US20050108981A1 - Work method for filling grout into inner cable of post tension system pc structure - Google Patents

Work method for filling grout into inner cable of post tension system pc structure Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20050108981A1
US20050108981A1 US10/510,029 US51002904A US2005108981A1 US 20050108981 A1 US20050108981 A1 US 20050108981A1 US 51002904 A US51002904 A US 51002904A US 2005108981 A1 US2005108981 A1 US 2005108981A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
grouting
cable
testing
grout
sheath
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/510,029
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Tsutomu Kadotani
Hidetoshi Miyauchi
Hiroshi Muguruma
Yusuke Kumamoto
Shin Narui
Yoshitaka Nishida
Motoo Shimizu
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Anderson Technology Corp
Original Assignee
Anderson Technology Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=32096717&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=US20050108981(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Anderson Technology Corp filed Critical Anderson Technology Corp
Publication of US20050108981A1 publication Critical patent/US20050108981A1/en
Assigned to ANDERSON TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION reassignment ANDERSON TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KADOTANI, TSUTOMU, KUMAMOTO, YUSUKE, MIYAUCHI, HIDETOSHI, MUGURUMA, HIROSHI, NARUI, SHIN, NISHIDA, YOSHITAKA, SHIMIZU, MOTOO
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/08—Members specially adapted to be used in prestressed constructions
    • E04C5/10—Ducts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D19/00—Structural or constructional details of bridges
    • E01D19/16—Suspension cables; Cable clamps for suspension cables ; Pre- or post-stressed cables

