US20040034216A1 - 3-Nitrogen-6,7-dioxygen steroids and uses related thereto - Google Patents

3-Nitrogen-6,7-dioxygen steroids and uses related thereto Download PDF

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US20040034216A1
US20040034216A1 US10/258,950 US25895003A US2004034216A1 US 20040034216 A1 US20040034216 A1 US 20040034216A1 US 25895003 A US25895003 A US 25895003A US 2004034216 A1 US2004034216 A1 US 2004034216A1
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compound
substituted
hydrogen
carbon
carbons
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Jeffrey Raymond
Claudia Kasserra
Yaping Shen
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Taro Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Inflazyme Pharmaceuticals Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J41/00—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/06—Antiarrhythmics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J41/00—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring
    • C07J41/0005—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring the nitrogen atom being directly linked to the cyclopenta(a)hydro phenanthrene skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J41/00—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring
    • C07J41/0005—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring the nitrogen atom being directly linked to the cyclopenta(a)hydro phenanthrene skeleton
    • C07J41/0011—Unsubstituted amino radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J43/00—Normal steroids having a nitrogen-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed or not condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J71/00—Steroids in which the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton is condensed with a heterocyclic ring
    • C07J71/0036—Nitrogen-containing hetero ring
    • C07J71/0042—Nitrogen only
    • C07J71/0047—Nitrogen only at position 2(3)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J71/00—Steroids in which the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton is condensed with a heterocyclic ring
    • C07J71/0036—Nitrogen-containing hetero ring
    • C07J71/0057—Nitrogen and oxygen
    • C07J71/0063—Nitrogen and oxygen at position 2(3)
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

  • This invention is directed towards 3-amino-6,7-dioxygenated steroids, compositions including these steroids, and therapeutic uses related thereto.
  • Inflammation is an essential localized host response to invading microorganisms or tissue injury which involves cells of the immune system.
  • the classic signs of inflammation include redness (erythema), swelling (edema), pain and increased heat production (pyrema) at the site of injury.
  • the inflammatory response allows the body to specifically recognize and eliminate an invading organism and/or repair tissue injury.
  • Many of the acute changes at the site of inflammation are either directly or indirectly attributable to the massive influx of leukocytes (e.g. neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes) which is intrinsic to this response.
  • leukocytes e.g. neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
  • Leukocytic infiltration and accumulation in tissue results in their activation and subsequent release of inflammatory mediators such as LTB 4 , prostaglandins, TNF- ⁇ , IL-1 ⁇ , IL-8, IL5, IL4, histamine, proteases and reactive oxygen species for example.
  • inflammatory mediators such as LTB 4 , prostaglandins, TNF- ⁇ , IL-1 ⁇ , IL-8, IL5, IL4, histamine, proteases and reactive oxygen species for example.
  • Normal inflammation is a highly regulated process that is tightly controlled at several levels for each of the cell types involved in the response.
  • expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF- ⁇ is controlled at the level of gene expression, translation, post-translational modification and release of the mature form from the cell membrane.
  • Many of the proteins up-regulated during inflammation are controlled by the transcription factor, NF- ⁇ B.
  • Pro-inflammatory responses are countered in some instances by endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms such as generation of IL-10.
  • a characteristic of a normal inflammatory response is that it is temporary in nature and is followed by a resolution phase which brings the state of the tissue back to its prior condition. The resolution phase is thought to involve up-regulation of anti-inflammatory mechanisms, such as IL-10, as well as down-regulation of the pro-inflammatory processes.
  • Inflammatory disease occurs when an inflammatory response is initiated that is inappropriate and/or does not resolve in the normal manner but rather persists and results in a chronic inflammatory state. Inflammatory disease may be systemic (e.g., lupus) or localized to particular tissues or organs and exerts an enormous personal and economic burden on society. Examples of some of the most common and problematic inflammatory diseases include asthma, allergy, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, emphysema, colitis, graft vs host disease, contact dermatitis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Other disease states such as immunodeficiency diseases are now known to be associated with altered regulation of the chemokine/cytokine network and their receptors, which can alter viral replication and AIDS pathogenesis.
  • Allergy is characterized by an increased blood serum IgE (antibody) level. Repeated exposure to allergens, in a process called sensitization, is normally required to trigger atopy and the subsequent asthmatic or allergic response. Once B cells are exposed to allergens, they produce antibodies which bind to the surface of mast cells. The crosslinking of two antibodies by the antigen causes a series of reactions resulting in degranulation and the release of a number of mediators which modulate the inflammatory response. Mediators that are released or generated during the asthmatic and allergic response include histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, cytoldnes and tryptase.
  • Asthma is characterized by hyperresponsiveness of the airways, episodic periods of bronchospasm and chronic inflammation of the lungs. Obstruction of the airways is reversible with time or in response to drug therapies. Patients exhibiting normal airflow may be hyperreactive to a variety of naturally occurring stimuli, e.g., cold air, exercise, chemicals and allergen. The most common event initiating an asthmatic response is an immediate hypersensitivity to common allergens including ragweed pollen, grass pollen, various fungi, dust mites, cockroaches and domestic animals. The symptoms of the disease include chest tightness, wheezing, shortness of breath and coughing. Asthma incidence and mortality has been increasing worldwide, doubling over the past 20 years despite modem therapies.
  • the responses of the airways to allergen is complex and consists of an early asthmatic response (EAR) which peaks 20-30 min after exposure to the stimuli, is characterized by bronchoconstriction and normally resolves after 11 ⁇ 2 to 2 hours.
  • the late asthmatic response (LAR) generally occurs 3-8 hours after initial exposure, and involves both bronchoconstriction and the development of inflammation and edema in the lung tissue. This inflammation often becomes chronic, with epithelial damage occurring and infiltration of the lungs with inflammatory cells such as eosinophils and neutrophils.
  • Glucocorticoids are the most effective long-term therapy for the treatment of asthma. For example, due to the presence of airway inflammation even in mild asthma, inhaled steroids are used even in early stage drug therapy. Although steroids are effective anti-inflammatories they are not very useful for the control of acute asthma attacks. Orally delivered steroids are associated with significant side-effects and consequently their chronic use in the control of asthma is minimal.
  • Combination therapy is often employed for orally delivered steroids, where combination therapy may be divided into the following areas: anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., inhaled and oral steroids), bronchodilators, (e.g., ⁇ 2 -agonists, xantlines, anticholinergics), and mediator inhibitors (e.g., cromolyns and leukotriene antagonists).
  • anti-inflammatory drugs e.g., inhaled and oral steroids
  • bronchodilators e.g., ⁇ 2 -agonists, xantlines, anticholinergics
  • mediator inhibitors e.g., cromolyns and leukotriene antagonists.
  • moderate to severe asthma patients are poorly served by the present armamentarium of drugs. Drugs that are safe are only marginally effective, while effective drugs have unacceptable side effects with extensive monitoring of patients required.
  • the present invention provides compounds according to formula (1) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, stereoisomers and prodrugs thereof, in isolation or in mixtures,
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from hydrogen, oxygen so as to form nitro or oxime, amino, —SO 3 —R, and organic groups having 1-30 carbons and optionally containing 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, and sulfur, where R 2 may be a direct bond to numeral 3, or R 1 and R 2 may, together with the N to which they are both bonded, form a heterocyclic structure that may be part of an organic group having 1-30 carbons and optionally containing 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and silicon; and where R 1 may be a 2, or 3 atom chain to numeral 2 so that —N—R 1 — forms part of a fused bicyclic structure to ring A;
  • R 3 and R 4 are selected from direct bonds to 6 and 7 respectively so as to form carbonyl groups, hydrogen, or a protecting group such that R 3 and/or R 4 is part of hydroxyl or carbonyl protecting group;
  • numerals 1 through 17 each represent a carbon, where carbons at numerals 1, 2, 4, 11, 12, 15, 16 and 17 may be independently substituted with
  • each of carbons 6 and 7 may be independently substituted with one of —X, —N(R 1 )(R 2 ), —R or —OR 6 ;
  • each of rings A, B, C and D is independently fully saturated, partially saturated or fully unsaturated
  • R 5 at each occurrence is independently selected from H, X, and C 1-30 organic moiety that may optionally contain at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of boron, halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon and sulfur; where two geminal R 5 groups may together form a ring with the carbon atom to which they are both bonded;
  • R 6 is H or a protecting group such that —OR 6 is a protected hydroxyl group, where vicinal —OR 6 groups may together form a cyclic structure that protects vicinal hydroxyl groups, and where geminal —OR 6 groups may together form a cyclic structure that protects a carbonyl group; and
  • X represents fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a steroid compound as set forth above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating inflammation comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically-effective amount of a steroid compound as set forth above.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating inflammation prophylactically comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a prophylactically-effective amount of a steroid compound as set forth above.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating asthma comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically-effective amount of a steroid compound as set forth above.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating allergic disease including but not limited to dermal and ocular indications comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically-effective amount of a steroid compound as set forth above.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically-effective amount of a steroid compound as set forth above.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating atopic dermatitis comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically-effective amount of a steroid compound as set forth above.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating solid tumours comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically-effective amount of a steroid compound as set forth above.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating AIDS comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically-effective amount of a steroid compound as set forth above.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating ischemia reperfusion injury comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically-effective amount of a steroid compound as set forth above.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating cardiac arrhythmias comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically-effective amount of a steroid compound as set forth above.
  • FIGS. 1A and 1B depict summaries of synthetic transformations that may be used to convert a 3-amino steroid into a 3-nitrogen steroid of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2 C are a set of bar graphs showing the effect of compound 89 (dose response, 4 doses qd, p.o.) on ovalbumin-induced accumulation of inflammatory cells in the lung lavage fluid obtained from sensitized Brown Norway rats.
  • FIG. 2A shows the accumulation of eosinophils
  • FIG. 2B shows the accumulation of neutrophils
  • FIG. 2C shows the accumulation of lymphocytes.
  • FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3 C are a set of bar graphs showing the effect of compound 28 (dose response, 4 doses qd, p.o.) on ovalbumin-induced accumulation of inflammatory cells in the lung lavage fluid obtained from sensitized Brown Norway rats.
  • FIG. 3A shows the accumulation of eosinophils
  • FIG. 3B shows the accumulation of neutrophils
  • FIG. 3C shows the accumulation of lymphocytes.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing the effect of test compounds 28 and 89, administered orally once per day for 4 days prior to challenge, on allergen-induced changes in lung resistance in sensitized guinea pigs.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the effect of test compounds 28 and 89, administered orally once per day for 4 days prior to challenge, on allergen-induced changes in lung elastance in sensitized guinea pigs.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing duration of anti-bronchospastic activity of test compound 89, administered orally at 1 mg/kg once per day for 4 days prior to challenge, on allergen-induced changes in lung resistance in sensitized guinea pigs.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing duration of anti-bronchospastic activity of test compound 89, administered orally at 1 mg/kg once per day for 4 days prior to challenge, on allergen-induced changes in lung elastance in sensitized guinea pigs.
