US20060196538A1 - Systems for depositing material onto workpieces in reaction chambers and methods for removing byproducts from reaction chambers - Google Patents
Systems for depositing material onto workpieces in reaction chambers and methods for removing byproducts from reaction chambers Download PDFInfo
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- US20060196538A1 US20060196538A1 US11/416,871 US41687106A US2006196538A1 US 20060196538 A1 US20060196538 A1 US 20060196538A1 US 41687106 A US41687106 A US 41687106A US 2006196538 A1 US2006196538 A1 US 2006196538A1
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- mainline
- branchline
- byproducts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/455—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for introducing gases into reaction chamber or for modifying gas flows in reaction chamber
- C23C16/45523—Pulsed gas flow or change of composition over time
- C23C16/45525—Atomic layer deposition [ALD]
- C23C16/45544—Atomic layer deposition [ALD] characterized by the apparatus
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/4412—Details relating to the exhausts, e.g. pumps, filters, scrubbers, particle traps
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/0318—Processes
- Y10T137/0396—Involving pressure control
Definitions
- the present invention is related to systems for depositing material onto workpieces in reaction chambers and methods for removing byproducts from reaction chambers.
- Thin film deposition techniques are widely used in the manufacturing of microfeatures to form a coating on a workpiece that closely conforms to the surface topography.
- the size of the individual components in the workpiece is constantly decreasing, and the number of layers in the workpiece is increasing.
- both the density of components and the aspect ratios of depressions i.e., the ratio of the depth to the size of the opening
- Thin film deposition techniques accordingly strive to produce highly uniform conformal layers that cover the sidewalls, bottoms, and corners in deep depressions that have very small openings.
- CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition
- one or more precursors that are capable of reacting to form a solid thin film are mixed while in a gaseous or vaporous state, and then the precursor mixture is presented to the surface of the workpiece.
- the surface of the workpiece catalyzes the reaction between the precursors to form a solid thin film at the workpiece surface.
- a common way to catalyze the reaction at the surface of the workpiece is to heat the workpiece to a temperature that causes the reaction.
- CVD techniques are useful in many applications, they also have several drawbacks. For example, if the precursors are not highly reactive, then a high workpiece temperature is needed to achieve a reasonable deposition rate. Such high temperatures are not typically desirable because heating the workpiece can be detrimental to the structures and other materials already formed on the workpiece. Implanted or doped materials, for example, can migrate within the silicon substrate at higher temperatures. On the other hand, if more reactive precursors are used so that the workpiece temperature can be lower, then reactions may occur prematurely in the gas phase before reaching the substrate. This is undesirable because the film quality and uniformity may suffer, and also because it limits the types of precursors that can be used.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B schematically illustrate the basic operation of ALD processes.
- a layer of gas molecules A coats the surface of a workpiece W.
- the layer of A molecules is formed by exposing the workpiece W to a precursor gas containing A molecules and then purging the chamber with a purge gas to remove excess A molecules.
- This process can form a monolayer of A molecules on the surface of the workpiece W because the A molecules at the surface are held in place during the purge cycle by physical adsorption forces at moderate temperatures or chemisorption forces at higher temperatures.
- the layer of A molecules is then exposed to another precursor gas containing B molecules.
- the A molecules react with the B molecules to form an extremely thin layer of solid material on the workpiece W.
- the chamber is then purged again with a purge gas to remove excess B molecules.
- FIG. 2 illustrates the stages of one cycle for forming a thin solid layer using ALD techniques.
- a typical cycle includes (a) exposing the workpiece to the first precursor A, (b) purging excess A molecules, (c) exposing the workpiece to the second precursor B, and then (d) purging excess B molecules.
- several cycles are repeated to build a thin film on a workpiece having the desired thickness.
- each cycle may form a layer having a thickness of approximately 0.5-1.0 ⁇ , and thus several cycles are required to form a solid layer having a thickness of approximately 60 ⁇ .
- FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a single-wafer ALD reactor 10 having a reaction chamber 20 coupled to a gas supply 30 and a vacuum 40 .
- the reactor 10 also includes a heater 50 that supports the workpiece W and a gas dispenser 60 in the reaction chamber 20 .
- the gas dispenser 60 includes a plenum 62 operably coupled to the gas supply 30 and a distributor plate 70 having a plurality of holes 72 .
- the heater 50 heats the workpiece W to a desired temperature
- the gas supply 30 selectively injects the first precursor A, the purge gas, and the second precursor B, as shown above in FIG. 2 .
- the vacuum 40 maintains a negative pressure in the reaction chamber 20 to draw the gases from the gas dispenser 60 across the workpiece W and then through an outlet of the reaction chamber 20 .
- a trap 80 captures and collects the byproducts from the reaction chamber 20 to prevent fouling of the vacuum 40 .
- ALD processing has a relatively low throughput compared to CVD techniques. For example, each A-purge-B-purge cycle can take several seconds. This results in a total process time of several minutes to form a single thin layer of only 60 ⁇ . In contrast to ALD processing, CVD techniques require only about one minute to form a 60 ⁇ thick layer. The low throughput limits the utility of the ALD technology in its current state because ALD may create a bottleneck in the overall manufacturing process.
- Another drawback of both ALD and CVD processing is the downtime required to service or replace the trap.
- the trap collects byproducts from the reaction chamber, the byproducts restrict the flow from the reaction chamber 20 to the vacuum 40 , and consequently, the pressure in the chamber increases.
- the increased pressure in the reaction chamber impairs effective removal of the byproducts from the reaction chamber.
- the trap is cleaned or replaced periodically to avoid significant increases in the pressure in the reaction chamber.
- Servicing the trap requires that the reactor be shut down, which results in a reduction in throughput.
- One approach to reduce the downtime of the reactor includes increasing the size of the trap. Although this approach reduces the downtime, a significant need still exists to eliminate the downtime required to service the trap and to maintain a consistent pressure in the reaction chamber.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic cross-sectional views of stages in ALD processing in accordance with the prior art.
- FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating a cycle for forming a layer using ALD techniques in accordance with the prior art.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a system including a reactor for depositing material onto a microfeature workpiece in accordance with the prior art.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a system for depositing material onto a microfeature workpiece in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a portion of a system for depositing material onto a workpiece in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a portion of a system for depositing material onto a workpiece in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
- microfeature workpiece is used throughout to include substrates upon which and/or in which microelectronic devices, micromechanical devices, data storage elements, read/write components, and other features are fabricated.