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of grouting an internal cable of a post-tensioned prestressed-concrete structure. More particularly, the present invention relates to a grouting method capable of surely and easily providing an internal cable completely filled with grout without an air trap remaining in the internal cable.
  • the internal cable is buried in concrete in its entirety. Therefore, it has been difficult to inspect and confirm the filling (injected) condition of grout in the sheath of the internal cable and the condition of the cable after the grouting operation.
  • the grout filling condition is checked by a non-destructive inspection method, e.g. X-ray inspection, ultrasonic inspection, or impact reflection wave inspection.
  • a non-destructive inspection method e.g. X-ray inspection, ultrasonic inspection, or impact reflection wave inspection.
  • the grout material is injected to fill the space between the sheath inner wall and the prestressing steel.
  • the grout material is a mixture of cement, water, and an admixture. It is demanded that the grout material should have the property of exhibiting excellent flowability and causing no segregation.
  • cement and water are likely to separate in the sheath due to a difference in specific gravity before the grout material hardens. That is, the cement content settles downward, and the water content remains at the upper side (in the form of bleeding water). When the water evaporates, a void (air trap) may be formed and remain. External water entering the void over a long period of time will corrode the prestressing steel. This may result in breaking of the prestressing steel.
  • prestressing steel stranded wire is used as the cable material in most applications. Therefore, sieving action or capillary action is likely to occur between a plurality of strands constituting the stranded wire, causing water and cement to separate from each other.
  • FIG. 4 is an explanatory view illustrating the injection of grout into an internal cable.
  • FIG. 5 is an explanatory view illustrating the formation of an air trap during the injection of grout into the internal cable.
  • no void (air trap) V is formed in a case (A) where a grout material G flows through a sheath 3 ′ in such a manner as to travel upward from the lower side.
  • the void V in the leading end of the flow of the grout material G decreases gradually while the grout material G is traveling backward because the trapped air is discharged through discharge pipes 8 a and 8 b (see FIG. 4 ), which are generally provided in the vicinity of the top of the upwardly bent portion of the sheath 3 ′. Whether the air trap V disappears or remains depends on the installation position of the discharge pipes 8 a and 8 b and the number, bore diameter, height, etc. of the pipes 8 a and 8 b.
  • the present invention provides a grouting method capable of surely and easily providing an internal cable of a post-tensioned prestressed-concrete structure that is completely filled with grout without an air trap remaining in the internal cable.
  • the present invention provides a method of grouting an internal cable of a post-tensioned prestressed-concrete structure as follows:
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of grouting testing equipment.
  • FIG. 2 is an explanatory view illustrating the injection of grout into a cable for preliminary testing.
  • FIG. 3 is an explanatory view illustrating another example of the grouting testing.
  • FIG. 4 is an explanatory view illustrating grouting.
  • FIG. 5 is an explanatory view illustrating the formation of an air trap during the injection of grout into an internal cable.
  • testing equipment 1 for grouting a cable for preliminary testing is assembled, as shown in FIG. 1 , at a place near the construction site or at a place other than the construction site, e.g. in a factory, by using supports (pipe supports for scaffolding) 5 .
  • the testing equipment 1 has a cable 2 fabricated with the same (or approximately the same) three-dimensional configuration (i.e. cubic configuration) at that of the internal cable at the construction site.
  • the cable 2 has a transparent sheath 3 that allows the grout filling condition therein to be checked by visual observation from the outside of the sheath 3 .
  • the cable 2 of the testing equipment 1 has the same three-dimensional configuration as that of the internal cable at the construction site except that it does not have a concrete part that would otherwise be cast at the construction site.
  • the cable 2 extends over a distance equal to the full length of the internal cable at the construction site. Testing is performed by injecting grout (G) into the transparent sheath 3 of the cable 2 from a grouting pipe 6 .
  • the testing is performed under a plurality of different testing conditions. During the testing, the filling condition of grout (G) in the cable 2 is visually observed through the transparent sheath 3 , and observation data is recorded.
  • FIG. 2 is an explanatory view illustrating the injection of grout into a cable for preliminary testing.
  • FIG. 2 shows that when grout G is injected into a cable 2 in grouting testing, an air trap V is formed in an elevated portion of the cable 2 .
  • a regrouting pipe 7 and discharge (exhaust) pipes 8 a and 8 b are provided to stand in the vicinity of the elevated portion of the cable 2 .
  • a grouting pipe 6 and an exhaust pipe 9 are installed at an anchorage provided at the left end of the cable 2 .
  • a discharge pipe 8 c is installed at another anchorage provided at the right end of the cable 2 .
  • open-close valves 7 v , 8 av and 8 bv are attached to the respective upper ends of the pipes 7 , 8 a and 8 b.
  • grout G is injected into the transparent sheath 3 of the cable 2 from the grouting pipe 6 by using a pump (not shown) at a specific pressure, delivery speed and delivery time, for example, to determine and record respective numerical values of the pressure, delivery speed and delivery time at which all the trapped air is discharged through the discharge pipes 8 a and 8 c and hence the void V disappears.
