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  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G61/02—Macromolecular compounds containing only carbon atoms in the main chain of the macromolecule, e.g. polyxylylenes
  • C08G61/04—Macromolecular compounds containing only carbon atoms in the main chain of the macromolecule, e.g. polyxylylenes only aliphatic carbon atoms
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  • C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
  • C08F8/42—Introducing metal atoms or metal-containing groups
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  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
  • C04B40/0028—Aspects relating to the mixing step of the mortar preparation
  • C04B40/0039—Premixtures of ingredients
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  • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
  • C08F220/10—Esters
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  • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
  • C08F220/10—Esters
  • C08F220/34—Esters containing nitrogen, e.g. N,N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate
  • C08F220/36—Esters containing nitrogen, e.g. N,N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen, e.g. 2-N-morpholinoethyl (meth)acrylate or 2-isocyanatoethyl (meth)acrylate
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  • C08F246/00—Copolymers in which the nature of only the monomers in minority is defined
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  • C08F293/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerisation on to a macromolecule having groups capable of inducing the formation of new polymer chains bound exclusively at one or both ends of the starting macromolecule
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  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F293/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerisation on to a macromolecule having groups capable of inducing the formation of new polymer chains bound exclusively at one or both ends of the starting macromolecule
  • C08F293/005—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerisation on to a macromolecule having groups capable of inducing the formation of new polymer chains bound exclusively at one or both ends of the starting macromolecule using free radical "living" or "controlled" polymerisation, e.g. using a complexing agent
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  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
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  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
  • C08K5/0041—Optical brightening agents, organic pigments
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  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
  • C08K5/005—Stabilisers against oxidation, heat, light, ozone
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  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L53/00—Compositions of block copolymers containing at least one sequence of a polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
  • C09B67/00—Influencing the physical, e.g. the dyeing or printing properties of dyestuffs without chemical reactions, e.g. by treating with solvents grinding or grinding assistants, coating of pigments or dyes; Process features in the making of dyestuff preparations; Dyestuff preparations of a special physical nature, e.g. tablets, films
  • C09B67/0071—Process features in the making of dyestuff preparations; Dehydrating agents; Dispersing agents; Dustfree compositions
  • C09B67/0084—Dispersions of dyes
  • C09B67/0085—Non common dispersing agents
  • C09B67/009—Non common dispersing agents polymeric dispersing agent
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D11/00—Inks
  • C09D11/02—Printing inks
  • C09D11/03—Printing inks characterised by features other than the chemical nature of the binder
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  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D11/00—Inks
  • C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
  • C09D11/32—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents
  • C09D11/324—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents containing carbon black
  • C09D11/326—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents containing carbon black characterised by the pigment dispersant
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D153/00—Coating compositions based on block copolymers containing at least one sequence of a polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
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  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D17/00—Pigment pastes, e.g. for mixing in paints
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  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/45—Anti-settling agents
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  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
  • C09J153/00—Adhesives based on block copolymers containing at least one sequence of a polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Adhesives based on derivatives of such polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F2438/00—Living radical polymerisation
  • C08F2438/01—Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization [ATRP] or reverse ATRP
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L2666/00—Composition of polymers characterized by a further compound in the blend, being organic macromolecular compounds, natural resins, waxes or and bituminous materials, non-macromolecular organic substances, inorganic substances or characterized by their function in the composition
  • C08L2666/02—Organic macromolecular compounds, natural resins, waxes or and bituminous materials

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a novel polymerisate, which is useful for stabilising a composition of matter susceptible to degradation induced by light, heat or oxidation or as a dispersant in a pigment dispersion, a composition comprising the novel polymerisate, a process for preparing the composition, a pigment dispersion containing dispersible inorganic or organic pigment particles and the novel polymerisate, a process for preparing the novel polymerisate by applying the method of controlled or “living” polymerisation and to the use of the pigment dispersion for preparing coatings, images, lacquers and others.
• Dispersions containing pigments and polymer additives are used in an almost unlimited number of different technical applications, e.g. as coating materials, for printing inks, colouring plastic materials, including fibres, glasses, or ceramic products, for formulations in cosmetics, or for the preparation of paint systems, in particular automotive, industrial and decorative paints.
• polymers in pigment dispersions are manifold. They may act as solubilisers in the given carrier liquid, e.g. water or organic solvents. Suitable polymers are also needed as stabilisers to prevent precipitation or flocculation. Polymers may also improve the gloss of the pigment dispersion or enhance its rheology. Depending on the type and polarity of the dispersing agent, e.g. water, organic solvents or mixtures thereof, or polymers of variable structure are chosen. In view of ecological requirements, the use of aqueous pigment dispersions is particularly preferred, as well as dispersions based on organic solvents with high solids content.
• A-B block copolymers containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer blocks
• hydrophobic “A′′ blocks homo- or copolymers of (meth)-acrylate monomers
• hydrophilic “B” blocks neutralised acid or amine containing polymers
• GTP Group transfer polymerisation
• WO 96/30421 discloses a controlled or “living” polymerisation process of ethylenically unsaturated polymers, such as styrene or (meth)acrylates, by employing the Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisation (ATRP) method.
• ATRP Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisation
• This method produces defined oligomeric homo-polymers and copolymers, including block copolymers.
• Initiators are employed which generate radical atoms, such as •Cl, in the presence of a redox system of transition metals of different oxidation states, e.g. Cu(I) and Cu(II), providing “living” or controlled radical polymerisabon.
• WO 00/40630 discloses pigment dispersions containing block copolymers as dispersants prepared by the ATRP method.
• the block copolymers consist of defined hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymer blocks. The difference in polarity is obtained by copolymerising polymer blocks A and B wherein different amounts of monomer units with hydrophilic functional groups are present, such as amino or alkylated amino groups. This changes the hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of the block copolymer dispersant.
• the individual hydrophobic “A” blocks based on uncharged homo- or copolymers of methacrylate or acrylate monomers form steric stabiliser blocks in solvent based coating formulations.
• the presence of more hydrophilic “B” blocks (e.g. amino functional acrylates or methacrylates) is the basis for pigment affinity to certain organic or inorganic pigments.
• additives such as p-toluenesulphonic acid, are also disclosed.
• WO 01/51534 discloses comb polymer dispersants prepared via macro-monomers made by ATRP.
• pigments, dyes and other colorants are decomposed by the action of light and atmospheric oxygen. Therefore, it is desirable to protect the polymer dispersants and the pigments present in pigment compositions, particularly coatings, against the action of light by reducing the intensity of ultraviolet radiation in pigment composition exposed to visible light.
• UV-absorbers are substances, which absorb radiant energy in the wavelength of UV-radiation. Suitable UV-absorbers are 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazoles, 2-hydroxybenzophenones, or 2-2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazines.
• UV-absorbers When used as additives in pigment dispersion, they filter off the UV-components of the electromagnetic irradiation, decrease light sensitivity, resulting discoloration and degradation of the dispersion.
• their efficiency as light protecting agents in pigment dispersions, particularly in lower concentrations remains unsatisfactory. Raising the concentration to more effective levels is unrealistic and disadvantageous. A serious problem then is the lower stability of dispersions resulting from the flocculation of the pigment particles and higher additive concentrations.
• stabilisers are desirable which specifically protect the surface of pigment crystals.
• UV-absorbers and other light protecting agents in pigment dispersions is increased in the event that UV-absorber molecules are directly linked to the structure of polymer dispersants obtained by the method of controlled or “living” polymerisation.
• the direct link is established by chemical bonds, such as ether or ester bonds, and the active structural moiety of UV-absorber molecules and other light protecting agents.
• the present invention relates to a polymerisate of the formula:
• a specific embodiment relates to a comb polymer of the formula:
• polymerisate comprises any polymer structure composed of the individual block copolymers I, II and III in any sequential order.
• Each block copolymer essentially consists of random block, multi block, star or gradient copolymers.
• the polymer blocks I, II and III consist of at least two repeating units of ethylenically unsaturated, polymerisable monomer units: which are polymerisable in the known methods, such as conventional or controlled or “living” polymerisation.
• Controlled or “living” polymerisation is defined as a process wherein the polymerisation is initiated from an initiating fragment which adds monomers by radical poly-addition reactions under conditions which suppress undesirable side reactions, such as radical transfer to solvent, bimolecular termination or so-called disproportionation.
• At least three different types of polymerisates (I) are present in the compositions defined above, wherein,
• the indices p, q and r represent the number of polymer blocks I, II and III in the polymerisate (I).
• One of p and q independently of one another represents zero, one or a numeral greater than one (p or q: ⁇ 0) and the other one represents one or a numeral greater than one (p or q: ⁇ 1).
• the index r represents a numeral greater than one (r: ⁇ 1)
• the polymer blocks II and III are present in the polymerisate (I).
• event p represents zero and q represents one or a numeral greater than one (p: 0, q: ⁇ 1).
• the index numbers x, y and z independently of one another define the number of monomer units present in the polymer blocks I, II and III. In the event that one of p and q represents zero, x or y is also zero. In the event that one of p and q represents one, the lowest value of x or y is at least one.
• a range from two to 1 000 is preferred for the sum of x, y and z.
• the preferred molecular weight range is of the polymer blocks I, II and III is from about 1 000 to 100 000, preferably about 1 000 to 50 000. A particularly preferred molecular weight range is from about 1 000 to 15 000.
