US20050171512A1 - Devices, systems and methods for patient infusion - Google Patents
Devices, systems and methods for patient infusion Download PDFInfo
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- US20050171512A1 US20050171512A1 US10/904,960 US90496004A US2005171512A1 US 20050171512 A1 US20050171512 A1 US 20050171512A1 US 90496004 A US90496004 A US 90496004A US 2005171512 A1 US2005171512 A1 US 2005171512A1
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- patient
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- providing
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- fluid
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
- A61M5/14—Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
- A61M5/142—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps
- A61M5/14244—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps adapted to be carried by the patient, e.g. portable on the body
- A61M5/14248—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps adapted to be carried by the patient, e.g. portable on the body of the skin patch type
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- G—PHYSICS
- G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
- G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
- G16H20/00—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance
- G16H20/10—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance relating to drugs or medications, e.g. for ensuring correct administration to patients
- G16H20/17—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance relating to drugs or medications, e.g. for ensuring correct administration to patients delivered via infusion or injection
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
- A61M5/14—Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
- A61M2005/1401—Functional features
- A61M2005/1403—Flushing or purging
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
- A61M5/14—Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
- A61M2005/1401—Functional features
- A61M2005/1405—Patient controlled analgesia [PCA]
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
- A61M5/14—Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
- A61M5/142—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps
- A61M5/14244—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps adapted to be carried by the patient, e.g. portable on the body
- A61M2005/14268—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps adapted to be carried by the patient, e.g. portable on the body with a reusable and a disposable component
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
- A61M2205/35—Communication
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
- A61M2205/35—Communication
- A61M2205/3546—Range
- A61M2205/3569—Range sublocal, e.g. between console and disposable
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
- A61M2205/50—General characteristics of the apparatus with microprocessors or computers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
- A61M2205/60—General characteristics of the apparatus with identification means
- A61M2205/6063—Optical identification systems
- A61M2205/6072—Bar codes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M2209/00—Ancillary equipment
- A61M2209/01—Remote controllers for specific apparatus
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M37/00—Other apparatus for introducing media into the body; Percutany, i.e. introducing medicines into the body by diffusion through the skin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
- A61M5/14—Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
- A61M5/168—Means for controlling media flow to the body or for metering media to the body, e.g. drip meters, counters ; Monitoring media flow to the body
- A61M5/16804—Flow controllers
- A61M5/16809—Flow controllers by repeated filling and emptying of an intermediate volume
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
- A61M5/14—Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
- A61M5/168—Means for controlling media flow to the body or for metering media to the body, e.g. drip meters, counters ; Monitoring media flow to the body
- A61M5/16804—Flow controllers
- A61M5/16813—Flow controllers by controlling the degree of opening of the flow line
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates generally to medical devices, systems and methods, and more particularly to small, low cost, portable infusion devices and methods that are useable to achieve precise, sophisticated, and programmable flow patterns for the delivery of therapeutic liquids to a patient.
- Parenteral delivery of various drugs in liquid form is often desired to enhance the effect of the substance being delivered, insuring that the unaltered medicine reaches its intended site at a significant concentration. Also, undesired side effects associated with other routes of delivery, such as systemic toxicity, can potentially be avoided by parenteral delivery.
- Parenteral delivery of liquid medicines may best be accomplished by infusing directly into the cardiovascular system via veins or arteries, into the subcutaneous tissue or directly into organs, tumors, cavities, bones or other site specific locations within the body.
- Parenteral delivery is often accomplished by administering bolus injections using a needle and syringe, or continuously by gravity driven dispensers or transdermal patch technologies.
- Bolus injections often imperfectly match the clinical needs of the patient, and usually require larger individual doses than are desired at the specific time they are given.
- Continuous delivery of medicine through gravity feed systems compromise the patient's mobility and lifestyle, and limit the therapy to simplistic flow rates and profiles.
- Transdermal patches have special requirements of the medicine being delivered, particularly as it relates to the molecular structure, and similar to gravity feed systems, the control of the drug administration is severely limited.
- Ambulatory infusion pumps have been developed for delivering liquid medicaments to a patient. These infusion devices have the ability to offer sophisticated fluid delivery profiles accomplishing bolus requirements, continuous infusion and variable flow rate delivery. These infusion capabilities usually result in better efficacy of the drug and therapy and less toxicity to the patient's system.
- An example of a use of an ambulatory infusion pump is for the delivery of insulin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. These pumps can deliver insulin on a continuous basal basis as well as a bolus basis.
- the ambulatory pumps often work with a reservoir to contain the liquid medicine, such as a cartridge or syringe, and use electromechanical pumping or metering technology to deliver the medication to the patient via tubing from the infusion device to a needle that is inserted transcutaneously, or through the skin of the patient.
- the devices allow control and programming via electromechanical buttons or switches located on the housing of the device, and accessed by the patient or clinician.
- the devices include visual feedback via text or graphic screens, such as liquid crystal displays (LCD), and may include alert or warning lights and audio or vibration signals and alarms.
- the devices can be worn in a harness or a pocket, or strapped to the body of the patient.
- a sophisticated ambulatory infusion device that can be programmed to reliably deliver variable flow profiles of liquid medications, yet is small, light weight and low cost, is needed.
- Smaller and lighter devices are easier to carry and are more comfortable for the patient, even allowing the device to be adhesively attached to the patient's skin similar to a transdermal patch.
- An inexpensive device allows greater flexibility in prescribing the device for use by reducing the financial burden on healthcare insurance providers, hospitals and patient care centers, as well as patients themselves.
- low cost devices make more practical the maintenance of one or more replacement devices. If the primary device is lost or becomes dysfunctional, availability of the replacement avoids costly expedited repair and down time.
- a disposable device allows the medication to be prefilled by the manufacturer and does not need the routine cleaning and maintenance required by long term devices, greatly simplifying use for the patient.
- the present disclosure therefore, provides a method for transcutaneously delivering fluid to a patient, which includes providing at least one disposable infusion pump.
- the disposable infusion pump is provided with a housing adapted to be mounted on a patient's skin, a transcutaneous patient access tool for extending through the housing and providing transcutaneous access to the patient, a reservoir prefilled with a therapeutic fluid, and a dispenser for causing fluid from the reservoir to flow to the transcutaneous patient access tool.
- the disposable infusion pump is also provided with a processor connected to the dispenser and programmed to cause a flow of fluid from the reservoir to the transcutaneous patient access tool based on flow instructions, and a wireless receiver connected to the processor for receiving flow instructions from a remote controller and for delivering the flow instructions to the processor.
- the method further includes placing the disposable infusion pump on a patient's skin, receiving flow instructions from a remote controller through the wireless receiver of the infusion pump, and delivering the flow instructions to the processor of the infusion pump, so that the processor causes fluid from the reservoir to flow to the transcutaneous patient access tool based on the flow instructions.
- the methods also includes the step of remotely supplying flow instructions to each of the disposable infusion pumps through a reusable remote control device.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional side view of a first exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with this disclosure
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a remote control device in accordance with this disclosure for use with the fluid delivery device of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is a sectional side view of a second exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with this disclosure
- FIG. 3 a is an enlarged partial sectional view of a dispenser for the device of FIG. 3 , shown with an accumulator empty and ready to be filled upon an inlet valve being opened;
- FIG. 3 b is an enlarged sectional view of the dispenser for the device of FIG. 3 , shown with the accumulator filled and ready to dispense a pulse of fluid upon an outlet valve being opened;
- FIG. 4 is a sectional side view of a third exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with this disclosure.
- FIG. 4 a is an enlarged sectional side view of a reservoir chamber of the device of FIG. 4 ;
- FIG. 4 b is an enlarged bottom plan view of a portion of the reservoir chamber of the device of FIG. 4 ;
- FIG. 5 is a sectional side view of a fourth exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with this disclosure.
- FIG. 5 a is a bottom plan view of the device of FIG. 5 ;
- FIG. 6 is a sectional side view of a fifth exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device shown positioned on an outer surface of skin and subcutaneous tissue of a patient;
- FIG. 6 a is a bottom plan view of the device of FIG. 6 ;
- FIG. 7 is a sectional side view of a sixth exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with the present disclosure.
- FIG. 8 is a sectional side view of a seventh exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with the present disclosure.
- FIG. 8 a is a top plan view of the device of FIG. 8 ;
- FIG. 9 is a sectional side view of an eighth exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with the present disclosure.
- FIG. 9 a is a perspective view of an infusion set compatible with an outlet assembly of the device of FIG. 9 ;
- FIG. 10 is a sectional side view of a ninth exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with the present disclosure, with a mechanical stop button of the device shown in the open position;
- FIG. 10 a is an enlarged sectional view of the stop button assembly of the device of FIG. 10 with the button shown in the closed position;
- FIG. 11 is a sectional side view of a tenth exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with the present disclosure.
- FIG. 11 a is an enlarged sectional view of a bolus button assembly of the device of FIG. 11 ;
- FIG. 12 is a perspective view of another exemplary embodiment of a remote control device in accordance with the present disclosure.
- FIG. 12 a is a sectional side view of the remote control device of FIG. 12 ;
- FIG. 13 is a top plan view of an eleventh exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with the present disclosure.
- FIG. 13 a is a top plan view of a remote controller to be combined with the fluid delivery device of FIG. 13 as part of a kit in accordance with the present disclosure
- FIG. 13 b is a top plan view of an insulin cartridge to be combined with the fluid delivery device of FIG. 13 as part of a kit in accordance with the present disclosure.
- FIG. 13 c is a top plan view of a sterile infusion set to be combined with the fluid delivery device of FIG. 13 as part of a kit in accordance with the present disclosure.
- liquids that can be delivered by the fluid delivery devices, systems and kits of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, insulin, antibiotics, nutritional fluids, total parenteral nutrition or TPN, analgesics, morphine, hormones or hormonal drugs, gene therapy drugs, anticoagulants, analgesics, cardiovascular medications, AZT or chemotherapeutics.
- the types of medical conditions that the fluid delivery devices, systems and kits of the present disclosure might be used to treat include diabetes, cardiovascular disease, pain, chronic pain, cancer, AIDS, neurological diseases, Alzheimer's Disease, ALS, Hepatitis, Parkinson's Disease or spasticity.
- the device 10 generally includes an exit port assembly 70 adapted to connect to a transcutaneous patient access tool, a dispenser 40 for causing fluid from a reservoir 30 to flow to the exit port assembly, a processor or electronic microcontroller (hereinafter referred to as the “local” processor) 50 connected to the dispenser and programmed to cause a flow of fluid to the exit port assembly based on flow instructions from a separate, remote control device (an example of which is shown in FIG. 2 ), and a wireless receiver 60 connected to the local processor for receiving the flow instructions from the separate, remote control device and delivering the flow instructions to the local processor.
- the local processor electronic microcontroller
- the device also includes a housing 20 containing the exit port assembly 70 , the dispenser 40 , the local processor 50 , and the wireless receiver 60 .
- the housing 20 is free of user input components, such as external buttons connected to the processor 50 , for providing flow instructions to the local processor 50 in order to reduce the size, complexity and costs of the device 10 , such that the device lends itself to being small and disposable in nature.
- the device 10 also includes a reservoir 30 contained within the housing 20 and connected to the dispenser 40 .
- the reservoir 30 is provided with a collapsible design such as a metal bellows or is made of a collapsible material such as a silicone elastomer.
- the volume of the reservoir 30 is chosen to best suit the therapeutic application of the fluid delivery device 10 impacted by such factors as available concentrations of medicinal fluids to be delivered, acceptable times between refills or disposal of the fluid delivery device 10 , size constraints and other factors.
- a reservoir of less than 5 ml, and preferably 2 to 3 ml is appropriate.
- the local processor 50 contains all the computer programs and electronic circuitry needed to allow a user to program the desired flow patterns and adjust the program as necessary.
- Such circuitry can include one or more microprocessors, digital and analog integrated circuits, resistors, capacitors, transistors and other semiconductors and other electronic components known to those skilled in the art.
- the local processor 50 also includes programming, electronic circuitry and memory to properly activate the dispenser at the needed time intervals.
- a power supply 80 such as a battery or capacitor, is included and supplies power to the local processor 50 .
- the exit port assembly 70 can include elements to transcutaneously enter the patient, such as a needle or soft cannula, or can be adapted to connect to a standard infusion device that includes transcutaneous delivery means.
- the housing 20 is free of user input components for providing flow instructions to the local processor 50 , such as electromechanical switches or buttons on an outer surface 21 of the housing, or interfaces otherwise accessible to a user to adjust the programmed flow rate through the local processor 50 .
- the fluid delivery device 10 includes the wireless communication element, or receiver 60 for receiving the user inputs from a separate, remote control device, such as the separate, remote control device 100 of FIG. 2 . Signals can be sent via a communication element (not shown) of the remote control device 100 , which can include or be connected to an antenna 130 , shown in FIG. 2 as being external to the device 100 .
