Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L75/00—Compositions of polyureas or polyurethanes; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L75/04—Polyurethanes
  • C08L75/14—Polyurethanes having carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
  • A61L27/14—Macromolecular materials
  • A61L27/18—Macromolecular materials obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/48—Polyethers
  • C08G18/50—Polyethers having heteroatoms other than oxygen
  • C08G18/5021—Polyethers having heteroatoms other than oxygen having nitrogen
  • C08G18/5024—Polyethers having heteroatoms other than oxygen having nitrogen containing primary and/or secondary amino groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/65—Low-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen with high-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/66—Compounds of groups C08G18/42, C08G18/48, or C08G18/52
  • C08G18/6666—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52
  • C08G18/667—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or polyamines of C08G18/38
  • C08G18/6681—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or polyamines of C08G18/38 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or C08G18/3271 and/or polyamines of C08G18/38
  • C08G18/6685—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or polyamines of C08G18/38 with compounds of group C08G18/32 or C08G18/3271 and/or polyamines of C08G18/38 with compounds of group C08G18/3225 or polyamines of C08G18/38
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
  • C08G18/71—Monoisocyanates or monoisothiocyanates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
  • C08K5/09—Carboxylic acids; Metal salts thereof; Anhydrides thereof
  • C08K5/098—Metal salts of carboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L71/00—Compositions of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L71/02—Polyalkylene oxides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G2120/00—Compositions for reaction injection moulding processes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/32—Phosphorus-containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
  • C08K5/09—Carboxylic acids; Metal salts thereof; Anhydrides thereof
  • C08K5/092—Polycarboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/16—Nitrogen-containing compounds
  • C08K5/17—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds
  • C08K5/175—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds containing COOH-groups; Esters or salts thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L2203/00—Applications
  • C08L2203/02—Applications for biomedical use

Definitions

• the present invention relates to stabilization of poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric materials. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for stabilizing a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material; a method for making a medical device, preferably an ophthalmic device, containing a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material; a method for sterilizing a medical device having a core and/or a coating made of a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, wherein the method is characterized by having an improved stability of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material.
• the present invention relates to a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material; a medical device comprising a core or a coating made of a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material; and a solution for sterilizing and/or storing a medical device having a core or a coating made of a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, wherein the solution is capable of stabilizing the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material.
• poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymers can find use in various fields, in particular in biomedical fields, such as, for example, carriers for drug-delivery, artificial tissues, dentifrices, contact lenses, intraocular lenses, and other biomedical devices.
• biomedical fields such as, for example, carriers for drug-delivery, artificial tissues, dentifrices, contact lenses, intraocular lenses, and other biomedical devices.
• poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymers may be susceptible to degradation, in particular, oxidative degradation of its poly(oxyalkylene) chains under aerobic conditions. Oxidative degradation may cause changes in the properties of an article made from the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymers and limit the applications of poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymers.
• Susceptibility to oxidative degradation of a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymer can be effected by the method used in preparation and purification, post-manufacturing process (e.g., sterilization with autoclave, or the like), storage, and use. It is generally believed that, under aerobic conditions, a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymer may be degraded according to the mechanism of a free-radical chain reaction involving an oxidation step (see “Stability of the Polyoxyethylene Chain”, Donbrow, Max. Surfactant Sci. Ser. (1987), 23 (Nonionic Surfactants), 1011-1072, and references contained therein).
• homolytic degradation of the alkylene glycol chain in a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymer is initiated photochemically, thermally, or chemically (e.g., by actinic radiation including UV radiation, ionizing radiation, or microwave, at elevated temperatures, or with free-radical initiators, etc.), producing an alkylene glycol radical.
• This radical undergoes spontaneous oxidation under aerobic conditions to form peroxides and hydroperoxides.
• the resulting peroxides and hydroperoxides may then undergo a variety of subsequent reactions to yield by-products such as formic acid, lower alcohols, and the like.
• the poly(oxyalkylene) chain of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymer may be susceptible to oxidative degradation, leading to formation of by-products such as formic acid and others. These by-products, especially formic acid which can have irritating effects, are not desirable, and thus need to be eliminated or minimized.
• a medical device made from a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymer may have a shorter shelf life because of oxidative degradation of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymer.
• antioxidants disclosed in those patents are hindered phenolic compounds, such as butylated hydroxytoluene, tris (3,5-di-t-butyl-4- hydroxy benzyl) isocyanurate, 2,2′-methylenebis (4-methyl-6-t-lutyl phenol), 1,3,5-Trimethyl-2,4,6-tris (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) benzene, octadecyl 3,5, di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, 4,4 methylenebis (2,6-di-t-butylphenol), p,p-dioctyl diphenylamine, 1,1,3-tris-(2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-t-butylphenyl) butane, Irganox (Ciba Geigy), and Santonox (Monsanto Corp.).
• hindered phenolic compounds such as butylated
• antioxidants in the prior art for stabilizing poly(oxyalkylene)-containing materials.
• those antioxidants may not be suitable for applications where the device is remain in contact with living tissues for long periods of times due to their cytotoxicity, or are water insoluble so that they can not be used in a water-base formulation for making the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing materials.
• those antioxidants may not be efficient in stabilizing poly(oxyalkylene)-containing materials and/or reducing the levels of by-products such as formic acid, in case where the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing materials are used to make contact lenses or other medical devices.