• one of A and B represents the fragment of a polymerisation initiator capable of initiating the polymerisation of ethylenically unsaturated monomers by atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP) in the presence of a catalyst capable of activating controlled radical polymerisation by ATRP and the other one represents a radically transferable atom or group.
• a suitable polymerisation inhibitor is capable of initiating atom transfer radical polymerisation of the fragments A or B. The polymerisation subsequently proceeds by a reaction mechanism known under the term ATRP or related methods.
• a suitable polymerisation initiator, which contains the radically transferable atom or group •B (or •A) is described in WO 96/30421 and WO 98/01480.
• a preferred radically transferable atom or group •B is •Cl or •Br, which is cleaved as a radical from the initiator molecule and which may be subsequently replaced after polymerisation as a leaving group with a polymerisable chain terminal group.
• Representative initiator molecules are compounds of the formula:
• Hal represents chlorine or bromine.
• a polymerisate (I′) the group A, represents the fragment of a polymerisation initiator and B 1 represents a polymerisable, ethylenically unsaturated terminal group.
• a polymerisate (I′) is available by applying the ATRP method in the presence of an initiator molecule of the formula A-B and substituting the chain terminal group with a polymerisable, ethylenically unsaturated group.
• A represents the fragment of a polymerisation initiator and B 2 represents a polymer group of the partial formula:
• a polymerisate (I′′) is available by applying the ATRP method and in the presence of a “star-shaped” or “bird type” initiator molecules of the formulae:
• Hal represents chlorine or bromine.
• R 2 together with the HO-group represents a branched trihydroxy alcohol, e.g. 1,1,1-(tris-hydroxymethyl)-propane, or represents a branched tetrahydroxy alcohol, e.g. pentaerythritol.
• a preferred polymerisation initiator which generates linear polymers, block copolymers or macro monomers, is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 8 alkyl halides, C 6 -C 15 aralkyl-halides, C 7 -C 8 haloalkyl esters, arene sulphonyl chlorides, ⁇ -haloalkane nitriles, ⁇ -haloacrylates and halolactones.
• a and B in the polymerisate (I) represent chain terminal groups from fragments of a polymerisation initiator containing the groups
• A′ or B′ is cleavable from the initiator as a free radical A• or B• and is capable of initiating the polymerisation of ethylenically unsaturated monomers.
• the method of polymerisation that applies is the so-called controlled polymerisation with >N—O—R compounds.
• one of A and B represents the fragment of a free radical initiator and the other one represents the chain terminal group from the free nitroxyl radical
• a suitable polymerisation initiator containing the chain terminal group (A) is represented by the formula:
• the group A′′ which is cleavable from the compound (II) as the free radical A•, has at least one C-atom and is capable of initiating the polymerisation of ethylenically unsaturated monomers (>N—O—R polymerisation).
• the group A′′ represents the fragment of a free radical initiator (>N—O• polymerisation).
• A′′ defined as the group which is cleavable from the compound (II) as the free radical A• (>N—O—R polymerisation) is preferably selected from the group of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic substituents consisting of aryl-CH 2 —, (CH 3 )CH(-aryl)-, aryl-CH 2 —CH 2 —, (CH 3 ) 2 C(-aryl)-, (C 5 -C 6 cycloalkyl) 2 C(—CN)—, (C 1 -C 12 alkyl) 2 C(—CN)—, CH ⁇ CH 2 CH 2 —, C 1 -C 12 alkyl-C(—R)[—C( ⁇ O)—C 1 -C 12 alkyl]-, C 1 -C 12 alkyl-C(—R)[—C( ⁇ O)—C 6 -C 10 aryl]-, C 1 -C 12 alkyl-C(—R)[—C( ⁇ O)—
• the aryl groups in these groups defined for A′′ may additionally be substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 12 alkyl, halogen, C 1 -C 12 alkoxy, C 1 -C 17 alkyl-carbonyl, glycidyloxy, OH, —COOH and —COOC 1 -C 12 alkyl.
• A′′ is preferably selected from the group of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic substituents consisting of phenyl-CH 2 —, CH 3 CH(-phenyl)-, (CH 3 ) 2 C(-phenyl)-, (C 5 -C 6 cycloalkyl) 2 C(—CN)—, (CH 3 ) 2 C(—CN)—, —CH 2 ⁇ CH—CH 2 —, CH 3 CH(—CH ⁇ CH 2 )—, C 1 -C 8 alkyl-C(—R)[—C( ⁇ O)-phenyl]-, C 1 -C 8 alkyl-C(—R)[—C( ⁇ O)—C 1 -C 8 alkoxy]-, C 1 -C 8 alkyl-C(—R)[—C( ⁇ O)C 1 -C 8 alkyl]-, C 1 -C 8 alkyl-C(—R)[—C( ⁇ O)—N-di-C 1 -
• a particularly preferred group of substituents A′′ is selected from the group of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic substituents consisting of phenyl-CH 2 —, CH 3 CH(-phenyl)-, (CH 3 ) 2 C(-phenyl)-, (C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl) 2 C(—CN)—, (CH 3 ) 2 C(—CN)—, —CH 2 ⁇ CH—CH 2 —, CH 3 CH(—CH ⁇ CH 2 )—, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-C(—R)[—C( ⁇ O)-phenyl-, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-C(—R)[—C( ⁇ O)C 1 -C 4 alkoxy-, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-C(—R)[—C( ⁇ O)—C 1 -C 4 alkyl-, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-C(—R)[—C( ⁇ O)—N-di-C
• a compound wherein the free nitroxyl radical is present is represented by the formula IIA.
• the free nitroxyl radical is generated from a compound (II), wherein A′′ is the fragment of a free radical initiator.
• A′′ defined as the fragment of a free radical initiator is a fragment from known free radical initiators used as sources of free radicals in so-called living polymerisation reactions, e.g. a suitable bis azo compound, a peroxide or a hydroperoxide.
• Suitable bis azo compounds are commercially available, e.g. 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, 2,2′-azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 1,1′-azobis(1-cyclohexanecarbonitrile), 2,2′-azobis(isobutyramide) dihydrate, 2-phenylazo-2,4-dimethyl-4-methoxyvaleronitrile, dimethyl 2,2′-azobisisobutyrate, 2-(carbamoylazo)isobutyronitrile, 2,2′-azobis(2,4,4-trimethylpentane), 2,2′-azobis(2-methyl-propane), 2,2′-azobis(N,N′-dimethyleneisobutyramidine) as free base or hydrochloride, 2,2′-azobis(2-amidino
• Suitable peroxides and hydroperoxides are commercially available, e.g. acetylcyclohexane-sulphonyl peroxide, diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, tert-amyl perneodecanoate, tert-butylperneodecanoate, tert-butylperpivalate, tert-amylperpivalate, bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide, diisononanoyl peroxide, didecanoyl peroxide, dioctanoyl peroxide, dilauroyl peroxide, bis(2-methylbenzoyl) peroxide, disuccinoyl peroxide, diacetyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, tert-butyl per-2-ethylhexanoate, bis(4-chlorobenzoyl) peroxide, tert-
• one of R 1 and R 2 represents methyl and the other one represents methyl or ethyl and one of R 3 and R 4 represents methyl and the other one represents methyl or ethyl and R 4 and R b together represent a group of the partial formula:
• R 3 , R 6 , R, and R 8 independently of one another represent hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; and one of R 9 and R 10 independently of the other represents hydrogen or substituents or R 9 and R 10 both represent substituents.
• the chain terminal group from fragments of a polymerisation initiator containing the terminal groups (A) or (B), e.g. the free nitroxyl radical represents a group of the partial formula:
• R 1 -R 6 are as defined above and the 4-position is substituted by one or two substituents.
• Preferred groups B 0 which contain substituents in 4-position are represented by the partial formulae:
• a highly preferred group B 0 which contains substituents in 4-position is selected from the group consisting of the partial formulae B 1 and B 2 , wherein
• Another highly preferred group B 0 which contains substituents in 4-position is selected from the group consisting of the partial formulae B 1 and B 2 , wherein
• Another particularly preferred embodiment relates to the group B 0 , wherein one of R 9 and R 10 represents hydrogen and the other one C 1 -C 4 alkanoylamino.
• R 1 , R 1 ′ and R 1 ′′ independently of one another represent hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 alkyl. According to a preferred embodiment R 1 , R 1 ′ and R 1 ′′ independently of one another represent hydrogen or methyl. According to a particularly preferred embodiment R 1 , R 1 ′ and R 1 ′′ have the same meanings and represent hydrogen or methyl. In the event that R 1 , R 1 ′ and R 1 ′′ each represent hydrogen, the polymerisate (I) is composed of the acrylate polymer blocks I, II, or III. In the event that R 1 , R 1 ′ and R 1 ′′ each represent methyl, the polymerisate (I) is composed of the methacrylate polymer blocks I, II, or III.
• the ester group R 2 of higher polarity is, for example, an unsaturated or saturated or an aromatic hydrocarbon group substituted by hydrophilic substituents, e.g. 1-6 hydroxy groups, or 1-2 basic, e.g. 1-2 amino, or 1-2 acidic groups, e.g. carboxy, sulpho or phosphono, or 1 amino and 1 carboxy groups.
• the polymer block I wherein R 2 represents an ester group of higher polarity, is composed of acrylate or methacrylate repeating units.
• Representative monomers are selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid, particularly acrylic and methacrylic acid.