- the remote control device 100 has user input components, including an array of electromechanical switches, such as the membrane keypad 120 shown.
- the control device 100 also includes user output components, including a visual display, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) 110 .
- a visual display such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) 110 .
- the remote control device 100 has its own processor (hereinafter referred to as the “remote” processor) connected to the membrane keypad 120 and the LCD I 10 .
- the remote processor is programmed to receive the user inputs from the membrane keypad 120 and translate the user inputs into “flow” instructions for transmission to the fluid delivery device 10 , and is programmed to send user outputs to the LCD I 10 .
- a user such as a patient or a clinician, can thus program the fluid delivery device 10 by entering information into the remote control device 100 , which then downloads information to the receiver 60 of the device 10 with each key stroke or button pressed or in a batch mode of multiple key strokes.
- Complex flow algorithms, requests for bolus delivery and other desired infusions of the medicinal fluid can be accomplished by entering information into the remote control device 100 , which is then transmitted to the fluid delivery device 10 .
- the communication can be confirmed as acceptable by the local processor 50 of the fluid delivery device 10 by using one or more features such as standard handshaking protocols, redundant transmissions and other communication confirmation methods, as are known to those skilled in the art.
- the lack of user interfaces, such as electromechanical switches on the fluid delivery device 10 results in substantial reductions in the cost, the size, and the weight of the device 10 .
- the lack of user interfaces also allows the housing outer surface 21 of the device 10 to be relatively smooth, thereby simplifying cleaning and preventing jewelry or clothing items such as sweaters from catching on the device.
- the remote control device 100 also includes a visual display 110 , the fluid delivery device 10 can be void of an information screen, further reducing cost, size and weight.
- Lack of user interfaces, such as electromechanical switches and information screens greatly simplifies the design of the fluid delivery device 10 and allows the device 10 to be made more flexible and resistant to damage.
- FIG. 3 shows another exemplary embodiment of the fluid delivery device 10 of the present disclosure wherein the reservoir 30 is made of a flexible material and is enclosed in a reservoir chamber 35 , which can be defined by the housing 20 and housing reservoir walls 27 .
- the flexible reservoir 30 is placed in compression by a compressing member 33 and compressing springs 34 , which are positioned between the compressing member 33 and the housing 20 .
- the compressed, flexible reservoir 30 causes fluid inside the reservoir 30 to be at a pressure above atmospheric pressure.
- a cross sectional area of the compressing member 33 approximates a cross sectional area of the reservoir 30 .
- the housing 20 may include a flexible cantilever beam that contacts the reservoir 30 creating a pressure within the reservoir 30 above atmospheric pressure.
- the reservoir chamber 35 may be sealed and filled with a gas, or a vapor-plus-fluid mixture, to place the fluid within the reservoir 30 under pressure above atmospheric pressure.
- the gas can be air
- the vapor-plus-fluid mixture can be Freon.
- the Freon vapor-plus-fluid mixture provides the design advantage of near constant pressure if the fluid delivery device 10 is maintained at near constant temperature.
- the amount of gas placed in a sealed reservoir chamber 35 may be chosen such that the reservoir 30 pressure is equal to or less than atmospheric for the entire full to empty conditions of the reservoir 30 . If the fluid in the reservoir 30 is maintained at a pressure equal to or below atmospheric, then the dispenser 40 is provided in the form of a pump, such as a peristaltic drive pump, for pumping fluid from the reservoir 30 to the outlet port assembly 70 .
- the reservoir 30 may be prefilled by the device manufacturer or a cooperating drug manufacturer, or may include external filling means consisting of a fill assembly 31 . If the fluid delivery device 10 is prefilled by the manufacturer, the local processor 50 can be provided with memory containing various information regarding the prefilled drug including but not limited to, the type or name and the concentration and volume of the fluid.
- the fill assembly 31 can include a needle insertion septum 32 .
- the reservoir 30 and other fluid path components may be placed in a vacuum during the final manufacturing process to simplify filling and priming of the fluid delivery device 10 for the patient.
- Needle insertion septum 32 may be constructed of a resealing elastomer such as silicone that allows a needle to puncture septum to add fluid to the reservoir 30 , yet reseal after the needle is withdrawn.
- An alternative to the needle insertion septum 32 is a standard fluid connection, such as a Luer connector, which can be affixed to the fill assembly 31 in combination with a one way valve such as a duck bill valve (not shown).
- the patient could attach a syringe filled with the liquid medication to the Luer connector and fill the fluid delivery device 10 .
- the fill assembly 31 may be designed so that the patient can fill the fluid delivery device 10 one time only, such as by having the Luer connection break off when the syringe is removed.
- the dispenser 40 is connected in fluid communication with the reservoir 30 .
- the dispenser can include an inlet valve 41 connected to the reservoir, and outlet valve 42 connected to the exit port assembly 70 , and an accumulator 43 connected between the inlet valve and the outlet valve. Since the fluid in the reservoir 30 is maintained at a pressure above atmospheric pressure, opening of the inlet valve 41 allows the accumulator to fill to the reservoir pressure, after which the inlet valve is 41 is closed.
- the outlet valve 42 can be opened to dispense fluid to the exit port assembly 70 , which is at the pressure of the patient, or atmospheric pressure. The accumulator 43 will then be at atmospheric pressure, and the outlet valve 42 can be closed, ready for another repeat cycle.
- the dispenser 40 of the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3 does not create a driving or pumping force on the fluid passing therethrough, but rather acts as a metering device, allowing pulses of fluid to pass from the pressurized reservoir 30 , through the dispenser 40 , to the exit port assembly 70 at atmospheric pressure.
- the inlet valve 41 and the outlet valve 42 of the dispenser 40 are controlled by the local processor 50 , which includes electronic programming, controls and circuitry to allow sophisticated fluid delivery programming and control of the dispenser 40 .
- FIG. 3 a shows the dispenser 40 with the accumulator 43 at atmospheric pressure.
- An accumulator membrane 44 is shown in its non-distended state, caused by atmospheric pressure only.
- Inlet valve 41 is closed, and outlet valve 42 may be open or closed, but must have been opened since the last time inlet valve 41 was opened.
- FIG. 3 b shows the condition where outlet valve 42 is closed, and inlet valve 41 has been opened. Because of the elevated pressure of the fluid from the reservoir 30 , the accumulator membrane 44 is distended, thus increasing the volume of accumulator 43 by an accumulator volume 45 . After the inlet valve 41 is closed, the outlet valve 42 can be opened, to dispense the accumulator volume 45 and allow the accumulator membrane 44 to retract to the position shown in FIG. 3a .
- the inlet valve 41 and the outlet valve 42 of the dispenser 40 and the local processor 50 are designed to prevent both valves from being opened at the same time, precluding the reservoir 30 to ever flow directly to the exit port assembly 70 .
- the prevention of both valves opening at the same time is critical and can be accomplished via mechanical means, electrical means, or both. The prevention can be accomplished in the dispenser 40 design, the local processor 50 design, or both.
- the dispenser 40 shown in FIGS. 3, 3 a and 3 b dispenses finite pulses of fluid volume, called pulse volume (PV), with each activation.
- the PV is determined by the properties, materials and construction of the accumulator 43 and the accumulator membrane 44 . PV's delivered by infusion devices are typically chosen to be small relative to what would be considered a clinically significant volume. For insulin applications at a concentration of 100 units per ml, a PV of less than 2 microliter, and typically 0.5 microliter, is appropriate. If the fluid delivery device 10 is programmed via the remote control device 100 to deliver 2 units an hour, the dispenser will deliver 40 pulses an hour, or a pulse every 1.5 minutes. Such pulsitile flow is considered continuous if the PV is small enough. Other drugs or concentrations may permit a much larger PV. Various flow rates are achieved by adjusting the time between pulses. To give a fixed volume or bolus, multiple pulses are given in rapid succession until the bolus volume is reached.
- the PV may not always be constant enough to be within the accuracy requirements of the fluid delivery device 10 .
- One factor impacting the PV is reservoir pressure.
- the fluid delivery device 10 may include means for monitoring reservoir pressure (RP) and adjust the timing between pulses to achieve the desire flow pattern. An example of such compensation would be to decrease time between pulses as the PV decreases to maintain the programmed flow rate. Means for monitoring such parameters as reservoir pressure RP are described below.
- An alternative to monitoring reservoir pressure is monitoring the volume of the reservoir 30 . Each time a pulse or series of pulses are delivered, a measurement of reservoir volume can indicate whether a proper amount of fluid has been delivered, both for individual pulses and cumulative pulses. The system could also be designed to compensate fluid flow as errors are detected. An example of a reservoir volume transducer means is also described below.
- the communication element 60 preferably receives electronic communication from the remote control device 100 using radio frequency or other wireless communication standards and protocols.
- the information transferred includes codes or packets of codes that the local processor 50 uses to confirm that the information was received correctly, similar to the way standard telephone modem communication is performed. More sophisticated codes can be included to allow the information to be self-corrected or pinpoint the area of bad information.
- the communication element 60 is a two-way communication element, including a receiver and a transmitter, for allowing the fluid delivery device 10 to send information back to the remote control device 100 .
- the remote control device 100 also includes an integral communication element 60 comprising a receiver and a transmitter, for allowing the remote control device 100 to receive the information sent by the fluid delivery device 10 .
- the power supply 80 can be integrated into the fluid delivery device 10 and not accessible to a user. In an alternative embodiment, however, the power supply 80 can be replaceable, e.g., a replaceable battery. In another embodiment, the power supply 80 can comprise an integrated battery or capacitor, for low power components of the device 10 such as the electronic memory, and a user-inserted battery for powering the remainder of the device 10 . Other components that may require electrical energy are the communication element 60 , the dispenser 40 , and other components such as sensors or transducers.
- the device can include sensors or transducers such as a reservoir volume transducer 37 .
- sensors or transducers such as a reservoir volume transducer 37 .
- FIG. 3 also shows a pressure transducer 221 , located on the housing reservoir walls 27 and in contact with a portion of the reservoir 30 .
- the pressure transducer 221 may consist of force sensing resistor technology such as that manufactured by Interlink, Inc. of Camarillo, Calif.
- Reservoir transducer 37 or pressure transducer 221 can transmit information to local processor 50 to indicate how and when to activate the dispenser 40 , or to indicate other parameters determining flow, as well as conditions such as the reservoir 30 being empty or leaking, or the dispensing of too much or too little fluid from the reservoir, etc.
- FIG. 4 shows another exemplary embodiment of the fluid delivery device 10 including an elastic sock 36 for compressing the reservoir 30 to a pressure above atmospheric pressure.
- the reservoir sock 36 constructed of an elastic material, has a very small unexpanded internal volume, no larger than the volume of reservoir 30 in its empty state.
- the reservoir sock 36 expands to support reservoir 30 when full, and elastically compresses until reservoir 30 is fully empty.
- the elastic reservoir 30 can be provided with a very small internal volume when empty, typically less than 100 microliters, and that expands during the fill process, creating a pressure within the reservoir greater than atmospheric pressure until the reservoir 30 is again empty, thereby obviating the need for the reservoir sock 36 .
- the fluid delivery device 10 of FIG. 4 also includes a Luer connector 71 for attaching a standard transcutaneous fluid delivery set to the exit port assembly 70 .
- the reservoir chamber 35 can be sealed and placed in a vacuum, similar to construction of a thermos bottle.
- the internal surface of the reservoir chamber 35 can be coated with reflective material, also similar to a thermos bottle.
- the chamber 35 can be filled with insulating material such as a low thermal conductance foam, with sufficient cavity size to allow the reservoir 30 to expand to a maximum fill capacity. Shown in FIGS.
- venting holes 38 placed through the housing 20 and housing outer surface 21 in the area of reservoir chamber 35 on the side of the device 10 away from the skin of the patient.
- the venting holes 38 allow the reservoir chamber 35 to vent to ambient temperature and thus help cool the reservoir 30 .
- FIG. 5 shows another exemplary embodiment of the fluid delivery device 10 that includes a second reservoir 90 in fluid communication with a second dispenser 91 .
- the additional reservoir 90 can be filled during the manufacturing process or can include filling means similar to the fill assembly 31 .
- the additional dispenser 91 may include a separate controller, or can be controlled by the same local processor 50 .
- the additional dispenser 91 connects distally to tubing lumen 74 extending between the main dispenser 40 and the exit port assembly 70 . Similar to the main dispenser 40 , the additional dispenser 91 is designed and controlled to prevent free flow of fluid from the additional reservoir 90 to the exit port assembly 70 .
- the second reservoir 90 may be filled with a drug different from the drug in the main reservoir 30 , a diluent of the drug in the main reservoir 30 or any inert substance.