• One object of the invention is to provide a method for stabilizing a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material using one or more biocompatible materials.
• Another object of the invention is to provide a method for producing a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material.
• Still another object of the invention is to provide a method or a composition for making a medical device from a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material.
• a further object of the invention is to provide a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material and a medical device made from a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material.
• a still further object of the invention is to provide a method for sterilizing a medical device made of a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material while improving the stability of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material.
• a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material which comprises: (a) a polymer network having at least one unit of formula (I)
• R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 independently of one other, are each linear or branched C 2 -C 6 -alkylene, and n, m and p, independently of one another, are each a number from 0 to 100, wherein the sum of (n+m+p) is 5 to 1000, preferably 5 to 500, more preferably 5 to 200, even more preferably 8 to 120; and (b) a biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof present in an amount sufficient to improve the stability of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, wherein the biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof is distributed within the polymeric material but not crosslinked to the polymer network.
• the biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof is present in an amount effective to impart to the medical device a decreased susceptibility to oxidative degradation characterized by having at least an 1.5-fold reduction of the amount of detectable formic acid and optionally other degradation by-products.
• the present invention provides a medical device comprising a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material and a biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof present in an amount sufficient to improve the stability of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, wherein the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material has a polymer network having at least one unit of formula (I), and wherein the biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof is distributed within the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material but not crosslinked to the polymer network.
• the biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof is present in an amount effective to impart to the medical device a decreased susceptibility to oxidative degradation characterized by having at least an 1.5-fold reduction of the amount of detectable formic acid and optionally other degradation by-products.
• the present invention provides a method for producing a medical device, preferably an ophthalmic device, more preferably a contact lens, made of a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, the method comprising the steps of: (1) obtaining a polymerizable fluid composition comprising (a) a prepolymer having at least one poly(oxyalkylene) unit of formula (I) and ethylenically unsaturated groups, (b) a biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof, (c) optionally a photoinitiator or a thermal initiator, and (d) optionally one or more vinylic monomers; (2) introducing an amount of the polymerizable fluid composition in a mold for making the medical device; and (3) actinically or thermally polymerizing the polymerizable fluid composition in the mold to form the medical device having a polymer network having at least one unit of formula (I) and the biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof which is not crosslinked to
• the present invention provides a method for producing a medical device, preferably an ophthalmic device, more preferably a contact lens, made of a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, the method comprising the steps of: (1) introducing a reactive mixture into a mold for making the medical device by using a Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) process to form the medical device, wherein the reactive mixture comprises (a) at least one monomer or prepolymer having at least one poly(oxyalkylene) unit of formula (I) and functional groups which are amino, carboxy, hydroxyl or isocyanato groups and (b) at least one of an organic diamine, an organic polyamine, an organic diacid, an organic polyacid, an organic diol, an organic polyol, an organic diisocyante, and organic polyisocyanate, provided that components (a) and (b) react with each other to form a polyurea and/or polyurethane network; (2) removing the medical
• the present invention provides a method for sterilizing a medical device which comprises a core material and/or a coating, wherein the core material and the coating, independently from each other, are made of a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, the method comprising: autoclaving the medical device in an aqueous solution containing a biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof in an amount sufficient to improve the stability of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, so that the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material has a decreased susceptibility to oxidative degradation characterized by having at least an 1.5-fold reduction of the amount of detectable formic acid and optionally other degradation by-products.
• the present invention provides an aqueous solution for sterilizing and/or storing an ophthalmic device, wherein the ophthalmic device is made of a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, the aqueous solution having: a biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof in an amount sufficient to improve the stability of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material; an osmolarity of about 200 to 450 milli-osmole in 1000 ml (unit: mOsm/ml), wherein the aqueous solution is capable of improving the stability of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, so that the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material has a decreased susceptibility to oxidative degradation characterized by having at least an 1.5-fold reduction of the amount of detectable formic acid and optionally other degradation by-products.
• An “article” refers to a medical device or a mold for making a medical device.
• a “medical device”, as used herein, refers to a device or a part thereof having one or more surfaces that contact tissue, blood, or other bodily fluids of patients in the course of their operation or utility.
• Exemplary medical devices include: (1) extracorporeal devices for use in surgery such as blood oxygenators, blood pumps, blood sensors, tubing used to carry blood and the like which contact blood which is then returned to the patient; (2) prostheses implanted in a human or animal body such as vascular grafts, stents, pacemaker leads, heart valves, and the like that are implanted in blood vessels or in the heart; (3) devices for temporary intravascular use such as catheters, guide wires, and the like which are placed into blood vessels or the heart for purposes of monitoring or repair; (4) artificial tissues such as artificial skin for burn patients; (5) dentifrices, dental moldings; (6) ophthalmic devices.
• medical devices are ophthalmic devices; and (7) cases or containers for storing ophthalmic devices or ophthalmic
• An “ophthalmic device”, as used herein, refers to a contact lens (hard or soft), an intraocular lens, a corneal onlay, other ophthalmic devices (e.g., stents, or the like) used on or about the eye or ocular vicinity.
• Biocompatible refers to a material or surface of a material, which may be in intimate contact with tissue, blood, or other bodily fluids of a patient for an extended period of time without significantly damaging the ocular environment and without significant user discomfort.
