or chemical properties and synthetic equivalents of lanolin include in particular synthetic or semisynthetic compounds and mixtures which are known and used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic arts as alternatives to lanolin and may, for example, be referred to as lanolin substitutes.
  • SoftisanTM One suitable synthetic equivalent of lanolin that may be used is the material available under the trademark SoftisanTM known as Softisan 649.
  • Softisan 649 available from Dynamit Nobel Aktiengesellschaft, is a glycerine ester of natural vegetable fatty acids, of isostearic acid and of adipic acid; its properties are discussed by H. Hermsdorf in Fette, Seifen, Anstrichstoff, Issue No. 84, No. 3 (1982), pp. 3-6.
  • Cetomacrogol 1000 has the formula CH 3 (CH 2 )m(OCH 2 CH 2 ) n OH, wherein m may be 15 or 17 and n may be 20 to 24.
  • Butylated hydroxytoluene is 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol.
  • Nipastat is a mixture of methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl 4-hydroxybenzoates.
  • compositions of the invention may be produced by conventional pharmaceutical techniques.
  • the aforementioned compositions may conveniently be prepared by mixing together at an elevated temperature, preferably 60-70° C., the soft paraffin, liquid paraffin if present, and lanolin or derivative or synthetic equivalent thereof.
  • the mixture may then be cooled to room temperature, and, after addition of the hydrated crystalline calcium salt of mupirocin, together with the corticosteroid and any other ingredients, stirred to ensure adequate dispersion.
  • the specific dose is calculated according to the approximate body weight of the host. Further refinement of the calculations necessary to determine the appropriate dosage for treatment involving each of the above mentioned formulations is routinely made by those of ordinary skill in the art and is within the scope of tasks routinely performed by them without undue experimentation, especially in light of the dosage information and assays disclosed herein. These dosages may be ascertained through use of the established assays for determining dosages utilized in conjunction with appropriate dose-response data.
  • the invention described herein may be used for veterinary as well as human applications and that the term “host” should not be construed in a limiting manner.
  • the dosage ranges can be determined as described above, taking into account the body weight of the animal.
  • the amount of bakuchiol, psoralen and isopsoralen in the extracts, fractions, and the novel composition generated as described below was quantified by a high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a PhotoDiode Array detector (HPLC/PDA) and a Luna Phenyl-hexyl column (250 mm ⁇ 4.6 mm).
  • HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
  • HPLC/PDA PhotoDiode Array detector
  • ACN acetonitrile
  • the targeted compounds were identified and quantified based on retention time and UV peak area using commercially available pure bakuchiol, psoralen and isopsoralen as quantification standards.
  • the retention times for the bakuchiol, psoralen and isopsoralen were 18.19 minutes, 7.33 minutes and 7.95 minutes, respectively.
  • a petroleum ether extract (25 g; MH-258-01-01), isolated from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia as described in Example 3, was mixed with 500 mL of a NaOH solution (56.5 mM) in a 1 L round bottom flask. The solution was refluxed in a heating mantel for one hour. A small portion of the solution was taken from the flask periodically and analyzed by HPLC as described in Example 1. The reaction was stopped after HPLC analysis showed that the peaks for psoralen and isopsoralen had completely disappeared. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature to yield a dark brown solution having a solid content of approximately 36 mg/mL (MH-258-10-01).
  • a NaOH solution 44 g NaOH in DI water
  • a petroleum ether extract (25 g; MH-258-01-01), isolated from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia as described in Example 3, was mixed with 500 mL of a NaOH solution (56.5 mM) in a 1 L round bottom flask. The solution was refluxed for one hour. A small portion of the solution was taken from the flask periodically and analyzed by HPLC as described in Example 1. The reaction was allowed to proceed until HPLC analysis showed that the peaks for psoralen and isopsoralen had completely disappeared. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature to yield a dark brown solution having a solid content of approximately 36 mg/mL (MH-258-10-01).
  • Each inhibitor taken from a 10 mg/mL stock solution in 100% DMSO, was tested in triplicate at room temperature using the following range of concentrations: 0, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 500 ⁇ g/mL.
  • 150 ⁇ L of 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 was added along with 10 ⁇ L of 22 ⁇ M Hematin diluted in tris buffer, 10 ⁇ L of inhibitor diluted in DMSO and 25 units of either the COX-1 or COX-2 enzyme.