- the fluid from the additional reservoir 90 may be administered to dilute the fluid dispensed from the main reservoir 30 , to provide more sophisticated or additive therapies, or even to maintain patency of the transcutaneous fluid path by flowing an inert substance at a more frequent rate then the intended infusion of the fluid in the main reservoir 30 .
- the device also includes a transcutaneous patient access tool comprising transcutaneous micropenetrators 75 connected to the exit port assembly 70 .
- the transcutaneous micropenetrators 75 include a series of micro-needles or other micropenetrators that allow fluid to transcutaneously enter the body of the patient without standard needles. Similar transcutaneous micropenetrators are shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,983,136 to Kamen et al.
- the device 10 further includes an adhesive layer 201 on the outer surface 21 of the housing 20 for securing the device 10 directly to the skin of a patient.
- the adhesive layer is preferably provided in a continuous, oval shape encircling the exit port assembly 70 in order to provide a protective seal around the penetrated skin.
- the housing adhesive layer 201 can consist of material such as that used in bandages or electro surgery return pads such as those manufactured by the Valley Lab division of Tyco/U.S. Surgical.
- FIGS. 6 and 6 a show another exemplary embodiment of the fluid delivery device 10 including a housing 200 having a recessed surface 29 for creating an air pocket between the fluid delivery device 10 and the skin 210 of a patient.
- the device 10 also includes a secondary adhesive layer 202 attached to the first adhesive layer 201 , which is attached to the bottom surface of the housing 200 surrounding the recessed surface 29 .
- the secondary adhesive layer 202 allows the device 10 to be attached, removed and attached again to a patient. When first attached, the secondary adhesive layer 202 adheres to the skin 210 .
- the secondary adhesive layer 202 can be removed from the first adhesive layer 201 , and the fluid delivery device 10 can then be reattached to the skin 210 using the adhesive layer 201 .
- a needle connection tubing 73 terminating in a skin penetrating cannula 72 is shown connected to the exit port assembly 70 .
- the needle connection tubing 73 is flexible, allows various placements and can be reinforced to prevent kinking. Reinforcement can be accomplished through choice of materials and ratio of wall thickness to inner diameter, or the tubing 73 can be reinforced with an internal wire coil.
- the skin penetrating cannula 72 can be a rigid member, such as a needle, or can be flexible. The skin penetrating cannula 72 is inserted through the skin 210 prior to attaching the fluid delivery device 10 to the skin 210 and may be inserted using a needle insertion assistance mechanism.
- FIG. 6 shows the cannula 72 entering through the surface of the skin 210 and entering subcutaneous tissue 211 .
- FIG. 7 shows another exemplary embodiment of the fluid delivery device 10 including sensors providing feedback to the local processor 50 , an electronic assembly for the various electronic devices and an optional second power supply 83 .
- the sensors include a volume sensor 222 , for example, provided in proximity with the reservoir 30 and an occlusion sensor 220 in proximity with the exit port tubing lumen 74 .
- the microcontroller 50 can include a microprocessor 51 , memory 52 , an electronic clock oscillator 53 , an analog-to-digital converter 54 and a multiplexer 55 .
- the optional secondary power source 83 attached by the user to a battery connector 81 connected to the microcontroller 50 .
- a battery door 82 is removed for insertion of the battery 83 and then reattached by sliding the door in direction D 1 to the housing 20 of the fluid delivery device 10 .
- the power supply 80 provides electrical power for memory retention and low power electronics only, while the secondary power source 83 provides electrical power for higher consumption components of the device 10 , such as the dispenser 40 .
- Both the power supply 80 and the secondary power source 83 may be consumer batteries, such as alkaline or nickel cadmium batteries, or other energy storage devices such as a capacitor. Additionally, both the power supply 80 and the secondary power source 83 may be rechargeable power sources.
- FIG. 8 shows another exemplary embodiment of the fluid delivery device 10 including an electronic module 300 including the local processor 50 and other electronic devices in a modular subassembly, which simplifies manufacture, provides protection from water or other fluid damage, and provides shielding and protection from electromagnetic interference and static discharge.
- Attached to the electronic module 300 and connected to the communication element 60 is an optional antenna 61 to enhance transmitting of signals from the fluid delivery device 10 via the communication element 60 .
- antenna 61 may be integrated into electronic module 300 .
- the device of FIG. 8 includes an alarm transducer 223 , such as a beeper or vibration device, which is also integrated into the electronic module 300 .
- the electronic module 300 is shown encapsulated by an electronic module housing 301 , which is a portion of the housing 20 .
- the electronic module housing 301 can easily be made to be waterproof, potentially by encapsulating the entire assembly in potting material, and can be protected with shielding material or coating for the electronic module 300 to resist electromagnetic interference and electrostatic discharge without having to encapsulate the entire internal portion of the fluid delivery device 10 .
- the housing 20 in the portion surrounding the electronic module 300 can be shielded or made waterproof, potentially by using a gasket material.
- the optional antenna 61 which can be included internal or external to the shielding material, is shown as external.
- the electronic module 300 may include a microprocessor, logic circuitry, read only memory, writeable memory, random access memory, analog to digital conversion circuitry, a multiplexer, the power supply 80 , resistors, capacitors, semiconductor components, programmable gate arrays, operational amplifiers and various other analog and digital electronic components.
- FIG. 8 a shows a transparent window 22 included in the housing 20 of the fluid delivery device 10 of FIG. 8 , which allows a user to visually inspect the reservoir 30 .
- an information barcode 26 which has information that can be read by a remote control device 100 provided with a barcode scanner. Information on the barcode 26 can include amount, type and concentration of drug contained in the reservoir, the device manufacturer and serial number, and expiration dates, and various other pieces of information relative to infusion of liquid medicines into mammalian patients.
- FIG. 9 shows another exemplary embodiment of the fluid delivery device 10 which includes a housing 200 having flexible hinged sections 23 that allow the fluid delivery device 10 to flex during patient movement to prevent detachment and aid in patient comfort.
- the hinged sections 23 run along the length of the housing 20 and allow the fluid delivery device 10 to have flex along each axis of the hinged sections 23 .
- Directions of the axes of the hinged sections 23 can be varied to provide optimum flexibility for various patient contours and areas of placement.
- FIG. 9 a shows a standard transcutaneous infusion set 400 consisting of a penetrating cannula 405 , usually consisting of a needle bent to ninety degrees, a flexible tubing 404 and a Luer connector 401 , which includes standard threads 402 .
- the infusion set 400 may also include means for attaching to the skin of a patient, such as infusion set wings 403 , which may have adhesive pads on their bottom side, or may be simply taped to the skin. This connection to the skin may not be necessary when used with fluid delivery device 10 with recessed housing 200 .
- Infusion set 400 can be attached to fluid delivery device 10 by connecting the infusion set Luer connector 401 to the Luer connector 71 of the exit port assembly 70 of the device 10 .
- FIG. 10 shows another exemplary embodiment of the fluid delivery device 10 including a means for stopping flow without requiring use of the remote control device 100 .
- the means comprises a “t-shaped” stop button 230 that protrudes through the housing 20 and is maintained in a deactivated position through the force of stop button spring 231
- the spring 231 is positioned between the stop button 230 and a portion 24 of the housing 20 .
- fluid exits the dispenser 40 travels through the exit port tubing lumen 74 and exits the exit port assembly 70 unencumbered by stop button 230 .
- FIG. 10 shows another exemplary embodiment of the fluid delivery device 10 including a means for stopping flow without requiring use of the remote control device 100 .
- the means comprises a “t-shaped” stop button 230 that protrudes through the housing 20 and is maintained in a deactivated position through the force of stop button spring 231
- the spring 231 is positioned between the stop button 230 and a portion 24 of the housing 20 .
- fluid exits the dispenser 40
- the stop button 232 compresses the exit port tubing lumen 74 against a second portion 25 of the housing 20 , until the exit port tubing lumen 74 is fully occluded.
- the stop button 230 protrudes through the housing 20 .
- the device can be constructed such that, in the deactivated position, the stop button 230 is flush with the housing outer surface 21 to prevent undesired occlusion of flow by inadvertent pressing of the stop button 230 .
- the button size and shape can be designed to accommodate an index finger, or the point of a pen.
- additional features can be added to have the button 230 latch and hold after being pressed against the lumen 74 .
- the latching feature can be reversible, or can required removal and disposable of the fluid delivery device 10 .
- FIG. 11 shows another exemplary embodiment of the fluid delivery device 10 including a means for delivering a fixed amount of fluid without requiring use of the remote control device 100 .
- Described here is an embodiment 10 wherein the user can press a mechanical bolus button 180 to release the bolus of the intended medicine.
- the bolus button 180 is t-shaped and protrudes through the housing 20 .
- the button 180 is maintained in a deactivated position through the force of bolus button spring 181 positioned between the bolus button 180 and an internal portion of the housing 20 .
- the bolus button 180 is attached to a bolus release finger 183 via a pivoting bolus lever 187 .
- the bolus lever 187 has a pivot 182 attached to the housing 20 , and moves the bolus release finger 183 away from a bolus delivery tubing lumen 186 and a bolus button stop 28 of the housing when the bolus button 180 is depressed against the spring 181 .
- the bolus delivery tubing 186 is in fluid communication with the exit port tubing lumen 74 and, thus, the exit port assembly 70 .
- the bias from bolus button spring 181 causes the bolus release finger 183 to press against bolus delivery tubing lumen 186 which presses against the bolus button stop 28 to occlude the bolus delivery tubing lumen 186 .
- a bolus flow restrictor 184 and a bolus volume accumulator 185 are provided in the bolus delivery tubing 186 .
- the bolus flow restrictor 184 acts as a flow limiter to prevent free flow of fluid from the reservoir 30 , and creates a minimum lock-out period between full bolus volumes. Assuming in this particular embodiment that the reservoir 30 is maintained at a pressure above atmospheric pressure, the flow rate of the flow restrictor 184 is chosen to be much slower than the rate at which the bolus volume should be delivered.
- the bolus volume accumulator 185 expands with the inflow of fluid from the flow restrictor 184 as long as the bolus release finger 183 is occluding the bolus delivery tubing 186 .
- the amount of expansion of the bolus volume accumulator 185 equals the bolus volume to be delivered.
- the time to dispense the bolus dose should be short since there are no downstream flow restrictors, and the user could be instructed to hold the button down for a required time, not more than a few seconds.
- Alternative designs could latch the bolus button 180 for a specific amount of time only, as the button must be released to prevent continued flow via the flow restrictor 184 .
- bolus volume accumulator 185 fluid is delivered until the pressure in bolus volume accumulator 185 reaches atmospheric pressure.
- Release of bolus button 180 causes the bolus lever 187 to rotate back, pivoting around bolus pivot 182 until bolus release finger 183 is occluding bolus delivery tubing lumen 186 by pressing it against housing button stop 28 .
- Bolus volume accumulator 185 again expands an amount equal to the next bolus volume to be delivered as fluid from reservoir 30 passes through bolus flow restrictor 184 until the pressure in bolus volume accumulator 185 equals the pressure in reservoir 30 .
- the bolus button 180 is shown protruding through housing 20 .
- bolus button 180 may be flush with the housing outer surface 21 to prevent undesired bolus delivery by inadvertent pressing of bolus button 180 .
- the figure shows a design that allows multiple depressions of the bolus button 180
- alternative designs can make the bolus button 180 activation a one-time event, requiring the user to replace the fluid delivery device 10 or locate the remote control device 100 .
- FIGS. 12 and 12 a depict a exemplary embodiment of the remote control device 100 of the present disclosure.
- the remote control device 100 is a hand held device that includes a controller housing 102 , on which is mounted a visual display 110 , such as a liquid crystal display or LCD.
- the visual display 110 can visually indicate status of programming, amounts, timing, and other parameters of medicinal fluid delivery. Other information can include time of day, address book, to do lists, and calendar information and potentially an entertainment interface such as a computer game.
- Another use of the visual display 110 is to display information received or to be sent to devices other than the fluid delivery device 100 , such as a glucometer used by diabetic patients or other diagnostic device, especially those whose information is related to the desired infusion rates and volumes to be delivered by fluid delivery device 10 .
- the remote control device 100 may have a diagnostic device, such as a blood glucose monitor or glucometer, or an implantable glucose sensor reader, integrated into it, simplifying the requirements of the patient by not having to carry and maintain two separate devices.
- diagnostic devices include but are not limited to blood diagnostic devices, electrocardiography devices and readers, electroencephalogram or EEG devices and readers, blood pressure monitors and pulse oxymetry devices.
- Alternative to full integration of the diagnostic device would be connection to the device via wireless or hardwired communication means, to perform a transfer of information.
- the visual display 110 can also include information such as warning and alarm conditions based on the status of the fluid delivery device 100 . Elements such as indicator lights, buzzers, and vibrational alarms may also be included in the remote control device 100 as alternative or redundant means for communicating information to the user.