• an ester group of higher polarity e.g. an ester group selected from the group consisting of mono- or dihydroxy-C 2 -C 4 -alkyl, e.g. 2-hydroxyethyl, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl or 4-hydroxyl-n-butyl, trihydroxy-C 3 -C 5 alkyl, amino-C 2 -C 18 alkyl, e.g. 2-aminoethyl or 3-amino-n-propyl, ammonio-C 2 -C 18 alkyl, e.g.
• an ester group selected from the group consisting of mono- or dihydroxy-C 2 -C 4 -alkyl e.g. 2-hydroxyethyl, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl or 4-hydroxyl-n-butyl, trihydroxy-C 3 -C 5 alkyl, amino-C 2 -C 18 alkyl, e.g. 2-aminoethyl or 3-amino-n-propy
• 2-ammonioethyl or 3-ammonio-n-propyl C 1 -C 4 alkylamino-C 2 -C 18 alkyl, e.g. 2-N-methylaminoethyl or 3-N-methylamino-n-propyl, di-C 1 -C 4 alkylamino-C 2 -C 18 alkyl, e.g. 2-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl or 3-N,N-dimethyl-amino-n-propyl, tri-C 1 -C 4 alkylammonio-C 2 -C 18 alkyl, e.g.
• 2-trimethylammonioethyl or 3-trimethylammonio-n-propyl hydroxy-C 2 -C 4 alkylamino-C 2 -C 18 alkyl, e.g. 2-N-2-hydroxyethyl-aminoethyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(hydroxy-C 2 -C 4 alkyl)amino-C 2 -C 18 alkyl, e.g. 2-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-methylamino]-ethyl, di-C 1 -C 4 alkyl-(hydroxy-C 2 -C 4 alkyl)ammonio-C 2 -C 18 alkyl, e.g.
• the polymer block I wherein R 2 represents an ester group of higher polarity, is composed of acrylate or methacrylate repeating units.
• the ester group is C 2 -C 4 alkyl substituted by amino, ammonio, C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, e.g. methyl- or ethyl-amino, di-C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, e.g. dimethyl- or diethylamino, tri-C 1 -C 4 alkylammonio, e.g. trimethyl- or triethylammonio, or di-C 1 -C 4 alkyl-2-hydroxyethylammonio, e.g. dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylammonio.
• Representative monomers are (meth)acrylates esterified by aminoalkyl groups selected from the group consisting of 2-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (DMAEA), 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), 2-diethylaminoethyl acrylate (DEAEA), 2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA), 2-t-butylaminoethyl acrylate (t-BAEA) and 2-t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate (t-BAEMA).
• DMAEMA 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate
• DEAEA 2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate
• DEAEMA 2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate
• t-BAEA 2-t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate
• t-BAEMA 2-t-butylaminoethyl methacryl
• a suitable unsaturated or saturated or an aromatic hydrocarbon group substituted by hydrophilic substituents is selected from the group consisting of mono- or dihydroxy-C 2 -C 4 -alkyl, e.g. 2-hydroxyethyl or 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, trihydroxy-C 3 -C 5 alkyl, amino-C 2 -C 18 alkyl, e.g. 2-aminoethyl or 3-amino-n-propyl, ammonio-C 2 -C 18 alkyl, e.g. 2-ammonioethyl or 3-ammonio-n-propyl, C 1 -C 4 alkylamino-C 2 -C 18 alkyl, e.g.
• 2-N-methylaminoethyl or 3-N-methylamino-n-propyl di-C 1 -C 4 alkylamino-C 2 -C 18 alkyl, e.g. 2-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl or 3-N,N-dimethyl-amino-n-propyl, tri-C 1 -C 4 alkylammonio-C 2 -C 18 alkyl, e.g. 2-trimethylammonioethyl or 3-trimethylammonio-n-propyl, hydroxy-C 2 -C 4 alkylamino-C 2 -C 18 alkyl, e.g.
• the ester group R 3 of lower polarity is a saturated or aromatic hydro-carbon group selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 24 alkyl, e.g. methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-butyl or 2-ethylhexyl, C 6 -C 11 aryl-C 1 -C 4 alkyl, e.g. benzyl, or 1- or 2-benzethyl, (C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 1-3 C 6 -C 11 aryl, e.g. cumenyl, (C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 1 3 C 6 -C 11 aryl-C 1 -C 4 alkyl, e.g.
• a polymer block II wherein R 3 represents hydrogen or an ester group of lower polarity, is composed of acrylate or C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylate repeating units.
• Representative monomers are selected from the group consisting of acrylic and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-C 1 -C 24 alkyl esters, acrylic and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-C 4 -C 11 aryl-C 1 -C 4 alkyl esters, acrylic and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-C 4 -C 11 aryloxy-C 1 -C 4 alkyl esters, acrylic and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 3 silyl-oxy-C 2 -C 4 alkyl esters and acrylic and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 3 silyl-C 1 -C 4 alkyl esters.
• the polymer block II wherein R 3 represents hydrogen or an ester group of lower polarity, is composed of acrylate or methacrylate repeating units.
• Representative monomers are selected from the group consisting of acrylic and methacrylic acid-C 1 -C 1 -C 24 alkyl esters, acrylic and methacrylic acid-C 6 -C 11 aryl-C 1 -C 4 alkyl esters, acrylic and methacrylic acid-C 6 -C 11 aryloxy-C 1 -C 4 alkyl esters, acrylic and methacrylic acid-trimethylsilyloxy-C 2 -C 4 alkyl esters and acrylic and methacrylic acid-trimethylsilyl-C 1 -C 4 alkyl esters.
• Suitable acrylic acid or methacrylic acid-C 1 -C 24 alkyl esters are acrylic acid or methacrylic acid esters esterified by methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, Isobornyl, isodecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-hexadecyl or n-octadecyl.
• Acrylic and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-C 6 -C 11 aryl-C 1 -C 4 alkyl esters are acrylic acid or methacrylic acid esters esterified by benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 1- or 2-naphthylmethyl or 2-(1- or 2-naphthyl)-ethyl.
• the phenyl or naphthyl groups may be additionally substituted with one to three additional substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, e.g. methoxy or ethoxy, halogen, e.g. chloro, and C 1 -C 4 alkyl, e.g. methyl or methyl.
• Acrylic and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-C 6 -C 11 aryloxy-C 1 -C 4 alkyl esters are acrylic acid or methacrylic acid esters esterified by 2-phenoxyethyl or 2-benzyloxyethyl.
• Acrylic acid and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-hydroxy-C 2 -C 4 alkyl esters are acrylic acid- or methacrylic acid-2-hydroxyethyl esters (HEA, HEMA), acrylic acid- or methacrylic acid-2-hydroxypropyl ester, acrylic acid- or methacrylic acid-3-hydroxypropyl ester (HPA, HPMA) or acrylic acid- or methacrylic acid-4-hydroxy-n-butyl ester.
• Acrylic acid- and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-silyloxy-C 2 -C 4 alkyl esters are acrylic acid- or methacrylic acid-2-trimethylsilyloxyethyl esters (TMS-HEA, TMS-HEMA).
• Acrylic acid- or C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 3 silyl-C 2 -C 4 alkyl esters are acrylic acid- or methacrylic acid-2-trimethylsilylethyl esters or acrylic acid- or methacrylic acid-3-trimethylsilyl-n-propyl esters.
• Y represents the direct bond or a bivalent group, e.g. C 1 -C 8 alkylene, C 3 -C 8 alkylene substituted by hydroxy, e.g. 2-hydroxy-1,3-propylene, 2(3)-hydroxy-1,4-butylene or 2-hydroxy-1,3-propylene, C 4 -C 8 alkylene substituted by dihydroxy, e.g. 2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-butylene, or phenylene, e.g. 1,4- or 1,2-phenylene, poly-C 2 -C 3 alkoxy-C 2 -C 3 alkyl, e.g.
• Y represents a substituent that contains a functional group, which forms a salt with a salt forming group present in the group Z by acid-base reaction, acid addition or quaternisation reaction.
• a suitable substituent Y that forms such salt “bridge” is C 2 -C 8 alkyl substituted by ammonio, C 1 -C 4 alkylammonio, e.g. methyl- or ethylammonio, di-C 1 -C 4 alkylammonio, e.g. dimethyl- or diethylammonio, tri-C 1 -C 4 alkylammonio, e.g.
• an acidic group e.g. carboxy, sulpho or phosphono, is present in the group Z in the dissociated form of its carboxylate, sulphonate or phosphonate anion.
• Y represents the bivalent group: —Y 1 -Y 2 —
• Y 1 and Y 2 represent fragments of the bivalent group Y or one of Y 1 and Y 2 represents a substituent that contains a functional group, which forms a salt with a salt forming group present in the other group by acid-base reaction, acid addition or quaternisation reaction.
• a suitable substituent Y 1 or Y 2 that forms such salt “bridge” is C 2 -C 8 alkyl substituted by ammonio, C 1 -C 4 alkylammonio, e.g. methyl- or ethylammonio, di-C 1 -C 4 alkylammonio, e.g. dimethyl- or diethylammonio, tri-C 1 -C 4 alkylammonio, e.g. trimethyl- or triethylammonio, or di-C 1 -C 4 alkyl-2-hydroxyethylammonio, e.g. dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylammonio.
• an acidic group e.g.
• carboxy, sulpho or phosphono is present in the other group Y 2 or Y 1 in the dissociated form of its carboxylate, sulphonate or phosphonate anion and one of Y 2 or Y 1 represents C 1 -C 8 alkyl substituted by a carboxylate, sulphonate or phosphonate group. This is illustrated by the partial formula:
• Y represents C 1 -C 8 alkyl substituted by an acidic group, e.g. carboxy, sulpho or phosphono, e.g. carboxymethyl or 1- or 2-carboxyethyl.