  • the present invention provides compounds, compositions and methods useful in the treatment and/or prevention of various disease conditions.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating and/or preventing an inflammatory disease.
  • the method includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (1) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer or prodrug thereof, or an effective amount of a composition containing a compound of formula (1) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, stereoisomer or prodrug thereof.
  • Alkyl is a monovalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight, branched or cyclic, aliphatic (i.e., not aromatic) hydrocarbon group.
  • the alkyl group has 1-20 carbon atoms, i.e., is a C1-C20 (or C 1 -C 20 ) group, or is a C1-C18 group, a C1-C12 group, a C1-C6 group, or a C1-C4 group.
  • the alkyl group has zero branches (i.e., is a straight chain), one branch, two branches, or more than two branches; is saturated; is unsaturated (where an unsaturated alkyl group may have one double bond, two double bonds, more than two double bonds, and/or one triple bond, two triple bonds, or more than two triple bonds); is, or includes, a cyclic structure; is acyclic.
  • Exemplary alkyl groups include C 1 alkyl (i.e., —CH 3 (methyl)), C 2 alkyl (i.e., —CH 2 CH 3 (ethyl), —CH ⁇ CH 2 (ethenyl) and —C ⁇ CH (ethynyl)) and C 3 alkyl (i.e., —CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 (n-propyl), —CH(CH 3 ) 2 (i-propyl), —CH ⁇ CH—CH 3 (1-propenyl), —C ⁇ C—CH 3 (1-propynyl), —CH 2 —CH ⁇ CH 2 (2-propenyl), —CH 2 —C ⁇ CH (2-propynyl), —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH 2 (1-methylethenyl), and —CH(CH 2 ) 2 (cyclopropyl)).
  • C 1 alkyl i.e., —CH 3 (methyl)
  • C 2 alkyl i.e
  • Aryl is a monovalent, aromatic, hydrocarbon, ring system.
  • the ring system may be monocyclic or fused polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic, etc.).
  • the monocyclic aryl ring is C5-C10, or C5-C7, or C5-C6, where these carbon numbers refer to the number of carbon atoms that form the ring system.
  • a C6 ring system i.e., a phenyl ring, is a preferred aryl group.
  • the polycyclic ring is a bicyclic aryl group, where preferred bicyclic aryl groups are C8-C12, or C9-C10.
  • a naphthyl ring, which has 10 carbon atoms, is a preferred polycyclic aryl group.
  • Heteroalkyl is an alkyl group (as defined herein) wherein at least one of the carbon atoms is replaced with a heteroatom.
  • Preferred heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and halogen.
  • a heteroatom may, but typically does not, have the same number of valence sites as carbon. Accordingly, when a carbon is replaced with a heteroatom, the number of hydrogens bonded to the heteroatom may need to be increased or decreased to match the number of valence sites of the heteroatom. For instance, if carbon (valence of four) is replaced with nitrogen (valence of three), then one of the hydrogens formerly attached to the replaced carbon must be deleted. Likewise, if carbon is replaced with halogen (valence of one), then three (i.e., all) of the hydrogens formerly bonded to the replaced carbon must be deleted.
  • Heteroaryl is a monovalent aromatic ring system containing carbon and at least one heteroatom in the ring.
  • the heteroaryl group may, in various embodiments, have one heteroatom, or 1-2 heteroatoms, or 1-3 heteroatoms, or 1-4 heteroatoms in the ring.
  • Heteroaryl rings may be monocyclic or polycyclic, where the polycyclic ring may contained fused, spiro or bridged ring junctions.
  • the heteroaryl is selected from monocyclic and bicyclic.
  • Monocyclic heteroaryl rings may contain from about 5 to about 10 member atoms (carbon and heteroatoms), preferably from 5-7, and most preferably from 5-6 member atoms in the ring.
  • Bicyclic heteroaryl rings may contain from about 8-12 member atoms, or 9-10 member atoms in the ring.
  • the heteroaryl ring may be unsubstituted or substituted. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl ring is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, the heteroaryl ring is substituted.
  • Exemplary heteroaryl groups include benzofuran, benzothiophene, furan, imidazole, indole, isothiazole, oxazole, piperazine, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, quinoline, thiazole and thiophene.
  • Heteroatom is a halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon or sulfur atom. Groups containing more than one heteroatom may contain different heteroatoms.
  • Hydrocarbons are chemical groups formed exclusively of hydrogen and carbon; “Halocarbons” are chemical groups formed exclusively of halogen and carbon; and “Hydrohalocarbons” are chemical groups formed exclusively of hydrogen, halogen, and carbon.
  • Organic groups and “Organic moieties” are used synonymously, and refer to stable structures having the indicated number and type of atoms.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” and “salts thereof” in the compounds of the present invention refers to acid addition salts and base addition salts.
  • Acid addition salts refer to those salts formed from compounds of the present invention and inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and/or organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid and the like.
  • inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like
  • organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid,
  • Base addition salts refer to those salts formed from compounds of the present invention and inorganic bases such as sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts and the like.
  • Suitable salts include the ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, trimethamine, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaines, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, the
  • any variable occurs more than one time in any constituent or in compounds of formula (1), its definition on each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
  • the compounds useful in the methods and compositions of the present invention, as well as the compounds of the present invention, may have asymmetric centers and occur as racemates, racemic mixtures and as individual diastereomers, or enantiomers with all isomeric forms being included in the present invention. A racemate or racemic mixture does not imply a 50:50 mixture of stereoisomers.
  • the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions containing a compound of formula (1) as set forth above, in combination with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient. These compositions may be used for the treatment of inflammation or other conditions as disclosed herein. These compositions may also be formed into a medicament, which may be used in the treatment of, for example, inflammation.
  • compositions are useful as, for example, assay standards, convenient means of making bulk shipments, or pharmaceutical compositions.
  • An assayable amount of a compound of the invention is an amount which is readily measurable by standard assay procedures and techniques as are well known and appreciated by those skilled in the art. Assayable amounts of a compound of the invention will generally vary from about 0.001 wt % to about 100 wt % of the entire weight of the composition.
  • Inert carriers include any material which does not degrade or otherwise covalently react with a compound of formula (1).
  • suitable inert carriers are water; aqueous buffers, such as those which are generally useful in High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis; organic solvents, such as acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, hexane and the like; and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers” for therapeutic use are well known in the pharmaceutical art, and are described, for example, in Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences , Mack Publishing Co. (A. R Gennaro edit. 1985).
  • sterile saline and phosphate-buffered saline at physiological pH may be used.
  • Preservatives, stabilizers, dyes and even flavoring agents may be provided in the pharmaceutical composition.
  • sodium benzoate, sorbic acid and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid may be added as preservatives. Id. at 1449.
  • antioxidants and suspending agents may be used. Id.
  • Steroid compounds of the invention have at least four rings, commonly designated as A, B, C and D as shown below, where ring A may be fused to an additional ring:
  • the present invention provides compounds according to formula (1) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, stereoisomers and prodrugs thereof, in isolation or in mixtures,
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from hydrogen, oxygen so as to form nitro or oxime, amino, —SO 3 —R, and organic groups having 1-30 carbons and optionally containing 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, and sulfur, where R 2 may be a direct bond to numeral 3, or R 1 and R 2 may, together with the N to which they are both bonded, form a heterocyclic structure that may be part of an organic group having 1-30 carbons and optionally containing 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and silicon, and where R 1 may be a 2, or 3 atom chain to numeral 2 so that —N—R 1 — forms part of a fused bicyclic structure to ring A;
  • R 3 and R 4 are selected from direct bonds to 6 and 7 respectively so as to form carbonyl groups, hydrogen, or a protecting group such that R 3 and/or R 4 is part of hydroxyl or carbonyl protecting group;
  • numerals 1 through 17 each represent a carbon, where carbons at numerals 1, 2, 4, 11, 12, 15, 16 and 17 may be independently substituted with
  • each of carbons 6 and 7 may be independently substituted with one of —X, —N(R 1 )(R 2 ), —R 5 or —OR 6 ;
  • each of rings A, B, C and D is independently fully saturated, partially saturated or fully unsaturated
  • R 5 at each occurrence is independently selected from H, X, and C 1-30 organic moiety that may optionally contain at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of boron, halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon and sulfur; where two geminal R 5 groups may together form a ring with the carbon atom to which they are both bonded;
  • R 6 is H or a protecting group such that —OR 6 is a protected hydroxyl group, where vicinal —OR 6 groups may together form a cyclic structure that protects vicinal hydroxyl groups, and where geminal —OR 6 groups may together form a cyclic structure that protects a carbonyl group; and
  • X represents fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide.
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from hydrogen and organic groups having 1-30 carbons and optionally containing 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, and sulfur.
  • R 2 is a direct bond to numeral 3.
  • R 1 , R 2 , and the N to which they are both bonded form a heterocyclic structure that may be part of an organic group having 1-30 carbons and optionally containing 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and silicon.
  • R 1 is a 2, or 3 atom chain to numeral 2 so that —N—R 1 — forms part of a fused bicyclic structure to ring A, and the 2 or 3 atoms are selected from C, N and O, so long as a stable structure results.
  • the organic group has 1-20 carbons, while in another optional embodiment the organic group has 1-10 carbons.
  • each of R 1 and R 2 is hydrogen.
  • These steroids not only have desirable biological activity, they also serve as convenient precursor compounds to preparing other steroid of the invention wherein R 1 and/or R 2 is not hydrogen.
  • the invention provides a compound of formula (1) wherein: R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen; R 3 and R 4 are selected from direct bonds to 6 and 7 respectively so as to form carbonyl groups, hydrogen, or a protecting group such that R 3 and/or R 4 is part of hydroxyl or carbonyl protecting group; and in addition to the —OR 3 and —OR 4 groups as shown, each of carbons 6 and 7 is substituted with hydrogen unless precluded because —OR 3 or —OR 4 represent a carbonyl group; carbons at numerals 1, 2, 4, 11, 12, 15 and 16 are each substituted with two hydrogens; carbons at numerals 5, 8, 9 and 14 are each substituted with one hydrogen; carbon at numeral 10 is substituted with methyl; carbon at number 13 is substituted with methyl unless it is part of an unsaturated bond; carbon at numeral 17 is substituted with (a) one of: ⁇ O, ⁇ C(R 5 )(R 5 ), ⁇ C ⁇ (R 5 )(R
  • the invention provides a compound of formula (1) wherein: R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen; R 3 and R 4 are selected from hydrogen and protecting groups such that R 3 and/or R 4 is part of hydroxyl protecting group; carbons at numerals 1, 2, 4, 11, 12, 15 and 16 are each substituted with two hydrogens; carbons at numerals 5, 8, 9 and 14 are each substituted with one hydrogen; carbon at numeral 10 is substituted with methyl; carbon at number 13 is substituted with methyl unless it is part of an unsaturated bond; carbon at numeral 17 is substituted with (a) one of: ⁇ C(R 5 )(R 5 ) and ⁇ C ⁇ C(R 5 )(R 5 ); or (b) two of the following, which are independently selected: —X, —N(R 1 )(R 2 ), and —R 5 ; each of rings A, B, C and D is independently fully saturated or partially saturated; R 5 at each occurrence is independently selected from H, X, and C 1-30 hydro
  • the invention provides a compound of formula (1) wherein: R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen; R 3 and R 4 are selected from hydrogen and protecting groups such that R 3 and/or R 4 is part of hydroxyl protecting group; carbons at numerals 1, 2, 4, 11, 12, 15 and 16 are each substituted with two hydrogens; carbons at numerals 5, 8, 9 and 14 are each substituted with one hydrogen; carbon at numeral 10 is substituted with methyl; carbon at number 13 is substituted with methyl unless it is part of an unsaturated bond; carbon at numeral 17 is substituted with (a) one of: ⁇ C(R 5 )(R 5 ) and ⁇ C ⁇ C(R 5 )(R 5 ); or (b) two of —R 5 ; each of rings A, B, C and D is independently fully saturated or partially saturated; and R 5 at each occurrence is independently selected from H and C 1-10 hydrocarbons.