- microfeature workpieces can be semiconductor wafers such as silicon or gallium arsenide wafers, glass substrates, insulative substrates, and many other types of materials.
- gas is used throughout to include any form of matter that has no fixed shape and will conform in volume to the space available, which specifically includes vapors (i.e., a gas having a temperature less than the critical temperature so that it may be liquefied or solidified by compression at a constant temperature).
- a system includes a gas phase reaction chamber, a first exhaust line coupled to the reaction chamber, first and second traps each in fluid communication with the first exhaust line, and a vacuum pump coupled to the first exhaust line to remove gases from the reaction chamber.
- the first and second traps are operable independently to individually and/or jointly collect byproducts from the reaction chamber.
- the first exhaust line includes a first branchline and a second branchline each downstream from the reaction chamber. The first trap can be disposed in the first branchline and the second trap can be disposed in the second branchline.
- the first and second branchlines can be configured in a parallel arrangement.
- the system further includes a throttling valve in the second branchline, a pressure monitor, and a controller operably coupled to the throttling valve and the pressure monitor.
- the pressure monitor can determine the difference between the pressure in the first exhaust line upstream from the first trap and the pressure in the first exhaust line downstream from the first trap.
- the controller can operate the throttling valve to control the flow of byproducts into the second branchline to maintain the pressure differential in the first exhaust line within a desired range.
- a system in another embodiment, includes a gas phase reaction chamber, a first exhaust line coupled to the reaction chamber, a trap in the first exhaust line to collect byproducts from the reaction chamber, and first and second vacuum pumps.
- the first and second vacuum pumps are each in fluid communication with the first exhaust line and positioned downstream from the trap.
- the first and second vacuum pumps are operable independently to individually and/or jointly exhaust byproducts from the reaction chamber.
- the first exhaust line includes a first branchline and a second branchline each downstream from the reaction chamber.
- the first vacuum pump can be coupled to the first branchline and the second vacuum pump can be coupled to the second branchline.
- the system can also include a throttling valve in the second branchline to control the pressure in the first exhaust line.
- Another aspect of the invention is directed to methods for removing byproducts from a reaction chamber through a first mainline.
- the first mainline has first and second branchlines downstream from the reaction chamber.
- the method includes exhausting byproducts from the reaction chamber through the first mainline and dynamically controlling the flow of byproducts into the second branchline of the first mainline to maintain a pressure differential in the first mainline within a desired range.
- the method further includes collecting byproducts in a first trap in the first branchline of the first mainline and collecting byproducts in a second trap in the second branchline of the first mainline.
- the method further includes monitoring the difference between the pressure in the first mainline upstream from the first trap and the pressure in the first mainline downstream from the first trap.
- a throttling valve in the second branchline can be regulated to maintain the pressure differential within the desired range.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a system 100 for depositing material onto a microfeature workpiece W in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
- the system 100 includes a reactor 110 having a reaction chamber 120 coupled to a gas supply 130 and a vacuum pump 140 .
- the reactor 110 also includes a gas distributor 160 coupled to the reaction chamber 120 and the gas supply 130 to dispense gas(es) into the reaction chamber 120 and onto the workpiece W.
- Byproducts including excess and/or unreacted gas molecules are removed from the reaction chamber 120 by the vacuum pump 140 and injecting a purge gas into the chamber 120 .
- the gas supply 130 includes a plurality of gas sources 132 (identified individually as 132 a - c ) and a plurality of gas lines 136 coupled to the gas sources 132 .
- the gas sources 132 can include a first gas source 132 a for providing a first gas, a second gas source 132 b for providing a second gas, and a third gas source 132 c for providing a third gas.
- the first and second gases can be first and second precursors, respectively.
- the third gas can be a purge gas.
- the first and second precursors are the gas and/or vapor phase constituents that react to form the thin, solid layer on the workpiece W.
- the purge gas can be a suitable type of gas that is compatible with the reaction chamber 120 and the workpiece W.
- the gas supply 130 can include a different number of gas sources 132 for applications that require additional precursors or purge gases.
- the gas sources 132 can include one or more etchants for deposition onto a microfeature workpiece during etching.
- the system 100 of the illustrated embodiment further includes a valve assembly 133 coupled to the gas lines 136 and a controller 134 operably coupled to the valve assembly 133 .
- the controller 134 generates signals to operate the valve assembly 133 to control the flow of gases into the reaction chamber 120 for ALD and CVD applications.
- the controller 134 can be programmed to operate the valve assembly 133 to pulse the gases individually through the gas distributor 160 in ALD applications or to mix selected precursors in the gas distributor 160 in CVD applications. More specifically, in one embodiment of an ALD process, the controller 134 directs the valve assembly 133 to dispense a pulse of the first gas (e.g., the first precursor) into the reaction chamber 120 .
- the first gas e.g., the first precursor
- the controller 134 directs the valve assembly 133 to dispense a pulse of the third gas (e.g., the purge gas) to purge excess molecules of the first gas from the reaction chamber 120 .
- the controller 134 then directs the valve assembly 133 to dispense a pulse of the second gas (e.g., the second precursor), followed by a pulse of the third gas.
- the controller 134 directs the valve assembly 133 to dispense a pulse of the first and second gases (e.g., the first and second precursors) into the reaction chamber 120 .
- the controller 134 directs the valve assembly 133 to dispense a pulse of the third gas (e.g., the purge gas) into the reaction chamber 120 .
- the controller 134 can dispense the gases in other sequences.
- the reactor 110 also includes a workpiece support 150 to hold the workpiece W in the reaction chamber 120 .
- the workpiece support 150 can be heated to bring the workpiece W to a desired temperature for catalyzing the reaction between the first gas and the second gas at the surface of the workpiece W.
- the workpiece support 150 can be a plate with a heating element. The workpiece support 150 , however, may not be heated in other applications.
- the system 100 further includes an exhaust mainline 170 coupled to the vacuum pump 140 and the reaction chamber 120 to remove byproducts, including excess and/or unreacted gas molecules, from the reaction chamber 120 .
- the mainline 170 includes an upstream portion 170 a, a downstream portion 170 b, a first branchline 172 a, and a second branchline 172 b.
- the branchlines 172 a - b can be configured in a parallel arrangement and coupled to the upstream and downstream portions 170 a - b. Accordingly, discrete byproducts flow through either the first branchline 172 a or the second branchline 172 b.