• a basic group e.g. amino, C 1 -C 4 alkylamino, e.g. methyl- or ethylamino, di-C 1 -C 4 alkyl-amino, e.g. dimethyl- or diethylamino, is present in the group Z in its cationic form as the ammonio or alkylated ammonio group, e.g. C 1 -C 4 alkylammonio, e.g.
• methyl- or ethylammonio di-C 1 -C 4 alkylammonio, e.g. dimethyl- or diethylammonio or tri-C 1 -C 4 alkylammonio, e.g. trimethyl- or triethylammonio.
• Y represents the direct bond or a bivalent group, e.g. C 1 -C 8 alkylene, C 3 -C 6 alkylene substituted by hydroxy, e.g. 2-hydroxy-1,3-propylene, C 2 -C 8 alkyl substituted by ammonio or di-C 1 -C 4 alkylammonio, e.g. dimethyl- or diethylammonio, provided that an acidic group, e.g.
• carboxy, sulpho or phosphono is present in the group Z in the dissociated form of its carboxylate, sulphonate or phosphonate anion, or Y represents the partial formula —Y 1 —Y 2 —, wherein one of Y 1 and Y 2 represents C 2 -C 8 alkyl substituted by ammonio or di-C 1 -C 4 alkylammonio, e.g. dimethyl- or diethylammonio, and the other one represents C 1 -C 8 alkyl substituted by carboxy, sulpho or phosphono.
• the group Z which is defined as the functionally effective group of an agent having light protecting properties, is a structural moiety derived from so-called light protecting agents selected from the group consisting of UV-light absorbers, radical scavengers, singlet oxygen quenchers, triplett quenchers, photo-stabilisers and superoxide-anion quenchers.
• the functionally effective group Z of an agent having light protecting properties is a structural moiety derived from a UV-light absorber molecule.
• the term UV-light absorber comprises any structural moiety, which is effective as a photo-stable UV-filter and is derived from UV-light absorber compounds that protect polymers or coatings from UV-radiation, particularly in the range from 290-450 nm, especially 300-400 nm.
• UV-light absorbers moieties are substituents derived from UV-light absorber moieties selected from the group consisting of 2-2-hydroxy-phenyl)-1,3,5-triazines (HPT), 2-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles (HBZ), 2-hydroxybenzo-phenones (HBP) and oxanilides (OA).
• HPT 2-2-hydroxy-phenyl)-1,3,5-triazines
• HBZ 2-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles
• HBP 2-hydroxybenzo-phenones
• OA oxanilides
• Substituents derived from UV-light absorber moieties from the group consisting of 2-hydroxyphenyl-4,6-diaryltriazines radicals are represented by the formulae:
• R a and R c independently of one another represent hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, chloro, cyano, phenyl, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 18 alkoxy, C 4 -C 22 alkoxy which is interrupted by —O— and substituted by hydroxy, C 4 -C 22 alkoxy which is substituted by hydroxy and C 2 -C 14 phenylalkoxy; and
• R b and R d independently of one another represent hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, chloro, C 1 -C 4 alkyl and C 1 -C 18 alkoxy.
• R represents, for example C 1 -C 18 alkyl.
• R represents hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of chlorine, C 1 -C 4 alkyl and C 1 -C 4 alkoxy;
• R 1 represents C 1 -C 12 alkyl.
• Substituents derived from UV-light absorber moieties from the group consisting of 2-hydroxyphenylbenzophenones are represented by the formulae:
• R g represents hydrogen or hydroxy
• R h represents hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of chlorine, hydroxy and C 1 -C 4 alkoxy;
• R i represents hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of chlorine, hydroxy and C 1 -C 4 alkoxy;
• R k represents hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of chlorine, hydroxy and C 1 -C 4 alkyl
• Substituents derived from UV-light absorber moieties from the group consisting of oxalanilides are represented by the formulae:
• R l , R m and R n independently of one another represent hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 4 alkyl and C 1 -C 4 alkoxy.
• 2-2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazines are, for example, 2,4-bis(biphenyl-4-yl)-6-(2,6-dihydroxy)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,6-diphenyl1,3,5-triazine, 2,4,6-tris(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2-hydroxy-4-propyloxyphenyl)-6-2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,
• 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles are 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-methylphenyl)-benzotriazole, 2-(2′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazole, 2-[3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxycarbonyl-2-ethyl)-phenyl]-benzotriazole, 2-[3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxycarbonyl-2-ethyl)phenyl]-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(5′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2′-hydroxy-5′-1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl)-benzotriazole, 2-(3′,5′-di-tert-buty
• R represents 3′-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxy-5′-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl-phenyl; 2-[2′-hydroxy-3′-( ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylbenzyl)-5′-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]benzotriazole and 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′-1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-5′-( ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylbenzyl)phenyl]benzotriazole.
• 2-hydroxybenzophenones are, for example, the 4-hydroxy, 4-methoxy, 4-octyloxy, 4-decyloxy, 4-dodecyloxy, 4-benzyloxy, 2,4-dihydroxy, 4,2′,4′-trihydroxy and 2′-hydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxy derivatives.
• oxanilides are, for example, 2-ethyl-2′-hydroxyoxanilide, 4,4′-dioctyloxyoxanilide, 2,2′-diethoxyoxanilide, 2,2′-dioctyloxy-5,5′-di-tert-butyloxanilide, 2,2′-didodecyloxy-5,5′-di-tert-butyloxanilide, 2-ethoxy-2′-ethyloxanilide, N,N′-bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)oxalamide, 2-ethoxy-5-tert-butyl-2′-ethyloxanilide and its mixture with 2-ethoxy-2′-ethyl-5,4′-di-tert-butyloxanilide and mixtures of o- and p-methoxy- and of o- and p-ethoxy-disubstituted oxanilides.
• the group Z in the polymerisate (I), which is defined as the functionally effective group of an agent having light protecting properties, is a structural moiety derived from a molecule that has the property of a radical scavenger.
• a structural moiety that is useful as a radical scavenger is derived from the group of antioxidant molecules represented by the partial formula of alkylated monophenols:
• R a and R b represents hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of phenyl, hydroxyphenyl, (C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 1-2 phenyl, e.g. 3-methyl-5-tert-butylphenyl or 3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl, (C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 1 2 hydroxyphenyl, e.g. 3,5-di-tert-butyl-hydroxy-phenyl and C 1 -C 2 -alkyl, e.g. methyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl or 2-ethylhexyl;
• C 1 -C 9 alkyl e.g. tert.-butyl.
• R a and R b represents C 3 -C 4 alkyl, e.g. tert-butyl, and the other one represents hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 alkyl, e.g. methyl or tert-butyl.
• HALS hindered amino light stabiliser molecules
• R a und R b independently of one another represent hydrogen or methyl
• R c und R d independently of one another represent hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl or C 6-10 aryl; or
• R c and R d together represent oxygen
• R represents hydrogen, C 1-18 alkyl, C 1 18 alkoxy, C 2 -C 7 alkyl or C 2 -C 7 alkoxy substituted by hydroxy, C 2-18 alkenyl, C 2-18 alkenyloxy, C 3-18 alkinyl, C 3-18 alkinyloxy, C 3-12 cycloalkyl, C 3-12 cycloalkoxy, C 6-10 bicycloalkyl, C 6-10 bicycloalkoxy, C 3-8 cycloalkenyl, C 3-8 cycloalkenyloxy phenyl, phenoxy, naphthyl, naphthyloxy, or phenyl, phenoxy, naphthyl and naphthyloxy mono-substituted or disubstituted by suitable substituents, e.g.
• C 1 -C 4 alkyl e.g. methyl, ethyl or tert-butyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, e.g. methoxy or ethoxy, or halogen, e.g. chlorine, or represents acyl or acyloxy.
• the acyl radical R is, for example, derived from a monobasic organic acid comprising C-radicals and an acid function, e.g. one acyl radicals of the partial formulae —C( ⁇ O)—H, —C( ⁇ O)—C 1 -C 19 alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)—C 2 -C 19 alkenyl, —C( ⁇ O)—C 2 -C 4 alkenyl-C 6 -C 10 aryl, —C( ⁇ O)-C 6 -C 10 aryl, —C( ⁇ O)—O—C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)—O—C 6 -C 10 aryl, —C( ⁇ O)—NH—C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)—NH—C 6 -C 10 aryl and —C( ⁇ O)—N(C 1 -C 6 alkyl) 2 .
• Preferred acyl groups are formyl, acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, pivaloyl, acryloyl, methacryloyl, oleoyl, cinnamoyl, benzoyl, 2,6-xyloyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, ethylcarbamoyl or phenylcarbamoyl. Preference is given to C 2 -C 18 alkanoyl or C 3 -C 6 alkenoyl.
• acyloxy radical R the acyl group is as defined above, particularly an acyl group of the partial formulae of above, e.g. —O—C( ⁇ O)—C 1 -C 19 alkyl, —O—C( ⁇ O)—C 2 -C 19 alkenyl, —O—C( ⁇ O)—C 6 -C 10 aryl.
• Preferred acyloxy groups are acetoxy, trifluoroacetoxy, pivaloyloxy, acryloyloxy, methacryloyloxy or benzoyloxy.