  • R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen
  • the invention provides steroids having 3-nitrogen substitution, where the 3-nitrogen is substituted with an organic group.
  • the invention provides steroid compounds wherein R 1 is selected from—C( ⁇ O)—R 7 , —C( ⁇ O)NH—R 7 ; and —SO 2 —R 7 ; wherein R 7 is selected from alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups.
  • R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is —CH 2 —R 7 wherein R 7 is selected from alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl.
  • R 7 is selected from C 1-10 hydrocarbyl.
  • —C( ⁇ O)—R 7 comprises biotin.
  • R 7 is selected from alkyl-substituted phenyl; halogen-substituted phenyl; alkoxy-substituted phenyl; aryloxy-substituted phenyl; and nitro-substituted phenyl.
  • (R 1 ) 2 )N— is a heterocycle, that is, the N of (R 1 )(R 2 )N— may be part of a heterocyclic ring.
  • Examples include:
  • R 1 and R 2 comprises a heterocyclic ring or a carbocyclic ring.
  • a preferred heterocyclic ring is
  • a preferred carbocyclic ring is phenyl, which includes substituted phenyl such as 3-methylphenyl; 4-hydroxyphenyl; and 4-sulfonamidephenyl.
  • R 1 may be a 2, or 3 atom chain to numeral 2 so that —N—R 1 — forms part of a fused bicyclic structure to ring A.
  • the present invention provides compounds of the formula shown below, where Z represents 2 or 3 atoms, selected from C, N and O.
  • the ring including Z may be saturated or unsaturated.
  • fused ring compounds include:
  • R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 comprises a C 1-10 hydrocarbyl.
  • R 1 is hydrogen and R 2 is heteroalkyl.
  • Suitable heteroalkyl include, without limitation, C 1-10 alkyl-W—C 1-10 alkylene-wherein W is selected from O and NH; HO—C 1-10 alkylene-; and HO—C 1-10 alkylene-W—C 1-10 alkylene-where W is selected from O and NH.
  • each of R 1 and R 2 is independently selected from hydrogen and organic groups having 1-20 carbons and optionally containing 1-5 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and sulfur.
  • each of R 1 and R 2 is independently selected from hydrogen, R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 and R 12 where R 8 is selected from C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-10 heteroalkyl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms, C 6-10 aryl and C 3-15 heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms; R 9 is selected from (R 8 ) r —C 1-10 alkylene, (R 8 ) r —C 1-10 heteroalkylene comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms, (R 8 ) r —C 6-10 arylene and (R 8 ) r —C 3-15 heteroarylene comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms; R 10 is selected from (R 9 ) r —C 1-10 alkylene, (R 9 ) r —C 1-10 heteroalkylene comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms, (R 9 ) r —C 6-10 arylene, and (R 9 ) r —C 3-15
  • the present invention provides steroid compounds of the structure shown above, wherein: R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from hydrogen, R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 and R 12 where R 8 is selected from alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; R 9 is selected from (R 8 ) r -alkylene, (R 8 ) r -heteroalkylene, (R 8 ) r -arylene and (R 8 ) r -heteroarylene; R 10 is selected from (R 9 ) r -alkylene, (R 9 ) r -heteroalkylene, (R 9 ) r -arylene, and (R 9 ) r -heteroarylene; R 11 is selected from (R 10 ) r -alkylene, (R 10 ) r -heteroalkylene, (R 10 ) r -arylene, and (R 10 ) r - -
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from hydrogen, CH 3 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 —, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 —, CH 3 CO—, C 6 H 5 CO—(CH 3 ) 2 CHSO 2 —, C 6 H 5 SO 2 —, C 6 H 5 NHCO—, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 NHCO—, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 NH(CH 2 ) 2 —, (CH 3 ) 2 N(CH 2 ) 2 —, HOCH 2 CH 2 —, HOCH 2 (CH 2 ) 4 —, HOCH 2 CH 2 NHCH 2 CH 2 —, 3-(CH 3 )C 6 H 4 —, 4-(HO)C 6 H 4 —, 4-(H 2 NSO 2 )C 6 H 4 —, 4-((CH 3 ) 2 CH)C 6 H 4 —CH 2 —, 2-(C 6 H 4 —CH 2 —, 3-(CF 3 )C 6 H 4 —,
  • R 1 is hydrogen but R 2 is not hydrogen
  • R 1 is hydrogen but R 2 is not hydrogen
  • one set of preferred compounds of the invention have R 1 equal to hydrogen but R 2 is not equal to hydrogen.
  • each of R 3 and R 4 is hydrogen, i.e., the steroid has hydroxy substitution at each of the carbons located at numerals 6 and 7.
  • one or both of the hydroxy groups at carbons 6 and 7 are in a protected form, ie., are bonded to a hydroxy protecting group.
  • protecting groups are well known in the art, and are disclosed in, e.g., Greene and Wuts, “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, John Wiley &, Sons, New York, N.Y. (1999).
  • a suitable protecting group is a ketal, so that the present invention provides compounds of the structure:
  • the present invention provides steroid compounds that include compounds of defined stereochemistry.
  • One such compound has the stereochemistry shown in the following structure for R 3 O— and R 4 O—:
  • the present invention provides salt forms of the steroids of the present invention, preferably pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • —N(R 1 )(R 2 ) is in a salt form.
  • —N(R 1 )(R 2 ) is protonated so that the N carries a positive charge.
  • the steroid compound of the present invention is an acid addition salt as defined herein.
  • the present invention provides hydrochloride salts of the steroid structures shown above.
  • the present invention provides acetate salts of the steroid structures shown herein.
  • the present invention provides prodrugs of the specific compounds shown by formula (1).
  • the present invention is directed to a prodrug of any of the specific compounds shown by formula (1).
  • the present invention excludes prodrugs of the specific compounds shown by formula (1), i.e., in one aspect the present invention is directed to compounds of formula (1) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, stereoisomers but not prodrugs thereof, in isolation or in mixture.
  • 17 is substituted with ⁇ C(R 5 )(R 5 ) and R 5 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 hydroxyallyl, and —CO 2 —C 1-6 alkyl.
  • 17 is substituted with C 1-6 alkyl or C 1-6 haloalkyl; or 17 is substituted with —OR 6 or ⁇ O, wherein R 6 is hydrogen.
  • steroid compounds of the invention as set forth herein, in a preferred embodiment, at least one of 10 and 13 is substituted with methyl.
  • numerals 1 through 16 each represent a carbon, where carbons at numerals 1, 2, 4, 11, 12, 15 and 16 may be independently substituted with: (a) one of ⁇ O, ⁇ C(R 5 )(R 5 ), ⁇ C ⁇ C(R 5 )(R 5 ), —C(R 5 )(R 5 )(C(R 5 )(R 5 )) n — and —(O(C(R 5 )(R 5 )) n O)— wherein n ranges from 1 to about 6; or (b) two of the following, which are independently selected: —X, —N(R 1 )(R 2 ), —R 5 and —OR 6 ; and numeral 17 represents a carbon substituted with: (a) one of: ⁇ C(R 5a )( 5a ), ⁇ C ⁇ C(R 5a )(R 5a ), and ⁇ C ⁇
  • R 5a at each occurrence is independently selected from C 1-30 hydrocarbon, C 1-30 halocarbon, C 1-30 hydrohalocarbon, H, and X.
  • R 5a at each occurrence is independently selected from C 1-10 hydrocarbon, C 1-10 halocarbon, C 1-10 hydrohalocarbon, H, and X.
  • the present invention provides a further embodiment wherein R 1 and R 2 are selected from hydrogen, oxygen so as to form nitro or oxime, amino, —SO 3 —R, and organic groups having 1-30 carbons and optionally containing 1-6 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, and sulfur, where R 2 may be a direct bond to numeral 3, or R 1 and R 2 may, together with the N to which they are both bonded, form a heterocyclic structure that may be part of an organic group having 1-30 carbons and optionally containing 1-6 heteroatoms selected from oxygen and silicon; or R 1 may be a 2 or 3 atom chain to numeral 2 so that —N—R 1 — forms part of a fused bicyclic structure to ring A.
  • the present invention provides a further embodiment wherein carbons at numerals 1, 2, 4, 11, 12, 15 and 16 are each substituted with two hydrogens unless said carbon is part of an unsaturated bond; carbons at numerals 5, 8, 9 and 14 are each substituted with one hydrogen unless said carbon is part of an unsaturated bond; carbon at numeral 10 is substituted with methyl; and carbon at number 13 is substituted with methyl unless it is part of an unsaturated bond.
  • the present invention provides a further embodiment wherein carbons at numerals 1, 2, 4, 11, 12, 15 and 16 are each substituted with two hydrogens; carbons at numerals 5, 8, 9 and 14 are each substituted with one hydrogen; carbon at numeral 10 is substituted with methyl; and carbon at number 13 is substituted with methyl unless it is part of an unsaturated bond.
  • each of R 1 and R 2 is hydrogen; and/or each of R 3 and R 4 is hydrogen; and/or the carbon at numeral 17 is substituted with (a) one of the following: C(R 5a (R 5a ), ⁇ C ⁇ (R 5a )(R 5a ), and —C(R 5a )(R 5a )(C(R 5a )(R 5a )) n — wherein n ranges from 1 to about 6; or (b) two of the following, which are independently selected: —X, —N(R 1 )(R 2 ) and —R 5a ; where R 5a at each occurrence is independently selected from H, X and C 1-30 organic moiety that may optionally contain at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of boron, halogen, nitrogen, silicon and sulfur; where two geminal R 5 groups may together form a ring with the carbon atom to
  • each of rings A, B, C and D is independently fully saturated, partially saturated or fully unsaturated. That is, hydrogens attached to any of the carbons at positions 1-17 may be omitted so as to allow unsaturation within the A, B, C and/or D ring.
  • hydrogens attached to any of the carbons at positions 1-17 may be omitted so as to allow unsaturation within the A, B, C and/or D ring.