- the user can get information and adjust the programming of the device by depressing various electromechanical switches also mounted on controller housing 102 . These switches may be joined in a bank of switches and included in membrane keypad 120 as shown in FIGS. 111 and 11 a and as is common with hand held electronic devices. It is preferred that the choice of electromechanical switches of the membrane keypad 120 interface with the visual display 110 in a menu driven fashion making reading information and programming the device more user friendly for the user.
- the visual display 110 and membrane keypad 120 can be combined into a single device such as a touch screen display, also common to electronic devices. Combination of touch screen displays, membrane keypads and singular switches may all be integrated into the remote control device 100 .
- the remote control device 100 may include various electromechanical jacks, which can accept electromechanical plugs from various devices. Shown in the figure are three plugs, a bar code reader 140 , a glucometer port 150 and a computer port 170 . These ports can allow two way transfer of information to enhance the capabilities of remote control device 100 and improve its user friendliness.
- FIG. 12 a shows a schematic cross section of the remote control device 100 .
- the membrane keypad 120 and visual display 110 are attached to the controller electronics 105 . Depicted is glucometer port 150 attached to the controller electronics 105 .
- Bar code reader 140 and computer port 170 are also attached to the controller electronics, not shown.
- the controller electronics are mounted and soldered to the controller printed circuit board 101 as is the controller communication element 160 .
- the controller communication element 160 is designed to transmit signals, or information to the communication element 60 of the fluid delivery device 10 .
- the controller electronics 105 act as a “translator” in translating user inputs received through the user interfaces 120 into signals for transmission by the controller communication element 160 .
- both the communication element 60 and the controller communication element 160 are two way communication assemblies allowing two way communication between the remote control device 100 and fluid delivery device 10 .
- the communication element 60 and the controller communication element 160 may include inductive wire loops or other transmitting antenna means.
- Information can be sent using amplitude or frequency modulation, and can be broadcast in the radio frequency, or RF range. Standard information confirmation techniques such as handshaking or checksum protocols can be used to insure accurate information transfer. With two-way communication, when errors are detected, the transfer can be repeated until acceptable, a similar technique to that utilized with two way pager technology commonplace today.
- the electronic memory of local processor 50 may contain information regarding the fluid including but not limited to type or name, concentration, amount, volume, additional drugs in solution and any diluting agents. This information can be transmitted from the fluid delivery device 10 via its communication element 60 , and uploaded into the remote control device 100 via its controller communication element 160 . Other information may be factory installed into the fluid delivery device 10 including but not limited to manufacturing date, expiration date, sterilization date, therapy information such as defined flow profiles and even patient or hospital information. This information can be uploaded into the remote control device 100 as described above, and the remote control device 100 may adjust its internal programming based on the information received.
- the electronic memory of the fluid delivery device 10 includes the latest program of the remote control device 100 available at the time of manufacture of the fluid delivery device 10 .
- the electronic memory of the remote control device 100 includes the latest program of the fluid delivery device 10 , available at the time of manufacture of the remote control device 100 .
- a program check is performed, and if a newer software version for either device is available from the other device, and the existing hardware is compatible, another feature which can be programmed into both devices, the newer program is downloaded into memory and used by the upgraded device.
- the embedded program may be contained in read only memory, or ROM, while the downloaded program can be written into electronically writeable memory.
- the automatic update feature, available for each device to upgrade the other is another way to make sure the user has the best available product for use.
- Another advantageous feature associated with two way communication is the addition of a proximity alarm.
- the design of the fluid delivery device 10 and remote control device 100 electronics can be such that when the distance between the two devices is greater than a particular radial length, one or both of the devices will alert the user, potentially with an audio alarm.
- the alarming distance should be chosen so that it is less than the maximum communication range of the two devices.
- a method of creating the alarm is for the fluid delivery device 10 to send out frequent packets of information at a predetermined rate and at an amplitude or power less than the normal communication power, providing a safety margin for the proximity detection.
- the remote control device 100 is programmed to expect to receive this communication at the predetermined rate, and lack of receipt of one or more of these packets, causes the remote control device 100 to activate its audio alarm 106 .
- a vibrational alarm may be included.
- Proximity alarms may be included that do not require two way communication, by integrating a device such as a magnet into the housing 20 of fluid delivery device 10 , and integrating magnetic field detection means into the remote control device 100 . When the magnetic field detection means of the remote control device 100 do not detect the presence of the magnetic field of the fluid delivery device 10 , the remote control device 100 activates the controller audio alarm 106 .
- the remote control device 100 includes a controller power supply 108 that powers the various electronic components including the controller electronics 105 , controller audio alarm 106 .
- the controller power supply 108 may be a standard battery and in the preferred embodiment, the power supply 108 may be replaceable by the user by removing a battery door, not shown, and replacing after power supply 108 is inserted and attached.
- the power supply is integrated into the remote control device 100 , and can be recharged with a separate device or contains enough power to supply the device for its intended length of use.
- the fluid delivery device 10 of the present disclosure may be sold to hospitals, pharmacies, outpatient centers or the patients themselves. If the fluid delivery device is intended for short term or disposable use, it may be practical to sell each device with various accessories or groups of accessories that are convenient for the user. It may be desirable for certain parts of the fluid delivery device, or accessories such as an attachable transcutaneous infusion set, such as that described hereinabove, to be packaged sterilized in a protective packaging. Proper aseptic maintenance of the portion of the skin that receives the transcutaneous access is important to prevent infection.
- FIGS. 13 , 13 a, 13 b and 13 c depict various components that may be packaged together in kit form.
- FIG. 13 shows the fluid delivery device of the present disclosure including means for viewing the status of the reservoir 30 and an information barcode 26 with a sterilized device in a sterile assembly pack 350 .
- the device may be packaged separately or with various other kit components.
- the fluid delivery device may be packaged sterile entirely in a device pouch 351 , intended to allow sterilization and maintain sterility. Such pouches often are constructed of materials such as TYVEK, a product of Dupont.
- the sterile assembly pack 350 consists of the fluid delivery device 10 of the present disclosure, sealed in the device pouch 351 as is shown in FIG. 13 .
- a portion of the fluid delivery device surrounding the exit port assembly 70 may be covered, sealed and sterilized with a sterility maintaining covering (not shown).
- the top of the housing 20 or housing top side 203 includes a housing transparent window 22 located above the reservoir 30 .
- the transparency of the housing transparent window 22 and design of the reservoir 30 are such that the patient can determine information regarding status of the reservoir 30 by viewing through the housing transparent window 22 .
- Such information can include amount of drug remaining or presence of a leak.
- the entire housing 20 may be transparent yielding similar visual indications.
- an information barcode 26 which can include various pieces of information regarding the status of that particular fluid delivery device 10 such as type, volume and concentration of drug prefilled in the device, expiration date of device or drug, manufacture date of device or drug, serial numbers, lot numbers, hospital name, clinician name, patient name, prescription requirements and various other pieces of information.
- the barcode information can be read into a hospital or home computer, or in the preferred embodiment is uploaded via a barcode reader integral to the remote control device 100 .
- the fluid delivery device 10 and remote control device 100 electronics and programming can be designed such that the bar code must be read prior to programming or otherwise using the fluid delivery device 10 . This feature can greatly reduce programming errors such as those associated with the patient entering drug information.
- FIG. 13 a shows the remote control device 100 of the present disclosure that could be packaged or provided as a kit with one or more of sterile package assembly 350 , including at least one fluid delivery device 10 .
- the remote control device 100 There is no need for the remote control device 100 to be sterilized, so if the fluid delivery device 10 was sterilized, one or more sterile package assembly 350 can be boxed or otherwise packaged with a single remote control device 100 along with one or more other devices 10 .
- FIG. 13 b shows a therapeutic fluid supply 250 , which may consist of a vial of drug such as insulin.
- the drug in one or more vials, which has been sterilized and made otherwise biocompatible for use, can be packaged with one or more sterile package assemblies 350 as well as with one or more remote control devices 100 . Additional devices may be included in the kit if desired.
- FIG. 13 c shows a sterile infusion set assembly 407 including the transcutaneous infusion set 400 described hereinabove packaged in an infusion set pouch 406 .
- the infusion set 400 includes an infusion set Luer 401 connected to infusion set flexible tubing 404 and terminating in an infusion set penetrating cannula 405 .
- An optional set of infusion set wings 403 can be included to attach the infusion set 400 to the patient's skin.
- the transcutaneous delivery means are integrated into exit port assembly 70 , however in an alternative embodiment, the exit port assembly 70 can be attached to infusion set 400 .
- the fluid delivery device 10 of the present disclosure is intended to be low cost and potentially disposable. It may be advantageous for one or more of the components to be biodegradable, since replacement of the device every two to five days has many advantages, it would also generate a fair amount of waste.
- the fluid delivery device 10 may include a preinstalled battery as its power supply 80 .
- a mechanical switch may be included, connecting the battery contacts to the electronics prior to programming with the remote control device 100 .
- a simplistic version of the switch design may be an insulating material between the battery contacts of power supply 80 and the electrical connection to the local processor 50 .
- the insulating material could be designed to protrude through housing 20 , and be removable by the user, not shown. The user could pull the insulating material and remove it, simultaneously connecting the battery contacts with the electrical connection to the local processor.
- the fluid delivery device 10 of the present disclosure may be filled with the therapeutic fluid by the device manufacture, a pharmaceutical company, or another manufacturer prior to its shipment to the hospital, pharmacy or patient.
- Certain drugs require refrigeration or other special environmental conditions, requiring the prefilled fluid delivery device to be refrigerated or otherwise handled to meet special requirements.
- Insulin is a drug that requires refrigeration if it is to be stored for a prolonged period of time.
- Hoechst of Frankfurt Germany, is developing insulin that is stable at higher temperatures. Drugs that are stable at room temperature, such as the developmental insulin of Hoechst, allow simple filling and handling of the fluid delivery device 10 , greatly simplifying the requirements for the patient.
- fluid delivery device 10 Various methods of using the fluid delivery device 10 are included in the present disclosure and described above.
- the method of programming the fluid delivery device 10 with remote programmer 100 as well as the attachment and use of the peripheral devices including transcutaneous infusion sets and diagnostic devices such as glucometers are described. Also relevant is the ability to update the internal programming of either the fluid delivery device 10 or the remote control device 100 by the corresponding device.
- Methods of filling the fluid delivery device 10 with therapeutic fluid during the manufacturing process as well as by the user have been described.
- Methods and timing of sterilization and packaging of part or all of the fluid delivery device 10 and therapeutic fluid have also been described.
- the fluid delivery device of this disclosure is intended to be low cost, light weight, simple to use and potentially disposable by removing a majority of the user interface, including electromechanical switches, from the fluid delivery device, and including a separate controller to replace those functions.
- a reservoir, fluid dispenser, transcutaneous fluid administration means, solid state electronics and wireless communications are included in the fluid delivery device to perform its intended function. While various means for reservoir construction, pressurization means, fluid pumping means, fluid metering means, transcutaneous delivery, electronic control and wireless communications have been discussed in this application, alternatives to each of these areas can be made without departing from the spirit of the disclosure.
Abstract
Description
- The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/695,547, filed Oct. 28, 2003, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/943,992, filed Aug. 31, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,740,059, which claims priority to provisional U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/231,476, filed on Sep. 8, 2000. All of these applications are assigned to the assignee of the present application and incorporated herein by reference.
- The present disclosure relates generally to medical devices, systems and methods, and more particularly to small, low cost, portable infusion devices and methods that are useable to achieve precise, sophisticated, and programmable flow patterns for the delivery of therapeutic liquids to a patient.
- Today, there are many diseases and other physical ailments that are treated by various medicines including pharmaceuticals, nutritional formulas, biologically derived or active agents, hormonal and gene based material and other substances in both solid or liquid form. In the delivery of these medicines, it is often desirable to bypass the digestive system of a patient to avoid degradation of the active ingredients caused by the catalytic enzymes in the digestive tract and liver. Delivery of a medicine other than by way of the intestines is known as parenteral delivery.
- Parenteral delivery of various drugs in liquid form is often desired to enhance the effect of the substance being delivered, insuring that the unaltered medicine reaches its intended site at a significant concentration. Also, undesired side effects associated with other routes of delivery, such as systemic toxicity, can potentially be avoided by parenteral delivery. Parenteral delivery of liquid medicines may best be accomplished by infusing directly into the cardiovascular system via veins or arteries, into the subcutaneous tissue or directly into organs, tumors, cavities, bones or other site specific locations within the body.
- Parenteral delivery is often accomplished by administering bolus injections using a needle and syringe, or continuously by gravity driven dispensers or transdermal patch technologies. Bolus injections often imperfectly match the clinical needs of the patient, and usually require larger individual doses than are desired at the specific time they are given. Continuous delivery of medicine through gravity feed systems compromise the patient's mobility and lifestyle, and limit the therapy to simplistic flow rates and profiles. Transdermal patches have special requirements of the medicine being delivered, particularly as it relates to the molecular structure, and similar to gravity feed systems, the control of the drug administration is severely limited.