- the system 100 further includes a first trap 180 a disposed in the first branchline 172 a and a second trap 180 b disposed in the second branchline 172 b.
- the traps 180 a - b capture and collect byproducts in the branchlines 172 a - b to prevent damage to the vacuum pump 140 .
- the system can include a different number of branchlines and/or traps.
- the system 100 further includes a throttling valve 190 in the second branchline 172 b, a valve controller 194 operably coupled to the throttling valve 190 , and a pressure monitor 198 operably coupled to the valve controller 194 .
- the throttling valve 190 and the valve controller 194 regulate the flow of byproducts into the second branchline 172 b, and the pressure monitor 198 determines the pressure difference between the upstream and downstream portions 170 a - b of the mainline 170 .
- the throttling valve 190 , the valve controller 194 , and the pressure monitor 198 can operate together to maintain the pressure in the upstream portion 170 a of the mainline 170 within a desired range.
- the pressure differential across the first trap 180 a increases as the first trap 180 a collects byproducts because the byproducts in the first trap 180 a obstruct the flow from the reaction chamber 120 to the vacuum pump 140 .
- the pressure monitor 198 detects this increase in the pressure differential across the first trap 180 a and sends a signal to the valve controller 194 .
- the valve controller 194 at least partially opens the throttling valve 190 to allow some of the flow of byproducts to pass through the second branchline 172 b.
- the throttling valve 190 is opened sufficiently to reduce the pressure differential in the upstream and downstream portions 170 a - b of the mainline 170 to within the desired range.
- the system 100 can include a throttling valve in the first branchline 172 a that is coupled to the valve controller 194 .
- One feature of this embodiment of the system 100 is that it maintains the pressure differential between the upstream and downstream portions 170 a - b of the mainline 170 as the traps 180 a - b collect byproducts. Accordingly, the pressure in the upstream portion 170 a and the reaction chamber 120 can remain generally consistent.
- An advantage of this feature is that a consistent pressure in the reaction chamber 120 helps create a consistent flow through the reaction chamber 120 . More specifically, a consistent pressure facilitates the consistent, effective removal of byproducts, including excess and/or unreacted gas molecules, from the reaction chamber 120 .
- the pressure in many prior art reaction chambers increases as the trap collects byproducts that obstruct the exhaust line. This increase in pressure (i.e., decrease in negative pressure) in the prior art reaction chambers impairs consistent, effective removal of the byproducts from the reaction chambers, and consequently, the byproducts may react with incoming gases.
- the system 100 can include a plurality of valves 192 (identified individually as 192 a - c ) to selectively isolate the first and/or second traps 180 a - b for service or replacement.
- the first branchline 172 a can include a first valve 192 a (shown in hidden lines) upstream from the first trap 180 a and a second valve 192 b (shown in hidden lines) downstream from the first trap 180 a.
- the first and second valves 192 a - b can be closed to allow the first trap 180 a to be serviced or replaced without interrupting the deposition process of the system 100 .
- the throttle valve 190 can be opened enough to exhaust the byproducts solely through the second branchline 172 b of the mainline 170 .
- the first trap 180 a can then be replaced with a new trap without shutting down the system 100 .
- the second branchline 172 b can include a third valve 192 c (shown in hidden lines) downstream from the second trap 180 b.
- the throttling valve 190 and the third valve 192 c can be closed to allow the second trap 180 b to be serviced or replaced without interrupting the deposition process of the system 100 .
- the system 100 may not include the valves 192 .
- One feature of the illustrated embodiment is that the system 100 does not need to be shut down to replace and/or service the traps 180 .
- Each trap 180 can be isolated for service or replacement, and while one trap 180 is serviced, the other trap 180 can collect byproducts.
- An advantage of this feature is that the throughput of the system 100 is increased because the downtime resulting from servicing the traps 180 is reduced or eliminated.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a portion of a system 200 for depositing material onto a workpiece in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
- the system 200 can be generally similar to the system 100 described above with reference to FIG. 4 .
- the system 200 includes a reaction chamber 120 , a mainline 270 coupled to the reaction chamber 120 , and a trap 180 in the mainline 270 to capture and collect the byproducts from the reaction chamber 120 .
- the mainline 270 includes a first branchline 272 a and a second branchline 272 b each downstream from the trap 180 .
- the system 200 further includes a first vacuum pump 140 a coupled to the first branchline 272 a and a second vacuum pump 140 b coupled to the second branchline 272 b.
- the system 200 includes a throttling valve 190 in the second branchline 272 b, a valve controller 194 operably coupled to the throttling valve 190 , and a pressure monitor 298 operably coupled to the valve controller 194 to determine the pressure in the mainline 270 downstream from the trap 180 .
- the throttling valve 190 , the valve controller 194 , and the pressure monitor 298 can operate together to maintain a consistent pressure in the mainline 270 and/or maintain a consistent mass flow rate and/or fluid velocity of byproducts through the mainline 270 .
- the pressure in the mainline 270 will increase and the throughput of byproducts through the mainline 270 will decrease.
- the pressure monitor 298 detects the pressure increase and sends a signal to the valve controller 194 .
- the valve controller 194 opens the throttling valve 190 sufficiently to allow the second vacuum pump 140 b to reduce the pressure in the mainline 270 to a desired range and to increase the throughput of byproducts in the mainline 270 to a consistent level.
- the pressure monitor 298 can monitor the pressure differential in the mainline 270 upstream and downstream of the trap 180 (shown in broken line). In this embodiment, if the trap 180 is fouled, the pressure upstream from the trap 180 will increase. The valve controller 194 can accordingly open the valve 190 to reduce the pressure downstream from the trap 180 and thus increase the flow rate across the trap 180 .
- the system 200 can include a different number of branchlines and vacuum pumps than shown in FIG. 5 , or the system 200 can include a throttling valve in the first branchline 272 a in still another embodiment.
- the first branchline 272 a can include a valve 192 (shown in hidden lines) to control the flow through the first branchline 272 a.
- the valve 192 allows the first vacuum pump 140 a to be serviced or replaced without interrupting the deposition process of the system 200 .
- the second vacuum pump 140 b can continue to remove byproducts from the reaction chamber 120 .
- One feature of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5 is that the system 200 does not need to be shut down to replace and/or service one of the vacuum pumps 140 because the valves 190 and 192 can isolate the vacuum pump 140 .