• Optically compatible refers to a material or surface of a material which may be in intimate contact with the ocular environment for an extended period of time without significantly damaging the ocular environment and without significant user discomfort.
• an ophthalmically compatible contact lens will not produce significant corneal swelling, will adequately move on the eye with blinking to promote adequate tear exchange, will not have substantial amounts of protein or lipid adsorption, and will not cause substantial wearer discomfort during the prescribed period of wear.
• Ocular environment refers to ocular fluids (e.g., tear fluid) and ocular tissue (e.g., the cornea) which may come into intimate contact with a contact lens used for vision correction, drug delivery, wound healing, eye color modification, or other ophthalmic applications.
• ocular fluids e.g., tear fluid
• ocular tissue e.g., the cornea
• a “monomer” means a low molecular weight compound that can be polymerized. Low molecular weight typically means average molecular weights less than 700 Daltons.
• a “vinylic monomer”, as used herein, refers to a low molecular weight compound that has an ethylenically unsaturated group and can be polymerized actinically or thermally. Low molecular weight typically means average molecular weights less than 700 Daltons. Exemplary ethylenically unsaturated groups include without limitation acryloyl, methacryloyl, allyl, vinyl, styrenyl, or other C ⁇ C containing groups.
• a “hydrophilic vinylic monomer”, as used herein, refers to a vinylic monomer which as a homopolymer typically yields a polymer that is water-soluble or can absorb at least 10 percent by weight water.
• a “hydrophobic vinylic monomer”, as used herein, refers to a vinylic monomer which as a homopolymer typically yields a polymer that is insoluble in water and can absorb less than 10 percent by weight water.
• a “macromer” refers to a medium and high molecular weight compound or polymer that contains functional groups capable of undergoing further polymerizing/crosslinking reactions.
• Medium and high molecular weight typically means average molecular weights greater than 700 Daltons.
• a macromer contains ethylenically unsaturated groups and can be polymerized actinically or thermally.
• a “polymer” means a material formed by polymerizing/crosslinking one or more monomers.
• a “prepolymer” refers to a starting polymer which can be cured (e.g., crosslinked and/or polymerized) actinically or thermally or chemically to obtain a crosslinked and/or polymerized polymer having a molecular weight much higher than the starting polymer.
• a prepolymer contains ethylenically unsaturated groups and can be polymerized actinically or thermally.
• actinically in reference to curing or polymerizing of a polymerizable composition or material means that the curing (e.g., crosslinked and/or polymerized) is performed by actinic irradiation, such as, for example, UV irradiation, ionized radiation (e.g. gamma ray or X-ray irradiation), and microwave irradiation.
• actinic irradiation such as, for example, UV irradiation, ionized radiation (e.g. gamma ray or X-ray irradiation), and microwave irradiation.
• a “photoinitiator” refers to a chemical that initiates radical crosslinking/polymerizing reaction by the use of light.
• Suitable photoinitiators include, without limitation, benzoin methyl ether, diethoxyacetophenone, a benzoylphosphine oxide, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, Darocure® types, and Irgacure® types, preferably Darocure® 1173, and Irgacure® 2959.
• thermal initiator refers to a chemical that initiates radical crosslinking/polymerizing reaction by the use of heat energy.
• suitable thermal initiators include, but are not limited to, 2,2′-azobis (2,4-dimethylpentanenitrile), 2,2′-azobis (2-methylpropanenitrile), 2,2′-azobis (2-methylbutanenitrile), peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide, and the like.
• the thermal initiator is azobisisobutyronite (AIBN).
• a “stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material” means that a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, which is prepared from a composition comprising a stabilizer and/or subjected to a sterilization treatment in a solution containing the stabilizer, is less susceptible to oxidative degradation (i.e., characterized by the amount of detectable formic acid and optionally other degradation by-products in a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material being 80% or less, preferably 65% or less, more preferably 50% or less, of that detected in a non-stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material).
• non-stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material means that a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, which is prepared from a composition without the stabilizer and/or subjected to a sterilization treatment in a solution without the stabilizer.
• “Improve the stability of a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material” means that the susceptibility to oxidative degradation of a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, which is prepared from a composition comprising a stabilizer and/or subjected to a sterilization treatment in a solution containing the stabilizer, is reduced (characterized by the amount of detectable formic acid and optionally other degradation by-products in a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material being smaller than that detected in a non-stabilized corresponding poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material).
• the amount of detectable formic acid and optionally other degradation by-products derived from oxidative degradation of a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material can be determined by any known suitable methods, such as, for example, ion-exchange chromatography described in Examples.
• a “decreased susceptibility to oxidative degradation” in reference to a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material or a medical device comprising a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material means that its susceptibility to oxidative degradation is decreased by having a stabilizer therein.
• a decreased susceptibility to oxidative degradation of a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material or a medical device comprising a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material is characterized by having a stabilizer-induced reduction (preferably at least an 1.5-fold reduction, more preferably at least a 3-fold reduction, even more preferably at least a 5-fold reduction, most preferably at least a 1 0-fold reduction) of the amount of detectable formic acid and optionally other degradation by-products derived from oxidative degradation of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material.