- Ambulatory infusion pumps have been developed for delivering liquid medicaments to a patient. These infusion devices have the ability to offer sophisticated fluid delivery profiles accomplishing bolus requirements, continuous infusion and variable flow rate delivery. These infusion capabilities usually result in better efficacy of the drug and therapy and less toxicity to the patient's system. An example of a use of an ambulatory infusion pump is for the delivery of insulin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. These pumps can deliver insulin on a continuous basal basis as well as a bolus basis.
- The ambulatory pumps often work with a reservoir to contain the liquid medicine, such as a cartridge or syringe, and use electromechanical pumping or metering technology to deliver the medication to the patient via tubing from the infusion device to a needle that is inserted transcutaneously, or through the skin of the patient. The devices allow control and programming via electromechanical buttons or switches located on the housing of the device, and accessed by the patient or clinician. The devices include visual feedback via text or graphic screens, such as liquid crystal displays (LCD), and may include alert or warning lights and audio or vibration signals and alarms. The devices can be worn in a harness or a pocket, or strapped to the body of the patient.
- Currently available ambulatory infusion devices are expensive, difficult to program and prepare for infusion, and tend to be bulky, heavy and very fragile. Filling these devices or their reservoirs can be difficult and require the patient to carry both the intended medication as well as filling accessories when traveling or even just going to work. The accuracy and safety requirements of these devices are extremely important, based both on the medicine being delivered and the condition of the patient. Therefore, the devices require specialized care, maintenance and cleaning to assure proper functionality and safety for their intended long term use.
- Clearly, therefore, there is a need for a programmable and adjustable infusion system that is precise and reliable and can offer clinicians and patients a small, low cost, light weight, simple-to-use alternative for parenteral delivery of liquid medicines.
- The applicant has determined that a sophisticated ambulatory infusion device that can be programmed to reliably deliver variable flow profiles of liquid medications, yet is small, light weight and low cost, is needed. Smaller and lighter devices are easier to carry and are more comfortable for the patient, even allowing the device to be adhesively attached to the patient's skin similar to a transdermal patch. An inexpensive device allows greater flexibility in prescribing the device for use by reducing the financial burden on healthcare insurance providers, hospitals and patient care centers, as well as patients themselves. In addition, low cost devices make more practical the maintenance of one or more replacement devices. If the primary device is lost or becomes dysfunctional, availability of the replacement avoids costly expedited repair and down time.
- Aspects of the present disclosure will enable cost reductions significant enough to make the entire device disposable in nature, being replaced as frequently as every two to five days. A disposable device allows the medication to be prefilled by the manufacturer and does not need the routine cleaning and maintenance required by long term devices, greatly simplifying use for the patient.
- The present disclosure, therefore, provides a method for transcutaneously delivering fluid to a patient, which includes providing at least one disposable infusion pump. The disposable infusion pump is provided with a housing adapted to be mounted on a patient's skin, a transcutaneous patient access tool for extending through the housing and providing transcutaneous access to the patient, a reservoir prefilled with a therapeutic fluid, and a dispenser for causing fluid from the reservoir to flow to the transcutaneous patient access tool. The disposable infusion pump is also provided with a processor connected to the dispenser and programmed to cause a flow of fluid from the reservoir to the transcutaneous patient access tool based on flow instructions, and a wireless receiver connected to the processor for receiving flow instructions from a remote controller and for delivering the flow instructions to the processor.
- The method further includes placing the disposable infusion pump on a patient's skin, receiving flow instructions from a remote controller through the wireless receiver of the infusion pump, and delivering the flow instructions to the processor of the infusion pump, so that the processor causes fluid from the reservoir to flow to the transcutaneous patient access tool based on the flow instructions.
- According to one aspect of the present disclosure, the methods also includes the step of remotely supplying flow instructions to each of the disposable infusion pumps through a reusable remote control device.
- These aspects of the disclosure together with additional features and advantages thereof may best be understood by reference to the following detailed descriptions and examples taken in connection with the accompanying illustrated drawings.
-
FIG. 1 is a sectional side view of a first exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with this disclosure; -
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a remote control device in accordance with this disclosure for use with the fluid delivery device ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is a sectional side view of a second exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with this disclosure; -
FIG. 3 a is an enlarged partial sectional view of a dispenser for the device ofFIG. 3 , shown with an accumulator empty and ready to be filled upon an inlet valve being opened; -
FIG. 3 b is an enlarged sectional view of the dispenser for the device ofFIG. 3 , shown with the accumulator filled and ready to dispense a pulse of fluid upon an outlet valve being opened; -
FIG. 4 is a sectional side view of a third exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with this disclosure; -
FIG. 4 a is an enlarged sectional side view of a reservoir chamber of the device ofFIG. 4 ; -
FIG. 4 b is an enlarged bottom plan view of a portion of the reservoir chamber of the device ofFIG. 4 ; -
FIG. 5 is a sectional side view of a fourth exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with this disclosure; -
FIG. 5 a is a bottom plan view of the device ofFIG. 5 ; -
FIG. 6 is a sectional side view of a fifth exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device shown positioned on an outer surface of skin and subcutaneous tissue of a patient; -
FIG. 6 a is a bottom plan view of the device ofFIG. 6 ; -
FIG. 7 is a sectional side view of a sixth exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with the present disclosure; -
FIG. 8 is a sectional side view of a seventh exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with the present disclosure; -
FIG. 8 a is a top plan view of the device ofFIG. 8 ; -
FIG. 9 is a sectional side view of an eighth exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with the present disclosure; -
FIG. 9 a is a perspective view of an infusion set compatible with an outlet assembly of the device ofFIG. 9 ; -
FIG. 10 is a sectional side view of a ninth exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with the present disclosure, with a mechanical stop button of the device shown in the open position; -
FIG. 10 a is an enlarged sectional view of the stop button assembly of the device ofFIG. 10 with the button shown in the closed position; -
FIG. 11 is a sectional side view of a tenth exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with the present disclosure; -
FIG. 11 a is an enlarged sectional view of a bolus button assembly of the device ofFIG. 11 ; -
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of another exemplary embodiment of a remote control device in accordance with the present disclosure; -
FIG. 12 a is a sectional side view of the remote control device ofFIG. 12 ; -
FIG. 13 is a top plan view of an eleventh exemplary embodiment of a fluid delivery device in accordance with the present disclosure; -
FIG. 13 a is a top plan view of a remote controller to be combined with the fluid delivery device ofFIG. 13 as part of a kit in accordance with the present disclosure; -
FIG. 13 b is a top plan view of an insulin cartridge to be combined with the fluid delivery device ofFIG. 13 as part of a kit in accordance with the present disclosure; and -
FIG. 13 c is a top plan view of a sterile infusion set to be combined with the fluid delivery device ofFIG. 13 as part of a kit in accordance with the present disclosure. - Like reference characters designate identical or corresponding components and units throughout the several views.
- Set forth hereinbelow are detailed descriptions of exemplary embodiments of fluid delivery devices, systems and kits, constructed in accordance with the present disclosure, as well as methods for using the devices, systems and kits. The types of liquids that can be delivered by the fluid delivery devices, systems and kits of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, insulin, antibiotics, nutritional fluids, total parenteral nutrition or TPN, analgesics, morphine, hormones or hormonal drugs, gene therapy drugs, anticoagulants, analgesics, cardiovascular medications, AZT or chemotherapeutics. The types of medical conditions that the fluid delivery devices, systems and kits of the present disclosure might be used to treat include diabetes, cardiovascular disease, pain, chronic pain, cancer, AIDS, neurological diseases, Alzheimer's Disease, ALS, Hepatitis, Parkinson's Disease or spasticity.
- In
FIG. 1 , there is illustrated, generally at 10, a fluid delivery device according to the present disclosure. Thedevice 10 generally includes anexit port assembly 70 adapted to connect to a transcutaneous patient access tool, adispenser 40 for causing fluid from areservoir 30 to flow to the exit port assembly, a processor or electronic microcontroller (hereinafter referred to as the “local” processor) 50 connected to the dispenser and programmed to cause a flow of fluid to the exit port assembly based on flow instructions from a separate, remote control device (an example of which is shown inFIG. 2 ), and awireless receiver 60 connected to the local processor for receiving the flow instructions from the separate, remote control device and delivering the flow instructions to the local processor. The device also includes ahousing 20 containing theexit port assembly 70, thedispenser 40, thelocal processor 50, and thewireless receiver 60. Thehousing 20 is free of user input components, such as external buttons connected to theprocessor 50, for providing flow instructions to thelocal processor 50 in order to reduce the size, complexity and costs of thedevice 10, such that the device lends itself to being small and disposable in nature. - In the exemplary embodiment of
FIG. 1 , thedevice 10 also includes areservoir 30 contained within thehousing 20 and connected to thedispenser 40. Thereservoir 30 is provided with a collapsible design such as a metal bellows or is made of a collapsible material such as a silicone elastomer. The volume of thereservoir 30 is chosen to best suit the therapeutic application of thefluid delivery device 10 impacted by such factors as available concentrations of medicinal fluids to be delivered, acceptable times between refills or disposal of thefluid delivery device 10, size constraints and other factors. For treatment of Type I diabetics, for example, a reservoir of less than 5 ml, and preferably 2 to 3 ml, is appropriate. - The
local processor 50 contains all the computer programs and electronic circuitry needed to allow a user to program the desired flow patterns and adjust the program as necessary. Such circuitry can include one or more microprocessors, digital and analog integrated circuits, resistors, capacitors, transistors and other semiconductors and other electronic components known to those skilled in the art. Thelocal processor 50 also includes programming, electronic circuitry and memory to properly activate the dispenser at the needed time intervals. In the exemplary embodiment ofFIG. 1 , apower supply 80, such as a battery or capacitor, is included and supplies power to thelocal processor 50. - When the
local processor 50 activates thedispenser 40, a specific amount of fluid exits thefluid delivery device 10 via theexit port assembly 70. Theexit port assembly 70 can include elements to transcutaneously enter the patient, such as a needle or soft cannula, or can be adapted to connect to a standard infusion device that includes transcutaneous delivery means. - As shown, the
housing 20 is free of user input components for providing flow instructions to thelocal processor 50, such as electromechanical switches or buttons on anouter surface 21 of the housing, or interfaces otherwise accessible to a user to adjust the programmed flow rate through thelocal processor 50. In order to program, adjust the programming of, or otherwise communicate user inputs to thelocal processor 50, thefluid delivery device 10 includes the wireless communication element, orreceiver 60 for receiving the user inputs from a separate, remote control device, such as the separate,remote control device 100 ofFIG. 2 . Signals can be sent via a communication element (not shown) of theremote control device 100, which can include or be connected to anantenna 130, shown inFIG. 2 as being external to thedevice 100. - The
remote control device 100 has user input components, including an array of electromechanical switches, such as themembrane keypad 120 shown. Thecontrol device 100 also includes user output components, including a visual display, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) 110. Although not shown inFIG. 2 , theremote control device 100 has its own processor (hereinafter referred to as the “remote” processor) connected to themembrane keypad 120 and the LCD I10. The remote processor is programmed to receive the user inputs from themembrane keypad 120 and translate the user inputs into “flow” instructions for transmission to thefluid delivery device 10, and is programmed to send user outputs to the LCD I10. - A user, such as a patient or a clinician, can thus program the
fluid delivery device 10 by entering information into theremote control device 100, which then downloads information to thereceiver 60 of thedevice 10 with each key stroke or button pressed or in a batch mode of multiple key strokes. Complex flow algorithms, requests for bolus delivery and other desired infusions of the medicinal fluid can be accomplished by entering information into theremote control device 100, which is then transmitted to thefluid delivery device 10. The communication can be confirmed as acceptable by thelocal processor 50 of thefluid delivery device 10 by using one or more features such as standard handshaking protocols, redundant transmissions and other communication confirmation methods, as are known to those skilled in the art. - The lack of user interfaces, such as electromechanical switches on the
fluid delivery device 10, results in substantial reductions in the cost, the size, and the weight of thedevice 10. The lack of user interfaces also allows the housingouter surface 21 of thedevice 10 to be relatively smooth, thereby simplifying cleaning and preventing jewelry or clothing items such as sweaters from catching on the device. Since theremote control device 100 also includes avisual display 110, thefluid delivery device 10 can be void of an information screen, further reducing cost, size and weight. Lack of user interfaces, such as electromechanical switches and information screens, greatly simplifies the design of thefluid delivery device 10 and allows thedevice 10 to be made more flexible and resistant to damage. -