- An advantage of this feature is that the throughput of the system 200 is increased because the downtime for servicing the vacuum pumps 140 is reduced or eliminated.
- Another feature of this embodiment is that a consistent pressure can be maintained in the mainline 270 , and consequently, byproducts can be removed from the reaction chamber 120 at a consistent rate.
- An advantage of this feature is that removing byproducts from the reaction chamber 120 at a consistent rate results in a more consistent deposition process and reduces the likelihood that byproducts may recirculate in the reaction chamber 120 and react with incoming gases.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a portion of a system 300 for depositing material onto a workpiece in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.
- the system 300 can be generally similar to the systems 100 and 200 described above with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5 .
- the system 300 includes a reaction chamber 120 , a mainline 370 coupled to the reaction chamber 120 , a plurality of traps 180 (identified individually as 180 a - b ) in the mainline 370 , and a plurality of vacuum pumps 140 (identified individually as 140 a - b ) coupled to the mainline 370 .
- the mainline 370 includes first and second branchlines 372 a - b configured in a parallel arrangement and third and fourth branchlines 372 c - d configured in a parallel arrangement downstream from the first and second branchlines 372 a - b.
- a first trap 180 a is disposed in the first branchline 372 a
- a second trap 180 b is disposed in the second branchline 372 b
- a first vacuum pump 140 a is coupled to the third branchline 372 c
- a second vacuum pump 140 b is coupled to the fourth branchline 372 d.
- the system 300 of the illustrated embodiment can further include a first throttling valve 190 a in the second branchline 372 b, a second throttling valve 190 b in the fourth branchline 372 d, a valve controller 194 operably coupled to the throttling valves 190 a - b, and a pressure monitor 198 coupled to the valve controller 194 .
- the pressure monitor 198 monitors the pressure difference between an upstream portion 370 a of the mainline 370 and a downstream portion 370 b of the mainline 370 .
- the valve controller 194 can regulate the first throttling valve 190 a to create a desired pressure differential in the upstream and downstream portions 370 a - b of the mainline 370 . Moreover, as described above with reference to FIG. 5 , the valve controller 194 can regulate the second throttling valve 190 b to create a consistent pressure in the mainline 370 if the first vacuum pump 140 a is fouled.
- the system 300 can further include a plurality of valves 192 (identified individually as 192 a - d ) to isolate the traps 180 a - b and/or vacuum pumps 140 a - b so that the traps 180 a - b and vacuum pumps 140 a - b can be serviced or replaced without interrupting the deposition process in the system 300 , as described above with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5 .
- the system can include additional traps, vacuums, and/or branchlines.
Abstract
Systems for depositing material onto workpieces in reaction chambers and methods for removing byproducts from reaction chambers are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the system includes a gas phase reaction chamber, a first exhaust line coupled to the reaction chamber, first and second traps each in fluid communication with the first exhaust line, and a vacuum pump coupled to the first exhaust line to remove gases from the reaction chamber. The first and second traps are operable independently to individually and/or jointly collect byproducts from the reaction chamber. It is emphasized that this Abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.
Description
- The present invention is related to systems for depositing material onto workpieces in reaction chambers and methods for removing byproducts from reaction chambers.
- Thin film deposition techniques are widely used in the manufacturing of microfeatures to form a coating on a workpiece that closely conforms to the surface topography. The size of the individual components in the workpiece is constantly decreasing, and the number of layers in the workpiece is increasing. As a result, both the density of components and the aspect ratios of depressions (i.e., the ratio of the depth to the size of the opening) are increasing. Thin film deposition techniques accordingly strive to produce highly uniform conformal layers that cover the sidewalls, bottoms, and corners in deep depressions that have very small openings.
- One widely used thin film deposition technique is Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). In a CVD system, one or more precursors that are capable of reacting to form a solid thin film are mixed while in a gaseous or vaporous state, and then the precursor mixture is presented to the surface of the workpiece. The surface of the workpiece catalyzes the reaction between the precursors to form a solid thin film at the workpiece surface. A common way to catalyze the reaction at the surface of the workpiece is to heat the workpiece to a temperature that causes the reaction.
- Although CVD techniques are useful in many applications, they also have several drawbacks. For example, if the precursors are not highly reactive, then a high workpiece temperature is needed to achieve a reasonable deposition rate. Such high temperatures are not typically desirable because heating the workpiece can be detrimental to the structures and other materials already formed on the workpiece. Implanted or doped materials, for example, can migrate within the silicon substrate at higher temperatures. On the other hand, if more reactive precursors are used so that the workpiece temperature can be lower, then reactions may occur prematurely in the gas phase before reaching the substrate. This is undesirable because the film quality and uniformity may suffer, and also because it limits the types of precursors that can be used.
- Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is another thin film deposition technique.
FIGS. 1A and 1B schematically illustrate the basic operation of ALD processes. Referring toFIG. 1A , a layer of gas molecules A coats the surface of a workpiece W. The layer of A molecules is formed by exposing the workpiece W to a precursor gas containing A molecules and then purging the chamber with a purge gas to remove excess A molecules. This process can form a monolayer of A molecules on the surface of the workpiece W because the A molecules at the surface are held in place during the purge cycle by physical adsorption forces at moderate temperatures or chemisorption forces at higher temperatures. Referring toFIG. 1B , the layer of A molecules is then exposed to another precursor gas containing B molecules. The A molecules react with the B molecules to form an extremely thin layer of solid material on the workpiece W. The chamber is then purged again with a purge gas to remove excess B molecules. -
FIG. 2 illustrates the stages of one cycle for forming a thin solid layer using ALD techniques. A typical cycle includes (a) exposing the workpiece to the first precursor A, (b) purging excess A molecules, (c) exposing the workpiece to the second precursor B, and then (d) purging excess B molecules. In actual processing, several cycles are repeated to build a thin film on a workpiece having the desired thickness. For example, each cycle may form a layer having a thickness of approximately 0.5-1.0 Å, and thus several cycles are required to form a solid layer having a thickness of approximately 60 Å. -
FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a single-wafer ALD reactor 10 having areaction chamber 20 coupled to agas supply 30 and avacuum 40. Thereactor 10 also includes aheater 50 that supports the workpiece W and agas dispenser 60 in thereaction chamber 20. Thegas dispenser 60 includes aplenum 62 operably coupled to thegas supply 30 and adistributor plate 70 having a plurality ofholes 72. In operation, theheater 50 heats the workpiece W to a desired temperature, and the gas supply 30 selectively injects the first precursor A, the purge gas, and the second precursor B, as shown above inFIG. 2 . Thevacuum 40 maintains a negative pressure in thereaction chamber 20 to draw the gases from thegas dispenser 60 across the workpiece W and then through an outlet of thereaction chamber 20. Atrap 80 captures and collects the byproducts from thereaction chamber 20 to prevent fouling of thevacuum 40. - One drawback of ALD processing is that it has a relatively low throughput compared to CVD techniques. For example, each A-purge-B-purge cycle can take several seconds. This results in a total process time of several minutes to form a single thin layer of only 60 Å. In contrast to ALD processing, CVD techniques require only about one minute to form a 60 Å thick layer. The low throughput limits the utility of the ALD technology in its current state because ALD may create a bottleneck in the overall manufacturing process.