• the group Z in the polymerisate (I), which is defined as the functionally effective group of an agent having light protecting properties, is a structural moiety derived from a molecule that has the property of a singlet oxygen quencher.
• a singlet oxygen quencher molecule deactivates singlet oxygen by energy transfer.
• a suitable singlet oxygen quencher is selected from the group consisting of DABCO (2,2,2-bicyclooctanediamine) and its derivatives, NO-HALS compounds, furfuryl alcohols and 1,4-DBPF derivatives.
• R a , R b , R c and R d independently of one another represent hydrogen, halogen, e.g. chloro or bromo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, e.g. methyl, or C 4 alkoxy, e.g. methoxy.
• the bridge group Y is attached directly to the phenyl moiety in the partial formula of above or, in the alternative, forms a salt with a salt forming group present in the group Z by acid-base reaction, acid addition or quaternisation reaction.
• a suitable substituent Y that forms such salt “bridge” is C 2 -C 8 alkyl substituted by ammonio or di-C 1 -C 4 alkylammonio, e.g. di-methyl- or diethylammonio.
• An acidic group, e.g. carboxy, sulpho or phosphono is present in the group Z in the dissociated form of its carboxylate, sulphonate or phosphonate anion. This is illustrated by the partial formula:
• X represents carboxy, sulpho or phosphono
• R a , R b , R c and R d independently of one another represent hydrogen, halogen, e.g. chloro or bromo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, e.g. methyl, or C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, e.g. methoxy;
• the invention also relates to a starting material of the formula: (R a , R b , R c and R d ⁇ H)
• X represents a bivalent functional group, e.g. —C( ⁇ O)—O—, —C( ⁇ O)—NH—, —CH 2 —O—, —O—, —NH— or —N(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-, which is attached to Y.
• X represents a bivalent functional group selected from the group consisting of —C( ⁇ O)—NH—, —CH, —O—, —O—, —NH— and —N(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-;
• Y represents C 1 -C 4 alkyl, hydroxy-C 2 -C 4 alkyl, amino-C 2 -C 4 alkyl, acryloyl or methacryloyl; is novel and also subject matter of the present invention.
• R a und R b independently of one another represent hydrogen or methyl
• R c und R d independently of one another represent hydrogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, e.g. methyl, or C 6 -C 10 aryl, e.g. phenyl; or
• R c and R d together represent oxygen.
• aromatic moieties may additionally be substituted with halogen, e.g. chloro or bromo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, e.g. methyl, or C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, e.g. methoxy.
• halogen e.g. chloro or bromo
• C 1 -C 4 alkyl e.g. methyl
• C 1 -C 4 alkoxy e.g. methoxy.
• the group Z in the polymerisate (I), which is defined as the functionally effective group of an agent having light protecting properties, is a structural moiety derived from a molecule that has the property of a triplett quencher, e.g. stilbene and its derivatives.
• a triplett quencher molecule possesses on energetically lower lying T 1 provision than that of the excited chromophore (Ch*). For that reason an exothermal radiationless energy transfer from the energetically higher lying T 1 provision of the quenching molecule is very close to the excited molecule or is even molecularly linked to it by a short linking unit such as a methylene group.
• Common triplett quencher molecules are stilbene derivatives, cyclooctotetraene or heavy metal ions (e.g. nickel complexes). Definition from: Light Stabilisers, D. Leppard et al., Chimia 56 (2002), 216-224, v. 3.3.2.
• aromatic moieties may additionally be substituted with halogen, e.g. chloro or bromo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, e.g. methyl, or C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, e.g. methoxy.
• halogen e.g. chloro or bromo
• C 1 -C 4 alkyl e.g. methyl
• C 1 -C 4 alkoxy e.g. methoxy.
• R a represents methyl and R b represents C 3 -C 8 alkyl, e.g. n-butyl.
• the group Z in the polymerisate (I), which is defined as the functionally effective group of an agent having light protecting properties, is a structural moiety derived from a molecule that has the property of a photo stabiliser.
• —X— represents the heteroatoms —O— or —S— or the groups —S( ⁇ O)—, —S( ⁇ O) 2 — or >N—R a ,
• R represents hydrogen, C 1 -C 18 alkyl, —CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 O(C 1 -C 18 alkyl) or C 1 -C 18 alkyl-C( ⁇ O)—;
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 independently of one another represent hydrogen, C 1 -C 12 alkyl, e.g. methyl or ethyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, e.g. methoxy or ethoxy, C 3 -C 7 cyclolalkyl, e.g. cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, phenyl, phenyl-C 1 -C 4 alkyl, e.g. benyl, or halogen, e.g. chloro or bromo.
• the functionally effective group Z derived from a photo stabiliser molecule is represented by the partial formula:
• the functionally effective group Z in the polymerisate (I), which is defined as the functionally effective group of an agent having light protecting properties is a structural moiety derived from a molecule that has the property of superoxide-anion-quenchers.
• the group Z in the polymerisate (I), which is defined as the functionally effective group of an agent having light protecting properties, is a structural moiety derived from a molecule that has the property of a nickel quencher.
• a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention relates to a polymerisate (I), wherein
• a highly preferred embodiment of the invention relates to a polymerisate (I), wherein
• a further embodiment of the present invention relates to a process for preparing the polymerisate (I), which comprises
• a polymerisate (I) is prepared, wherein Y represents a bivalent group, by reacting a polymerisate of the formula:
• A, B, R 1 , R 1 ′, R 1 ′′, the numerals I, II and III and the indices p, q, r, x, y and z are as defined above, and Y represents a bivalent group, with H-Z (VI′).
• the polymerisate (IV′) is obtained by polymerising the polymer blocks I and II by the method of controlled or “living” polymerisation the monomer units in the presence of a suitable polymerisation initiators described above:
• the polymer blocks I and II are prepared by applying the method of controlled or “living” polymerisation and polymerising the monomer units (VII) and (VII′) in the presence of a suitable polymerisation initiators described above.
• the polymerisation process according to the method of controlled, particularly “living” polymerisation may be carried out in the presence of water or an organic solvent or mixtures thereof. Additional co-solvents or surfactants, such as glycols or ammonium salts of fatty acids, may be added to the reaction mixture. The amount of solvent should be kept as low as possible.
• the reaction mixture may contain the above-mentioned monomer units or polymer blocks in an amount of 1.0 to 99.9% by weight, preferably 5.0 to 99.9% by weight, and especially preferably 50.0 to 99.9% by weight, based on the monomers present in the polymerisate.
• suitable solvents or mixtures of solvents are typically pure alkanes (hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane), hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene), alkanols (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether), esters (ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl or n-hexyl acetate) and ethers (diethyl or dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran), or mixtures thereof.
• alkanes hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane
• hydrocarbons benzene, toluene, xylene
• alkanols methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether
• esters ethyl, n-prop
• reaction mixture can be supplemented with a water-miscible or hydrophilic co-solvent.
• a water-miscible or hydrophilic co-solvent Any water-soluble or water-miscible co-solvent may be used, as long as the aqueous solvent medium is effective in providing a solvent system, which prevents precipitation or phase separation of the reactants or polymer products until full completion of the polymerisation.
• Exemplary co-solvents useful in the process may be selected from the group consisting of aliphatic alcohols, glycols, ethers, glycol ethers, pyrrolidines, N-alkylpyrrolidinones, N-alkylpyrrolidones, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, amides, carboxylic acids and salts thereof, esters, organosulphides, sulphoxides, sulphones, alcohol derivatives, hydroxyether derivatives such as butyl carbitol or cellosolve, amino alcohols, ketones, and the like, as well as derivatives and mixtures thereof.
• the water to co-solvent weight ratio is typically in the range of about 99:1 to about 10:90.
• mol % is based on an average molecular weight of the mixture.
• the polymerisation temperature may range from about 50° C. to about 180° C., preferably from about 80° C. to about 150° C. At temperatures above about 180° C., the controlled conversion of the monomers into polymers may decrease, and undesirable by-products like thermally initiated polymers are formed or decomposition of the components may occur.
• the polymerisation process by the method of controlled, particularly “living” polymerisation is carried in the presence of a suitable catalyst capable of activating ATRP.
• a suitable catalyst capable of activating ATRP.
• Such catalyst is a transition metal complex catalyst salt present as an oxidisable complex ion in the lower oxidation state of a redox system.
• Preferred examples of such redox systems are selected from the group consisting of Group V(B), VI(B), VII(B), VIII, IB and IIB elements, such as Cu + /Cu 2 ⁇ , Cu 0 /Cu ⁇ , Fe 0 /Fe 2 ⁇ , Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ , Cr 2+ /Cr 3+ , Co 1 /Co 2+ , Co 2+ /Co 3+ , Ni 0 /Ni ⁇ , Ni + /Ni 2+ , Ni 2+ /Ni 3+ , Mn 0 /Mn 2+ , Mn 2+ /Mn 3+ , Mn 3 ⁇ /Mn 4 ⁇ or Zn ⁇ /Zn 2 ⁇ .
• Group V(B), VI(B), VII(B), VIII, IB and IIB elements such as Cu + /Cu 2 ⁇ , Cu 0 /Cu ⁇ , Fe 0 /Fe 2 ⁇ , Fe 2+ /Fe 3
• the ionic charges are counterbalanced by anionic ligands commonly known in complex chemistry of transition metals, such hydride ions (H ⁇ ) or anions derived from inorganic or organic acids, examples being halides, e.g. F ⁇ , Cl ⁇ , Br ⁇ or I ⁇ , halogen complexes with transition metals, such as Cu ⁇ Br 2 ⁇ ; halogen complex ions of the type BF 4 ⁇ , PF 4 ⁇ , SbF 4 ⁇ or AsF 4 ⁇ , anions of oxygen acids, alcoholates or acetylides or the anion of cyclopentadiene.