  • Grouting testing is performed a plurality of times under different testing conditions, i.e. with regard to different kinds, temperatures, etc. of the grout G, thereby selecting and recording an optimal grout, an optimal grout temperature, etc.
  • the best grouting conditions are selected, and all or essential ones of the selected best grouting conditions are applied to grouting actually carried out at the construction site.
  • factors in the formation of an air trap V during grouting the internal cable are as follows: (1) the kind of grout material; (2) equipment used for grouting; (3) the configuration of the cable; (4) the installation position and number of grouting and discharge pipes and the open-close timing of the pipes; (5) whether or not regrouting is carried out; (6) the relationship between the configuration of the anchorage and the installation position of the grouting and discharge pipes; (7) temperature conditions at the construction site; and (8) whether or not water is injected into the sheath prior to grouting.
  • the air-trap formation is dependent on the water-cement ratio of the grout material, the cement particle size, the properties of the admixture, and the temperature of mixed grout that is determined by the atmospheric temperature and the temperature of the constituent materials.
  • the equipment (not shown) used for grouting as stated in the above (2) may cause formation of an air trap.
  • the air-trap formation is dependent on the blade structure and rotational speed of a mixer and the deliver pressure and discharge quantity of the pump.
  • Air-trap formation factors in terms of the configuration of the cable 2 as stated in the above (3) include the outer diameter, bore diameter and length of the sheath, irregularities on the outer peripheral surface of the sheath, and the three-dimensionally curved configuration of the cable throughout the full length thereof.
  • the installation position and number of grouting and discharge pipes as stated in the above (4) are dependent on the installation position and number of regrouting pipes 7 for secondary injection and the installation position and number of discharge pipes therefor.
  • the air-trap formation is dependent on the bore diameter and length (height) of the grouting and discharge pipes and the discharge pipe open-close timing during grouting and immediately after the completion of grouting.
  • the air-trap formation is dependent on whether or not regrouting is carried out as stated in the above (5), and the relationship between the configuration of the anchorage and the installation position of the grouting and discharge pipes as stated in the above (6).
  • the temperature conditions at the construction site i.e. the atmospheric temperature and the concrete temperature, as stated in the above (7), affect significantly the flowability of the grout and are considered to be a factor in the air-trap formation.
  • testing equipment 1 is assembled at a place other than the construction site by using supports (pipe supports for scaffolding) 5 , as shown in FIG. 1 , to grout a cable for testing having the same (or approximately the same) three-dimensional configuration (i.e. cubic configuration) as that of the internal cable at the construction site.
  • a cable 2 is fabricated that has the same three-dimensional configuration as that of the internal cable at the construction site except that it does not have a cast concrete part and the sheath is not black but transparent.
  • the cable 2 may simulate either the full length or a part of the internal cable at the construction site. It is also possible to use as a specimen a lengthwise part of the cable 2 where an air trap is likely to occur. Then, grouting testing is performed by injecting grout G into the sheath 3 made of a transparent material.
  • testing is performed under a plurality of different testing conditions. During each testing process, the filling condition of the grout in the cable 2 is visually observed through the transparent sheath 3 , and observation data is recorded.
  • a sheath made of a transparent material in grouting testing performed at a place other than the construction site, it is possible to surely and easily perform, by visual observation, inspection of the grout filling condition during grouting, testing to find a portion in the sheath where an air trap is formed, selection of optimal conditions for regrouting an air-trap portion, and selection of positions where a grout discharge pipe and an air exhaust pipe are to be installed, and the number and bore diameter of such pipes.
  • the best grouting conditions can be selected.
  • the best grouting conditions are selected from the data obtained by the above-described testing, and the selected best grouting conditions are applied to grouting actually carried out at the construction site.
  • Testing items (conditions) of the grouting testing are as follows: ⁇ circle over (1) ⁇ the composition of the grout, e.g. the mix proportions of components of the grout, or the water-cement ratio of the grout; ⁇ circle over (2) ⁇ the physical properties of the grout, e.g. the viscosity-temperature characteristics and bleeding characteristics of the grout; ⁇ circle over (3) ⁇ grouting means, e.g. grouting pressure, grouting speed, and grouting quantity; ⁇ circle over (4) ⁇ regrouting means, e.g.
  • At least one selected from the above ⁇ circle over (1) ⁇ to ⁇ circle over (6+EE, preferably all of 1) ⁇ to ⁇ circle over (6+EE, are used as testing items. ) ⁇
  • FIG. 3 is an explanatory view illustrating another example of the grouting testing, in which a partial specimen is used as a cable for preliminary testing.
  • FIG. 3 ( a ) is a schematic view showing the full length of a cable for preliminary testing that has the same (or approximately the same) three-dimensional configuration (i.e. cubic configuration) as that of the internal cable at the construction site.