- Another drawback of both ALD and CVD processing is the downtime required to service or replace the trap. As the trap collects byproducts from the reaction chamber, the byproducts restrict the flow from the
reaction chamber 20 to thevacuum 40, and consequently, the pressure in the chamber increases. The increased pressure in the reaction chamber impairs effective removal of the byproducts from the reaction chamber. Accordingly, the trap is cleaned or replaced periodically to avoid significant increases in the pressure in the reaction chamber. Servicing the trap requires that the reactor be shut down, which results in a reduction in throughput. One approach to reduce the downtime of the reactor includes increasing the size of the trap. Although this approach reduces the downtime, a significant need still exists to eliminate the downtime required to service the trap and to maintain a consistent pressure in the reaction chamber. -
FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic cross-sectional views of stages in ALD processing in accordance with the prior art. -
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating a cycle for forming a layer using ALD techniques in accordance with the prior art. -
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a system including a reactor for depositing material onto a microfeature workpiece in accordance with the prior art. -
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a system for depositing material onto a microfeature workpiece in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a portion of a system for depositing material onto a workpiece in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. -
FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a portion of a system for depositing material onto a workpiece in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. - A. Overview
- The following disclosure describes several embodiments of systems for depositing material onto workpieces in reaction chambers and methods for removing byproducts from reaction chambers. Many specific details of the invention are described below with reference to single-wafer reactors for depositing material onto microfeature workpieces, but several embodiments can be used in batch systems for processing a plurality of workpieces simultaneously. Moreover, several embodiments can be used for depositing material onto workpieces other than microfeature workpieces. The term “microfeature workpiece” is used throughout to include substrates upon which and/or in which microelectronic devices, micromechanical devices, data storage elements, read/write components, and other features are fabricated. For example, microfeature workpieces can be semiconductor wafers such as silicon or gallium arsenide wafers, glass substrates, insulative substrates, and many other types of materials. Furthermore, the term “gas” is used throughout to include any form of matter that has no fixed shape and will conform in volume to the space available, which specifically includes vapors (i.e., a gas having a temperature less than the critical temperature so that it may be liquefied or solidified by compression at a constant temperature). Several embodiments in accordance with the invention are set forth in
FIGS. 4-6 and the following text to provide a thorough understanding of particular embodiments of the invention. A person skilled in the art will understand, however, that the invention may have additional embodiments, or that the invention may be practiced without several of the details of the embodiments shown inFIGS. 4-6 . - One aspect of the invention is directed to systems for depositing material onto workpieces in reaction chambers. In one embodiment, a system includes a gas phase reaction chamber, a first exhaust line coupled to the reaction chamber, first and second traps each in fluid communication with the first exhaust line, and a vacuum pump coupled to the first exhaust line to remove gases from the reaction chamber. The first and second traps are operable independently to individually and/or jointly collect byproducts from the reaction chamber. In one aspect of this embodiment, the first exhaust line includes a first branchline and a second branchline each downstream from the reaction chamber. The first trap can be disposed in the first branchline and the second trap can be disposed in the second branchline. The first and second branchlines can be configured in a parallel arrangement. In another aspect of this embodiment, the system further includes a throttling valve in the second branchline, a pressure monitor, and a controller operably coupled to the throttling valve and the pressure monitor. The pressure monitor can determine the difference between the pressure in the first exhaust line upstream from the first trap and the pressure in the first exhaust line downstream from the first trap. The controller can operate the throttling valve to control the flow of byproducts into the second branchline to maintain the pressure differential in the first exhaust line within a desired range.
- In another embodiment, a system includes a gas phase reaction chamber, a first exhaust line coupled to the reaction chamber, a trap in the first exhaust line to collect byproducts from the reaction chamber, and first and second vacuum pumps. The first and second vacuum pumps are each in fluid communication with the first exhaust line and positioned downstream from the trap. The first and second vacuum pumps are operable independently to individually and/or jointly exhaust byproducts from the reaction chamber. In one aspect of this embodiment, the first exhaust line includes a first branchline and a second branchline each downstream from the reaction chamber. The first vacuum pump can be coupled to the first branchline and the second vacuum pump can be coupled to the second branchline. The system can also include a throttling valve in the second branchline to control the pressure in the first exhaust line.
- Another aspect of the invention is directed to methods for removing byproducts from a reaction chamber through a first mainline. The first mainline has first and second branchlines downstream from the reaction chamber. In one embodiment, the method includes exhausting byproducts from the reaction chamber through the first mainline and dynamically controlling the flow of byproducts into the second branchline of the first mainline to maintain a pressure differential in the first mainline within a desired range. In one aspect of this embodiment, the method further includes collecting byproducts in a first trap in the first branchline of the first mainline and collecting byproducts in a second trap in the second branchline of the first mainline. In another aspect of this embodiment, the method further includes monitoring the difference between the pressure in the first mainline upstream from the first trap and the pressure in the first mainline downstream from the first trap. In response to the monitored pressure differential, a throttling valve in the second branchline can be regulated to maintain the pressure differential within the desired range.