• transition metals such as hydride ions (H ⁇ ) or anions derived from inorganic or organic acids, examples being halides, e.g. F ⁇ , Cl ⁇ , Br ⁇ or I ⁇ , halogen complexes with transition metals, such as Cu ⁇ Br 2 ⁇ ;
• Anions of oxygen acids are, for example, sulphate, phosphate, perchlorate, perbromate, periodate, antimonate, arsenate, nitrate, carbonate, the anion of a C 1 -C 8 carboxylic acid, such as formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, benzoate, phenylacetate, mono-, di- or trichloro- or -fluoroacetate, sulphonates, for example methane-, ethane-, n-propane- or n-butanesulphonate, trifluoromethanesulphonate (triflate), unsubstituted or C 1 -C 4 alkane-, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy- or halo-, especially fluoro-, chloro- or bromo-substituted benzenesulphonate or phenylmethanesulphonate, for example tosylate, mesylate, brosy
• Anionic and neutral ligand forming agents may also be present up to the preferred coordination number of the complex cation, especially four, five or six. Additional negative charges are counterbalanced by cations, especially monovalent cations such as Na + , K + , NH 4 + or (C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 4 N′.
• Suitable neutral ligand forming agents generate inorganic or organic neutral ligands commonly known in complex chemistry of transition metals. They coordinate to the metal ion through a ⁇ -, ⁇ -, ⁇ - or ⁇ -type bonding or any combinations thereof up to the preferred coordination number of the complex cation.
• Suitable inorganic ligands are selected from the group consisting of aquo (H 2 O), amino, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and nitrosyl.
• Suitable organic ligands are derived from ligand forming agents selected from the group consisting of phosphines, e.g.
• Heterocyclic e ⁇ donor ligands are derived, for example, from unsubstituted or substituted heteroarenes from the group consisting of furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, bis-pyridine, picolylimine, ⁇ -pyran, ⁇ -thiopyran, phenanthroline, pyrimidine, bis-pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, coumarone, thionaphthene, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, oxazole, thiazole, bis-thiazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, quinoline, bis-quinoline, isoquinoline, bis-isoquinoline, acridine, chromene, phenazine, phenoxazine, phenothiazine, triazine, thianthrene,
• the oxidisable transition metal complex catalyst can be formed in a separate preliminary reaction step from its ligands or is preferably formed in-situ from its transition metal salt, e.g. Cu(I)Cl, which is then converted to the complex compound by addition of compounds corresponding to the ligands present in the complex catalyst, e.g. by addition of ethyl-enediamine, EDTA, Me 4 TREN or PMDETA.
• transition metal salt e.g. Cu(I)Cl
• the transition metal in the oxidisable transition metal complex catalyst salt is converted from its lower oxidation state in the above-mentioned redox systems to its higher oxidation state.
• a Cu(I) complex catalyst salt is converted to the corresponding Cu(II) oxidation state.
• the copolymers (I) as obtained by the process have a low polydispersity.
• the polydispersity is from 1.01 to 2.20, more preferably from 1.01 to 1.90, and most preferably from 1.01 to 1.50.
• the polymerisation is carried out by applying the method of the so-called controlled polymerisation with >N—O—R compounds in the presence of a suitable initiator molecule as described above.
• the polymerisation is carried out by applying the method of the so-called controlled polymerisation with >N—O• compounds in the presence of a suitable initiator molecule as described above.
• a and B represents a polymer chain terminal group.
• a suitable chain terminal group is a radically transferable group, hydrogen, a polymerisable chain terminal group or a saturated polymer chain terminal group, which is formed by polymerisation or copolymerisation of a polymerisable chain terminal group.
• a radically transferable group is a group that results from ATRP with suitable initiators as described above, such as chlorine or bromine.
• compositions comprising a polymerisate (I), particularly a copolymer, e.g. a macro-monomer, wherein one of A and B is a polymerisable chain terminal group.
• a polymerisate (I) particularly a copolymer, e.g. a macro-monomer, wherein one of A and B is a polymerisable chain terminal group.
• Such group contains at least one polymerisable, ethylenically unsaturated monomer unit.
• a preferred polymerisable chain terminal group is an ethylenically unsaturated group corresponding to monomers selected from the group consisting of styrenes, acrylic acid, C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid, amides, anhydrides and salts of acrylic acid or C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid, acrylic acid-C 1 -C 24 alkyl esters and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-C 1 -C 24 alkyl esters, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, vinyl substituted heterocycles, styrene sulphonic acid and salts, vinyl benzoic acid and salts, vinyl formamide and amidosulphonic acid derivatives.
• the macro-monomers are prepared by known methods such as the ones described WO 01/51534, e.g. by reacting a polymerisate (I), particularly a copolymerisate, obtainable by ATRP, wherein one of A and B is a radically transferable atom or group, e.g. halogen, with ethylenically unsaturated monomers as defined above.
• a polymerisate (I) particularly a copolymerisate, obtainable by ATRP, wherein one of A and B is a radically transferable atom or group, e.g. halogen, with ethylenically unsaturated monomers as defined above.
• the elimination of the radically transferable group, e.g. halogen, with a polymerisable chain terminal group is advantageously performed in such a way that the polymerisate is dissolved in a solvent and the monomeric compound corresponding to A or B is added at higher temperatures in the presence of a strong but non-nucleophilic base, such as diazabicycloundecene (DBU), or similar bases.
• a strong but non-nucleophilic base such as diazabicycloundecene (DBU), or similar bases.
• DBU diazabicycloundecene
• the copolymerisation of the macro-monomer with co-monomers can also be conducted by ATRP or any other method of controlled radical polymerisation, such as nitroxyl mediated controlled free radical polymerisation.
• the polymerisates (I) of the invention may have different properties.
• the polymerisates (I) show a longer persistency, due to their excellent compatibility with any polymeric substrate and their appropriate molecular weight that avoids any additive loss caused by thermal effects.
• additives or auxiliaries listed above selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, UV-absorbers, light stabilisers, metal deactivators, phosphites, phosphines, phosphonites, hydroxylamines, nitrones, thiosynergists, peroxide scavengers, polyamide stabilisers, basic co-stabilisers, nucleating agents, fillers, reinforcing agents, benzofuranones, indolinones and other additives are present as optional components in the composition.
• the polymers and compositions obtainable in accordance with the invention are particularly suitable for producing structural polymers, wherein protection against UV-radiation is desirable, such as protective foils for greenhouses, packaging foils, mouldings for cars, boats, leisure articles, pallets, pipes, sheets, etc.
• the present invention also relates to a method for stabilising a composition of matter against degradation Induced by light, heat or oxidation, which comprises incorporating within the composition of matter the polymerisate (I), wherein A, B, R 1 , R 1 ′, R 1 ′′, R 2 , R 3 , Y, Z, the numerals I, II and III and the indices p, q, r, x, y and z are as defined above.
• the polymerisate (I) wherein A, B, R 1 , R 1 ′, R 1 ′′, R 2 , R 3 , Y, Z, the numerals I, II and III and the indices p, q, r, x, y and z are as defined above.
• Suitable dispersible organic pigments are pigments or pearlescent flakes selected from the group consisting of azo, disazo, naphthol, benzimidazolone, azo-condensation, metal complex, isoindolinone, and isoindoline pigments, the chinophthalon pigment, dioxazine pigment and the polycyclic pigment group consisting of indigo, thioindigo, quinacridones, phthalocyanines, perylenes, perionones, anthraquinones, such as aminoanthraquinones or hydroxyanthraquinones, anthrapyrimidines, indanthrones, flavanthrones, pyranthrones, anthantrones, isoviolanthrones, diketopyrrolopyrrole, and carbazoles, e.g.
• Suitable dispersible inorganic pigments are selected from the group consisting of metallic flakes, such aluminium, aluminium oxide, calcium carbonate, silicon oxide and silicates, iron(III)oxide, chromium(III)oxide, titanium(IV)oxide, zirconium(IV)oxide, zinc oxide, zinc sulphide, zinc phosphate, mixed metal oxide phosphates, molybdenum sulphide, cadmium sulphide, carbon black or graphite, vanadates, such as bismuth vanadate, chromates, such as lead(IV)chromate, and molybdates, such as lead(IV)molybdate, and mixtures, crystal forms or modifications thereof, such as rutil, anatas, mica, talcum or kaolin.
• the composition may contain in addition to component a′)—pigments— and component b′)—the polymerisate (I)— additional dispersing agents, conventional binder materials for preparing coating compositions, e.g. paints, fillers, and other conventional additives, in particular conventional additives selected from the group consisting of surfactants, light stabilisers, UV-absorbers, anti-foaming agents, dispersion stabilisers, dyes, plasticisers, thixotropic agents, drying catalysts, anti-skinning agents and levelling agents.
• the composition may also contain conventional additives, such as antioxidants, flow control agents, rheology control agents such as fumed silica, micro gets, screeners, quenchers or absorbers. These additives can be added individually or in mixtures, with or without so-called sterically hindered amines (HALS).
• HALS sterically hindered amines
• the composition may contain the above-mentioned pigment component a′) in an amount of 0.1 to 99.9% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 50.0% by weight, and particularly preferably 1.0 to 30.0% by weight.