  • carbons at numerals 5, 8, 9 and 14 are indicated as being substituted with one hydrogen
  • any one or more of the hydrogens attached to carbons at numerals 5, 8, 9 and 14 may be omitted in order to allow unsaturation at the carbon atom.
  • the compounds of the present invention are intended as pharmaceutical agents.
  • the molecular weight of a compound of the invention is relatively small, that is, less than about 5,000 g/mol, typically less than 4,000 g/mol, more typically less than 3,000 g/mol, still more typically less than 2,000 g/mol, yet more typically less than 1,000 g/mol, where the minimum molecular weight of a compound of the invention is about 300 g/mol, and each of these typical ranges is a separate embodiment of the present invention.
  • the steroid compounds of the present invention include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, stereoisomers and prodrugs of the 3-nitrogen-6,7-dioxygenated steroid structures described above, in isolation or in mixtures with one another.
  • the steroid compounds of the invention may, and typically do, exist as solids, including crystalline solids which can be crystallized from common solvents such as ethanol, N,N-dimethyl-formamide, water, or the like.
  • the crystallization process may, depending on the crystallization conditions, provide various polymorphic structures.
  • a more thermodynamically stable polymorph is advantageous to the commercial scale manufacture of a steroid compound of the invention, and is a preferred form of the compound.
  • solvate refers to an aggregate that comprises one or more 3-nitrogen-6,7-dioxygenated steroid compounds of the invention, with one or more molecules of solvent.
  • the solvent may be water, in which case the solvate may be a hydrate.
  • the solvent may be an organic solvent.
  • the compounds of the present invention may exist as a hydrate, including a monohydrate, dihydrate, hemihydrate, sesquihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate and the like, as well as the corresponding solvated forms.
  • the steroid compounds may be true solvates, while in other cases, the steroid may merely retain adventitious water or be a mixture of water plus some adventitious solvent.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable solvate” refers to a solvate that retains the biological effectiveness and properties of the biologically active 3-nitrogen-6,7-dioxygenated steroid compounds of the invention.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable solvates include, but are not limited to, water, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, DMSO, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, and ethanolamine. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Sykes, P. A., Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 6th Ed (1986, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.) is an exemplary reference that describe solvates.
  • inventive compounds may exist as single stereoisomers, racemates and/or mixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereomers. All such single stereoisomers, racemates and mixtures thereof are intended to be within the scope of the present invention. In a preferred aspect, the inventive compounds are used in optically pure form.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug” is intended to mean a compound that may be converted under physiological conditions or by solvolysis to a biologically active 3-nitrogen-6,7-dioxygenated steroid compound as described above.
  • prodrug refers to a metabolic precursor of a steroid compound of the present invention that is pharmaceutically acceptable.
  • a prodrug may be inactive when administered to a subject but is converted in vivo to an active 3-nitrogen-6,7-dioxygenated steroid compound of the invention.
  • Prodrugs are typically rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound of the above formulae, for example, by hydrolysis in blood.
  • a discussion of prodrugs is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, “Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems,” Vol 14 of the A. C. S. Symposium Series, and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • a typical prodrug is a derivative of the steroid compounds of the invention which have chemically or metabolically cleavable groups and become, by solvolysis or under physiological conditions, the compounds of the invention which are pharmaceutically active in vivo.
  • a preferred prodrug is a compound having substitution at the 3-nitrogen atom of the steroids of the invention, where the substitution is cleaved in vivo to provide a pharmaceutically active compound.
  • Steroids of the present invention having C3 nitrogen substitution and oxygen substitution at positions 6 and 7 have unexpected properties that enhance the efficacies of these compounds.
  • the steroid of the present invention have an excellent metabolic stability in S9 fractions from human liver.
  • 100% of compounds 28, 89, 139, and 143 remains unchanged after 15 and even 30 minutes incubation with human S9 fractions.
  • C3 nitrogen substitutions significantly decrease glucuronidation of the molecules in plasma.
  • steroids of the present invention having C3 nitrogen substitutions such as compounds 28, 89 and 83 are highly soluble in aqueous solution, demonstrating a solubility of >100 mg/ml in water.
  • the potency and pharmacokinetic profile of steroids of the present invention with C3 nitrogen substitutions is highly suitable for therapeutic application.
  • Doses of ⁇ 1.0 mg/kg once per day reproducibly demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity in in vivo inflammation models.
  • compounds 28 and 89 have an average half-life of 7.5 hours and an oral bioavailability of ⁇ 100%, while in the monkey, the half-life averages 15 hours and oral bioavailability is 25-30%.
  • the maximal concentration in plasma in both species is predictable and linear.
  • the compounds according to the present invention can be prepared by methods employing steps known to those skilled in the art or analogous to those steps.
  • General methods for the reactions on steroids can be found in “Steroid Reactions”, C. Djerassi, Ed. Holden Day, San Francisco, Calif., 1963 and references cited therein.
  • General synthetic methods can be found in “Comprehensive Organic Transformations”, R. C. Larock, VCH Publishers, New York, N.Y., 1989 and references cited therein.
  • Additional literature references useful for the synthesis of compounds of the invention are as follows: T. Reichstein; C. H. Meystre, Helv. Chim. Acta , 1932, 22, 728; H. Westmijze; H. Kleyn; P. Vermeer; L.
  • C3, C6, C7 and C17 polyoxygenated steroids are used as starting materials or intermediates.
  • Methods to introduce C6 and C7 oxygens into commercially available starting materials are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,185.
  • This U.S. Patent also discloses many ways in which substitution and preferred stereochemistry can be introduced into positions C1, C2, C4, C5, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16 and C17.
  • the C6 and C7 oxygens may be present as hydroxyls or as protected hydroxyls.
  • the 6- and 7-hydroxyls can be protected individually or they can together be part of a ring.
  • Suitable protecting groups are listed in Greene and Wuts, “rotective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y. (1999).
  • ketones of compound 2, or compounds analogous thereto can be alkylated with a variety of alkylating groups to give steroids of the invention having but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl substitution.
  • alkylation of the 17-ketone 2, with the anion of acetylene generates the 17 ⁇ -ethynyl-17 ⁇ -hydroxyl intermediate 3.
  • Reversal of the stereochemistry of the C17 substituents may be carried out by first forming the methylsulfonate followed by treatment with silver (I) nitrate in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and water. Dehydration of compound 3 using POCl 3 in 2,4lutidine gives compound 4.
  • Tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF removes the tert-butyldinethylsilyl (TBS) protecting group from the 3-hydroxyl to give compound 5.
  • TBS tert-butyldinethylsilyl
  • DIAD diisopropyl azodicarboxylate
  • the ZnN 6 .2py is prepared by the reaction of Zn(NO 3 ) 2 and NaN 3 followed by treatment with pyridine according to the procedure of M. C. Viaud and P. Rollin in Syntdlesis 1990, 130.
  • Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the azide in diethyl ether (Et 2 O) gives the amine 7.
  • Treatment with HCl in THF and water removes the acetonide group and forms the ammonium chloride salt 8.
  • steroids of the invention having allene functionality may be prepared from intermediates analogous to compound 3.
  • Exemplary is the reaction of compound 3 with LiAlH 4 and AlCl 3 in THF to give the allene 9.
  • Tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF removes the protecting group from the 3-hydroxyl to give compound 10.
  • Treatment of the 3 ⁇ -hydroxyl compound 10 with ZnN 6 .2py, triphenylphosphine and DIAD in toluene gives the 3 ⁇ -azido compound 11.
  • Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the azide 11 in Et 2 O gives the amine 12.
  • Treatment with HCl in THF and water removes the acetonide group and forms the ammonium chloride salt 13.
  • compounds of the invention having alkynyl functionality may be prepared from allene intermediates.
  • Exemplary is the treatment of compound 9 with n-BuLi in THF giving the 17 ⁇ -ethynyl compound 14.
  • Tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF removes the protecting group from the 3-hydroxyl to give compound 15.
  • Treatment of the 3 ⁇ -hydroxyl compound 15 with ZnN 6 .2py, triphenylphosphine and DIAD in toluene gives the 3 ⁇ -azido compound 16.
  • Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the azide 16 in Et 2 O gives the amine 17.
  • Treatment with HCl in THF and water removes the acetonide group and forms the ammonium chloride salt 18.
  • steroids of the invention having alkenyl functionality may be prepared from alkyne intermediates.
  • exemplary is the controlled hydrogenation of compound 14 using Pd-CaCO 3 as catalyst to give the alkene 19.
  • Tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF removes the protecting group from the 3-hydroxyl to give compound 20.
  • Treatment of the 3 ⁇ -hydroxyl compound 20 with ZnN 6 .2py, triphenylphosphine and DIAD in toluene gives the 3 ⁇ -azido compound 21.
  • Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the azide 21 in Et 2 O gives the amine 22.
  • Treatment with HCl in THF and water removes the acetonide group and forms the ammonium chloride salt 23.
  • Compound 2 can be used in a multitude of olefination reactions, including Wittig-type reactions to provide compounds of the invention having an exocyclic olefin at C17.
  • Tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF removes the protecting group from the 3-hydroxyl to give compound 25.
  • Treatment of the 3 ⁇ -hydroxyl compound 25 with ZnN 6 .2py, triphenylphosphine and DIAD in toluene gives the 3 ⁇ -azido compound 26.
  • Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the azide 26 in Et 2 O gives the amine 27.
  • Wittig-type reagents such as, but not limited to, methyl-, propyl-, butyl-, pentyl-, or hexyltriphenyiphosphonium bromide
  • Steroids of the invention can contain exocyclic double bonds of E and/or Z geometry.
  • the Z-olefin 24 in cyclohexane may be treated with UV light in the presence of diphenyldisulfide resulting in isomerization to the E-olefin 29.
  • Tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF removes the protecting group from the 3-hydroxyl to give compound 30.
  • Treatment of the 3 ⁇ -hydroxyl compound 30 with ZnN 6 .2py, triphenylphosphine and DIAD in toluene gives the 3 ⁇ -azido compound 31.
  • Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the azide 31 in Et 2 O gives the amine 32.
  • Treatment with HCl in THF and water removes the acetonide group and forms the ammonium chloride salt 33.
  • a multitude of steroids of the invention having functionalized sidechains can be prepared using methods such as Lewis acid promoted couplings to alkehydes and Michael acceptors.
  • compound 24 may be reacted with methyl propiolate in the presence of diethylaluminum chloride to give compound 34.
  • the double bonds may be hydrogenated using a catalyst such as platinum to give compound 35.
  • Tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF removes the protecting group from the 3-hydroxyl to give compound 36.
  • Treatment of the 3 ⁇ -hydroxyl compound 36 with ZnN 6 .2py, triphenylphosphine and DIAD in toluene gives the 3 ⁇ -azido compound 37.
  • Hydrogenation of the azide 37 using a palladium catalyst gives the amine 38.
  • Treatment with HCl in THF and water removes the acetonide group and forms the ammonium chloride salt 39.
  • FIGS. 1A and 1B outline several synthetic pathways that may be employed to prepare 3-amino compounds of the present invention. For instance, reductive amination methods may be used to couple primary (see FIG. 1A) and secondary (see FIG. 1B) amines with aldehydes (RC( ⁇ O)H) and ketones RC( ⁇ O)R′). Although not shown in either of FIGS.