- B. Deposition Systems
-
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of asystem 100 for depositing material onto a microfeature workpiece W in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, thesystem 100 includes areactor 110 having areaction chamber 120 coupled to agas supply 130 and avacuum pump 140. Thereactor 110 also includes agas distributor 160 coupled to thereaction chamber 120 and thegas supply 130 to dispense gas(es) into thereaction chamber 120 and onto the workpiece W. Byproducts including excess and/or unreacted gas molecules are removed from thereaction chamber 120 by thevacuum pump 140 and injecting a purge gas into thechamber 120. - The
gas supply 130 includes a plurality of gas sources 132 (identified individually as 132 a-c) and a plurality ofgas lines 136 coupled to the gas sources 132. The gas sources 132 can include afirst gas source 132 a for providing a first gas, asecond gas source 132 b for providing a second gas, and athird gas source 132 c for providing a third gas. The first and second gases can be first and second precursors, respectively. The third gas can be a purge gas. The first and second precursors are the gas and/or vapor phase constituents that react to form the thin, solid layer on the workpiece W. The purge gas can be a suitable type of gas that is compatible with thereaction chamber 120 and the workpiece W. In other embodiments, thegas supply 130 can include a different number of gas sources 132 for applications that require additional precursors or purge gases. In additional embodiments, the gas sources 132 can include one or more etchants for deposition onto a microfeature workpiece during etching. - The
system 100 of the illustrated embodiment further includes avalve assembly 133 coupled to thegas lines 136 and acontroller 134 operably coupled to thevalve assembly 133. Thecontroller 134 generates signals to operate thevalve assembly 133 to control the flow of gases into thereaction chamber 120 for ALD and CVD applications. For example, thecontroller 134 can be programmed to operate thevalve assembly 133 to pulse the gases individually through thegas distributor 160 in ALD applications or to mix selected precursors in thegas distributor 160 in CVD applications. More specifically, in one embodiment of an ALD process, thecontroller 134 directs thevalve assembly 133 to dispense a pulse of the first gas (e.g., the first precursor) into thereaction chamber 120. Next, thecontroller 134 directs thevalve assembly 133 to dispense a pulse of the third gas (e.g., the purge gas) to purge excess molecules of the first gas from thereaction chamber 120. Thecontroller 134 then directs thevalve assembly 133 to dispense a pulse of the second gas (e.g., the second precursor), followed by a pulse of the third gas. In one embodiment of a pulsed CVD process, thecontroller 134 directs thevalve assembly 133 to dispense a pulse of the first and second gases (e.g., the first and second precursors) into thereaction chamber 120. Next, thecontroller 134 directs thevalve assembly 133 to dispense a pulse of the third gas (e.g., the purge gas) into thereaction chamber 120. In other embodiments, thecontroller 134 can dispense the gases in other sequences. - In the illustrated embodiment, the
reactor 110 also includes aworkpiece support 150 to hold the workpiece W in thereaction chamber 120. In one aspect of this embodiment, theworkpiece support 150 can be heated to bring the workpiece W to a desired temperature for catalyzing the reaction between the first gas and the second gas at the surface of the workpiece W. For example, theworkpiece support 150 can be a plate with a heating element. Theworkpiece support 150, however, may not be heated in other applications. - The
system 100 further includes anexhaust mainline 170 coupled to thevacuum pump 140 and thereaction chamber 120 to remove byproducts, including excess and/or unreacted gas molecules, from thereaction chamber 120. Themainline 170 includes anupstream portion 170 a, adownstream portion 170 b, afirst branchline 172 a, and asecond branchline 172 b. The branchlines 172 a-b can be configured in a parallel arrangement and coupled to the upstream anddownstream portions 170 a-b. Accordingly, discrete byproducts flow through either thefirst branchline 172 a or thesecond branchline 172 b. In this embodiment, thesystem 100 further includes afirst trap 180 a disposed in thefirst branchline 172 a and asecond trap 180 b disposed in thesecond branchline 172 b. Thetraps 180 a-b capture and collect byproducts in the branchlines 172 a-b to prevent damage to thevacuum pump 140. In other embodiments, the system can include a different number of branchlines and/or traps. - In one aspect of this embodiment, the
system 100 further includes a throttlingvalve 190 in thesecond branchline 172 b, avalve controller 194 operably coupled to the throttlingvalve 190, and apressure monitor 198 operably coupled to thevalve controller 194. The throttlingvalve 190 and thevalve controller 194 regulate the flow of byproducts into thesecond branchline 172 b, and the pressure monitor 198 determines the pressure difference between the upstream anddownstream portions 170 a-b of themainline 170. The throttlingvalve 190, thevalve controller 194, and the pressure monitor 198 can operate together to maintain the pressure in theupstream portion 170 a of themainline 170 within a desired range. For example, the pressure differential across thefirst trap 180 a increases as thefirst trap 180 a collects byproducts because the byproducts in thefirst trap 180 a obstruct the flow from thereaction chamber 120 to thevacuum pump 140. The pressure monitor 198 detects this increase in the pressure differential across thefirst trap 180 a and sends a signal to thevalve controller 194. In response to the signal, thevalve controller 194 at least partially opens the throttlingvalve 190 to allow some of the flow of byproducts to pass through thesecond branchline 172 b. The throttlingvalve 190 is opened sufficiently to reduce the pressure differential in the upstream anddownstream portions 170 a-b of themainline 170 to within the desired range. In additional embodiments, thesystem 100 can include a throttling valve in thefirst branchline 172 a that is coupled to thevalve controller 194. - One feature of this embodiment of the
system 100 is that it maintains the pressure differential between the upstream anddownstream portions 170 a-b of themainline 170 as thetraps 180 a-b collect byproducts. Accordingly, the pressure in theupstream portion 170 a and thereaction chamber 120 can remain generally consistent. An advantage of this feature is that a consistent pressure in thereaction chamber 120 helps create a consistent flow through thereaction chamber 120. More specifically, a consistent pressure facilitates the consistent, effective removal of byproducts, including excess and/or unreacted gas molecules, from thereaction chamber 120. In contrast, the pressure in many prior art reaction chambers increases as the trap collects byproducts that obstruct the exhaust line. This increase in pressure (i.e., decrease in negative pressure) in the prior art reaction chambers impairs consistent, effective removal of the byproducts from the reaction chambers, and consequently, the byproducts may react with incoming gases. - In another aspect of the illustrated embodiment, the