• the present invention also relates to a pigment dispersion comprising
• dispersing agent is defined within the limits of a so-called solid/liquid dispersion, as opposed to other types of dispersions, such as liquid/liquid (e.g. emulsions) or solid/gas (e.g. fumes) dispersions.
• Solid/liquid dispersions that apply here consist of a two-phase system containing insoluble solid particles or solid particles of low solubility within a liquid.
• the dispersing agent in the present case the polymerisate (I), as defined above, enables solid particles, in the instant case pigment particles, to be distributed homogeneously within a liquid phase, e.g. water or organic solvent, or mixtures of both, or a polymer melt. Homogeneous distribution means that the concentration of the solid particles within the liquid phase in any volume fraction of the liquid phase is identical or approximately identical (even distribution of the solid particles).
• the component b′′) of the pigment dispersion defined above additional contains a dispersing agent that forms a salt with the polymerisate (I) by acid-base reaction, acid addition or quaternisation reaction.
• the additional dispersing agent contains an acidic group, such as the sulpho, carboxy or phosphono group, which forms a salt by reaction with a basic group, such as the free amino group or a primary, secondary or tertiary amino group, which is present in one of the polymer blocks I, II, or III or the chain terminal group A or B of the polymer component (I).
• a basic group such as the free amino group or a primary, secondary or tertiary amino group
• an acidic group such as the sulpho, carboxy or phosphono group
• the additional dispersing agent then contains the free amino group or a primary, secondary or tertiary amino group.
• sulphonic acids are listed below as non-limiting examples: 3-nitrobenzene sulphonic acid 4-sulphophthalic acid 4-chlorobenzene sulphonic acid 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzene sulphonic acid 4-acetylsulphonic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzene sulphonic acid sulphanilic acid 4-succinimidobenzenesulphonic acid benzene-1,3-disulphonic acid 4-phthalimidobenzenesulphonic acid 3-sulphobenzoic acid 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphonic acid (+ ⁇ )camphor-10-sulphonic acid 2-naphthylamine-1-sulphonic acid and isomers naphthalene-2-sulphonic acid naphthalene-trisulphonic acid, isomer mixture e.g.
• naphthalene 1,3,6-trisulphonic acid naphthalene-1-sulphonic acid 2-naphthylamine-6,8-disulphonic acid and isomers Naphthalene-1,5-disulphonlc acid and isomers pyridine-3-sulphonic acid 7-amino-1-naphthol-3-sulphonic acid
• the pigment dispersions are useful for a large variety of technical applications, e.g. for the preparation of inks or printing inks in printing processes, such as flexographics, screen, packaging, security ink, intaglio or offset printing, for pre-press stages and textile printing, for office, home or graphic applications, for paper goods, pens, felt tips, fibres tips, card, wood, (wood) stains, metal, inking pads, or inks for impact printing, (with impact-pressure ink ribbons), or for the preparation of colorants, for coatings, e.g.
• paints for textile decoration and industrial marking, for roller coatings or powder coatings or for automotive finishes for high-solids, for low-solvent, water containing or metallic coating materials or for water-containing formulations, water-containing paints, or for the preparation of pigmented plastics, fibres, platters or mold carriers, or for pigmented radiation curable coatings, or for pigmented gel coats, laminates, composites, adhesives and casting resins, or for non-impact printing material, for digital printing, thermal wax transfer printing, ink-jet printing or thermal transfer printing, or for the preparation of colour filters, especially for visible light in the range from 400 to 700 nm, which can be used for the production of liquid crystal displays (LCD) or charge combined devices (CCD), for the preparation of cosmetics, toners, or polymeric ink particles for the preparation of toners, such as dry or liquid copy toners or electro photographic toners.
• the toners can be prepared in master batches and be used in turn in master batches for the preparation of coloured plastics.
• the pigment dispersions are useful in colour filter systems, which are useful in electro-optical systems such as TV screens, liquid crystal displays, charge coupled devices, plasma displays or electro luminescent displays and the like.
• Direct patterning can be obtained by several printing techniques, such as impact (off-set, flexography, stamping, letterpress etc.) as well as non-impact (ink jet techniques).
• impact off-set, flexography, stamping, letterpress etc.
• non-impact ink jet techniques
• the colour filters of the invention contain the pigment compositions of the invention judiciously in a concentration of from 1.0 to 75.0% by weight, preferably from 5.0 to 50.0% by weight, with particular preference from 25.0 to 40.0% by weight, based on the overall weight of the pigmented layer.
• the invention therefore likewise provides a colour filter comprising a transparent substrate and a layer comprising from 1.0 to 75.0% by weight, preferably from 5.0 to 50.0% by weight, with particular preference from 25.0 to 40.0% by weight, based on the overall weight of the layer, of a pigment composition of the invention or the individual components of said composition dispersed in a high molecular mass organic material.
• the substrate is preferably essentially colourless (T ⁇ 95% all over the visible range from 400 to 700 nm).
• the instant printing inks or photo resists for making colour filters contain the pigment compositions of the invention judiciously in a concentration of from 0.01 to 40.0% by weight, preferably from 1.0 to 25.0% by weight, with particular preference from 5.0 to 10.0% by weight, based on the overall weight of the printing ink or photo resist.
• the invention therefore likewise provides a pigment dispersion for producing colour filters comprising from 0.01 to 40.0% by weight, preferably from 1.0 to 25.0% by weight, with particular preference from 5.0 to 10.0% by weight, based on the overall weight of the pigment dispersion.
• Another embodiment of the invention relates to the use of the pigment dispersion defined above for preparing ink compositions or colour filters by applying the methods described above.
• Another embodiment of the invention relates to the process for preparing the above-mentioned pigment dispersion, which comprises preparing the polymerisate (I) by copolymerising the polymer fragments I, II and III by the method of controlled or “living” polymerisation and optionally replacing or polymerising further one of the chain terminal groups A or B; and adding the polymerisate (I) to dispersible pigment particles and optionally binder materials, fillers or other conventional additives.
• the process comprises the additional step of isolating the pigment and the polymerisate (I) and optionally additional conventional additives in a solid product form essentially free from liquid carrier medium.
• the polymerisate (I) is added in pure form, optionally in combination with suitable additives, e.g. the acids mentioned above, as a solution or dispersion to dispersible pigment particles and optionally binder materials, fillers or other conventional additives.
• suitable additives e.g. the acids mentioned above, as a solution or dispersion to dispersible pigment particles and optionally binder materials, fillers or other conventional additives.
• the polymerisate (I) can be further processed and used in most cases without any further purification step. This is an important advantage when industrial scale-up is intended.
• the pigments are dispersed in the presence of the polymerisate (I) dispersant by using conventional techniques, such as high speed mixing, ball milling, sand grinding, attritor grinding or two or three roll milling.
• the resulting pigment dispersion may have a pigment to dispersant binder weight ratio of about 0.1:100 to 1500:100.
• the organic solvents present in the dispersion are mentioned above, cf. process, and preferably are commonly used solvents in coatings technology.
• polar, water-miscible solvents such as C 1 -C 4 alkohols, e.g. methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol, glycol ethers like butyl glycol, or methoxypropylene glycol, polyols, e.g. glycerol, or ethylene, diethylene, triethylene, triethylene or propylene glycol are used.
• solvent based coating systems preferably less polar solvents like aliphatic hydrocarbons, esters like butyl acetate, or glycol ethers like methoxypropylene glycol or glycol ether esters like methoxypropylene glycol acetate are used.
• fine pigment dispersions are prepared by mixing the pigments with a solution of the polymerisate (I) or an aqueous emulsion of the polymerisate (I), concentrating the resulting mixture by distilling off the solvents and/or water, preferably to dryness, and optionally further subjecting the resulting concentrate to thermal and/or mechanical treatment to prepare a mixture comprising pigments and the polymerisate (I), which may then be subsequently dispersed in aqueous and/or organic solvents.
• the solid composition of pigment and the polymerisate (I) is easy to disperse and does not require any time and energy intensive grinding to be incorporated into e.g. a paint formulation.
• compositions such as high speed mixing, ball milling, sand grinding, attritor grinding or two or three roll milling may in the alternative be employed when preparing the dispersion.
• the present invention also relates to the use of the pigment dispersion described above for preparing coating compositions, prints, images, inks, lacquers, pigmented plastics, adhesives, casting resins, filled composites, glass fibre reinforced composites, laminates, cement based construction materials like plaster and tile adhesives.
• compositions for example paints
• the invention therefore also relates to compositions, wherein film-forming binders for coatings are added to the composition comprising components a) and b) described above.
• the novel coating composition preferably comprises 0.01-100.0 parts by weight of the combined components a) and b) in the composition, in particular 0.05-50.0 parts, especially 0.1-20.0 parts, per 100 parts by weight of solid binder.
• Suitable binders are the ones customarily used, for example the ones described in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5 th Edition, Vol. A 18, pp. 368-426, VCH, Weinheim 1991, Germany.
• the film-forming binder is based on a thermoplastic or thermosetting resin, predominantly on a thermosetting resin. Examples thereof are alkyd, acrylic, polyester, phenolic, melamine, epoxy and polyurethane resins and mixtures thereof. Also resins curable by radiation or air-drying resins can be used.
• Binders that may be used are any cold- or hot-curable binders.
• the addition of a curing catalyst may be advantageous. Suitable catalysts that accelerate the curing of binders are described, for example, in Ullmann's, Vol. A 18 , loc. cit., p. 469.