• An “X-fold reduction of the amount of detectable formic acid and optionally other degradation by-products” means that, when comparing a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material (or a stabilized medical device containing a stabilizer) with a corresponding non-stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material (or a non-stabilized medical device without a stabilizer), the amount of detectable formic acid and optionally other degradation by-products in the non-stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material (or the non-stabilized medical device) is at least X folds of the amount of detectable formic acid and optionally other degradation by-products in the stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material (or the stabilized medical device).
• An “interpenetrating polymer network (IPN)” as used herein refers broadly to an intimate network of two or more polymers at least one of which is either synthesized and/or crosslinked in the presence of the other(s).
• Techniques for preparing IPN are known to one skilled in the art. For a general procedure, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,536,554, 4,983,702, 5,087,392, and 5,656,210, the contents of which are all incorporated herein by reference.
• the polymerization is generally carried out at temperatures ranging from about room temperature to about 145° C.
• the present invention generally relates to a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material and methods for making the same.
• the present invention provides a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material.
• a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material of the invention comprises: (a) a polymer network having at least one unit of formula (I)
• R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 independently of one other, are each linear or branched C 2 -C 6 -alkylene, and n, m and p, independently of one another, are each a number from 0 to 100, wherein the sum of (n+m+p) is 5 to 1000, preferably 5 to 500, more preferably 5 to 200, even more preferably 8 to 120; and (b) a biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof present in an amount sufficient to improve the stability of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, which is distributed within the polymeric material but not crosslinked to the polymer network.
• a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material can be any polymer which is a reaction product of a mixture including a poly(oxyalkylene) polymer with functional groups (e.g., amino, hydroxyl, acid, or isocyanato groups) and at least a chemical with functional groups (e.g., amino, hydroxyl, isocyanato, or acid groups) which are co-reactive with the functional groups of poly(oxyalkylene) polymer.
• functional groups e.g., amino, hydroxyl, acid, or isocyanato groups
• a chemical with functional groups e.g., amino, hydroxyl, isocyanato, or acid groups
• polystyrene resin examples include without limitation: (1) a polyester obtained by esterification of the terminal diols of a hydroxy terminated (diols) poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymer with organic monoacids or diacids such as, for example, glutaric or adipic acids; (2) a polyamide obtained by reacting an amine terminated poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymer with organic monoacids or diacids acids such as, for example, glutaric or adipic acids; (3) a polyurethane which is the copolymerization product of a mixture comprising one or more hydroxyl (or isocyanate)-terminated poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymer and one or more organic di- or polyisocyanates (or diols or polyols); (4) a polyurea which is the copolymerization product of a mixture comprising one or more amine (or isocyanate)-terminated poly(oxyalkylene)-containing poly
• a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material can also be an interpenetrating or semi-interpenetrating polymer network.
• exemplary interpenetrating polymer networks are interpenetrating polyurea/polyacrylic networks disclosed in EP 0735097 B1.
• Such interpenetrating polyurea/polyacrylic networks are formed by polymerizing a reactive mixture comprising: (a) at least one amine-terminated poly(alkylene glycol); (b) an organic di- or polyisocyanate which reacts with (a) to form a polyurea network; (c) an acrylic ester; (d) a free radical initiator to polymerize (c) to form a polyacrylic network; and (e) a triamine to crosslink (a).
• Exemplary poly(alkylene glycol) include, but are not limited to, a poly(ethylene glycol), a poly(1-propylene glycol), a poly(2-propylene glycol), a poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(propylene glycol) block polymer, a poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(propylene glycol )/poly(butylene glycol) block polymer, a polytetrahydrofuran, a poloxamer, and the like.
• a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material has a decreased susceptibility to oxidative degradation, characterized by having preferably at least an 1.5-fold reduction of, more preferably at least a 3-fold reduction, even more preferably at least a 5-fold reduction of, most preferably at least 10-fold reduction of the amount of detectable formic acid and optionally other degradation by-products.
• any known suitable organic multi-acids or biocompatible salts thereof which are water-soluble, non-toxic, biocompatible, and capable of stabilizing poly(oxyalkylene) chains in the presence of UV light or free radical sources or at high temperatures.
• exemplary organic multi-acids suitable for the present invention include, but are not limited to, hydroxy diacids, hydroxy multi-acids, amino acids, and the like.
• an organic multi-acid of the present invention is an ⁇ -oxo-multi-acid, such as, for example, citric acid, 2-ketoglutaric acid, or malic acid. More preferably, an organic multi-acid is citric or malic acid.
• Biocompatible (preferably ophthalmically compatible) salts of organic multi-acids suitable for the present invention include sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts.
• an “alpha-oxo-multiacid” refers to an acid which has a plurality (two or more) of carboxyl groups and at least one carbon atom which is simultaneously substituted by a carboxyl group and an oxygen atom, i.e., O—C—COOR, wherein the oxygen could be a carbonyl, a hydroxy, an esterified hydroxy, an ether, or the like, and wherein the oxygen is on the carbon which is alpha to the carboxyl group.
• a biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof can be introduced into a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material either by adding it into a pre-polymerization composition for making the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material and/or by immersing a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material in a solution containing the biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof (i.e., impregnation of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material with the biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof.
• the concentration of a biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof in a pre-polymerization composition for making a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material or in a solution for impregnation of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material with the biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof is preferably from 0.001 millimolar to the solubility limit of a particular biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof, more preferentially from 10 to 300 millimolar. It is understood that the weight percentages will change based on the molecular weight of the acid employed.