system 100 can include a plurality of valves 192 (identified individually as 192 a-c) to selectively isolate the first and/orsecond traps 180 a-b for service or replacement. Thefirst branchline 172 a, for example, can include afirst valve 192 a (shown in hidden lines) upstream from thefirst trap 180 a and asecond valve 192 b (shown in hidden lines) downstream from thefirst trap 180 a. The first andsecond valves 192 a-b can be closed to allow thefirst trap 180 a to be serviced or replaced without interrupting the deposition process of thesystem 100. For example, when the first andsecond valves 192 a-b are closed, thethrottle valve 190 can be opened enough to exhaust the byproducts solely through thesecond branchline 172 b of themainline 170. Thefirst trap 180 a can then be replaced with a new trap without shutting down thesystem 100. Similarly, thesecond branchline 172 b can include athird valve 192 c (shown in hidden lines) downstream from thesecond trap 180 b. The throttlingvalve 190 and thethird valve 192 c can be closed to allow thesecond trap 180 b to be serviced or replaced without interrupting the deposition process of thesystem 100. In other embodiments, thesystem 100 may not include thevalves 192. - One feature of the illustrated embodiment is that the
system 100 does not need to be shut down to replace and/or service thetraps 180. Eachtrap 180 can be isolated for service or replacement, and while onetrap 180 is serviced, theother trap 180 can collect byproducts. An advantage of this feature is that the throughput of thesystem 100 is increased because the downtime resulting from servicing thetraps 180 is reduced or eliminated. - C. Other Systems to Remove Byproducts
-
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a portion of asystem 200 for depositing material onto a workpiece in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. Thesystem 200 can be generally similar to thesystem 100 described above with reference toFIG. 4 . For example, thesystem 200 includes areaction chamber 120, amainline 270 coupled to thereaction chamber 120, and atrap 180 in themainline 270 to capture and collect the byproducts from thereaction chamber 120. Themainline 270 includes afirst branchline 272 a and asecond branchline 272 b each downstream from thetrap 180. Thesystem 200 further includes afirst vacuum pump 140 a coupled to thefirst branchline 272 a and asecond vacuum pump 140 b coupled to thesecond branchline 272 b. - In one aspect of this embodiment, the
system 200 includes a throttlingvalve 190 in thesecond branchline 272 b, avalve controller 194 operably coupled to the throttlingvalve 190, and apressure monitor 298 operably coupled to thevalve controller 194 to determine the pressure in themainline 270 downstream from thetrap 180. The throttlingvalve 190, thevalve controller 194, and the pressure monitor 298 can operate together to maintain a consistent pressure in themainline 270 and/or maintain a consistent mass flow rate and/or fluid velocity of byproducts through themainline 270. For example, in one embodiment, if thefirst vacuum pump 140 a is fouled because thetrap 180 fails to capture all the byproducts in themainline 270, the pressure in themainline 270 will increase and the throughput of byproducts through themainline 270 will decrease. The pressure monitor 298 detects the pressure increase and sends a signal to thevalve controller 194. In response to the signal, thevalve controller 194 opens the throttlingvalve 190 sufficiently to allow thesecond vacuum pump 140 b to reduce the pressure in themainline 270 to a desired range and to increase the throughput of byproducts in themainline 270 to a consistent level. In other embodiments, the pressure monitor 298 can monitor the pressure differential in themainline 270 upstream and downstream of the trap 180 (shown in broken line). In this embodiment, if thetrap 180 is fouled, the pressure upstream from thetrap 180 will increase. Thevalve controller 194 can accordingly open thevalve 190 to reduce the pressure downstream from thetrap 180 and thus increase the flow rate across thetrap 180. Thesystem 200 can include a different number of branchlines and vacuum pumps than shown inFIG. 5 , or thesystem 200 can include a throttling valve in thefirst branchline 272 a in still another embodiment. - In one aspect of this embodiment, the
first branchline 272 a can include a valve 192 (shown in hidden lines) to control the flow through thefirst branchline 272 a. Thevalve 192 allows thefirst vacuum pump 140 a to be serviced or replaced without interrupting the deposition process of thesystem 200. For example, when thevalve 192 is closed to service or replace thefirst vacuum pump 140 a, thesecond vacuum pump 140 b can continue to remove byproducts from thereaction chamber 120. - One feature of the embodiment illustrated in
FIG. 5 is that thesystem 200 does not need to be shut down to replace and/or service one of thevacuum pumps 140 because thevalves vacuum pump 140. An advantage of this feature is that the throughput of thesystem 200 is increased because the downtime for servicing thevacuum pumps 140 is reduced or eliminated. Another feature of this embodiment is that a consistent pressure can be maintained in themainline 270, and consequently, byproducts can be removed from thereaction chamber 120 at a consistent rate. An advantage of this feature is that removing byproducts from thereaction chamber 120 at a consistent rate results in a more consistent deposition process and reduces the likelihood that byproducts may recirculate in thereaction chamber 120 and react with incoming gases. -
FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a portion of asystem 300 for depositing material onto a workpiece in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. Thesystem 300 can be generally similar to thesystems FIGS. 4 and 5 . For example, thesystem 300 includes areaction chamber 120, amainline 370 coupled to thereaction chamber 120, a plurality of traps 180 (identified individually as 180 a-b) in themainline 370, and a plurality of vacuum pumps 140 (identified individually as 140 a-b) coupled to themainline 370. Themainline 370 includes first and second branchlines 372 a-b configured in a parallel arrangement and third andfourth branchlines 372 c-d configured in a parallel arrangement downstream from the first and second branchlines 372 a-b. In the illustrated embodiment, afirst trap 180 a is disposed in thefirst branchline 372 a, asecond trap 180 b is disposed in thesecond branchline 372 b, afirst vacuum pump 140 a is coupled to thethird branchline 372 c, and asecond vacuum pump 140 b is coupled to thefourth branchline 372 d. - The
system 300 of the illustrated embodiment can further include a first throttling valve 190 a in thesecond branchline 372 b, asecond throttling valve 190 b in thefourth branchline 372 d, avalve controller 194 operably coupled to the throttlingvalves 190 a-b, and apressure monitor 198 coupled to thevalve controller 194. The pressure monitor 198 monitors the pressure difference between anupstream portion 370 a of themainline 370 and adownstream portion 370 b of themainline 370. As described above with reference toFIG. 4 , thevalve controller 194 can regulate the first throttling valve 190 a to create a desired pressure differential in the upstream anddownstream portions 370 a-b of themainline 370. Moreover, as described above with reference toFIG. 5 , thevalve controller 194 can regulate thesecond throttling valve 190 b to create a consistent pressure in themainline 370 if thefirst vacuum pump 140 a is fouled. Thesystem 300 can further include a plurality of valves 192 (identified individually as 192 a-d) to isolate thetraps 180 a-b and/orvacuum pumps 140 a-b so that thetraps 180 a-b andvacuum pumps 140 a-b can be serviced or replaced without interrupting the deposition process in thesystem 300, as described above with reference toFIGS. 4 and 5 . In other embodiments, the system can include additional traps, vacuums, and/or branchlines. - From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited, except as by the appended claims.
Claims (23)
1-23. (canceled)
24. A method for removing byproducts from a reaction chamber through a first mainline, the first mainline being coupled to the reaction chamber and having first and second branchlines downstream from the reaction chamber, the method comprising:
exhausting byproducts from the reaction chamber through the first mainline;
collecting byproducts in a first trap in the first branchline of the first mainline; and
collecting byproducts in a second trap in the second branchline of the first mainline.
25. The method of claim 24 , further comprising dynamically controlling the flow of byproducts into the second branchline to maintain a pressure differential in the first mainline within a desired range.
26. The method of claim 24 , further comprising dynamically controlling the flow of byproducts into the second branchline to maintain a generally consistent throughput in the first mainline.
27. The method of claim 24 , further comprising:
monitoring the difference between the pressure in the first mainline upstream from the first trap and the pressure in the first mainline downstream from the first trap; and
regulating a throttling valve in the second branchline in response to the monitored pressure differential in the first mainline to flow byproducts into the second branchline to maintain the pressure differential in the first mainline within a desired range.
28. The method of claim 24 , further comprising:
closing a first valve in the first branchline upstream from the first trap and a second valve in the first branchline downstream from the first trap; and
servicing and/or replacing the first trap while collecting byproducts in the second trap.
29. The method of claim 24 wherein the first mainline further comprises a third branchline and a fourth branchline each downstream from the first and second branchlines, and wherein the method further comprises:
drawing byproducts from the reaction chamber through the first mainline with a first vacuum pump coupled to the third branchline of the first mainline; and
drawing byproducts from the reaction chamber through the first mainline with a second vacuum pump coupled to the fourth branchline of the first mainline.
30. A method for removing byproducts from a reaction chamber through a first mainline, the first mainline having first and second branchlines downstream from the reaction chamber, the method comprising:
exhausting byproducts from the reaction chamber through the first mainline; and
dynamically controlling the flow of byproducts into the second branchline of the first mainline to maintain a pressure differential in the first mainline within a desired range.
31. The method of claim 30 , further comprising:
collecting byproducts in a first trap in the first branchline of the first mainline; and
collecting byproducts in a second trap in the second branchline of the first mainline.
32. The method of claim 30 , further comprising:
monitoring the difference between the pressure in the first mainline upstream from a first trap and the pressure in the first mainline downstream from the first trap, the first trap being disposed in the first branchline;
wherein dynamically controlling the flow of byproducts comprises regulating a throttling valve in the second branchline in response to the monitored pressure differential in the first mainline to maintain the pressure differential in the first mainline within the desired range.
33. The method of claim 30 wherein the first mainline further comprises a third branchline and a fourth branchline each downstream from the first and second branchlines, and wherein the method further comprises:
drawing byproducts from the reaction chamber through the first mainline with a first vacuum pump coupled to the third branchline of the first mainline; and
drawing byproducts from the reaction chamber through the first mainline with a second vacuum pump coupled to the fourth branchline of the first mainline.
34. A method for removing byproducts from a reaction chamber, the method comprising:
exhausting byproducts from the reaction chamber through a first mainline;
collecting byproducts in a first trap in a first branchline of the first mainline;
monitoring the difference between the pressure in the first mainline upstream from the first trap and the pressure in the first mainline downstream from the first trap; and
regulating a throttling valve in a second branchline of the first mainline in response to the monitored pressure differential in the first mainline to flow byproducts into the second branchline to maintain the pressure differential in the first mainline within a desired range.
35. The method of claim 34 , further comprising collecting byproducts in a second trap in the second branchline.
36. The method of claim 34 wherein the throttling valve comprises a first valve, and wherein the method further comprises:
closing a second valve in the first branchline upstream from the first trap and a third valve in the first branchline downstream from the first trap after regulating the first valve;
collecting byproducts in a second trap in the second branchline; and
servicing and/or replacing the first trap while collecting byproducts in the second trap.
37. The method of claim 34 wherein the first mainline further comprises a third branchline and a fourth branchline each downstream from the first and second branchlines, and wherein the method further comprises:
drawing byproducts from the reaction chamber through the first mainline with a first vacuum pump coupled to the third branchline of the first mainline; and
drawing byproducts from the reaction chamber through the first mainline with a second vacuum pump coupled to the fourth branchline of the first mainline.
38. A method for removing byproducts from a reaction chamber, the method comprising:
removing byproducts from the reaction chamber through a first mainline;
collecting byproducts in a first trap in a first branchline of the first mainline;
closing a first valve in the first branchline upstream from the first trap and a second valve in the first branchline downstream from the first trap;
servicing and/or replacing the first trap; and
collecting byproducts in a second trap in a second branchline of the first mainline while the first and second valves are closed.
39. The method of claim 38 wherein the first mainline further comprises a third branchline and a fourth branchline each downstream from the first and second branchlines, and wherein the method further comprises:
drawing byproducts from the reaction chamber through the first mainline with a first vacuum pump coupled to the third branchline of the first mainline; and
drawing byproducts from the reaction chamber through the first mainline with a second vacuum pump coupled to the fourth branchline of the first mainline.
40. A method for removing byproducts from a reaction chamber, the method comprising:
drawing byproducts from the reaction chamber through a first mainline with a first vacuum pump coupled to a first branchline of the first mainline; and
drawing byproducts from the reaction chamber through the first mainline with a second vacuum pump coupled to a second branchline of the first mainline.
41. The method of claim 40 , further comprising collecting byproducts in a trap in the first mainline.
42. The method of claim 40 wherein the first mainline further comprises a third branchline and a fourth branchline each upstream from the first and second branchlines, and wherein the method further comprises:
collecting byproducts in a first trap in the third branchline of the first mainline; and
collecting byproducts in a second trap in the fourth branchline of the first mainline.
43. The method of claim 40 , further comprising dynamically controlling a throttling valve in the second branchline to maintain a generally consistent throughput in the first mainline.
44. The method of claim 40 , further comprising dynamically controlling a throttling valve in the second branchline to maintain a generally consistent vacuum conductance in the first mainline.
45. The method of claim 40 , further comprising:
monitoring a pressure in the first mainline; and
regulating a throttling valve in the second branchline in response to the monitored pressure to maintain a generally consistent pressure in the first mainline.
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