FIG. 3 shows another exemplary embodiment of thefluid delivery device 10 of the present disclosure wherein thereservoir 30 is made of a flexible material and is enclosed in areservoir chamber 35, which can be defined by thehousing 20 andhousing reservoir walls 27. Theflexible reservoir 30 is placed in compression by a compressingmember 33 and compressing springs 34, which are positioned between the compressingmember 33 and thehousing 20. The compressed,flexible reservoir 30 causes fluid inside thereservoir 30 to be at a pressure above atmospheric pressure. In a preferred embodiment, a cross sectional area of the compressingmember 33 approximates a cross sectional area of thereservoir 30. - Alternatively, the
housing 20 may include a flexible cantilever beam that contacts thereservoir 30 creating a pressure within thereservoir 30 above atmospheric pressure. In another alternative, thereservoir chamber 35 may be sealed and filled with a gas, or a vapor-plus-fluid mixture, to place the fluid within thereservoir 30 under pressure above atmospheric pressure. The gas can be air, and the vapor-plus-fluid mixture can be Freon. The Freon vapor-plus-fluid mixture provides the design advantage of near constant pressure if thefluid delivery device 10 is maintained at near constant temperature. In still another alternative embodiment, the amount of gas placed in a sealedreservoir chamber 35 may be chosen such that thereservoir 30 pressure is equal to or less than atmospheric for the entire full to empty conditions of thereservoir 30. If the fluid in thereservoir 30 is maintained at a pressure equal to or below atmospheric, then thedispenser 40 is provided in the form of a pump, such as a peristaltic drive pump, for pumping fluid from thereservoir 30 to theoutlet port assembly 70. - The
reservoir 30 may be prefilled by the device manufacturer or a cooperating drug manufacturer, or may include external filling means consisting of afill assembly 31. If thefluid delivery device 10 is prefilled by the manufacturer, thelocal processor 50 can be provided with memory containing various information regarding the prefilled drug including but not limited to, the type or name and the concentration and volume of the fluid. - The
fill assembly 31 can include aneedle insertion septum 32. Thereservoir 30 and other fluid path components may be placed in a vacuum during the final manufacturing process to simplify filling and priming of thefluid delivery device 10 for the patient.Needle insertion septum 32 may be constructed of a resealing elastomer such as silicone that allows a needle to puncture septum to add fluid to thereservoir 30, yet reseal after the needle is withdrawn. An alternative to theneedle insertion septum 32 is a standard fluid connection, such as a Luer connector, which can be affixed to thefill assembly 31 in combination with a one way valve such as a duck bill valve (not shown). The patient could attach a syringe filled with the liquid medication to the Luer connector and fill thefluid delivery device 10. Thefill assembly 31 may be designed so that the patient can fill thefluid delivery device 10 one time only, such as by having the Luer connection break off when the syringe is removed. - The
dispenser 40 is connected in fluid communication with thereservoir 30. When thedevice 10 is provided with apressurized reservoir 30, as shown in exemplary embodiment ofFIG. 3 , the dispenser can include aninlet valve 41 connected to the reservoir, andoutlet valve 42 connected to theexit port assembly 70, and anaccumulator 43 connected between the inlet valve and the outlet valve. Since the fluid in thereservoir 30 is maintained at a pressure above atmospheric pressure, opening of theinlet valve 41 allows the accumulator to fill to the reservoir pressure, after which the inlet valve is 41 is closed. At the proper time, as determined by thelocal processor 50 programming and instructions received from the remote control device, theoutlet valve 42 can be opened to dispense fluid to theexit port assembly 70, which is at the pressure of the patient, or atmospheric pressure. Theaccumulator 43 will then be at atmospheric pressure, and theoutlet valve 42 can be closed, ready for another repeat cycle. - The
dispenser 40 of the exemplary embodiment ofFIG. 3 does not create a driving or pumping force on the fluid passing therethrough, but rather acts as a metering device, allowing pulses of fluid to pass from thepressurized reservoir 30, through thedispenser 40, to theexit port assembly 70 at atmospheric pressure. Theinlet valve 41 and theoutlet valve 42 of thedispenser 40 are controlled by thelocal processor 50, which includes electronic programming, controls and circuitry to allow sophisticated fluid delivery programming and control of thedispenser 40. -
FIG. 3 a shows thedispenser 40 with theaccumulator 43 at atmospheric pressure. Anaccumulator membrane 44 is shown in its non-distended state, caused by atmospheric pressure only.Inlet valve 41 is closed, andoutlet valve 42 may be open or closed, but must have been opened since the lasttime inlet valve 41 was opened.FIG. 3 b shows the condition whereoutlet valve 42 is closed, andinlet valve 41 has been opened. Because of the elevated pressure of the fluid from thereservoir 30, theaccumulator membrane 44 is distended, thus increasing the volume ofaccumulator 43 by anaccumulator volume 45. After theinlet valve 41 is closed, theoutlet valve 42 can be opened, to dispense theaccumulator volume 45 and allow theaccumulator membrane 44 to retract to the position shown inFIG. 3a . - The
inlet valve 41 and theoutlet valve 42 of thedispenser 40 and thelocal processor 50 are designed to prevent both valves from being opened at the same time, precluding thereservoir 30 to ever flow directly to theexit port assembly 70. The prevention of both valves opening at the same time is critical and can be accomplished via mechanical means, electrical means, or both. The prevention can be accomplished in thedispenser 40 design, thelocal processor 50 design, or both. - The
dispenser 40 shown inFIGS. 3, 3 a and 3 b dispenses finite pulses of fluid volume, called pulse volume (PV), with each activation. The PV is determined by the properties, materials and construction of theaccumulator 43 and theaccumulator membrane 44. PV's delivered by infusion devices are typically chosen to be small relative to what would be considered a clinically significant volume. For insulin applications at a concentration of 100 units per ml, a PV of less than 2 microliter, and typically 0.5 microliter, is appropriate. If thefluid delivery device 10 is programmed via theremote control device 100 to deliver 2 units an hour, the dispenser will deliver 40 pulses an hour, or a pulse every 1.5 minutes. Such pulsitile flow is considered continuous if the PV is small enough. Other drugs or concentrations may permit a much larger PV. Various flow rates are achieved by adjusting the time between pulses. To give a fixed volume or bolus, multiple pulses are given in rapid succession until the bolus volume is reached. - The PV may not always be constant enough to be within the accuracy requirements of the
fluid delivery device 10. One factor impacting the PV is reservoir pressure. Thefluid delivery device 10 may include means for monitoring reservoir pressure (RP) and adjust the timing between pulses to achieve the desire flow pattern. An example of such compensation would be to decrease time between pulses as the PV decreases to maintain the programmed flow rate. Means for monitoring such parameters as reservoir pressure RP are described below. An alternative to monitoring reservoir pressure is monitoring the volume of thereservoir 30. Each time a pulse or series of pulses are delivered, a measurement of reservoir volume can indicate whether a proper amount of fluid has been delivered, both for individual pulses and cumulative pulses. The system could also be designed to compensate fluid flow as errors are detected. An example of a reservoir volume transducer means is also described below. - The
communication element 60 preferably receives electronic communication from theremote control device 100 using radio frequency or other wireless communication standards and protocols. The information transferred includes codes or packets of codes that thelocal processor 50 uses to confirm that the information was received correctly, similar to the way standard telephone modem communication is performed. More sophisticated codes can be included to allow the information to be self-corrected or pinpoint the area of bad information. In an even more preferred embodiment, thecommunication element 60 is a two-way communication element, including a receiver and a transmitter, for allowing thefluid delivery device 10 to send information back to theremote control device 100. In such an embodiment, theremote control device 100 also includes anintegral communication element 60 comprising a receiver and a transmitter, for allowing theremote control device 100 to receive the information sent by thefluid delivery device 10. - The
power supply 80 can be integrated into thefluid delivery device 10 and not accessible to a user. In an alternative embodiment, however, thepower supply 80 can be replaceable, e.g., a replaceable battery. In another embodiment, thepower supply 80 can comprise an integrated battery or capacitor, for low power components of thedevice 10 such as the electronic memory, and a user-inserted battery for powering the remainder of thedevice 10. Other components that may require electrical energy are thecommunication element 60, thedispenser 40, and other components such as sensors or transducers. - As shown in
FIG. 3 , the device can include sensors or transducers such as areservoir volume transducer 37. A similar transducer is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,533,389 to Kamen et al.FIG. 3 also shows apressure transducer 221, located on thehousing reservoir walls 27 and in contact with a portion of thereservoir 30. Thepressure transducer 221 may consist of force sensing resistor technology such as that manufactured by Interlink, Inc. of Camarillo, Calif.Reservoir transducer 37 orpressure transducer 221 can transmit information tolocal processor 50 to indicate how and when to activate thedispenser 40, or to indicate other parameters determining flow, as well as conditions such as thereservoir 30 being empty or leaking, or the dispensing of too much or too little fluid from the reservoir, etc. -
FIG. 4 shows another exemplary embodiment of thefluid delivery device 10 including anelastic sock 36 for compressing thereservoir 30 to a pressure above atmospheric pressure. Thereservoir sock 36, constructed of an elastic material, has a very small unexpanded internal volume, no larger than the volume ofreservoir 30 in its empty state. Thereservoir sock 36 expands to supportreservoir 30 when full, and elastically compresses untilreservoir 30 is fully empty. Alternatively, theelastic reservoir 30 can be provided with a very small internal volume when empty, typically less than 100 microliters, and that expands during the fill process, creating a pressure within the reservoir greater than atmospheric pressure until thereservoir 30 is again empty, thereby obviating the need for thereservoir sock 36. Thefluid delivery device 10 ofFIG. 4 also includes aLuer connector 71 for attaching a standard transcutaneous fluid delivery set to theexit port assembly 70. - Since the
fluid delivery device 10 may be worn close to or even attached to the body of a mammalian patient, it may be desired to prevent the temperature of the fluid in thereservoir 30 from elevating toward the body temperature of the patient. In one embodiment, thereservoir chamber 35 can be sealed and placed in a vacuum, similar to construction of a thermos bottle. The internal surface of thereservoir chamber 35 can be coated with reflective material, also similar to a thermos bottle. Alternatively, thechamber 35 can be filled with insulating material such as a low thermal conductance foam, with sufficient cavity size to allow thereservoir 30 to expand to a maximum fill capacity. Shown inFIGS. 4 a and 4 b are ventingholes 38, placed through thehousing 20 and housingouter surface 21 in the area ofreservoir chamber 35 on the side of thedevice 10 away from the skin of the patient. The venting holes 38 allow thereservoir chamber 35 to vent to ambient temperature and thus help cool thereservoir 30. -
FIG. 5 shows another exemplary embodiment of thefluid delivery device 10 that includes asecond reservoir 90 in fluid communication with asecond dispenser 91. Theadditional reservoir 90 can be filled during the manufacturing process or can include filling means similar to thefill assembly 31. Theadditional dispenser 91 may include a separate controller, or can be controlled by the samelocal processor 50. Theadditional dispenser 91 connects distally totubing lumen 74 extending between themain dispenser 40 and theexit port assembly 70. Similar to themain dispenser 40, theadditional dispenser 91 is designed and controlled to prevent free flow of fluid from theadditional reservoir 90 to theexit port assembly 70. - The
second reservoir 90 may be filled with a drug different from the drug in themain reservoir 30, a diluent of the drug in themain reservoir 30 or any inert substance. The fluid from theadditional reservoir 90 may be administered to dilute the fluid dispensed from themain reservoir 30, to provide more sophisticated or additive therapies, or even to maintain patency of the transcutaneous fluid path by flowing an inert substance at a more frequent rate then the intended infusion of the fluid in themain reservoir 30. - Referring also to
FIG. 5 a, the device also includes a transcutaneous patient access tool comprisingtranscutaneous micropenetrators 75 connected to theexit port assembly 70. Thetranscutaneous micropenetrators 75 include a series of micro-needles or other micropenetrators that allow fluid to transcutaneously enter the body of the patient without standard needles. Similar transcutaneous micropenetrators are shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,983,136 to Kamen et al. - The
device 10 further includes anadhesive layer 201 on theouter surface 21 of thehousing 20 for securing thedevice 10 directly to the skin of a patient. The adhesive layer is preferably provided in a continuous, oval shape encircling theexit port assembly 70 in order to provide a protective seal around the penetrated skin. Thehousing adhesive layer 201 can consist of material such as that used in bandages or electro surgery return pads such as those manufactured by the Valley Lab division of Tyco/U.S. Surgical. -
FIGS. 6 and 6 a show another exemplary embodiment of thefluid delivery device 10 including ahousing 200 having a recessedsurface 29 for creating an air pocket between thefluid delivery device 10 and theskin 210 of a patient. Thedevice 10 also includes a secondaryadhesive layer 202 attached to the firstadhesive layer 201, which is attached to the bottom surface of thehousing 200 surrounding the recessedsurface 29. The secondaryadhesive layer 202 allows thedevice 10 to be attached, removed and attached again to a patient. When first attached, the secondaryadhesive layer 202 adheres to theskin 210. Upon removal of thedevice 10, the secondaryadhesive layer 202 can be removed from the firstadhesive layer 201, and thefluid delivery device 10 can then be reattached to theskin 210 using theadhesive layer 201. - A