• a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material of the invention is a copolymerization product of a composition comprising:
• R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 independently of one other, are each linear or branched C 2 -C 4 -alkylene, and n, m and p, independently of one another, are each a number from 0 to 100, wherein the sum of (n+m+p) is 5 to 1000, preferably 5 to 500, more preferably 5 to 200, even more preferably 8 to 120;
• a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material of the invention is a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material impregnated with a biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof in an amount sufficient to improve the stability of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, wherein the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material is a copolymerization product of a composition comprising:
• R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 independently of one other, are each linear or branched C 2 -C 4 -alkylene, and n, m and p, independently of one another, are each a number from 0 to 100, wherein the sum of (n+m+p) is 5 to 1000, preferably 5 to 500, more preferably 5 to 200, even more preferably 8 to 120;
• Impregnation of a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material can be performed according to any known suitable methods, for example, such as immersing the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material in a solution containing a biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof.
• a prepolymer having at least one unit of formula (I) and ethylenically unsaturated groups can be prepared according to any methods known to a person skilled in the art.
• ethylenically unsaturated groups such as, for example, acryloyl, methacryloyl, allyl, vinyl, styrenyl, or other C ⁇ C containing groups, could be covalently attached to the poly(alkylene glycol) moiety according to any method known to a person skilled in the art.
• crosslinkable polyurea polymer described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,479,587, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• Such crosslinkable polyurea polymer can be prepared by introducing ethylenically unsaturated groups into a polyurea which is the copolymerization product of a reaction mixture including at least one amine-terminated poly(alkylene glycol) and an organic di- or polyisocyanate.
• a further example is a crosslinkable polyurethane described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/640,294 filed on Aug. 13, 2003 (herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).
• Such crosslinkable polyurethane polymer can be prepared by introducing ethylenically unsaturated groups into an isocyanate-capped polyurethane which is the copolymerization product of a reaction mixture including at least one hydroxy-terminated poly(alkylene glycol) and an organic di- or polyisocyanate.
• the vinylic monomer which may be additionally used for photo-crosslinking in accordance with the invention may be hydrophilic, hydrophobic or may be a mixture of a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic vinylic monomer.
• Suitable vinylic monomers include especially those normally used for the manufacture of contact lenses.
• hydrophobic vinylic monomer or a mixture of a hydrophobic vinylic monomer with a hydrophilic vinylic monomer, whereby this mixture contains at least 50 percent by weight of a hydrophobic vinyl monomer.
• this mixture contains at least 50 percent by weight of a hydrophobic vinyl monomer.
• Suitable hydrophobic vinylic monomers include, without limitation; C 1 -C 18 -alkylacrylates and -methacrylates, C 3 -C 18 alkylacrylamides and -methacrylamides, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, vinyl-C 1 -C 18 -alkanoates, C 2 -C 18 -alkenes, C 2 -C 18 -halo-alkenes, styrene, C 1 -C 6 -alkylstyrene, vinylalkylethers in which the alkyl moiety has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, C 2 -C 10 -perfluoralkyl-acrylates and -methacrylates or correspondingly partially fluorinated acrylates and methacrylates, C 3 -C 12 -perfluoralkyl-ethyl-thiocarbonylaminoethyl-acrylates and -methacrylates, acryloxy and methacryloxy-
• hydrophobic vinylic monomers include methylacrylate, ethyl-acrylate, propylacrylate, isopropylacrylate, cyclohexylacrylate, 2-ethylhexylacrylate, methylmethacrylate, ethylmethacrylate, propylmethacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl valerate, styrene, chloroprene, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, acrylonitrile, 1-butene, butadiene, methacrylonitrile, vinyl toluene, vinyl ethyl ether, perfluorohexylethyl-thio-carbonyl-aminoethyl-methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, trifluoroethyl methacrylate, hexafluoro-isopropyl methacrylate, hexafluorobuty
• Suitable hydrophilic vinylic monomers include, without limitation, hydroxy-substituted lower alkylacrylates and -methacrylates, acrylamide, methacrylamide, lower alkyl-acrylamides and -methacrylamides, ethoxylated acrylates and methacrylates, hydroxy-substituted lower alkyl-acrylamides and -methacrylamides, hydroxy-substituted lower alkylvinyl-ethers, sodium ethylene sulphonate, sodium styrene sulphonate, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propane-sulphonic acid, N-vinyl pyrrole, N-vinyl succinimide, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, 2- or 4-vinyl pyridine, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, amino- (whereby the term “amino” also includes quaternary ammonium), mono-lower-alkylamino- or di-lower-
• hydrophilic vinylic monomers examples include hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, acrylamide, methacrylamide, dimethylacrylamide, allyl alcohol, vinyl pyridine, vinyl pyrrolidone, glycerol methacrylate, N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)acrylamide, and the like.
• Preferred hydrophobic vinylic monomers are methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate.
• Preferred hydrophilic vinylic monomers are 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, N-vinyl pyrrolidone and acrylamide.
• a photo-initiator or thermal initiator is advantageously added to a composition of the invention.
• the amount of photo-initiator may be selected from a wide range, whereby an amount of up to 0.05 g/g polymer and especially up to 0.003 g/g polymer has proved favorable.
• a composition of the invention can further comprise a color additive which is capable of creating a light colored visibility tint.