  • compounds having two aldehyde groups i.e., dialdehydes of the general formula HC( ⁇ O)—R—C( ⁇ O)H
  • 3-amino steroids may be reacted with 3-amino steroids to provide steroids having heterocyclic structures at the 3-position.
  • reductive amination methods may be used to couple 3-keto steroids with heterocyclic secondary amines.
  • the present invention provides compounds wherein R 1 and R 2 may, together with the N to which they are both bonded, form a heterocyclic structure that may be part of an organic group having 1-30 carbons and optionally containing 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and silicon.
  • R 1 and R 2 are selected from hydrogen and organic groups having 1-30 carbons and optionally containing 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, and sulfur.
  • Steroids of the invention may have fused heterocycles such as, but not limited to, pyrazole, isoxazole and pyrimidine.
  • compound 43 is an example of a fused pyrazole of the invention, for which the synthesis of the starting material compound 40 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,185.
  • Treatment of compound 40 with ethyl formate in pyridine in the presence of NaOMe gives the hydroxymethylene intermediate 41.
  • Reaction of compound 41 with hydrazine hydrate in EtOH forms the pyrazole compound 42, which upon treatment with tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF gives the compound 43.
  • intermediates such as compound 41 may be converted into isoxazoles of which compound 44 is exemplary.
  • intermediates such as compound 41 may be converted into pyrimidines of which compound 44a is exemplary.
  • R 1 may be a 2 or 3 atom chain to numeral 2 so that —N—R 1 — forms part of a fused bicyclic structure to ring A.
  • a steroid oxime has R 2 as a direct bond to numeral 3, thus providing a double bond between the carbon at numeral 3 and the N, and R 1 is OH.
  • Primary amines may be oxidized to nitro compounds by, for instance, dimethyldioxirane. Thus, R 1 and R 2 may be oxygen. Methods to generate the nitro functionality are described in J. Org. Chem . 1989, 54, 5783.
  • N,N-dimethylhydrazone steroids of the invention in which R 2 is a direct bond to numeral 3 and R 1 is NMe 2 .
  • Treatment of dimethylhydrazone steroids with hydrazine generates hydrazone steroids of the invention.
  • Description of the methods to generate N,N-dimethylhydrazones and hydrazones can be found in J. Org. Chem . 1966, 31, 677.
  • Primary amines may also be reacted by methodology known in the art with sulfonic/sulfuric acids and esters to provide sulfamate compounds, i.e., steroids wherein numeral 3 is bonded to —N—SO 3 —R and R is H or an organic group having 1-30 carbons and optionally containing 1-6 heteroatoms selected from nigrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, and sur.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition (hereinafter, simply referred to as a pharmaceutical composition) containing a compound of formula (1) as described above, in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of formula (1) as described above, in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the invention further provides a composition, preferably a pharmaceutical composition, containing an effective amount of a compound as described above, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • compositions of the present invention may be in any form which allows for the composition to be administered to a patient.
  • the composition may be in the form of a solid, liquid or gas (aerosol).
  • routes of administration include, without limitation, oral, topical, parenteral, sublingual, rectal, vaginal, ocular, and intranasal.
  • parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrastemal injection or infusion techniques.
  • Pharmaceutical composition of the invention are formulated so as to allow the active ingredients contained therein to be bioavailable upon administration of the composition to a patient.
  • Compositions that will be administered to a patient take the form of one or more dosage units, where for example, a tablet may be a single dosage unit, and a container of a compound of formula (1) in aerosol form may hold a plurality of dosage units.
  • compositions should be pharmaceutically pure and non-toxic in the amounts used. It will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art that the optimal dosage of the active ingredient(s) in the pharmaceutical composition will depend on a variety of factors. Relevant factors include, without limitation, the type of subject (e.g., human), the particular form of the active ingredient, the manner of administration and the composition employed.
  • the pharmaceutical composition includes an (where “a” and “an” refers here, and throughout this specification, as one or more) active compound of formula (1) as described herein, in admixture with one or more carriers.
  • the carrier(s) may be particulate, so that the compositions are, for example, in tablet or powder form.
  • the carrier(s) may be liquid, with the compositions being, for example, an oral syrup or injectable liquid.
  • the carrier(s) may be gaseous, so as to provide an aerosol composition useful in, e.g., inhalatory administration.
  • composition When intended for oral administration, the composition is preferably in either solid or liquid form, where semi-solid, semi-liquid, suspension and gel forms are included within the forms considered herein as either solid or liquid.
  • the composition may be formulated into a powder, granule, compressed tablet, pill, capsule, chewing gum, wafer or the like form.
  • a solid composition will typically contain one or more inert diluents or edible carriers.
  • binders such as carboxymethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, or gelatin
  • excipients such as starch, lactose or dextrins, disintegrating agents such as alginic acid, sodium alginate, Primogel, corn starch and the like
  • lubricants such as magnesium stearate or Sterotex
  • glidants such as colloidal silicon dioxide
  • sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin, a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate or orange flavoring, and a coloring agent.
  • composition when in the form of a capsule, e.g. a gelatin capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier such as polyethylene glycol, cyclodextrin or a fatty oil.
  • a liquid carrier such as polyethylene glycol, cyclodextrin or a fatty oil.
  • the composition may be in the form of a liquid, e.g., an elixir, syrup, solution, emulsion or suspension.
  • the liquid may be for oral administration or for delivery by injection, as two examples.
  • preferred composition contain, in addition to the present compounds, one or more of a sweetening agent, preservatives, dye/colorant and flavor enhancer.
  • a surfactant, preservative, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, buffer, stabilizer and isotonic agent may be included.
  • the liquid pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may include one or more of the following adjuvants: sterile diluents such as water for injection, saline solution, preferably physiological saline, Ringer's solution, isotonic sodium chloride, fixed oils such as synthetic mono or digylcerides which may serve as the solvent or suspending medium, polyethylene glycols, glycerin, cyclodextrin, propylene glycol or other solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl paraben; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
  • the parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
  • a liquid composition intended for either parenteral or oral administration should contain an amount of a compound of formula (1) such that a suitable dosage will be obtained. Typically, this amount is at least 0.01% of a compound of the invention in the composition. When intended for oral administration, this amount may be varied to be between 0.1% and about 80% of the weight of the composition.
  • Preferred oral compositions contain between about 4% and about 50% of the active compound of formula (1).
  • Preferred compositions and preparations according to the present invention are prepared so that a parenteral dosage unit contains between 0.01% to 2% by weight of active compound.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be intended for topical administration, in which case the carrier may suitably comprise a solution, emulsion, ointment or gel base.
  • the base for example, may comprise one or more of the following: petrolatum, lanolin, polyethylene glycols, beeswax, mineral oil, diluents such as water and alcohol, and emulsifiers and stabilizers.
  • Thickening agents may be present in a pharmaceutical composition for topical administration.
  • the composition may include a transdermal patch or iontophoresis device.
  • Topical formulations may contain a concentration of the compound of formula (1) of from about 0.1% to about 10% w/v (weight per unit volume).
  • the composition may be intended for rectal administration, in the form, e.g., of a suppository which will melt in the rectum and release the drug.
  • the composition for rectal administration may contain an oleaginous base as a suitable nonirritating excipient.
  • bases include, without limitation, lanolin, cocoa butter and polyethylene glycol.
  • the composition may include various materials which modify the physical form of a solid or liquid dosage unit.
  • the composition may include materials that form a coating shell around the active ingredients.
  • the materials which form the coating shell are typically inert, and may be selected from, for example, sugar, shellac, and other enteric coating agents.
  • the active ingredients may be encased in a gelatin capsule.
  • composition in solid or liquid form may include an agent which binds to the active component(s) and thereby assists in the delivery of the active components.
  • agents which may act in this capacity include a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody, a protein or a liposome.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may consist of gaseous dosage units, e.g., it may be in the form of an aerosol.
  • aerosol is used to denote a variety of systems ranging from those of colloidal nature to systems consisting of pressurized packages. Delivery may be by a liquefied or compressed gas or by a suitable pump system which dispenses the active ingredients. Aerosols of, compounds of the invention may be delivered in single phase, bi-phasic, or tri-phasic systems in order to deliver the active ingredient(s). Delivery of the aerosol includes the necessary container, activators, valves, subcontainers, spacers and the like, which together may form a kit. Preferred aerosols may be determined by one skilled in the art, without undue experimentation.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may contain one or more known pharmacological agents used in the treatment of inflammation (including asthma, allergy, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, etc.), proliferative disorders (cancers), diseases treatable through the regulation of calcium (including hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, etc.), and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
  • inflammation including asthma, allergy, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, etc.
  • cancers proliferative disorders
  • diseases treatable through the regulation of calcium including hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, etc.
  • Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS
  • compositions may be prepared by methodology well known in the pharmaceutical art.
  • a composition intended to be administered by injection can be prepared by combining the compound of formula (1) with water so as to form a solution.
  • a surfactant may be added to facilitate the formation of a homogeneous solution or suspension.
  • Surfactants are compounds that non-covalently interact with the compound of formula (1) so as to facilitate dissolution or homogeneous suspension of the active compound in the aqueous delivery system.
  • the compounds disclosed herein of formula 1, or compositions comprising one of more of these compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient may be used in a method for treating or preventing an inflammatory condition or disease in a patient, where the method comprises administering to the patient in need thereof an amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention, where the amount is effective to treat or prevent the inflammatory condition or disease of the patient.
  • the inflammatory condition or disease may involve respiratory inflammation (e.g., wherein the respiratory disease is asthma, or wherein the respiratory disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; or wherein the respiratory disease is emphysema); the inflammatory condition may be an autoimmune condition or disease: the inflammatory condition or disease may be lupus erythematosus disease; the inflammatory condition or disease may involve acute or chronic inflammation of bone and/or cartilage compartments of joints; the inflammatory condition or disease may be an arthritis selected from rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis or juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; the inflammatory condition or disease may be a central nervous system disease; the condition or disease may be associated with leukocyte infiltration; the condition or disease may be associated with edema; the condition or disease may be associated with ischemia reperfusion injury; the condition or disease may be associated with elevated levels of inflammatory cytolines (e.g., wherein the inflammatory cytokine is interleukin (IL)
  • the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing a disease or condition in a patient, where the disease or condition is associated with pathological conditions that involve leukocyte infiltration, the method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an amount of a compound or a composition of the present invention, wherein the amount is effective to treat or prevent a disease or condition associated with pathological conditions that involve leukocyte infiltration.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing asthma in a patient, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an amount of a compound or composition of the present invention, where the amount is effective to treat or prevent asthma in the patient.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing allergy in a patient, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an amount of a compound or composition of the present invention, where the amount is effective to treat or prevent allergy in the patient.
  • a compound of formula (1); or a composition comprising one or more compounds of formula (1) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient may, although need not, achieve one or more of the following desired results in the subject to whom has been administered a compound of formula (1) as defined above, or a composition containing one of these compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient:
  • lymphocyte ratio e.g., TH1 vs TH2 cells
  • the compounds disclosed herein of formula 1 i.e., compounds of formulae (1), or compounds of the present invention
  • compositions comprising one of more of these compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier diluent or excipient
  • the method comprises administering to the patient in need thereof an amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention, where the amount is effective to treat or prevent the proliferative disorder of the patient.
  • proliferative disorders includes, without limitation, all leukemias and solid tumors that are susceptible to undergoing differentiation or apoptosis upon interruption of their cell cycle.
  • the compounds disclosed herein of formula 1 i.e., compounds of formulae (1), or compounds of the present invention
  • compositions comprising one or more of these compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient, may be used in a method for treating or preventing diseases treatable through regulation of calcium in a patient, where the method comprises administering to the patient in need thereof an amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention, where the amount is effective to treat or prevent the disease of the patient.
  • diseases treatable through regulation of calcium includes, without limitation, cardiac arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, acute coronary syndromes, hypertension, ischemia reperfusion injury, stroke, epilepsy, demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, pain, status epilepticus, artherosclerosis, and diabetes.
  • the compounds disclosed herein of formula 1 i.e., compounds of formulae (1), or compounds of the present invention
  • compositions comprising one or more of these compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient
  • AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes
  • the method comprises administering to the patient in need thereof an amount of a compound or composition according to the present invention, where the amount is effective to treat or prevent the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes of the patient.
  • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes through infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 includes, without limitation, associated complications such as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex, and neuro-Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes.
  • the inventive method may be used to treat inflammation, including both acute and chronic inflammation, as well as certain proliferative disorders (cancers), diseases treatable through regulation of calcium, and AIDS.
  • inflammation includes, without limitation, ankylosing spondylitis, arthritis (where this term encompasses over 100 kinds of rheumatic diseases), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, allergy, allergic rhinitis, Crohn's disease, fibromyalgia syndrome, gout, inflammations of the brain (including multiple sclerosis, AIDS dementia, Lyme encephalopathy, herpes encephalitis, Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, and cerebral toxoplasmosis), emphysema, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, ischemia-reperfusion injury, atopic dermatitis, juvenile erythematosus pulmonary sarcoidosis, Kawasaki disease, osteoarthritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ps
  • the inventive method provides for administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (1), including salts, compositions etc. thereof
  • a therapeutically effective amount will depend on the route of administration, the type of warm-blooded animal being treated, and the physical characteristics of the specific warm-blooded animal under consideration. These factors and their relationship to determining this amount are well known to skilled practitioners in the medical arts. This amount and the method of administration can be tailored to achieve optimal efficacy but will depend on such factors as weight, diet, concurrent medication and other factors that those skilled in the medical arts will recognize.
  • An effective amount of a compound or composition of the present invention will be sufficient to treat inflammation, proliferative diseases, diseases treatable by regulation of calcium, or AIDS, in a warm-blooded animal, such as a human.
  • Methods of administering effective amounts of anti-inflammatory agents are well known in the art and include the administration of inhalation, oral or parenteral forms.
  • dosage forms include, but are not limited to, parenteral solutions, tablets, capsules, sustained release implants and transdermal delivery systems; or inhalation dosage systems employing dry powder inhalers or pressurized multi-dose inhalation devices.
  • the dosage amount and frequency are selected to create an effective level of the agent without harmful effects. It will generally range from a dosage of about 0.001 to 100 mg/Kg/day, and typically from about 0.01 to 10 mg/Kg/day where administered orally or intravenously. Also, the dosage range will be typically from about 0.0001 to 10 mg/Kg/day where administered intranasally or by inhalation.
  • flash chromatography and column chromatography may be accomplished using Merck silica gel 60 (230-400 mesh). Flash chromatography may be carried out according to the procedure set forth in: “Purification of Laboratory Chemicals”, 3rd. edition, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., Oxford (1988), Eds. D. D. Perrin and W. L. F. Armarego, page 23. Column chromatography refers to the process whereby the flow rate of eluent through a pacling material is determined by gravity. In all cases flash chromatography and radial chromatography may be used interchangeably. Radial chromatography is performed using silica gel on a Chromatotron Model #7924T (Harrison Research, Palo Alto, Calif.). Unless otherwise stated, quoted R f values are obtained by thin layer chromatography using Silica Gel 60 F 254 (Merck KGaA, 64271, Darmstadt, Germany). Brine refers to a saturated solution of sodium chloride.
  • MP-TsOH resin, PS-DIEA resin, PS-Trisamine resin and PS-Benzaldehyde resin were obtained from Argonaut Technologies (San Carlos, Calif., www.argotech.com). Gases were obtained from Praxair (Vancouver, B.C.). Cell lines, unless otherwise stated, where obtained from public or commercial sources, e.g., American Tissue Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, Md.).
  • Compound 49 a representative compound of the invention, is prepared according to Scheme 1. Any number of compounds related to compound 49 could be produced using similar methodology.
  • the starting material compound 45 can be prepared according to the methodology described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,185. Olefination of the ketone 45 is accomplished using ethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide and KO t Bu in toluene. Treatment of the 3 ⁇ -hydroxyl compound 46 with ZnN 6 .2py, triphenylphosphine and DIAD in toluene produced the 3 ⁇ -azido compound 47. Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the azide in Et 2 O provided the amine 48. Treatment with HCl in THF and water removes the acetonide group and forms the ammonium chloride salt 49.
  • DIAD (0.44 ml, 2.14 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 minutes to a room temperature solution of the 3 ⁇ -hydroxy compound 46 (400 mg, 1.07 mmol), ZnN 6 .2py (246 mg, 0.80 mmol), Ph 3 P (560 mg, 2.14 mmol) and toluene (10.7 ml) under argon. After 4 hours the reaction mixture was loaded onto a column of silica gel packed in 10% ethyl acetate/hexanes and eluted with 20% ethyl acetate/hexanes to afford 422 mg (99%) of compound 47 as a white solid.
  • Lithium aluminum hydride (42 mg, 1.04 mmol) was added to an ice cooled solution of the azide 47 (415 mg, 1.04 mmol) in 5.2 ml of Et 2 O under argon. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 2 hours the solution was cooled in ice, diluted with 25 ml of diethyl ether and slowly quenched with 2 ml of saturated Na 2 SO 4 solution. After 10 minutes a white precipitate had formed and the solution was diluted with 50 ml of ethyl acetate, washed with 3 ⁇ 10 ml of brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated.
  • the crude material was purified using a column of silica gel prepared by packing in 1% Et 3 N/CH 2 Cl 2 and washing with 5% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 .
  • the crude material was loaded in CH 2 Cl 2 , eluted with 5% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 and then 95:5:2 CH 2 Cl 2 :MeOH:Et 3 N to give a white foam which was shown by 1 H nmr to contain a trace of Et 3 N.
  • the material was taken up in 50 ml of hexanes, washed with 2 ⁇ 20 ml of brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated to give 322 mg (83%) of compound 48 as a white foam.
  • DIAD (0.85 ml, 4.10 mmol) was added dropwise over 15 minutes to a room temperature solution of the 30-hydroxyl compound 50 (739 mg, 2.05 mmol), ZnN 6 .2py (473 mg, 1.54 mmol), Ph 3 P (1.075 g, 4.10 mmol) and toluene (20 ml) under argon. After 4 hours the reaction mixture was loaded onto a column of silica gel packed in 10% ethyl acetate/hexanes and eluted with 20% ethyl acetate/hexanes to afford 743 mg (94%) of compound 51 as a white foam.
  • Lithium aluminum hydride (77 mg, 1.93 mmol) was added to an ice cooled solution of the 3 ⁇ -azide 51 in 5 ml of THF and 5 ml of diethyl ether under argon. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature. After 4 hours the solution was cooled in ice, diluted with 25 ml of diethyl ether and slowly quenched with 5 ml of saturated Na 2 SO 4 solution. After 10 minutes a white precipitate had formed and the solution was diluted with 50 ml of ethyl acetate, washed with 3 ⁇ 10 ml of brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated.
  • the crude material was purified using a column of silica gel prepared by packing in 1% Et 3 N/CH 2 Cl 2 and washing with 5% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 .
  • the crude material was loaded in CH 2 Cl 2 , eluted with 5% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 and then 95:5:2 CH 2 Cl 2 :MeOH:Et 3 N to give 636 mg (92%) of compound 52 as &white solid.
  • DIAD (2.4 ml, 11.6 mmol) was added dropwise over 20 minutes to a room temperature solution of the 3 ⁇ -hydroxyl compound 45 (2.108 g, 5.81 mmol), ZnN 6 .2py (1.34 g, 4.36 mmol), Ph 3 P (3.05 g, 11.6 mmol) and toluene (58 ml) under argon. After being allowed to react overnight, the reaction mixture was loaded onto a column of silica gel and eluted with 20% ethyl acetate/hexanes to afford 1.14 g (50%) of compound 55 as a white foam.
  • Halogenated analogues related to compound 49 can be prepared using halogenated olefination reagents.
  • Scheme 4 outlines the synthesis of the 20-fluoro analogue 64.
  • the hydroxyl in compound 45 was protected by treatment with tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride and imidazole in dimethylformamide (DMF).
  • Olefination of the ketone 57 using the anion of triethyl 2-fluoro-2-phosphonoacetate gives a mixture of compound 58 and its geometric isomer.
  • the compounds are separable using silica gel chromatography. Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the ester in Et 2 O gave the allylic alcohol 59.
  • DIAD (0.33 ml, 1.59 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 minutes to a room temperature solution of the 3 ⁇ -alcohol 61 (312 mg, 0.796 mmol), ZnN 6 .2py (183 mg, 0.597 mmol), Ph 3 P (417 mg, 1.59 mmol) and toluene (8.0 ml) under argon. After 3 hours the reaction mixture was loaded onto a column of silica gel packed in 10% EtOAc/hexanes and eluted with 20% EtOAc/hexanes to afford 322 mg (97%) of compound 62 as a crystalline solid.
  • Lithium aluminum hydride (29 mg, 0.75 mmol) was added to an ice cooled solution of the azide 62 (314 mg, 0.753 mmol) in 7.5 ml of Et 2 O under argon. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature while stirring overnight. The solution was cooled in ice and slowly quenched with 10 ml of saturated Na 2 SO 4 solution. After 10 minutes a white precipitate had formed and the solution was diluted with 75 ml of EtOAc, washed with 20 ml of water and 2 ⁇ 20 ml of brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated.
  • the crude material was purified using a column of silica gel prepared by packing in 1% Et 3 N/CH 2 Cl 2 and washing with 5% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 .
  • the crude material was loaded in CH 2 Cl 2 , eluted with 5% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 and then 95:5:2 CH 2 Cl 2 :MeOH:Et 3 N to give a white solid.
  • 1 H NMR analysis indicated the material contained a trace of Et 3 N therefore the material was taken up in 75 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 and washed with 2 ⁇ 25 ml of water, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated to give 137 mg (47%) of compound 63 as a colorless film.
  • Olefination of compounds related to compound 57 can also be carried out to generate 21-carboalkoxy substituted analogues.
  • Scheme 5 shows the synthesis of the 21-carbomethoxy substituted example compound 69.
  • Olefination of the ketone 57 using the anion of trimethyl 2-phosphonoacetate gives a mixture of compound 65 and its geometric isomer.
  • the compounds are separable using silica gel chromatography. Tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF removes the protecting group from the 3-hydroxyl to give compound 66.
  • Azidation using ZnN 6 .2py, PPh 3 and DIAD in toluene gave the 3 ⁇ -azido compound 67.
  • Hydrogenation of the azide, using Pd on carbon as catalyst gave the 3 ⁇ -amine 68.
  • Treatment with 80% acetic acid deprotected the 6- and 7-hydroxyls and formed the ammonium acetate salt 69.
  • DIAD (252 ⁇ l, 1.28 mmol) was added dropwise to a room temperature solution of the 3 ⁇ -alcohol 66 (230 mg, 0.55 mmol), ZnN 6 .2py (147 mg, 0.48 mmol), Ph 3 P (335 mg, 1.28 mmol) and toluene (6.4 ml) under argon. After 2 hours the reaction mixture was purified by radial chromatography, eluting with 15% EtOAc/hexanes to afford 203 mg (84%) of compound 67.
  • Analogous methodology can be used to obtain compounds with different functionalities at C17.
  • a 17-ketone substituted compound is obtained by treatment of compound 56 with 80% acetic acid to give 3 ⁇ -amino-6 ⁇ ,7 ⁇ -dihydroxyandrostan-17-one acetic acid salt (70) (see Table 2).
  • 17-Hydroxyl substituted analogues can be prepared from ketones related to compound 56 as shown in Scheme 6.
  • the carbonyl in compound 56 was reduced with NaBH 4 in methanol to give exclusively the 17 ⁇ -hydroxyl isomer 71.
  • Treatment with 80% acetic acid removed the acetonide protecting group and formed the ammonium acetate salt 72.
  • the 6- and 7-hydroxyls can be protected using a variety of protecting groups. Suitable protecting groups are listed in Greene and Wuts, “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y. (1999).
  • Scheme 7 shows examples of analogues that have been synthesized with the 6- and 7-hydroxyls protected as methyl ethers.
  • the starting material compound 73 for the synthesis is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,185. Generation of the dianion of compound 73 using NaH in dimethylformamide followed by alkylation with methyl iodide gave compound 74.
  • DIAD (1.05 ml, 5.08 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 minutes to a room temperature solution of the 3 ⁇ -alcohol 76 (885 mg, 2.54 mmol), ZnN 6 .2py (585 mg, 1.90 mmol), Ph 3 P (1.33 g, 5.08 mmol) and toluene (25 ml) under argon. After 11 hours the reaction mixture was purified by column chromatography eluting with 15% EtOAc/hexanes to afford 594 mg (63%) of compound 77 as a crystalline solid.
  • the stereochemistry at C3 can be inverted to give 3 ⁇ -ammonium salt derivatives of any number of compounds related to compound 49.
  • the stereochemistry at C3 can be inverted in 3 synthetic steps as shown in Scheme 8 for the synthesis of compounds 28 and 83.
  • the 3 ⁇ -hydroxyl compound 46 is converted to the 3 ⁇ -mesylate 81 using methanesulfonyl chloride and pyridine. Heating compound 81 and cesium acetate in 100° C. DMF gives the 3 ⁇ -acetate compound 82.
  • the inversion sequence is completed by methanolysis of the acetate in compound 82 using sodium methoxide to give the 3 ⁇ -hydroxyl compound 25.
  • DIAD (1.70 ml, 8.24 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 minutes to a room temperature solution of the 3 ⁇ -alcohol 25 (1.54 g, 4.12 mmol), ZnN 6 .2py (0.94 g, 3.09 mmol), Ph 3 P (2.16 g, 8.24 mmol) and toluene (44 ml) under argon. After stirring overnight, the reaction mixture was loaded onto a column of silica gel packed in 10% EtOAc/hexanes and eluted with 10% EtOAc/hexanes to afford 0.89 g (61%) of compound 26 as a white solid.
  • DIAD (0.57 ml, 2.74 mmol) was added dropwise over 15 minutes to a room temperature solution of the 3 ⁇ -hydroxy compound 86 (493 mg, 1.37 mmol), ZnN 6 .2py (315 mg, 1.03 mmol), Ph 3 P (718 mg, 2.74 mmol) and toluene (13.7 ml) under argon. After 3.5 hours the reaction mixture was loaded onto a column of silica gel packed in 10% ethyl acetate/hexanes and eluted with 10% ethyl acetate/hexanes to afford 390 mg (74%) of compound 87 as a viscous oil.
  • the crude material was purified using a column of silica gel prepared by packing in 1% Et 3 N/CH 2 Cl 2 and washing with 5% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 .
  • the crude material was loaded in CH 2 Cl 2 , eluted with 5% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 and then 95:5:2 CH 2 Cl 2 :MeOH:Et 3 N to give 277 mg (76%) of compound 88 as a white solid.
  • DIAD (0.26 ml, 1.24 mmol) was added dropwise over 10 minutes to a room temperature solution of the 3 ⁇ -alcohol 92 (243 mg, 0.620 mmol), ZnN 6 .2py (143 mg, 0.465 mmol), Ph 3 P (325 mg, 1.24 mmol) and toluene (6.2 ml) under argon. After 4 hours the reaction mixture was loaded onto a column of silica gel packed in 10% EtOAc/hexanes and eluted with 20% EtOAc/hexanes to afford 209 mg of impure compound 93 as a yellow oil.
  • the crude material was chromatographed using a column of silica gel prepared by packing in 1% Et 3 N/CH 2 Cl 2 and washing with 5% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 .
  • the crude material was loaded in CH 2 Cl 2 , eluted with 5% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 and then 95:5:2 CH 2 Cl 2 :MeOH:Et 3 N to give 97 mg of impure compound 94 as a white solid.
  • Any compounds having the 17(20)-alkenyl functionality can have the double bond hydrogenated using H 2 in the presence of a catalyst such as 10% Pd on carbon.
  • a catalyst such as 10% Pd on carbon.
  • compound 96 has been prepared from compound 28 as shown in Scheme 9.
  • compound 97 was prepared from compound 49 using the same methodology as shown in Scheme 9 (see Table 2).
  • Any amine related to compound 52 can be coupled to an aldehyde or ketone to prepare secondary or tertiary amines.
  • Reaction of compound 52 with a solution of 4-isopropylbenzaldehyde and titanium isopropoxide in THF followed by reduction with sodium borohydride gives compound 99.
  • Treatment with 80% acetic acid removes the acetonide group and forms the ammonium acetate salt 100.
  • Example compounds 101-107 were synthesized using the methods outlined in Scheme 10 (see Table 6).
  • Titanium(IV) isopropoxide 120 ⁇ l, 0.42 mmol was added to a room temperature solution of the amine 52 (100 mg, 0.28 mmol), 4-isopropylbenzaldehyde (46 ⁇ l, 0.31 mmol) and 1.4 ml of THF under nitrogen. After 12 hours a solution of NaBH 4 (29 mg, 0.78 mmol) in 1 ml of EtOH was added and the reaction was continued for another 8 hours. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 3 ml of brine, diluted with 30 ml of EtOAc, separated, washed with 10 ml of brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated. Purification using radial chromatography afforded 50 mg (36%) of compound 99.
  • Any ketone related to compound 108 may be coupled to an amine using the methodology shown in Scheme 11.
  • the starting material compound 108 for the synthesis is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,185.
  • Reaction of compound 108 with piperidine and sodium cyanoborohydride in methanol gave compound 109 as a mixture of isomers at C3.
  • Treatment with 80% acetic acid removed the acetonide protecting group and formed the ammonium acetate salt 110.
  • Example compound 111 was synthesized using the methods outlined in Scheme 11, except hydrochloric acid is used in place of acetic acid (see Table5).
  • a 3-cycloamino group is a group attached to the 3-position, where the carbon at the 3-position is attached directly to a nitrogen, and this nitrogen is part of a heterocyclic ring.
  • Any ketone related to compound 108 can be coupled to an amine using the methodology shown in Scheme 12. Methylamine is added to a solution of compound 108 and titanium isopropoxide in THF, followed by reduction with sodium borohydride. The solution is filtered and eluted through MP-TsOH resin to give compound 112, as a mixture of isomers at C3. Treatment with HCl in acetonitrile and water formed the ammonium chloride salt 113.
  • Example compounds 114-129 were synthesized using the methods outlined in Scheme 12, except that acetic acid was used in place of hydrochloric acid for the examples in which ammonium acetate salts were formed (see Table 5).
  • Titanium(IV) isopropoxide (270 ⁇ l, 0.92 mmol) was added to a room temperature solution of the ketone 108 (250 mg, 0.67 mmol), methylamine hydrochloride (41 mg, 0.61 mmol) and 1.5 ml of THF under nitrogen. After 12 hours a solution of NaBH 4 (65 mg, 1.7 mmol) in 2.3 ml of EtOH was added and the reaction was continued for another 10 hours. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 0.5 ml of water and filtered to remove a white precipitate.
  • Amide and sulfonamide analogues can be prepared from any amine related to compound 52.
  • Scheme 13 shows the synthesis of the amide 131. Acetylation of the amine 52 in CH 2 Cl 2 , using acetyl chloride using acetyl chloride and resin bound diethylamine gave the amide 130. Treatment with 80% acetic acid removed the acetonide group giving the dihydroxyamide 131.
  • Scheme 14 shows the synthesis of the amide 135. Reaction of the amine 83 with triethylamine and a water soluble version of biotin ester N-hydroxysuccinimide in methanol and water gave the biotinylated amide analogue 135.
  • Any of the amines related to compound 52 can be reacted with isocyanates or isothiocyanates to give compounds having urea or thiourea functionalities.
  • Compounds 136, 137 and 138 are examples of ureas that were synthesized using the methods shown in Scheme 15 (see Table 3).
  • Any compounds related to compounds 88 or 89 can undergo rearrangement using the method shown in Scheme 16.
  • Treatment of compound 88 with a 50° C. solution of hydrochloric acid in methanol and water removed the acetonide protecting group, facilitated migration of the 18-methyl group to C17, and formed the ammonium chloride salt 139.
  • Treatment of compound 89 with the same conditions also gave compound 139.
  • Example compounds 140-148 were synthesized using the method shown in Scheme 16 (see Table 4).
  • Titanium(IV) isopropoxide (270 ⁇ l, 0.92 mmol) was added to a room temperature solution of the ketone 108 (250 mg, 0.67 mmol), aniline (56 ⁇ l, 0.61 mmol) and 1.5 ml of THF under argon. After 12 hours a solution of NaBH 4 (65 mg, 1.7 mmol) in 2.3 ml of EtOH was added and the reaction was continued for another 8 hours. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 0.5 ml of water and filtered to remove a white precipitate.
  • Titanium(W) isopropoxide (216 ⁇ l, 0.73 mmol) was added to a room temperature solution of the ketone 108 (200 mg, 0.54 mmol), benzylamine (53 ⁇ l, 0.49 mmol) and 1.2 ml of THF under argon. After 12 hours a solution of NaBH 4 (52 mg, 1.4 mmol) in 1.7 ml of EtOH was added and the reaction was continued for another 6 hours. The reaction was quenched by the addition of 1 ml of water and filtered to remove a white precipitate.
  • mice Male Brown Norway rats are sensitized to ovalbumin by single intraperitoneal injection of 1 mg ovalbumin adsorbed to 100 mg AM(OH) 3 (alum) in 1 ml sterile saline (saline control rats receive only sterile saline) on day 1, and allowed to sensitize until day 21.
  • Rats are challenged with 0.5% ovalbumin in saline generated using a Devillbis nebulizer for 60 min on day 21.
  • Tables 7 and 8 The protective effects of the various test compounds on allergen induced lung inflammation are summarized in Tables 7 and 8.
  • the dose response activity of select compounds is shown in Table 9.
  • Test compound was administered in 300 ⁇ l corn oil (Tables 7 and 8) or water (Table 9), which were used as vehicles.
  • Control animals received 300 ⁇ l corn oil or water alone, i.e., no drug.
  • Values in Tables 7, 8, and 9 represent percent inhibition of leukocyte accumulation relative to control animals. A negative value in Table 7, 8, or 9 indicates an exacerbation of the effect over the control animal.
  • mice A number of mice are uniquely identified by placing a mark with an indelible marker on their tail. Mice are dosed orally with 15 mg/kg test compound in 100 ⁇ l of 45% ⁇ -cyclodextrin in saline. Mice are briefly anaesthesized with 2% halothane, and 2 ⁇ g of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in 25 ⁇ l of acetone is applied to the inner and outer sides of the left ear of the mouse. Acetone is applied to the right ear of the mouse in the same manner to serve as a vehicle control. Control animals receive the same treatment but without any test compound.
  • mice are sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and a standard sized biopsy is excised from the ears and weighed to the nearest ⁇ fraction (1/10) ⁇ th of a mg. Data are analyzed by taking the difference of each left ear from the right ear, and then calculating the % inhibition of edema by (((mean Rx/mean irritant)) ⁇ 100)-100.
  • the compounds of the present invention demonstrate protective effects on irritant induced mouse ear edema.
  • compound 83 inhibits irritant-induced mouse ear edema by 38% compared to control animals.
  • the anti-allergic effects of a compound of the present invention was evaluated by measuring its effect on antigen-induced secretion of hexosaminidase from a passively sensitized rat mast cell line.
  • the ability of a test compound to inhibit the release of mast cell granule contents, e.g., histamine and hexosaminidase is indicative of the anti-allergy and/or anti-asthma activity of the compound.
  • Hexosaminidase is released from the mast cell granule along with histamine and other mediators during antigen challenge. The test is performed as follows.
  • RBL-2H3 cells are grown in culture and passively sensitized for 1 hour at 37° C. to dinitrophenol (DNP) using anti-human-DNP (IgE). Cells are incubated with test compound for 30 minutes at 37° C. and stimulated with 0.5 ⁇ g/ml DNP-HSA (antigen) for 30 minutes. Aliquots of the supernatant are removed and used to measure the amount of hexosaminidase released during challenge with the antigen.
  • DNP dinitrophenol
  • IgE anti-human-DNP
  • the amount of hexosaminidase present in the supernatant is determined colorimetrically by monitoring the enzymatic metabolism of p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl- ⁇ -D-glucosaminide (p-NAG) over a period of 60 minutes at 405 nm.
  • the effect of each test compound is determined as a percentage of the antigen-induced response (minus background release) obtained in the presence of DMSO alone. These values are used to determine the degrees of inhibition of antigen-induced hexosaminidase release from the cells.
  • the compounds of the present invention demonstrate the ability to inhibit hexosaminidase release in response to antigen stimulation.
  • Compounds were tested at 0.3, 3, 10 and 30 ⁇ M, and the IC 50 calculated. This data is summarized in Tables 1-6.
  • compound 119 at 6.1 ⁇ M inhibits hexosaminidase release by 50% in response to antigen stimulus.
  • test compound can be often directly related to its metabolic stability in vivo.
  • the majority of known, marketed drugs are metabolized by a group of enzymes known as P450 enzymes.
  • P450 enzymes The S9 fraction of human liver contains all the P450 enzymes and also cytoplasmic enzymes that may be involved in the metabolism of new chemical entities. Metabolism in vitro using human S9 fractions is a standard assay to evaluate relative metabolic stability of new compounds. The test is performed as follows.
  • Reagents are thawed on ice and combined to make up a Master Mix as follows: Potassium phosphate (100 mM, pH 7), G6P (0.25 mM), G6PDH (2 U/ml), NADPH (1 mM), UDP (0.25 mM), APPS (0.25 mM), and S9 fraction (2 mg/ml).
  • a volume of 498 ⁇ l of the Master mix is dispensed into each microcentrifuge tube.
  • a volume of 2 ⁇ l of 2.5 mM test compound final concentration of 10 ⁇ M is dispensed into the center of the lid of the appropriate tube, and the lids gently closed to prevent mixing.
  • Synchronous combination of test compound and master mix is achieved by simultaneous ten times inversion of the tubes, which are then incubated at 37° C. and shaken at 150 rpm for the appropriate incubation times. While incubation is in progress, all 0 time samples are mixed individually by three times inversion followed by the immediate addition of 500 ⁇ l ice cold acetonitrile with three times inversion to stop the reaction. Immediately after each 15 minutes and 30 minutes incubation is complete, ice cold acetonitrile is added to each tube and the tubes mixed by three times inversion. All sample tubes are incubated at ⁇ 80° C. for a minimum of 15 minutes, thawed and remixed by inversion.
  • Compounds of the present invention exhibit good water solubility.
  • compound 83 is soluble in water at 225 mg/ml.
  • Compound 83 substituted with a hydroxyl at C3 has a solubility in water of less than 60 ⁇ g/ml.
  • Compounds 28 and 89 have solubilities at room temperature of ⁇ 30 mg/ml, which can be significantly increased by heating. This unexpected finding indicates that these 3-amino compounds should be readily formulated into therapeutic compositions.
  • Elevation of cytoplasmic calcium concentration is a common and crucial event which follows the activation of many types of cell surface receptors.
  • Increases in intracellular calcium that occur following agonist activation of inositol lipid hydrolysis are the results of calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum and the influx of calcium through the plasma membrane.
  • Increases in cytosolic calcium concentration are involved in many important cellular responses in the inflammatory process including adhesion, motility, gene expression, proliferation, and degranulation. Changes in intracellular calcium concentrations can affect both short and long term cellular responses.
  • An assay method to evaluate a test compound's impact on calcium flux is provided as follows.
  • Jurkat clone E6.1 cells grown in RPMI medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 2 mM L-Glutamine are transferred to 50 mL conical tubes and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 900 RPM to form a cell pellet. The resulting supernatants are discarded and each pellet is washed in 10 mL HBSS. Cell suspensions are accumulated and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 900 RPM to form a cell pellet. The resulting supernatant is discarded and the pellet is resuspended in HBSS at 1 ⁇ 10 7 cells/mL. The cell suspension is transferred to a 20 mm petri dish and incubated at 37° C., 5% CO 2 for 20 minutes.
  • Fura 2AM is mixed to one volume of detergent Pluronic F127.
  • Cells are labeled with 4 ⁇ L of probe solution to each mL of cell suspension.
  • the petri dish is wrapped in aluminum foil to protect from light and placed on a plate shaker for 30 minutes at room temperature.
  • the following steps are done in the laminar flow hood with the fluorescent lights turned off.
  • the petri dish is removed from the shaker and the labeled cell suspension is transferred to a 15 mL conical tube and washed twice with HBSS as above.
  • the cell pellet is resuspended in 12 mL HBSS and left wrapped in foil for 30 minutes at room temperature.
  • the labeled cell suspension is aliquoted (100 ⁇ L/well) into a Dynex 96 well white opaque tissue culture plate. 50 ⁇ L of each test sample is added to appropriate wells and are incubated together for 10 minutes at 37° C. in the Wallac 1920 VictorTM plate reader (test samples are prepared in HBSS at 20 mM, final concentration is 20 ⁇ M).
  • Test samples and activator (anti-CD3 mAb at final concentration of 4 ⁇ g/mL, PharMingen) are added manually (50 ⁇ L), such that the minimum time to acquire the first data point after stimulation is approximately 30 seconds.
  • the calcium influx response to anti-CD3 mAb is measured as an “end point” assay. The entire plate is read in 100 seconds using a kinetic of 1 second per well.
  • the plate is read before the addition of anti-CD3 to monitor non-specific effect of samples/drugs. Fluorescence emission is measured at 510 nm with excitation alternating between 340 and 380 every second using an excitation/emission filter pair. Data from these dual wavelengths are represented as a ratio of 2 excitations wavelengths. This ratio is independent of intracellular dye and cell concentrations, enabling real comparison between experiments.
  • Cam-Hartley guinea pigs were sensitized to ovalbumin (OA) in groups of 5-6 by exposure to an aerosolized solution of 1% OA in saline for 15 min on 2 consecutive days via a DeVilbiss nebulizer, with an additional single intradermal injection of 3 ⁇ g OA in saline on Day 1. Animals were found to be at peak sensitivity to the antigen approximately 14 days after the initial exposure. On Day 14, the animals were initially anaesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg i.p.) and xylazine (10 mg/kg i.p.), weighed, and then maintained on 1% halothane delivered via a nose cone.
  • ketamine 50 mg/kg i.p.
  • xylazine 10 mg/kg i.p.
  • the left carotid artery was cannulated with PE90 tubing containing 200 U/ml heparin in saline.
  • a tracheostomy was performed and a fluid-filled cannula (PE 160) was inserted approximately 7 cm into the esophagus.
  • the animal was positioned in a plethysmograph and the trachea attached to a fixed stainless steel tracheal tube in the body box.
  • the carotid cannula was attached to a pressure transducer for monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate.
  • the guinea pig was paralyzed with pancuronium bromide (0.8 mg/kg) and ventilated with air at a frequency of 60 Hz and tidal volume of 3 ml using a Harvard small animal ventilator.
  • Test compounds were administered under light halothane anesthesia by oral gavage (0.1-1.0 mg/kg/day q.d.) in 300 ⁇ l polyethylene glycol-200 for 4 days prior to challenge with the final dose administered 2 hours prior to antigen challenge.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 The protective effects of select test compounds on allergen induced bronchoconstriction are summarized in FIGS. 4 and 5.
  • the duration of activity of Compound 89 is shown in FIGS. 6 and 7.
  • Data is presented as mean ⁇ standard error of the mean.
  • the inhibition of the bronchoconstriction by the test compounds would be beneficial in any disease where acute smooth muscle constriction in response to allergen challenge is manifest, such as asthma and allergy.

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