needle connection tubing 73 terminating in askin penetrating cannula 72 is shown connected to theexit port assembly 70. Theneedle connection tubing 73 is flexible, allows various placements and can be reinforced to prevent kinking. Reinforcement can be accomplished through choice of materials and ratio of wall thickness to inner diameter, or thetubing 73 can be reinforced with an internal wire coil. Theskin penetrating cannula 72 can be a rigid member, such as a needle, or can be flexible. Theskin penetrating cannula 72 is inserted through theskin 210 prior to attaching thefluid delivery device 10 to theskin 210 and may be inserted using a needle insertion assistance mechanism. Such a needle insertion assistance mechanism may be integrated into thefluid delivery device 10, or can be supplied as a separate mechanism.FIG. 6 shows thecannula 72 entering through the surface of theskin 210 and enteringsubcutaneous tissue 211. Once thefluid delivery device 10 is attached to theskin 210, theneedle connecting tube 73 remains relatively stable due to the direct connection between thedevice 10 and theskin 210. This stability helps prevent kinking of thetubing 73 and resultant occlusion, which is common to other ambulatory devices. -
FIG. 7 shows another exemplary embodiment of thefluid delivery device 10 including sensors providing feedback to thelocal processor 50, an electronic assembly for the various electronic devices and an optionalsecond power supply 83. The sensors include avolume sensor 222, for example, provided in proximity with thereservoir 30 and anocclusion sensor 220 in proximity with the exitport tubing lumen 74. - The
microcontroller 50 can include amicroprocessor 51,memory 52, anelectronic clock oscillator 53, an analog-to-digital converter 54 and amultiplexer 55. Also shown inFIG. 7 is the optionalsecondary power source 83, attached by the user to abattery connector 81 connected to themicrocontroller 50. Abattery door 82 is removed for insertion of thebattery 83 and then reattached by sliding the door in direction D1 to thehousing 20 of thefluid delivery device 10. In a preferred embodiment, thepower supply 80 provides electrical power for memory retention and low power electronics only, while thesecondary power source 83 provides electrical power for higher consumption components of thedevice 10, such as thedispenser 40. Both thepower supply 80 and thesecondary power source 83 may be consumer batteries, such as alkaline or nickel cadmium batteries, or other energy storage devices such as a capacitor. Additionally, both thepower supply 80 and thesecondary power source 83 may be rechargeable power sources. -
FIG. 8 shows another exemplary embodiment of thefluid delivery device 10 including anelectronic module 300 including thelocal processor 50 and other electronic devices in a modular subassembly, which simplifies manufacture, provides protection from water or other fluid damage, and provides shielding and protection from electromagnetic interference and static discharge. Attached to theelectronic module 300 and connected to thecommunication element 60 is anoptional antenna 61 to enhance transmitting of signals from thefluid delivery device 10 via thecommunication element 60. Alternatively,antenna 61 may be integrated intoelectronic module 300. - The device of
FIG. 8 includes analarm transducer 223, such as a beeper or vibration device, which is also integrated into theelectronic module 300. Theelectronic module 300 is shown encapsulated by anelectronic module housing 301, which is a portion of thehousing 20. Theelectronic module housing 301 can easily be made to be waterproof, potentially by encapsulating the entire assembly in potting material, and can be protected with shielding material or coating for theelectronic module 300 to resist electromagnetic interference and electrostatic discharge without having to encapsulate the entire internal portion of thefluid delivery device 10. Alternatively, thehousing 20, in the portion surrounding theelectronic module 300 can be shielded or made waterproof, potentially by using a gasket material. Theoptional antenna 61, which can be included internal or external to the shielding material, is shown as external. Theelectronic module 300 may include a microprocessor, logic circuitry, read only memory, writeable memory, random access memory, analog to digital conversion circuitry, a multiplexer, thepower supply 80, resistors, capacitors, semiconductor components, programmable gate arrays, operational amplifiers and various other analog and digital electronic components. -
FIG. 8 a shows atransparent window 22 included in thehousing 20 of thefluid delivery device 10 ofFIG. 8 , which allows a user to visually inspect thereservoir 30. Also shown is aninformation barcode 26, which has information that can be read by aremote control device 100 provided with a barcode scanner. Information on thebarcode 26 can include amount, type and concentration of drug contained in the reservoir, the device manufacturer and serial number, and expiration dates, and various other pieces of information relative to infusion of liquid medicines into mammalian patients. -
FIG. 9 shows another exemplary embodiment of thefluid delivery device 10 which includes ahousing 200 having flexible hingedsections 23 that allow thefluid delivery device 10 to flex during patient movement to prevent detachment and aid in patient comfort. The hingedsections 23 run along the length of thehousing 20 and allow thefluid delivery device 10 to have flex along each axis of the hingedsections 23. Directions of the axes of the hingedsections 23 can be varied to provide optimum flexibility for various patient contours and areas of placement. -
FIG. 9 a shows a standard transcutaneous infusion set 400 consisting of a penetratingcannula 405, usually consisting of a needle bent to ninety degrees, aflexible tubing 404 and aLuer connector 401, which includesstandard threads 402. The infusion set 400 may also include means for attaching to the skin of a patient, such as infusion setwings 403, which may have adhesive pads on their bottom side, or may be simply taped to the skin. This connection to the skin may not be necessary when used withfluid delivery device 10 with recessedhousing 200. Infusion set 400 can be attached tofluid delivery device 10 by connecting the infusion setLuer connector 401 to theLuer connector 71 of theexit port assembly 70 of thedevice 10. -
FIG. 10 shows another exemplary embodiment of thefluid delivery device 10 including a means for stopping flow without requiring use of theremote control device 100. In this embodiment, the means comprises a “t-shaped”stop button 230 that protrudes through thehousing 20 and is maintained in a deactivated position through the force ofstop button spring 231 Thespring 231 is positioned between thestop button 230 and aportion 24 of thehousing 20. Under normal conditions, fluid exits thedispenser 40, travels through the exitport tubing lumen 74 and exits theexit port assembly 70 unencumbered bystop button 230. As is shown inFIG. 10 a, whenstop button 230 is pressed such that it overcomes the force of thestop button spring 231, thestop button 232 compresses the exitport tubing lumen 74 against asecond portion 25 of thehousing 20, until the exitport tubing lumen 74 is fully occluded. In the embodiment shown, thestop button 230 protrudes through thehousing 20. Alternatively, the device can be constructed such that, in the deactivated position, thestop button 230 is flush with the housingouter surface 21 to prevent undesired occlusion of flow by inadvertent pressing of thestop button 230. The button size and shape can be designed to accommodate an index finger, or the point of a pen. In addition, additional features can be added to have thebutton 230 latch and hold after being pressed against thelumen 74. The latching feature can be reversible, or can required removal and disposable of thefluid delivery device 10. -
FIG. 11 shows another exemplary embodiment of thefluid delivery device 10 including a means for delivering a fixed amount of fluid without requiring use of theremote control device 100. In certain circumstances, it may be desirable to administer a specific volume or bolus of fluid on demand without the use of theremote control device 100. Described here is anembodiment 10 wherein the user can press amechanical bolus button 180 to release the bolus of the intended medicine. - As also shown in
FIG. 11 a, thebolus button 180 is t-shaped and protrudes through thehousing 20. Thebutton 180 is maintained in a deactivated position through the force ofbolus button spring 181 positioned between thebolus button 180 and an internal portion of thehousing 20. Thebolus button 180 is attached to abolus release finger 183 via a pivotingbolus lever 187. Thebolus lever 187 has apivot 182 attached to thehousing 20, and moves thebolus release finger 183 away from a bolusdelivery tubing lumen 186 and a bolus button stop 28 of the housing when thebolus button 180 is depressed against thespring 181. Thebolus delivery tubing 186 is in fluid communication with the exitport tubing lumen 74 and, thus, theexit port assembly 70. Whenbolus button 180 is not pressed, the bias frombolus button spring 181 causes thebolus release finger 183 to press against bolusdelivery tubing lumen 186 which presses against thebolus button stop 28 to occlude the bolusdelivery tubing lumen 186. - In order to deliver a fixed amount of fluid when the
bolus button 180 is pressed, abolus flow restrictor 184 and abolus volume accumulator 185 are provided in thebolus delivery tubing 186. Thebolus flow restrictor 184 acts as a flow limiter to prevent free flow of fluid from thereservoir 30, and creates a minimum lock-out period between full bolus volumes. Assuming in this particular embodiment that thereservoir 30 is maintained at a pressure above atmospheric pressure, the flow rate of theflow restrictor 184 is chosen to be much slower than the rate at which the bolus volume should be delivered. - The
bolus volume accumulator 185 expands with the inflow of fluid from theflow restrictor 184 as long as thebolus release finger 183 is occluding thebolus delivery tubing 186. The amount of expansion of thebolus volume accumulator 185 equals the bolus volume to be delivered. When thebolus button 180 is depressed, the bolus volume of fluid maintained in thebolus volume accumulator 185 is dispensed through the bolusdelivery tubing lumen 186 and out of theexit port assembly 70. - The time to dispense the bolus dose should be short since there are no downstream flow restrictors, and the user could be instructed to hold the button down for a required time, not more than a few seconds. Alternative designs could latch the
bolus button 180 for a specific amount of time only, as the button must be released to prevent continued flow via theflow restrictor 184. After thebolus button 180 is pressed,bolus volume accumulator 185 fluid is delivered until the pressure inbolus volume accumulator 185 reaches atmospheric pressure. Release ofbolus button 180 causes thebolus lever 187 to rotate back, pivoting aroundbolus pivot 182 untilbolus release finger 183 is occluding bolusdelivery tubing lumen 186 by pressing it againsthousing button stop 28.Bolus volume accumulator 185 again expands an amount equal to the next bolus volume to be delivered as fluid fromreservoir 30 passes throughbolus flow restrictor 184 until the pressure inbolus volume accumulator 185 equals the pressure inreservoir 30. - In
FIGS. 11 and 11 a, thebolus button 180 is shown protruding throughhousing 20. Alternatively, in the deactivated position,bolus button 180 may be flush with the housingouter surface 21 to prevent undesired bolus delivery by inadvertent pressing ofbolus button 180. In addition, while the figure shows a design that allows multiple depressions of thebolus button 180, alternative designs can make thebolus button 180 activation a one-time event, requiring the user to replace thefluid delivery device 10 or locate theremote control device 100. -
FIGS. 12 and 12 a depict a exemplary embodiment of theremote control device 100 of the present disclosure. Theremote control device 100 is a hand held device that includes acontroller housing 102, on which is mounted avisual display 110, such as a liquid crystal display or LCD. Thevisual display 110 can visually indicate status of programming, amounts, timing, and other parameters of medicinal fluid delivery. Other information can include time of day, address book, to do lists, and calendar information and potentially an entertainment interface such as a computer game. Another use of thevisual display 110 is to display information received or to be sent to devices other than thefluid delivery device 100, such as a glucometer used by diabetic patients or other diagnostic device, especially those whose information is related to the desired infusion rates and volumes to be delivered byfluid delivery device 10. Theremote control device 100 may have a diagnostic device, such as a blood glucose monitor or glucometer, or an implantable glucose sensor reader, integrated into it, simplifying the requirements of the patient by not having to carry and maintain two separate devices. Other diagnostic devices include but are not limited to blood diagnostic devices, electrocardiography devices and readers, electroencephalogram or EEG devices and readers, blood pressure monitors and pulse oxymetry devices. Alternative to full integration of the diagnostic device, would be connection to the device via wireless or hardwired communication means, to perform a transfer of information. - The
visual display 110 can also include information such as warning and alarm conditions based on the status of thefluid delivery device 100. Elements such as indicator lights, buzzers, and vibrational alarms may also be included in theremote control device 100 as alternative or redundant means for communicating information to the user. - The user can get information and adjust the programming of the device by depressing various electromechanical switches also mounted on
controller housing 102. These switches may be joined in a bank of switches and included inmembrane keypad 120 as shown inFIGS. 111 and 11 a and as is common with hand held electronic devices. It is preferred that the choice of electromechanical switches of themembrane keypad 120 interface with thevisual display 110 in a menu driven fashion making reading information and programming the device more user friendly for the user. In an alternative embodiment, thevisual display 110 andmembrane keypad 120 can be combined into a single device such as a touch screen display, also common to electronic devices. Combination of touch screen displays, membrane keypads and singular switches may all be integrated into theremote control device 100. - The
remote control device 100 may include various electromechanical jacks, which can accept electromechanical plugs from various devices. Shown in the figure are three plugs, abar code reader 140, aglucometer port 150 and acomputer port 170. These ports can allow two way transfer of information to enhance the capabilities ofremote control device 100 and improve its user friendliness.FIG. 12 a shows a schematic cross section of theremote control device 100. Themembrane keypad 120 andvisual display 110 are attached to thecontroller electronics 105. Depicted isglucometer port 150 attached to thecontroller electronics 105.Bar code reader 140 andcomputer port 170 are also attached to the controller electronics, not shown. The controller electronics are mounted and soldered to the controller printedcircuit board 101 as is thecontroller communication element 160. - The