• a color additive which is capable of creating a light colored visibility tint.
• Such tint can facilitate the handling of ophthalmic lenses.
• Any known suitable color additives can be used.
• copper phthalocyanin is used as a color additive which is capable of creating a light blue or light green or other light color visibility tint.
• a composition of the invention can optionally comprise other additives, such as, for example, a crosslinking agent, an antimicrobial agents, and/or the like.
• a composition of the invention is a water-based composition.
• a solvent may be present in a composition of the invention.
• suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, alcohols, such as lower alkanols, for example ethanol or methanol, and furthermore carboxylic acid amides, such as dimethylformamide, dipolar aprotic solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide or methyl ethyl ketone, ketones, for example acteone or cyclohexanone, hydrocarbons, for example toluene, ethers, for example THF, dimethoxyethane or dioxane, and halogenated hydrocarbons, for example trichloroethane, and also mixtures of suitable solvents, for example mixtures of water with an alcohol, for example a water/ethanol or a water/methanol mixture.
• suitable solvents for example mixtures of water with an alcohol, for example a water/ethanol or a water/methanol mixture.
• a composition of the invention for preparing a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material can find use in making a medical device, preferably an ophthalmic device, more preferably a contact lens.
• the present invention provides a method for producing a medical device, preferably an ophthalmic device, more preferably a contact lens, made of a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, the method comprising the steps of: (1) obtaining a polymerizable fluid composition comprising (a) a prepolymer having at least one poly(oxyalkylene) unit of formula (I) and ethylenically unsaturated groups, (b) a biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof, (c) optionally a photoinitiator or a thermal initiator, and (d) optionally one or more vinylic monomers; (2) introducing an amount of the polymerizable fluid composition in a mold for making the medical device; and (3) actinically or thermally polymerizing the polymerizable fluid composition in the mold to form the medical device having a polymer network having at least one unit of formula (I) and the biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof which is not crosslinked to the
• the polymerizable fluid composition can be introduced into a mold by methods known per se, especially conventional dispensing, e.g. dropwise addition in a desired quantity.
• Appropriate disposable molds are made, for example, from polypropylene. Suitable materials for re-usable mounds are e.g. quartz, sapphire glass or metals.
• the molded articles to be produced are contact lenses, these may be produced in a manner known per se, e.g. in a conventional “spin-casting mold”, as described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 3,408,429, or by the so-called full mold process in a static form, as described e.g. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,347,198, 5,508,317, 5,583,463, 5,789,464, and 5,849,810.
• Crosslinking/polymerizing of the composition may be initiated in the mold actinically (e.g. by means of actinic radiation, such as UV irradiation, gamma or X-ray irradiation) or thermally.
• actinic radiation such as UV irradiation, gamma or X-ray irradiation
• Opening of the mold so that the molded article can be removed from the mold may take place in a manner known per se.
• the molded article produced according to the invention is a contact lens which is produced solvent-free from an already purified crosslinkable prepolymer in the absence of vinylic monomers according to the invention, then after removal of the molded article, it is not normally necessary to follow up with purification steps such as extraction. This is because the prepolymers employed do not contain any undesired constituents of low molecular weight; consequently, the crosslinked product is also free or substantially free from such constituents and subsequent extraction can be dispensed with. Accordingly, the contact lens can be directly transformed in the usual way, by hydration, into a ready-to-use contact lens.
• the contact lens (in particular, a hydrogel contact lens) is expanded, for example, in water, in an aqueous salt solution, especially an aqueous salt solution having an osmolarity of about 200 to 450 milli-osmole in 1000 ml (unit: mOsm/ml), preferably about 250 to 350 mOsm/l and especially about 300 mOsm/l, or in a mixture of water or an aqueous salt solution with a physiologically compatible polar organic solvent, e.g. glycerol. Preference is given to expansions of the article in water or in aqueous salt solutions.
• the aqueous salt solutions used for hydration are advantageously solutions of physiologically compatible salts, such as buffer salts conventionally used in the field of contact lens care, e.g. phosphate salts, or isotonizing agents conventionally used in the field of contact lens care, such as in particular alkali halides, e.g. sodium chloride, or solutions of mixtures thereof.
• physiologically compatible salts such as buffer salts conventionally used in the field of contact lens care, e.g. phosphate salts, or isotonizing agents conventionally used in the field of contact lens care, such as in particular alkali halides, e.g. sodium chloride, or solutions of mixtures thereof.
• physiologically compatible salts such as buffer salts conventionally used in the field of contact lens care, e.g. phosphate salts, or isotonizing agents conventionally used in the field of contact lens care, such as in particular alkali halides, e.g. sodium chloride, or solutions of mixtures thereof.
• the aqueous salt solutions used for hydration preferably contain biocompatible organic multi-acids or biocompatible salts thereof in an amount sufficient to improve the stability of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymer made from the composition.
• the above-defined hydration fluids are preferably at least substantially free from undesired constituents. This is most preferably pure water or an artificial lachrymal fluid as described above.
• the molded article produced according to the invention is a contact lens which is produced from an aqueous solution of an already purified crosslinkable prepolymer in the absence of vinylic monomers according to the invention, then the crosslinked product is likely not to contain any impurities. It is therefore not necessary to carry out subsequent extraction. Since crosslinking is carried out in an essentially aqueous solution, it is additionally unnecessary to carry out subsequent hydration.