  • the components were mixed for 10 seconds on a rotating platform, followed by the addition of 20 ⁇ L of 2 mM N,N,N′N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (TMPD) and 20 ⁇ L of 1.1 mM arachidonic acid to initiate the reaction.
  • TMPD N,N,N′N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride
  • TMPD N,N,N′N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride
  • arachidonic acid 20 ⁇ L of 1.1 mM arachidonic acid
  • 5-LOX was isolated from human PBML cells and arachidonic acid was utilized as a substrate.
  • the test article and positive control were dissolved in 1% DMSO.
  • HBSS Hormon's balanced salt solution
  • Pre-incubation time was 15 minutes at 37° C., followed by 15 min. incubation at the same temperature.
  • This assay detects the formation of LTB4 with EIA quantification.
  • Highly pure bakuchiol (99% bakuchiol, #MH-258-12-08) was tested in duplicate at concentrations of 10 ⁇ M, 1 ⁇ M, 0.1 ⁇ M, and 10 nM relative to a positive control—NDGA at five concentrations.
  • the dose response curve is illustrated in the FIG. 6 .
  • the IC 50 for 5-LOX inhibition by bakuchiol was 3.41 ⁇ M.
  • the anti-microbial activity of a highly pure bakuchiol sample was evaluated using published methods (Modugno et al. (1994) Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 38:2362-2368; Misiek et al. (1973) Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy 3:40-48). Briefly, Staphylococcus epidermidis (Gram Positive, ATCC 12228) was cultured for 20 hours at 37° C. in Mueller-Hinton Broth medium. Propionibacterium acnes (ATCC 6919) was cultured for 2 days at 37° C. in Reinforced Clostridial medium.
  • test article and positive control were dissolved in 1% DMSO with an incubation volume of 1 mL.
  • the time of assessment was 1 day. Measurement of turbidity was used as the method of quantification.
  • a highly pure bakuchiol sample (99%; #MH-258-12-08) was tested in duplicate at concentrations of 100 ⁇ g/mL, 30 ⁇ g/mL, 10 ⁇ g/mL, 3 ⁇ g/mL, 1 ⁇ g/mL, 0.3 ⁇ g/mL, 0.1 ⁇ g/mL and 0.03 ⁇ g/mL relative to positive controls -gentamicin at 0.1 ⁇ g/mL for Staphylococcus epidermidis and ampicillin at 0.1 ⁇ g/mL for Propionibacterium acnes , respectively.
  • Acute Toxicity studies were completed testing two purity levels of bakuchiol (UP256) (a sample that was approximately 20% pure and a sample which was 99% pure).
  • UP256 a sample that was approximately 20% pure and a sample which was 99% pure.
  • Forty female ICR mice (Harlan) aged 4-5 weeks old were used for the 14-day study. Mice were administered 100 mL of the acute dose daily, approximately 2 g/kg by weight per test article per day. The first 10 mice received the composition containing 20.7% bakuchiol, while the second group of 10 mice received a composition containing 99% bakuchiol.
  • the UP256 composition was suspended in water and administered through a syringe. Twenty mice were administered water, as the control group. The weights of all mice were measured, including baseline, 3 mid points, and an endpoint.
  • kidney and liver tissues were sent for Histopathology to assess any micro changes in the organs and the report stated that significant changes were not present in the kidney and the hepatocyte nuclei for the liver were within normal limits for mice. There was no substantial inflammation or evidence of neoplasia in either tissue section examined.

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JP5443754B2 (ja) 2014-03-19
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US20210154155A1 (en) 2021-05-27
BRPI0608796A2 (pt) 2010-01-26
BRPI0608796B1 (pt) 2019-04-30
BRPI0608796B8 (pt) 2021-05-25
KR20080016609A (ko) 2008-02-21
KR101802415B1 (ko) 2017-11-28
HK1120743A1 (en) 2009-04-09
US10905654B2 (en) 2021-02-02
WO2006122160A3 (en) 2007-02-08
WO2006122160A2 (en) 2006-11-16
KR101431060B1 (ko) 2014-08-21
US20160022602A1 (en) 2016-01-28
EP1881839A2 (en) 2008-01-30
CN101217968A (zh) 2008-07-09
KR20160055972A (ko) 2016-05-18
KR20130125411A (ko) 2013-11-18
US20110223267A1 (en) 2011-09-15
CN101217968B (zh) 2014-11-26

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