controller communication element 160 is designed to transmit signals, or information to thecommunication element 60 of thefluid delivery device 10. Thecontroller electronics 105 act as a “translator” in translating user inputs received through theuser interfaces 120 into signals for transmission by thecontroller communication element 160. In a preferred embodiment, both thecommunication element 60 and thecontroller communication element 160 are two way communication assemblies allowing two way communication between theremote control device 100 andfluid delivery device 10. In order to send wireless information thecommunication element 60 and thecontroller communication element 160 may include inductive wire loops or other transmitting antenna means. Information can be sent using amplitude or frequency modulation, and can be broadcast in the radio frequency, or RF range. Standard information confirmation techniques such as handshaking or checksum protocols can be used to insure accurate information transfer. With two-way communication, when errors are detected, the transfer can be repeated until acceptable, a similar technique to that utilized with two way pager technology commonplace today. - If the
fluid delivery device 10 is prefilled prior to patient use, the electronic memory oflocal processor 50 may contain information regarding the fluid including but not limited to type or name, concentration, amount, volume, additional drugs in solution and any diluting agents. This information can be transmitted from thefluid delivery device 10 via itscommunication element 60, and uploaded into theremote control device 100 via itscontroller communication element 160. Other information may be factory installed into thefluid delivery device 10 including but not limited to manufacturing date, expiration date, sterilization date, therapy information such as defined flow profiles and even patient or hospital information. This information can be uploaded into theremote control device 100 as described above, and theremote control device 100 may adjust its internal programming based on the information received. - In a preferred embodiment, the electronic memory of the
fluid delivery device 10 includes the latest program of theremote control device 100 available at the time of manufacture of thefluid delivery device 10. Similarly, the electronic memory of theremote control device 100 includes the latest program of thefluid delivery device 10, available at the time of manufacture of theremote control device 100. At the first communication between theremote control device 100 and thefluid delivery device 10, a program check is performed, and if a newer software version for either device is available from the other device, and the existing hardware is compatible, another feature which can be programmed into both devices, the newer program is downloaded into memory and used by the upgraded device. The embedded program may be contained in read only memory, or ROM, while the downloaded program can be written into electronically writeable memory. The automatic update feature, available for each device to upgrade the other, is another way to make sure the user has the best available product for use. - Another advantageous feature associated with two way communication is the addition of a proximity alarm. The design of the
fluid delivery device 10 andremote control device 100 electronics can be such that when the distance between the two devices is greater than a particular radial length, one or both of the devices will alert the user, potentially with an audio alarm. The alarming distance should be chosen so that it is less than the maximum communication range of the two devices. A method of creating the alarm is for thefluid delivery device 10 to send out frequent packets of information at a predetermined rate and at an amplitude or power less than the normal communication power, providing a safety margin for the proximity detection. Theremote control device 100 is programmed to expect to receive this communication at the predetermined rate, and lack of receipt of one or more of these packets, causes theremote control device 100 to activate itsaudio alarm 106. Alternatively or additionally, a vibrational alarm may be included. Proximity alarms may be included that do not require two way communication, by integrating a device such as a magnet into thehousing 20 offluid delivery device 10, and integrating magnetic field detection means into theremote control device 100. When the magnetic field detection means of theremote control device 100 do not detect the presence of the magnetic field of thefluid delivery device 10, theremote control device 100 activates thecontroller audio alarm 106. - The
remote control device 100 includes acontroller power supply 108 that powers the various electronic components including thecontroller electronics 105,controller audio alarm 106. Thecontroller power supply 108 may be a standard battery and in the preferred embodiment, thepower supply 108 may be replaceable by the user by removing a battery door, not shown, and replacing afterpower supply 108 is inserted and attached. In an alternative embodiment, the power supply is integrated into theremote control device 100, and can be recharged with a separate device or contains enough power to supply the device for its intended length of use. - The
fluid delivery device 10 of the present disclosure may be sold to hospitals, pharmacies, outpatient centers or the patients themselves. If the fluid delivery device is intended for short term or disposable use, it may be practical to sell each device with various accessories or groups of accessories that are convenient for the user. It may be desirable for certain parts of the fluid delivery device, or accessories such as an attachable transcutaneous infusion set, such as that described hereinabove, to be packaged sterilized in a protective packaging. Proper aseptic maintenance of the portion of the skin that receives the transcutaneous access is important to prevent infection. FIGS. 13, 13 a, 13 b and 13 c depict various components that may be packaged together in kit form. -
FIG. 13 shows the fluid delivery device of the present disclosure including means for viewing the status of thereservoir 30 and aninformation barcode 26 with a sterilized device in asterile assembly pack 350. The device may be packaged separately or with various other kit components. The fluid delivery device may be packaged sterile entirely in adevice pouch 351, intended to allow sterilization and maintain sterility. Such pouches often are constructed of materials such as TYVEK, a product of Dupont. Thesterile assembly pack 350 consists of thefluid delivery device 10 of the present disclosure, sealed in thedevice pouch 351 as is shown inFIG. 13 . Alternatively, a portion of the fluid delivery device surrounding theexit port assembly 70 may be covered, sealed and sterilized with a sterility maintaining covering (not shown). - The top of the
housing 20, orhousing top side 203 includes a housingtransparent window 22 located above thereservoir 30. The transparency of the housingtransparent window 22 and design of thereservoir 30 are such that the patient can determine information regarding status of thereservoir 30 by viewing through the housingtransparent window 22. Such information can include amount of drug remaining or presence of a leak. Alternatively, theentire housing 20 may be transparent yielding similar visual indications. - Also included in the
fluid delivery device 10 of this embodiment is aninformation barcode 26 which can include various pieces of information regarding the status of that particularfluid delivery device 10 such as type, volume and concentration of drug prefilled in the device, expiration date of device or drug, manufacture date of device or drug, serial numbers, lot numbers, hospital name, clinician name, patient name, prescription requirements and various other pieces of information. The barcode information can be read into a hospital or home computer, or in the preferred embodiment is uploaded via a barcode reader integral to theremote control device 100. Thefluid delivery device 10 andremote control device 100 electronics and programming can be designed such that the bar code must be read prior to programming or otherwise using thefluid delivery device 10. This feature can greatly reduce programming errors such as those associated with the patient entering drug information. If the patient were to enter a drug concentration that was incorrect, and did all the remaining programming in units of drug, instead of volume, which is common practice, while the device would function properly, all of the volumes delivered would be inaccurate based on the ratio of the incorrect concentration entered versus the true concentration of the drug being delivered. Many drugs are available in multiple concentrations such as insulin often made available to patients in 40, 50 and 100 units per ml concentrations. -
FIG. 13 a shows theremote control device 100 of the present disclosure that could be packaged or provided as a kit with one or more ofsterile package assembly 350, including at least onefluid delivery device 10. There is no need for theremote control device 100 to be sterilized, so if thefluid delivery device 10 was sterilized, one or moresterile package assembly 350 can be boxed or otherwise packaged with a singleremote control device 100 along with one or moreother devices 10. -
FIG. 13 b shows atherapeutic fluid supply 250, which may consist of a vial of drug such as insulin. The drug, in one or more vials, which has been sterilized and made otherwise biocompatible for use, can be packaged with one or moresterile package assemblies 350 as well as with one or moreremote control devices 100. Additional devices may be included in the kit if desired. -
FIG. 13 c shows a sterile infusion setassembly 407 including the transcutaneous infusion set 400 described hereinabove packaged in an infusion setpouch 406. The infusion set 400 includes an infusion setLuer 401 connected to infusion setflexible tubing 404 and terminating in an infusionset penetrating cannula 405. An optional set of infusion setwings 403 can be included to attach the infusion set 400 to the patient's skin. In the preferred embodiment offluid delivery device 100, the transcutaneous delivery means are integrated intoexit port assembly 70, however in an alternative embodiment, theexit port assembly 70 can be attached to infusion set 400. In this particular embodiment, it may be desirable to kit sterile infusion setassemblies 407 with any quantity of one or more of the sterile assembly packs 350, thefluid delivery device 10, theremote control device 100 or thetherapeutic fluid supply 250. - The
fluid delivery device 10 of the present disclosure is intended to be low cost and potentially disposable. It may be advantageous for one or more of the components to be biodegradable, since replacement of the device every two to five days has many advantages, it would also generate a fair amount of waste. Thefluid delivery device 10 may include a preinstalled battery as itspower supply 80. In order to prevent the battery from powering the electronics offluid delivery device 10 before its intended use, a mechanical switch may be included, connecting the battery contacts to the electronics prior to programming with theremote control device 100. A simplistic version of the switch design may be an insulating material between the battery contacts ofpower supply 80 and the electrical connection to thelocal processor 50. The insulating material could be designed to protrude throughhousing 20, and be removable by the user, not shown. The user could pull the insulating material and remove it, simultaneously connecting the battery contacts with the electrical connection to the local processor. - The
fluid delivery device 10 of the present disclosure may be filled with the therapeutic fluid by the device manufacture, a pharmaceutical company, or another manufacturer prior to its shipment to the hospital, pharmacy or patient. Certain drugs require refrigeration or other special environmental conditions, requiring the prefilled fluid delivery device to be refrigerated or otherwise handled to meet special requirements. Insulin is a drug that requires refrigeration if it is to be stored for a prolonged period of time. Hoechst, of Frankfurt Germany, is developing insulin that is stable at higher temperatures. Drugs that are stable at room temperature, such as the developmental insulin of Hoechst, allow simple filling and handling of thefluid delivery device 10, greatly simplifying the requirements for the patient. - Various methods of using the
fluid delivery device 10 are included in the present disclosure and described above. The method of programming thefluid delivery device 10 withremote programmer 100 as well as the attachment and use of the peripheral devices including transcutaneous infusion sets and diagnostic devices such as glucometers are described. Also relevant is the ability to update the internal programming of either thefluid delivery device 10 or theremote control device 100 by the corresponding device. Methods of filling thefluid delivery device 10 with therapeutic fluid during the manufacturing process as well as by the user have been described. Methods and timing of sterilization and packaging of part or all of thefluid delivery device 10 and therapeutic fluid have also been described. - Although exemplary embodiments of the disclosure have been shown and described, many changes, modifications and substitutions may be made by those having ordinary skill in the art without necessarily departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. For example, the fluid delivery device of this disclosure is intended to be low cost, light weight, simple to use and potentially disposable by removing a majority of the user interface, including electromechanical switches, from the fluid delivery device, and including a separate controller to replace those functions. A reservoir, fluid dispenser, transcutaneous fluid administration means, solid state electronics and wireless communications are included in the fluid delivery device to perform its intended function. While various means for reservoir construction, pressurization means, fluid pumping means, fluid metering means, transcutaneous delivery, electronic control and wireless communications have been discussed in this application, alternatives to each of these areas can be made without departing from the spirit of the disclosure.
- In addition, where this patent application has listed the steps of a method or procedure in a specific order, it may be possible (or even expedient in certain circumstances) to change the order in which some steps are performed, and it is intended that the particular steps of the method or procedure claims set forth hereinbelow not be construed as being order-specific unless such order specificity is expressly stated in the claim.
Claims (53)
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CA2421133C (en) | 2012-06-26 |
ES2287156T3 (en) | 2007-12-16 |
EP1335764B1 (en) | 2007-06-06 |
EP1335764A2 (en) | 2003-08-20 |
US6740059B2 (en) | 2004-05-25 |
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DK1335764T3 (en) | 2007-10-01 |
CA2771723A1 (en) | 2002-03-14 |
US20030097092A1 (en) | 2003-05-22 |
JP2004521667A (en) | 2004-07-22 |
WO2002020073A2 (en) | 2002-03-14 |
AU8857501A (en) | 2002-03-22 |
WO2002020073A3 (en) | 2002-06-27 |
CA2421133A1 (en) | 2002-03-14 |
US7137964B2 (en) | 2006-11-21 |
US20040087894A1 (en) | 2004-05-06 |
CN1471413A (en) | 2004-01-28 |
ATE363922T1 (en) | 2007-06-15 |
CA2771723C (en) | 2016-03-29 |
DE60128826D1 (en) | 2007-07-19 |
AU2001288575B2 (en) | 2006-06-01 |
DE60128826T2 (en) | 2008-02-07 |
US20020072733A1 (en) | 2002-06-13 |
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