• the contact lenses obtained by this process are therefore notable, according to an advantageous embodiment, for the fact that they are suitable for their intended usage without extraction. By intended usage is understood, in this context, that the contact lenses can be used in the human eye.
• the contact lenses obtained according to the invention have a low susceptibility to oxidative degradation, characterized by having a reduced amount of formic acid and/or other degradation by-products detected in the contact lenses. They may have a longer shelf life. Moreover, because of reduction in the formation of formic acid, the contact lenses obtained according to the invention may not cause irritation to the eyes of a wearer.
• the present invention provides a method for producing a medical device, preferably an ophthalmic device, more preferably a contact lens, made of a stabilized poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, the method comprising the steps of: (1) introducing a reactive mixture into a mold for making the medical device by using a Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) process to form the medical device, wherein the reactive mixture comprises (a) a monomer or prepolymer having at least one poly(oxyalkylene) unit of formula (I) and functional groups which are amino, carboxy, hydroxyl or isocyanato groups and (b) an organic diamine, an organic polyamine, an organic diacid, an organic polyacid, an organic diol, an organic polyol, an organic diisocyante, or organic polyisocyanate, provided that components (a) and (b) react with each other to form a polyurea and/or polyurethane network; (2) removing the medical device from the mold; and
• RIM Reaction Injection
• the RIM process is a known molding process wherein two or more streams of monomers react in the mold to form a polymer; and is well described by L. T. Manzione in The Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering; 2nd Edition Vol 14, pg. 72, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• the reactive mixture can further comprise one or more prepolymers having ethylenically unsaturated groups or one or more vinylic monomers to form a different polymer network which interpenetrate with the polyurea and/or polyurethane network.
• the present invention provides a medical device comprising a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material and a biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof present in an amount sufficient to improve the stability of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, wherein the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material has a polymer network having at least one unit of formula (I)
• R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 independently of one other, are each linear or branched C 2 -C 6 -alkylene, and n, m and p, independently of one another, are each a number from 0 to 100, wherein the sum of (n+m+p) is 5 to 1000, preferably 5 to 500, more preferably 5 to 200, even more preferably 8 to 120, and wherein the biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof is distributed within the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material but not crosslinked to the polymer network.
• the biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof is present in an amount effective to improve the stability of the medical device so that the medical device has a decreased susceptibility to oxidative degradation characterized by having preferably at least an 1.5-fold reduction of, more preferably at least a 3-fold reduction of, even more preferably at least a 5-fold reduction, most preferably at least a 10-fold reduction of the amount of detectable formic acid and optionally other degradation by-products.
• the medical device of the invention is a polymerization product of a composition
• a composition comprising (a) a prepolymer containing ethylenically unsaturated groups and at least one poly(oxyalkylene) unit of formula (I); (b) a water-soluble and biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof in an amount sufficient to improve the stability of a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material made from the composition; (c) optionally a photoinitiator or a thermal initiator; and (d) optionally one or more vinylic monomers.
• the biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof is impregnated within the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, wherein the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material is a polymerization product of a reactive mixture comprising (a) at least one monomer or prepolymer having at least one poly(oxyalkylene) unit of formula (I) and functional groups which are amino, carboxy, hydroxyl or isocyanato groups, and (b) at least one of an organic diamine, an organic polyamine, an organic diacid, an organic polyacid, an organic diol, an organic polyol, an organic diisocyante, and organic polyisocyanate, provided that components (a) and (b) react with each other to form a polyurea and/or polyurethane network.
• a reactive mixture comprising (a) at least one monomer or prepolymer having at least one poly(oxyalkylene) unit of formula (I) and functional groups which are amino, carboxy, hydroxyl or
• the reactive mixture further comprises one or more vinylic monomers or prepolymer with ethylenically unsaturated groups. Those monomers or prepolymers can form upon actinical irradiation a different polymer network which interpenetrates the polyurea and/or polyurethane network.
• the present invention provides a method for sterilizing a medical device which comprises a core material and/or a coating, wherein the core material and the coating, independently of each other, are made of a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, the method comprising: autoclaving the medical device in a solution containing a water-soluble and biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof in an amount sufficient to improve the stability of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, so that the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material has a decreased susceptibility to oxidative degradation characterized by having at least an 1.5-fold reduction of the amount of detectable formic acid and optionally other degradation by-products.
• a medical device can be coated with a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing material according to any methods known to a person skilled in the art.
• Exemplary coating techniques include, but are not limited to, dip coating, spraying coating, painting, knife-coating, and printing.
• the present invention provides an aqueous solution for sterilizing and/or storing an ophthalmic device, wherein the ophthalmic device is made of a poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, the aqueous solution having: a biocompatible organic multi-acid or biocompatible salt thereof in an amount sufficient to improve the stability of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material; an osmolarity of about 200 to 450 milli-osmole in 1000 ml (unit: mOsm/ml), wherein the aqueous solution is capable of improving the stability of the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material, so that the poly(oxyalkylene)-containing polymeric material has a reduced susceptibility to oxidative degradation characterized by having at least an 1.5-fold reduction of the amount of detectable formic acid and optionally other degradation by-products.
• An aqueous solution of the invention has an osmolarity of, preferably from about 250 to 350 mOsm/l, more preferably about 300 mOsm/l.