  • FIG. 3 ( a ) also shows a lengthwise part of the cable (surrounded by the dot-dash line in the figure) where an air trap is likely to occur.
  • FIG. 3 ( b ) is an enlarged detailed view illustrating a partial specimen of cable that comprises the lengthwise part where an air trap is likely to occur, which is surrounded by the dot-dash line in FIG. 3 ( a ).
  • a partial specimen is fabricated and laid, which has the same three-dimensional structure (i.e. cubic structure) as that of a lengthwise part of the internal cable at the construction site in which an air trap is likely to occur.
  • grout (G) is injected into the transparent sheath 3 of the cable 2 from the grouting pipe 6 under various conditions, and while visually checking the occurrence of an air trap, grout is reinjected from the regrouting pipe 7 under various conditions by opening and closing the open-close valve 7 v at varied timing.
  • reference numerals 8 c and 9 in the figure denote exhaust pipes provided at both ends of the cable 2 .
  • the results of the testing performed as stated above are recorded, and optimal conditions are selected from the testing results.
  • the selected conditions are applied to the process of grouting the internal cable at the construction site.
  • This example is applied in a case where a place for testing as large as the construction site is unavailable. That is, a specimen comprising only an essential part of cable where an air trap is likely to occur is fabricated to perform testing. This example allows testing to be performed at reduced costs and in a reduced space and still permits the testing results to be applied favorably to the construction site.
  • the cable 2 which comprises either, the full length of the three-dimensionally configured structure for testing or a lengthwise part thereof where an air trap is likely to occur, may have a transparent sheath provided only in the vicinity of a bent portion and in the vicinity of an elevated portion of the cable.
  • the other portion of the cable 2 may be made of a black polyethylene or the like that is used at the construction site.
  • the grout material injected into the three-dimensionally configured structure for testing is preferably the same as that used at the construction site. It is also possible to inject a colored grout material prepared by mixing a grout with a small amount of an inorganic coloring material, e.g. chromium oxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, or manganese oxide, or an organic coloring material.
  • an inorganic coloring material e.g. chromium oxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, or manganese oxide
  • an organic coloring material e.g. chromium oxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, or manganese oxide
  • the use of a colored grout material allows the filling condition of the grout in the transparent sheath to be grasped even more clearly. It is preferable to adjust the degree of pigmentation so that the color of the grout material is not very deep but sufficiently light to allow an air trap to be readily found.
  • Examples of materials for the transparent sheath are a polyethylene resin, a vinyl chloride resin, a polypropylene resin, a polycarbonate resin, and a Teflon resin. It is particularly preferable to use a material consisting essentially of a polyethylene-based ionomer resin, in which the ionomer resin is an ⁇ -olefin- ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer having carboxyl groups neutralized with metal ions.
  • a material consisting essentially of an ionomer resin that is a binary copolymer of ⁇ -olefin and ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carboxylic acid, in which the copolymer contains from 5 to 20% by weight of ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carboxylic acid, and the degree of neutralization achieved by the metal ions is from 10 to 90 mol % with respect to the acid group.
  • the transparent sheath should be formed from either one material selected from those stated above or a composite material consisting essentially of two or more materials selected from those stated above, and the configuration of the sheath should be the same as that of the sheath actually used at the construction site.
  • the term “transparent” in the term “transparent sheath” as used in the present invention means, for example, that the filling condition of a grout material being filled into the sheath can be visually observed from the outside of the sheath. It is possible to use a sheath having any property as long as it performs the above-described function.
  • the term “transparent sheath” may mean a sheath having light transmission properties, for example. Light in this case may mean visible light.
  • the term “sheath” means a hollow, typically tubular, member that can pass prestressing steel in the hollow portion thereof. The sheath performs the function of sheathing the prestressing steel extending through the hollow portion.
  • grouting testing is performed by using a cable for preliminary testing that is installed at a place other than the construction site by using a transparent sheath.
  • the cable for preliminary testing may have the same configuration as that of the internal cable at the construction site throughout the full length thereof.
  • the cable for preliminary testing may be a partial specimen having the same configuration as that of a lengthwise part of the actual internal cable where an air trap is likely to occur.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
US10/510,029 2002-10-11 2003-05-30 Work method for filling grout into inner cable of post tension system pc structure Abandoned US20050108981A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2002299713 2002-10-11
JP2002-299713 2002-10-11
JP2002330121 2002-11-13
JP2002-3300121 2002-11-13
JP2003139595A JP3521909B1 (ja) 2002-10-11 2003-05-16 ポストテンション方式ｐｃ構造物の内ケーブルへのグラウト注入工法
JP2003-139595 2003-05-16
PCT/JP2003/006816 WO2004033823A1 (ja) 2002-10-11 2003-05-30 ポストテンション方式ｐｃ構造物の内ケ−ブルへのグラウト注入工法

