US20050262842A1 - Process and device for the recovery of energy - Google Patents

Process and device for the recovery of energy Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050262842A1
US20050262842A1 US11/101,603 US10160305A US2005262842A1 US 20050262842 A1 US20050262842 A1 US 20050262842A1 US 10160305 A US10160305 A US 10160305A US 2005262842 A1 US2005262842 A1 US 2005262842A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
exhaust gas
energy
combustion engine
heat
engine
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Abandoned
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US11/101,603
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English (en)
Inventor
Dirk Claassen
Herbert Wancura
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ALPPS FUEL CELL SYSTEMS GmbH
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ALPPS FUEL CELL SYSTEMS GmbH
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Filing date
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Assigned to ALPPS FUEL CELL SYSTEMS GMBH reassignment ALPPS FUEL CELL SYSTEMS GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CLAASSEN, DIRK P., WANCURA, HERBERT
Publication of US20050262842A1 publication Critical patent/US20050262842A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G5/00—Profiting from waste heat of combustion engines, not otherwise provided for
    • F02G5/02—Profiting from waste heat of exhaust gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K23/00—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
    • F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
    • F01K23/06—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F01K23/065—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle the combustion taking place in an internal combustion piston engine, e.g. a diesel engine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
    • F02M26/23—Layout, e.g. schematics
    • F02M26/24—Layout, e.g. schematics with two or more coolers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
    • F02M26/23—Layout, e.g. schematics
    • F02M26/28—Layout, e.g. schematics with liquid-cooled heat exchangers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
    • F02M26/04—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
    • F02M26/05—High pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is taken out from the exhaust system upstream of the turbine and reintroduced into the intake system downstream of the compressor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/52—Heat recovery pumps, i.e. heat pump based systems or units able to transfer the thermal energy from one area of the premises or part of the facilities to a different one, improving the overall efficiency
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/14—Combined heat and power generation [CHP]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/16—Combined cycle power plant [CCPP], or combined cycle gas turbine [CCGT]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process according to the preambles of claims 1 and 2 and in each case to a device for carrying out these processes.
  • a first stage water is thereby preheated in a first heat exchanger in the exhaust gas.
  • the preheated water is guided around the cylinder block to a water jacket.
  • a steam turbine transforms the pressure into mechanical energy.
  • the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a known process in order to be able to reduce the undesired NOx-emissions in the exhaust gas of (diesel) motor vehicles or other means of transport such as ships etc.
  • a portion of the exhaust gases is returned to the combustion air or to the fuel/air mixture, respectively, via the engine's suction system.
  • a temperature decrease and a delay in the combustion and hence a reduction in the discharge of nitrogen oxide by approx. 40% are feasible; as a rule, the EGR is also associated with a slightly higher consumption of fuel.
  • the exhaust gases of the combustion engines of freight and passenger vehicles reach temperatures of 700 or 450° C., respectively.
  • Those hot exhaust gases must be cooled to temperatures in the order of 150 to 200° C. so that it is possible to return those gases, which are mixed with combustion air, to the engine.
  • a temperature decrease in the exhaust gas is feasible via the incorporation of a heat exchanger, and, in a standard design, this is indeed constructed in that way.
  • the coolant which cools also the combustion engine itself can be located.
  • the coolant then flows in a machine-cooling system-loop: First, it absorbs heat from the engine and subsequently also from the exhaust gas in order to finally release heat into the environment via a radiator.
  • a radiator In this system, very high demands are made both on the heat exchanger and on the radiator (compact design, material resistance against high temperatures, corrosion and depositions) due to the increased temperatures.
  • thermal energy must be withdrawn from the hot exhaust gas so that it can be used in an EGR in such a way that a reduction in the discharge of nitrogen oxide will occur.
  • the temperature of the exhaust gas can be brought to the required value, however—and that is clearly the great potential of the invention—the energy of the exhaust gas is merely discharged without being intended for any further use.
  • the invention has the task, namely, first of all, of obtaining a reduction in the thermal load for the cooling system by coverting the thermal energy of the exhaust gas in the exhaust gas recirculation into mechanically usable energy and, secondly, of creating a use of the system in terms of a further decrease in the emissions of the combustion engine.
  • this task is achieved in that at least a portion of the waste heat of the recycled exhaust gas evaporates a liquid and/or heats a vapour and/or a gas, increasing the pressure thereof, and this pressure is transformed into mechanical energy in an engine.
  • Advantageous variants thereof are illustrated in the dependent claims 3 to 15 .
  • At least a portion of the waste heat of the exhaust gas of the combustion engine, in particular of a recycled exhaust gas, and at least a portion of the waste heat of the fuel cell evaporate a liquid and/or heat a vapour and/or a gas, increasing the pressure thereof, and this pressure is transformed into mechanical energy in an engine.
  • Claims 17 to 32 include preferred embodiments of devices for carrying out the claimed processes.
  • the specific advantage in terms of energy technology consists, for example, in that the use of energy produced via the primary chemical or thermal process, respectively, is always subject to the full losses of the process, i.e., any energy withdrawn productively will always produce further waste energy whereas the use of lost energy from the exhaust gas will not create any further demand for primary energy. If efficiencies of 10 to 35% are regarded as typical for an internal combustion engine which sometimes even has to be kept in operation specially for the required auxiliary energy, the energy recovered by the present invention saves, as a primary energy input, three to ten times as much.
  • auxiliary energy of a vehicle is generated, e.g., via a separate small diesel engine or, e.g., also via a fuel cell are likewise known from the literature.
  • the present invention makes use of the excess energy of waste beat arising in a vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine comprising an exhaust gas recirculation, by supplying the same via a thermal intermediate circuit, preferably involving superheated steam, to an additional engine, preferably a steam turbine, and by withdrawing mechanical energy either directly at the output of the steam turbine or transforming the same into electric current via a generator known per se.
  • a thermal intermediate circuit preferably involving superheated steam
  • an additional engine preferably a steam turbine
  • the waste heat of the auxiliary energy sources is used for energy utilization.
  • temperatures of 300° C. to 1000° C. can be used for the recovery of energy.
  • the exhaust gas is usable and is generally available at 300 to 600° C.
  • fuel cells if designed as high-temperature fuel cells, also have high exhaust gas and coolant temperatures, which can reach up to 1000° C.
  • High-temperature fuel cells are also used because they have a slightly higher efficiency and are more tolerant in terms of the supplied fuel.
  • a medium In the thermal intermediate circuit, a medium, optionally pressurized, circulates, which, via heat transfer means, absorbs the thermal energy from the exhaust gas and/or the cooling circuit of the thermal or chemical process and subsequently releases the same in the additional engine.
  • a medium can be any liquid suitable for a cooling or heating circuit, or a vapour or a gas. Since a mobile plant occasionally also has to be operated at temperatures below 0° C., the medium is chosen such that it does not solidify at ambient temperatures normal for vehicles. A simple and proven example thereof is water mixed with antifreeze.
  • a particularly favourable embodiment provides that the thermal intermediate circuit is connected directly to the coolant circuit of the internal combustion engine, the same medium is used and the through-flow between the two circuits can be controlled via, e.g., a valve.
  • the medium cooled after the engine can contribute to the cooling of the internal combustion engine, and, on the other hands the medium preheated by the internal combustion engine can reach a higher temperature after the heat transfer means from the exhaust gas.
  • the energy recovered from the exhaust gas of the auxiliary energy source for instance of a fuel cell, can also be used for preheating the internal combustion engine prior to the start. This guarantees a reduced exhaust-gas discharge during the cold start and, optionally, also a preheating of the passenger compartment via the conventional beating of the vehicle.
  • the medium of the thermal intermediate circuit is heated in at least two stages.
  • the waste heat of the combustion engine is used for preheating in a first stage, and the waste heat of a second thermal or chemical process, for example of the auxiliary energy source, heats the medium in a second stage to the higher final value for the supply to the additional engine.
  • the heating of the medium is performed via heat exchangers in one of the usual designs.
  • a particularly advantageous embodiment of a heat exchanger consists in that the ratio of surface to volume is maximized via extremely fine metal structures. In doing so, the gas flow control is chosen such that laminar streams, which reduce the heat transfer, are prevented from occurring.
  • Heat exchangers have the effect that the temperature of the medium in the intermediate circuit is always cooler than the waste heat used for the heat transfer.
  • the internal combustion engine has an exhaust gas temperature of, e.g., 300° C. at the location where the exhaust gas can be guided into the heat exchanger without negative repercussions on the combustion process, the medium in the intermediate circuit can reach only about 260-280° C.
  • a heat pump is used as a heat transfer means either instead of or in addition to a heat exchanger.
  • the temperature of the medium and the heat content thereof can be increased clearly beyond those of the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine. This allows, in turn, an improved efficiency of the engine, preferably the steam turbine.
  • the exhaust gas of a combustion engine 1 is guided through a first heat transfer means 2 , prior to proceeding to the further exhaust gas aftertreatment and to the exhaust.
  • the heat transfer means 2 it thus heats a medium 3 , preferably the condensate of a water/antifreeze mixture, which thereby forms superheated steam.
  • the medium 3 is passed on to a possible second heat transfer means 4 , which is charged on the primary side, e.g., by the exhaust gas or the coolant of a fuel cell 5 , thus producing an additional overheating of the medium 3 .
  • the heat from an exhaust gas recirculation 13 of the combustion engine 1 can also be supplied to a heat transfer means, preferably to the second one 4 —optionally also to another one.
  • an energy store 6 makes sure that a variable occurrence of power as well as a variable demand can be compensated for.
  • the medium 3 drives an engine 7 , preferably a steam turbine, which transfers its energy via the output shaft to an electric generator 8 and/or to a mechanical consumer 9 .
  • the medium is returned to the liquid state via a condenser 10 and is re-pressurized by a pump 11 and again returned to the circuit.
  • the medium 3 is charged directly from the cooling circuit of the combustion engine 1 via a switch unit 12 .
  • the medium circulates in a closed circuit.
  • the two circuits can be interconnected so that the warmer one preheats the other one.
  • the engine 7 is a piston engine, either a reciprocating piston engine or a rotating piston engine, or a gas turbine.
  • the heat transfer means 2 can be a heat pump for increasing the temperature level of the medium 3 beyond that of the waste heat from the thermal process of the combustion engine 1 .
  • the heat of the exhaust gas which must be cooled for the EGR, is used such that it evaporates the liquid agent flowing through the first heat exchanger (EGR evaporator 1 ).
  • the energy contained in the vapour can be used for another energy utilization, before the reliquified vapour again passes through the circuit.
  • the energy rendered usable for mechanical purposes is not necessarily discharged via the engine heat exchanger (chiller, radiator).
  • said heat exchanger can either be designed smaller or can yield the required cooling capacity for correspondingly higher exhaust gas recirculation rates—involving a corresponding benefit in terms of a decrease in the emissions of nitrogen oxide.
  • the mass flow and the pressure applied on the engine are limited by a waste-gate.
  • the surplus portion of the vapour generated in the process is added to the combustion air. This is a process known per se which also serves for the purpose of reducing the amount of nitrogen oxide.
  • a direct coupling of those measures is advantageous, since the operating ranges which exhibit high recoverable thermal energy flows (full load) are also those ranges in which the discharge of nitrogen oxide emissions reaches its peak. However, in this operating mode, the vapour is used up so that it becomes necessary to refill the system ( FIG. 3 ).
  • the vapour can be mixed with a vapour generated otherwise in order to increase, in this manner, the volume rather than the temperature ( FIG. 4, 5 , 6 ).
  • An increased vapour volume can be used for efficiency purposes in analogy to a vapour compressed by pressure.
  • the vapour generated otherwise can originate both from energy sources of a heat engine and from a fuel cell. The coupling of all heat sources is also provided according to the invention ( FIG. 6 ).
  • the energy from the EGR can also be used for superheating a vapour already generated otherwise ( FIG. 7 ), which then can drive, e.g., an engine connected to a generator and/or mechanical consumers via a drive shaft.
  • the individual evaporators according to FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 are operated in feedback with the evaporator output so that equal pressure conditions prevail in the evaporator circuits and it becomes possible to mix the vapour generated in the evaporator connected in parallel. This is achieved by means of output-controlled pumps P 1 , P 2 and P 3 .
US11/101,603 2002-10-11 2005-04-08 Process and device for the recovery of energy Abandoned US20050262842A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT0183203A AT414156B (de) 2002-10-11 2002-10-11 Verfahren und einrichtung zur rückgewinnung von energie
ATA1832/2003 2002-10-11
PCT/AT2003/000309 WO2004033859A1 (de) 2002-10-11 2003-10-10 Verfahren und einrichtung zur rückgewinnung von energie

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/AT2003/000309 Continuation WO2004033859A1 (de) 2002-10-11 2003-10-10 Verfahren und einrichtung zur rückgewinnung von energie

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US20050262842A1 true US20050262842A1 (en) 2005-12-01

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US11/101,603 Abandoned US20050262842A1 (en) 2002-10-11 2005-04-08 Process and device for the recovery of energy

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US20050262842A1 (de)
EP (1) EP1549827B1 (de)
AT (2) AT414156B (de)
AU (1) AU2003269580A1 (de)
DE (1) DE50309340D1 (de)
WO (1) WO2004033859A1 (de)

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ATE388305T1 (de) 2008-03-15
EP1549827B1 (de) 2008-03-05
AT414156B (de) 2006-09-15
AU2003269580A1 (en) 2004-05-04
ATA18322003A (de) 2005-12-15
WO2004033859A1 (de) 2004-04-22
DE50309340D1 (de) 2008-04-17
EP1549827A1 (de) 2005-07-06

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