• An aqueous solution of the invention can comprise physiologically compatible salts, such as buffer salts conventionally used in the field of contact lens care, e.g. phosphate salts, or isotonizing agents conventionally used in the field of contact lens care, such as in particular alkali halides, e.g. sodium chloride.
• An aqueous solution of the invention can further comprise a physiologically compatible polar organic solvent, e.g. glycerol.
• sorbitol (Aldrich Chemicals) was dissolved in 20 g with water. 1.00 g of Irgacure®-2959 was mixed with 8.12 g of the sorbitol solution, and then diluted to 100 g with water. The mixture was dissolved with gentle heating and agitation to provide a clear solution.
• UV light exposure was accomplished using a Macam Lamp with a Phillips HPA 400/30 S Sunlamp bulb.
• the output of the lamp was captured by an EFOS® Liquid Light Guide and focused on a cylindrical cell quartz cuvette available from Aldrich Chemicals as part number Z27696-0.
• the cuvette was filled with test substance and placed atop an assembly directly under the liquid light guide.
• Lamp intensity was ca. 1.8 mW/cm 2
• exposure time was 25 minutes, implying exposure dose of 2.7 J/cm 2 .
• Example 8 PEG-2000 0.15% Initiator Nitrogen 300 1579 3387845
• Example 8 P PEG-2000 LS-1 UV 284 226 4089917
• Example 8 T PEG-2000 Autoclaved 56 247 1460 1600472
• Example 8 PA PEG-2000 autoclaved + LS-1 UV 319 165 234 3387845
• Example 9 PEG-2000 0.38% Initiator Nitrogen ND 276 4019 1561001
• Example 9 P PEG-2000 LS-1 UV ND 308 466 9413559
• Example 9 T PEG-2000 Autoclaved 156 272 3786 1625876
• Example 9 PA PEG-2000 autoclaved + LS-1 UV 219 217 442 8508847
• Example 10 PEG-2000 Ascorbate Buffer Nitrogen 291 4146 1759608
• Example 10 P PEG-2000 LS-1 UV 337 136 21333767
• Example 10 T PEG-2000 Autoclaved 51 301
• Table 1 shows results of ion-exchange chromatography of samples generated in Examples 11-16. All results expressed in parts-per-million ( ⁇ g/mL). A blank entry means that the analyte concentration was below the detection limit (50 ppm for formic acid) TABLE 2 Sample Polymer Amendment Treatment HCOOH HC(O)H Irgacure Unknowns
• Table 2 shows results of ion-exchange chromatography of samples generated in Examples 14-19. All results expressed in parts-per-million ( ⁇ g/mL). A blank entry means that the analyte concentration was below the detection limit.
• the free-radical scavenger TEMPO had a modest effect on lowering the amount of detectable by-products, reducing them by approximately 25%. But the ascorbate and citrate buffered formulations had little or no detectable formic acid in any of the samples, indicating a large stabilizing effect brought by these materials. The efficacy of these two stabilizers versus the more conventional stabilizers sorbitol and TEMPO was unexpected.
• UV light exposure was accomplished using a Macam Lamp with a Phillips HPA 400/30 S Sunlamp bulb directed by an EFOS® Liquid Light Guide and focused on a cylindrical cell quartz cuvette as described above. Lamp intensity was ca. 1.8 mW/cm 2 , and exposure time was 25 minutes, implying exposure dose of 2.7 J/cm 2 .
• a blank entry in the above table means that the analyte concentration was below detection limits. It can thus be seen from the above examples that ⁇ -oxo-diacids have unexpected, beneficial results in regard to PEG stabilization which are not realized in the case of the an ⁇ -oxo monoacid.
• Example 23 47.37 g of the 25.33% solids solution of Example 23 were weighed into a rotary evaporator flask. 19.77 g of water were removed at 55° C./70-100 mBar. 2.4 g of initiator solution from Example 7 were added and the mixture was agitated to homogenize.
• Example 26 44 mg of the material afforded by Example 26 was dosed into a quartz mold and the mold was closed. The mold was then exposed to UV light using a Macam Lamp with a Phillips HPA 400/30 S Sunlamp bulb. The output of the lamp was captured by an EFOS® Liquid Light Guide and focused into the mold. The intensity of the lamp was 1.85 mW/cm 2 and the exposure time was 20 s, implying an exposure energy of 37 mJ/cm 2 . The molds were opened and the resulting contact lens was rinsed off. Five lenses made in this way were placed in autoclave vials which contained 2.5 mL of the buffered saline of Example 24.
• the lenses were then subjected to 5 autoclave cycles (121° C./30 minutes).
• the salines were then combined and analyzed by ion-exclusion chromatography.
• the saline was found to have 9 ppm of formic acid, a value below the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL) of 10 ppm.
• Example 26 44 mg of the material afforded by Example 26 was dosed into a quartz mold and the mold was closed. The mold was then exposed to UV light using a Macam Lamp with a Phillips HPA 400/30 S Sunlamp bulb. The output of the lamp was captured by an EFOS® Liquid Light Guide and focused into the mold. The intensity of the lamp was 1.85 mW/cm 2 and the exposure time was 20 s, implying an exposure energy of 37 mJ/cm 2 . The molds were opened and the resulting contact lens was rinsed off.

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