• coating compositions comprising a functional acrylate resin and a cross linking agent.
• coating compositions containing specific binders are:
• the coating composition according to the invention comprises an additional light stabiliser of the sterically hindered amine type, the 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine and/or the 2-hydroxyphenyl-2H-benzotriazole types.
• additional light stabilisers of the 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine type advantageously to be added can be found e.g. in the published patent literature, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,679,956, EP-A434 608, U.S. Pat. No. 5,198,498, U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,868, U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,140, U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,067, WO-94/18278, EP-A-704 437, GB-A-2 297 091, WO-96/28437.
• the coating composition can also comprise further components, examples being solvents, pigments, dyes, plasticisers, stabilisers, thixotropic agents, drying catalysts and/or levelling agents.
• solvents examples being solvents, pigments, dyes, plasticisers, stabilisers, thixotropic agents, drying catalysts and/or levelling agents.
• possible components are those described in Ullmann's, Vol. A 18, pp. 429-471.
• Possible drying catalysts or curing catalysts are, for example, organometallic compounds, amines, amino-containing resins and/or phosphines.
• organometallic compounds are metal carboxylates, especially those of the metals Pb, Mn, Co, Zn, Zr or Cu, or metal chelates, especially those of the metals Al, Ti or Zr, or organometallic compounds, such as organotin compounds.
• metal carboxylates are stearates of Pb, Mn or Zn, octanoates of Co, Zn or Cu, naphthenoates of Mn and Co or the corresponding linoleates, resinates or tallates.
• metal chelates are aluminium, titanium or zirconium chelates of acetylacetone, ethyl acetylacetate, salicylaldehyde, salicylaldoxime, o-hydroxyacetophenone or ethyl tri-fluoroacetylacetate, and the alkoxides of these metals.
• organotin compounds are dibutyltin oxide, dibutyltin dilaurate or dibutyltin dioctanoate.
• amines are, in particular, tertiary amines, for example tri-n-butylamine, triethanolamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, N-dimethylethanolamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-methylmorpholine or diazabicyclooctane (triethylenediamine) and salts thereof.
• quaternary ammonium salts for example trimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride.
• Amino-containing resins function simultaneously as binder and curing catalyst. Examples thereof are amino-containing acrylate copolymers.
• the curing catalyst used can also be a phosphine, for example triphenylphosphine.
• the novel coating compositions include radiation-curable coating compositions.
• the binder essentially comprises monomeric or oligomeric compounds containing ethylenically unsaturated bonds, which after application are cured by actinic radiation, i.e. converted into a crosslinked, high molecular weight form.
• the system is UV-curing, it generally contains a photoinitiator as well.
• the novel stabilisers can also be employed without the addition of sterically hindered amines.
• the coating compositions according to the invention can be applied to any desired substrates, for example to metal, wood, plastic or ceramic materials. They are preferably used as base coats in the finishing of automobiles. If the topcoat comprises two layers, of which the lower layer is pigmented and the upper layer is not pigmented, the novel compositions can be used preferably for the lower layer.
• novel coating compositions can be applied to the substrates by the customary methods, for example by brushing, spraying, pouring, dipping or electrophoresis; see also Ullmann's, Vol. A 18, pp. 491-500.
• the coatings can be cured at room temperature or by heating.
• the coatings are preferably cured at 50-150° C., and in the case of powder coatings or coil coatings even at higher temperatures.
• the coating compositions can comprise an organic solvent or solvent mixture in which the binder is soluble.
• the coating composition can otherwise be an aqueous solution or dispersion.
• the vehicle can also be a mixture of organic solvent and water.
• the coating composition may be high-solids paint or can be solvent-free (e.g. a powder coating material). Powder coatings are, for example, those described in Ullmann's, A 18, pp. 438-444.
• the powder coating material may also have the form of a powder-slurry (dispersion of the powder preferably in water).
• the above-mentioned coating compositions or disperse systems may additionally contain further additives, such as calcium carbonate, clays, bentonites, silicates, glass fibres, glass beads, talc, kaolin, mica, barium sulphate, metal oxides and hydroxides, carbon black, graphite, wood powders, powders and fibres of other natural products, synthetic fibres, plasticisers, lubricants, emulsifiers, pigments, rheology additives, catalysts, flow auxiliaries, optical brighteners, flame retardants, or antistatic or blowing agents.
• further additives such as calcium carbonate, clays, bentonites, silicates, glass fibres, glass beads, talc, kaolin, mica, barium sulphate, metal oxides and hydroxides, carbon black, graphite, wood powders, powders and fibres of other natural products, synthetic fibres, plasticisers, lubricants, emulsifiers, pigments, rheology additives, catalysts
• Amberlist Amberlist® 15 cationic ion ex-change resin (CAS: 9037-24-5)
• GPC Gel Permeation Chromatography; Columns: Polymer Laboratories: PL-Gel 5 u (300 ⁇ 75 mm), THF (solvent), Polystyrene-Standard, Refractive Index-Detector
• the starting material 1 is prepared according to the method as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,255,483.
• a mixture of 40.0 g (0.081 mol) 1 and 12.3 g (0.09 mol) K 2 CO 3 are suspended in 300 ml DMF and heated up to a reaction temperature of 100° C.
• 12.14 g (0.09 mol)butane sultone dissolved in 50 ml DMF are added slowly over a time period of 1 h to the red solution.
• the orange coloured suspension is cooled to a temperature of 50° C., and the precipitated potassium salt is filtered from the mother liquor.
• the solid product is recrystallised from ethanol/water (10:1).
• the potassium salt is converted into the free add 5 by filtering the potassium salt dissolved in 500 ml THF/H 2 O (1:1) through an Amberlist® 15 ion ex-change resin; mp: 165-170° C.
• polymer dispersant 34 The synthesis of polymer dispersant 34 is described below in example 14.
• a mixture of 40.0 g (0.1 mol) 53 and 15.3 g (0.11 mol) K 2 CO 3 are suspended In 300 ml DMF and heated up to a reaction temperature of 100° C. 15.07 g (0.11 mol)butane sultone dissolved in 50 ml DMF are added slowly over a time period of 1 h to the red solution. After stirring for 2 h the orange coloured suspension is cooled to a temperature of 50° C., and the precipitated potassium salt is filtered from the mother liquor. The solid product is recrystallised from dioxane/water (10:1). The potassium salt is converted into the free acid 54 by filtering the potassium salt dissolved in 500 ml THF/H 2 O (1:1) through an Amberlist® 15 ion ex-change resin; mp: 157-161° C.
• the starting material 53 is prepared according to the method as described in EP 779280.
• the starting material 3 is prepared according to the method as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,588.
• the starting material 26 is prepared according to the method as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,086,988.
• the solid is partitioned between 200 ml ethyl acetate and 400 ml water, and the resulting suspension is agitated and heated up to a reaction temperature of 80° C. After 30 min. the remaining solid impurities are filtered off from the two-phase mixture, and the water phase is extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The water phase (pH: 1-2), which contains the product, is concentrated and the product crystallises by cooling down. Product 8 is obtained as colourless crystals (decomp: 284° C.).
• the starting material 6 is prepared according to the method as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,392,041.
• the starting material 17 is prepared according to the method as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,057,321.
• the starting material 9 is prepared according to the method as described in the published British Patent Application 1,355,109.
• the starting material 15 is prepared according to the method as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,057,321.
• the starting material 12 is prepared according to the method as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,057,321.
• the product solution becomes colourless.
• the organic phase is washed twice with a solution of EDTA (1% in H 2 O). After drying the organic phase over MgSO 4 , the solvents are distilled off.
• the functionalised dispersant 46 is obtained as a slightly yellow coloured resin.
• the starting material 19 is prepared according to the method as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,625.
• the starting material 19 is prepared according to the method as described in EP-A-098 241.
• Physical mixture Physical blend of the pigment dispersant and pigment (PY 13) which is extruded into HDPE at a temperature of 220° C.
• UVCON-Gray Scale DIN EN 20105-A02
• PR 254 50 50.3 68.2 31.2 0.0 ⁇ 0.1 0.4 B 0.4 40 50.3 68.0 31.2 0.1 ⁇ 0.3 0.4 B 0.5 45 50.3 68.2 31.4 0.0 ⁇ 0.1 0.2 B 0.3 No Additive 51.8 70.2 33.7 Standard C.I. PR 272 40 51.8 69.4 33.5 0.1 ⁇ 0.8 0.3 B 0.8 38 51.9 69.5 33.7 0.2 ⁇ 0.7 0.0 0.7
• Physical mixture Physical blend of the pigment dispersant and pigment which is extruded into HDPE at a temperature of 220° C.
• CAM-119-Cycle “CIBA internal WOM-Norm”: Xe 6500W, Boro-S-/Boro-5-filter combination, irradiance: 0.35 W/m 2 /340 nm, Cycle is 40 min dark, 20 min light and rain, 160 min light, 20 min light and rain;
• Pigment IRGALITH Yellow BAW (C.I. Pigment Yellow 13) Binder 2 pack polyurethane: Macrynal ® SM 510 N/ Desmodu ® N 75 Dispergation 60 min. Scandex (DIN 53238-18) with glass beads (100 g) Application 100 mm wet film drawer onto coil-coating-panel Dry times 5 min/RT, force drying 30 min/80° C. WOM CAM-Cycle 7: DIN EN ISO 1134/A
• CAM-Cycle 7/WOM DIN EN ISO 11341A

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