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20050108981A1 true US20050108981A1 (en) 2005-05-26

Family

ID=32096717

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/510,029 Abandoned US20050108981A1 (en) 2002-10-11 2003-05-30 Work method for filling grout into inner cable of post tension system pc structure

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20050108981A1 (ja)
JP (1) JP3521909B1 (ja)
CN (1) CN1659347A (ja)
CA (1) CA2480058A1 (ja)
WO (1) WO2004033823A1 (ja)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102009033496A1 (de) * 2009-06-29 2010-12-30 Bbv Vorspanntechnik Gmbh Spannglied und ein Verfahren zur Verfüllung eines Hüllrohrstrangs eines Spannglieds
US10913405B2 (en) * 2017-06-29 2021-02-09 Sumitomo Wiring Systems, Ltd. Wire harness
CN114046821A (zh) * 2021-11-10 2022-02-15 山东高速股份有限公司 一种预应力梁压浆监测装置及监测工艺

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2005116367A1 (ja) * 2004-05-31 2005-12-08 Anderson Technology Corporation ポストテンション方式ｐｃ構造物のケ－ブルシ－ス内への真空引き工程を含むグラウトの注入工法
WO2005116366A1 (ja) * 2004-05-31 2005-12-08 Anderson Technology Corporation 外ケ－ブル式ｐｃ構造物のケ－ブルシ－ス内への真空引き工程を含むグラウト注入工法
JP2006132201A (ja) * 2004-11-05 2006-05-25 Anderson Technology Kk Ｐｃ構造物における真空引き工程を含むケーブルシース内へのグラウト注入工法
JP5371812B2 (ja) * 2009-06-19 2013-12-18 協立エンジ株式会社 Ｐｃグラウトの注入方法
CN106677050A (zh) * 2016-12-09 2017-05-17 云南省建筑科学研究院 一种t梁预应力管道出浆装置
CN111733707B (zh) * 2020-07-31 2023-04-18 陈宇豪 一种桥梁预应力孔道补压浆装置及施工方法
CN112832525B (zh) * 2021-01-11 2022-05-13 中国十七冶集团有限公司 一种确保后张法预应力管道注浆密实的施工方法

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6655104B2 (en) * 2000-03-02 2003-12-02 Anderson Technology Corporation PC steel stranded wire connection structure and construction method thereof

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH03129620U (ja) * 1990-04-13 1991-12-26

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6655104B2 (en) * 2000-03-02 2003-12-02 Anderson Technology Corporation PC steel stranded wire connection structure and construction method thereof

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102009033496A1 (de) * 2009-06-29 2010-12-30 Bbv Vorspanntechnik Gmbh Spannglied und ein Verfahren zur Verfüllung eines Hüllrohrstrangs eines Spannglieds
US10913405B2 (en) * 2017-06-29 2021-02-09 Sumitomo Wiring Systems, Ltd. Wire harness
CN114046821A (zh) * 2021-11-10 2022-02-15 山东高速股份有限公司 一种预应力梁压浆监测装置及监测工艺

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2480058A1 (en) 2004-04-22
JP3521909B1 (ja) 2004-04-26
JP2004211528A (ja) 2004-07-29
WO2004033823A1 (ja) 2004-04-22
CN1659347A (zh) 2005-08-24

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US7104017B1 (en) Box girder structure for bridge provided with outer cable and method of building the box girder
US20050108981A1 (en) Work method for filling grout into inner cable of post tension system pc structure
JP6231582B2 (ja) 土木建造物を監視する方法およびシステム
CN113529549A (zh) 一种桥头路面沉陷无损定量检测及非开挖式快速处治注浆施工方法
AU2013302266B2 (en) Corrosion protection of cables in a concrete structure
Sprinkel et al. Problems with continuous spliced posttensioned–prestressed concrete bulb-tee girder center spans at West Point, Virginia
Tsangouri A decade of research on self-healing concrete
CN212561494U (zh) 一种通过旋喷、粉喷或搅拌桩增强地基基础的预应力锚杆桩
CN114922174B (zh) 检测锚固体水下凝结硬化过程的预应力锚索及检测方法
Yoon et al. Comparative study on performance of corrosion protective systems for post-tensioned concrete members
JP2004176538A (ja) ポストテンション方式ｐｃ構造物の内ケーブルへのグラウト注入工法
Bremner et al. Protection of metals in concrete against corrosion
Frølund et al. Pro’s and con’s of half-cell potentials and corrosion rate measurements
Whitmore et al. Evaluation and Mitigation of Post-Tensioned Steel Corrosion
Berg et al. Development of best practices for inspection of PT bridges in Minnesota
JP2004183406A (ja) 外ケーブル式ｐｃ構造物のケーブルシース内への真空引き工程を含むグラウト注入工法
JP2004183233A (ja) ポストテンション方式ｐｃ構造物のケーブルシース内への真空引き工程を含むグラウトの注入工法
WO2005116367A1 (ja) ポストテンション方式ｐｃ構造物のケ－ブルシ－ス内への真空引き工程を含むグラウトの注入工法
Rodríguez et al. The use of cement grout for corrosion protection of external tendons
Prida Guillén Design of the structure of a 100 kW floatable offshore wind turbine
CN213233558U (zh) 一种用于检测公路工程基桩剪切开裂的组件
Piek et al. Kern River# 1 Hydro System—Forebay Upgrade and Rehabilitation
CN106400854A (zh) 一种检测桩端沉渣和持力层的预埋结构及检测方法
Colbert Susceptibility of Venting Systems in Post-Tensioned Bridges to Chloride Intrusion
Mancs et al. Investigation & Mitigation of Corroding Unbonded Post-Tension Tendons

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: ANDERSON TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION, JAPAN

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KADOTANI, TSUTOMU;MUGURUMA, HIROSHI;NARUI, SHIN;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:017056/0336

Effective date: 20040904

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION