Classifications

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  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
  • A61K9/0024—Solid, semi-solid or solidifying implants, which are implanted or injected in body tissue
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/20—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7088—Compounds having three or more nucleosides or nucleotides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
  • A61K47/12—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
  • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/2013—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/4841—Filling excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/4858—Organic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
  • A61P7/04—Antihaemorrhagics; Procoagulants; Haemostatic agents; Antifibrinolytic agents
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  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
  • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
  • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
  • C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
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  • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
  • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
  • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
  • C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
  • C12N15/1136—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against growth factors, growth regulators, cytokines, lymphokines or hormones
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
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  • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
  • C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
  • C12N2310/32—Chemical structure of the sugar
  • C12N2310/321—2'-O-R Modification

Definitions

• the present invention relates to permeation enhancers that are useful in the administration of a drug.
• Drug delivery systems generally involve a permeation step followed by absorption into the circulatory system.
• a drug can be applied through the skin by use of a transdermal patch which comprises a drug and a film or fabric and which is adhered to the outer skin of the patient.
• Drugs may also be delivered across a mucous membrane or other cellular membrane (collectively “transmucosal”), for example, by: (A) aerosol delivery of the drug to the nose or lungs; (B) oral ingestion of the drug followed by permeation through the gastrointestinal wall; and (C) the dissolution of lozenges or pills held between the cheek and gum or under the tongue followed by transport through the membranes of the mouth.
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,854,281 (Uekama, et al.) teaches the use of straight chain fatty acids, salts, and esters thereof to enhance the percutaneous permeability of prostaglandin.
• U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,952,000 and 5,912,009 disclose drug delivery systems that are enhanced by the presence of a fatty acid ester of lactic acid (or salts thereof) and a fatty acid ester (or salts thereof) of glycolic acid respectively.
• the use of glycerides of fatty acids to enhance the skin permeation of a biologically active pergolide is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
• U.S. Pat. No. 4,789,547 teaches the enhancement of drug permeation through the skin by a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid in a solvent such as propylene glycol.
• Published PCT application WO00/22909 discloses oral delivery systems for pharmaceutical or other biologically active substances wherein the pharmaceutical or other substance is coated or complexed with a carboxylic acid to enable the substance to transit the stomach and to be absorbed in the intestine.
• the coating or complexing is achieved by means of co-precipitation from an acidic solution of the active substance and carboxylic acid, which is described as having from nine to 30 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic structure and further substituted or unsubstituted with functional groups such as steroid rings, phenyl groups and the like.
• WO00/22909 discloses specific examples of complexes formed from the straight chain, saturated or unsaturated or steroidal carboxylic acids, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, oleic acid. palmitoleic acid, ricinoleic acid and fusidic acid.
• the present invention relates to the provision of a class of compounds that enhance the permeation of antisense oligonucleotides for delivery to a patient.
• composition comprising an antisense compound and a compound which is effective in enhancing the bioavailability of said antisense compound and which comprises a multi-carbon backbone having a functional group and also one or more side chains which have one or more carbon atoms and, optionally, one or more functional groups.
• a preferred class of bioavailability-enhancing compounds comprises a compound of Formula I below.
• R 1 and R 2 are independently
• the antisense compound comprises an antisense oligonucleotide.
• the antisense oligonucleotide comprises a modification selected from the group consisting of base modifications, internucleotide linkage modifications and sugar moiety modifications.
• the antisense oligonucleotide has a modified sugar moiety wherein the modification is a 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) modification.
• the enhancer comprises a compound in which Q is partially or completely neutralized —COOH.
• Another aspect of the present invention includes a method of treating a condition in a patient comprising administering to the patient a composition which comprises an antisense oligonucleotide in a pharmaceutically effective amount and a permeation enhancer of Formula I above in an enhancing-effective amount.
• a particular advantage of the present invention is that it provides to the medical and pharmaceutical professions a compound that enhances the permeation of an antisense oligonucleotide into and through the intestinal barrier of a subject.
• the composition of the present invention comprises an antisense compound, a compound that is characterized herein as a permeation enhancer, and, optionally, a vehicle.
• a permeation enhancer from among the compounds represented by Formula I, consideration is given to both the nature of the antisense compound employed and to the tendency of the target membrane or skin to absorb the antisense compound.
• the compounds of Formula I comprise a multi-carbon backbone having a functional group and also a side chain(s) which has one or more carbon atoms and, optionally, one or more functional groups.
• the compounds are therefore distinguished from the straight chain carboxylic acids reported in the literature as having permeation enhancer properties.
• Each of R 1 and R 2 of Formula I represents an unsubstituted alkyl or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 1 to about 12 carbon atoms or a substituted alkyl or substituted alkenyl group having 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, or one of R 1 or R 2 can be a substituted alkyl or substituted alkenyl group having 1 to about 12 carbon atoms and the other an unsubstituted alkyl or unsubstituted alkenyl group.
• Each of R 1 and R 2 of Formula I may be a straight chain, branched, or cyclo-aliphatic group.
• one of R 1 or R 2 can be an alkyl group and the other an alkenyl group.
• alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, and dodecyl.
• the alkyl group has at least about 4 to about 12 carbon atoms.
• alkenyl groups are octenyl, pentenyl, and dodecenyl.
• the alkenyl group has at least about 4 to about 12 carbon atoms.
• the sum of the carbon atoms in R 1 and R 2 is at least about 16.
• R 1 is alkyl and R 2 is alkyl.
• R 1 and/or R 2 includes a substituted alkyl or substituted alkenyl group, it is preferred that the substituent thereof is a hydroxyl group.
• enhancer compounds useful in the present invention can include a partially or completely neutralized —COOH or —SO 3 H group.
• neutralized means the reaction product of the carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid with a base that is present in an amount sufficient to react with all of the acid.
• partially neutralized means the reaction product of the carboxylic or sulfonic acid with an amount of base that reacts with less than all of the acid, but with at least about 50% of the acid.
• bases that can be used are sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and trialkyl amine.
• —Q of Formula I is the sodium salt of —COOH.
• —Q of Formula I is a substituted alkyl or substituted alkenyl group
• the total number of carbon atoms in the alkyl or alkenyl group is about one to about 12, with an alkyl group being preferred.
• R 1 is C 6 -C 12 alkyl
• R 2 is C 4 -C 10 alkyl
• —Q is neutralized —COOH.
• Particularly preferred permeation enhancers are compounds represented by Formula I wherein R 1 is C 6-8 alkyl, R 2 is is C 8-10 alkyl, and —Q is —COONa.
• a preferred enhancer compound useful in the present invention comprises the sodium salt of a carboxylic acid of Formula I in which R 1 is an alkyl group having ten carbon atoms (C 10 H 21 ) and R 2 is an alkyl group having eight carbon atoms (C 8 H 17 ) sodium 2-n-octyl-dodecanoate.
• R 1 is an alkyl group having ten carbon atoms (C 10 H 21 )
• R 2 is an alkyl group having eight carbon atoms (C 8 H 17 ) sodium 2-n-octyl-dodecanoate.
• Other preferred enhancer compounds include sodium 2-n-hexyl-decanoate and sodium 2-n-butyl-octanoate.
• the enhancer compounds useful in the present invention can include a chiral center.
• the enhancer compound may be used as a racemic mixture of optical isomers, or optionally as the essentially pure D or L isomers of the enhancer compound.
• Enhancer compounds within the scope of the present invention are known. It will be recognized that preparation of the enhancer compounds is well within the purview of one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the enhancer carboxylic acids useful in the present invention can be prepared according to known preparative methods. Non-limiting examples of preparative methods include the oxidative cleavage of an appropriately unsaturated hydrocarbon with a strong oxidizing agent and the saponification of a corresponding ester.
• a non-limiting example of a typical ester is the glyceride of the desired acid.
• Neutralization of a carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid with an alkali such as sodium hydroxide is generally carried out by adding the alkali to a stirred solution of the acid dissolved in water or a mixture of water and alcohol.
• the enhancer of Formula I can be mono-functional or multi-functional.
• the degree of functionality and length of the carbon chain are related to the hydrophilic-hydrophobic (lipophilic) nature of the enhancer compounds. In general, the higher the degree of functionality, the more hydrophilic is the compound. Also, speaking generally, the greater the number of carbon atoms in the compound, the more hydrophobic the compound is.
• Improved delivery of antisense oligonucleotides can be achieved when the hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance of the enhancer is matched appropriately to the drug and to the targeted tissue. Selecting —R 1 , —R 2 and —Q with relatively long carbon chains can provide enhancers having a relatively high degree of hydrophobicity. In contrast, enhancers with relatively short carbon chains and with multi-functional groups have a relatively high degree of hydrophilicity.
• composition of the present invention may comprise an enhancer compound of Formula I in admixture with one or more other enhancers, for example, a straight chain fatty acid, an ester or salt thereof, or compounds that promote the formation of liposomes, or a micro emulsion.
• additional enhancer compounds when used, they may be present in a weight ratio of up to about 99 parts of the additional enhancer for each part of a salt of Formula 1.
• the range of mixtures of an additional enhancer:salt of Formula 1 by weight ratio which are preferred are from about 99:1 to about 1:99.
• a composition comprising an enhancer compound of the present invention (those of Formula I) and additional other enhancer compounds, the enhancer compounds of Formula I comprise no more than by weight about 50 % of the enhancer compounds present.
• enhancer compounds of the present invention are mixed with other enhancer compounds in formulations used in connection with delivery of a drug comprising an antisense nucleotide, typically the enhancer compounds of Formula I comprises, by weight, at least about 10% of the enhancer compounds present in the formulations.
• compositions of the present invention comprise also antisense compounds particularly antisense oligonucleotides used to treat disease states that result from undesirable levels of protein production and/or activity in the body. These antisense compounds specifically hybridize with one or more target nucleic acids encoding a protein involved in a given disease state.
• target nucleic acid encompasses DNA encoding a protein, RNA (including pre-mRNA and mRNA) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such RNA.
• RNA including pre-mRNA and mRNA
• cDNA derived from such RNA.
• the specific hybridization of an antisense compound with its target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the nucleic acid. This modulation of function of a target nucleic acid by compounds that specifically hybridize to it is generally referred to as “antisense.”
• the functions of DNA to be interfered with include replication and transcription.
• RNA to be interfered with include all vital functions such as, for example, translocation of the RNA to the site of protein translation, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more mRNA species, and catalytic activity which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA.
• the overall effect of such interference with target nucleic acid function is modulation of the expression of the protein encoded by the nucleic acid.
• modulation means either an increase (stimulation) or a decrease (inhibition) in the expression of a gene.
• inhibition is the preferred form of modulation of gene expression and mRNA is a preferred target.
• Targeting an antisense compound to a particular nucleic acid, in the context of this invention, is a multistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a nucleic acid sequence whose function is to be modulated. This may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent. The targeting process also includes determination of a site or sites within this gene for the antisense interaction to occur such that the desired effect, e.g., detection or modulation of expression of the protein, will result.
• a preferred intragenic site is the region encompassing the translation initiation or termination codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of the gene. Since, as is known in the art, the translation initiation codon is typically 5′-AUG (in transcribed mRNA molecules; 5′-ATG in the corresponding DNA molecule), the translation initiation codon is also referred to as the “AUG codon,” the “start codon” or the “AUG start codon”. A minority of genes have a translation initiation codon having the RNA sequence 5′-GUG, 5′-UUG or 5!-CUG, and 5′-AUA, 5′-ACG and 5′-CUG have been shown to function in vivo.
• translation initiation codon and “start codon” can encompass many codon sequences, even though the initiator amino acid in each instance is typically methionine (in eukaryotes) or formylmethionine (in prokaryotes). It is also known in the art that eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes may have two or more alternative start codons, any one of which may be preferentially utilized for translation initiation in a particular cell type or tissue, or under a particular set of conditions.
• start codon and “translation initiation codon” refer to the codon or codons that are used in vivo to initiate translation of an mRNA molecule transcribed from a gene encoding a protein, regardless of the sequence(s) of such codons.
• a translation termination codon (or “stop codon”) of a gene may have one of three sequences, i.e., 5′-UAA, 5′-UAG and 5′-UGA (the corresponding DNA sequences are 5′-TAA, 5′-TAG and 5′-TGA, respectively).
• start codon region and “translation initiation codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation initiation codon.
• stop codon region and “translation termination codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation termination codon.
• Other target regions include the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 5′ direction from the translation initiation codon, and thus including nucleotides between the 5′ cap site and the translation initiation codon of an mRNA or corresponding nucleotides on the gene, and the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 3′ direction from the translation termination codon, and thus including nucleotides between the translation termination codon and 3′ end of an mRNA or corresponding nucleotides on the gene.
• 5′UTR 5′ untranslated region
• 3′UTR 3′ untranslated region
• the 5′ cap of an mRNA comprises an N7-methylated guanosine residue joined to the 5′-most residue of the mRNA via a 5′-5′ triphosphate linkage.
• the 5′ cap region of an mRNA is considered to include the 5′ cap structure itself as well as the first 50 nucleotides adjacent to the cap.
• the 5′ cap region may also be a preferred target region.
• introns regions, known as “introns,” which are excised from a transcript before it is translated.
• exons regions
• mRNA splice sites i.e., intron-exon junctions
• intron-exon junctions may also be preferred target regions, and are particularly useful in situations where aberrant splicing is implicated in disease, or where an overproduction of a particular mRNA splice product is implicated in disease.
• Aberrant fusion junctions due to rearrangements or deletions are also preferred targets. It has also been found that introns can also be effective, and therefore preferred, target regions for antisense compounds targeted, for example, to DNA or pre-mRNA.
• oligonucleotides are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect.
• hybridization means hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases.
• adenine and thymine are complementary nucleobases which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds.
• “Complementary,” as used herein, refers to the capacity for precise pairing between two nucleotides.
• oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA are considered to be complementary to each other at that position.
• the oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of corresponding positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleotides which can hydrogen bond with each other.
• “specifically hybridizable” and “complementary” are terms which are used to indicate a sufficient degree of complementarity or precise pairing such that stable and specific binding occurs between the oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA target.
• an antisense oligonucleotide need not be 100% complementary to that of its target nucleic acid to be specifically hybridizable.
• An antisense oligonucleotide is specifically hybridizable when binding of the compound to the target DNA or RNA molecule interferes with the normal function of the target DNA or RNA to cause a loss of utility, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense oligonucleotide to non-target sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and in the case of in vitro assays, under conditions in which the assays are performed.
• antisense oligonucleotides are a preferred form of antisense compound
• the present invention comprehends other oligomeric antisense compounds, including but not limited to oligonucleotide mimetics such as are described below.
• the antisense compounds in accordance with this invention preferably comprise from about 8 to about 50 nucleobases (i.e. from about 8 to about 50 linked nucleosides).
• Particularly preferred antisense compounds are antisense oligonucleotides, even more preferably those comprising from about 12 to about 25 nucleobases. Even more preferably, the antisense oligonucleotides comprise from about 15 to about 20 nucleobases.
• the antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention comprise about 20 nucleobases.
• Antisense compounds include ribozymes, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides (oligozymes), and other short catalytic RNAs or catalytic oligonucleotides which hybridize to the target nucleic acid and modulate its expression.
• oligonucleotide refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or mimetics thereof.
• RNA ribonucleic acid
• DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
• oligonucleotides composed of naturally-occurring nucleobases, sugars and covalent internucleoside (backbone) linkages as well as oligonucleotides having non-naturally-occurring portions which function similarly.
• backbone covalent internucleoside
• modified or substituted oligonucleotides are often preferred over native forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for nucleic acid target and increased stability in the presence of nucleases.
• oligonucleotides containing modified backbones or non-natural internucleoside linkages include those that retain a phosphorus atom in the backbone and those that do not have a phosphorus atom in the backbone.
• modified oligonucleotides that do not have a phosphorus atom in their internucleoside backbone can also be considered to be oligonucleosides.
• Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3′-alkylene phosphonates, 5′-alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, selenophosphates and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein one or more internucleotide linkages is a 3′ to 3′, 5′ to 5′ or 2′ to 2′ linkage.
• Preferred oligonucleotides having inverted polarity comprise a single 3′ to 3′ linkage at the 3′-most internucleotide linkage i.e. a single inverted nucleoside residue which may be abasic (the nucleobase is missing or has a hydroxyl group in place thereof).
• Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included.
• Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above phosphorus-containing linkages include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808; 4,469,863; 4,476,301; 5,023,243; 5,177,196; 5,188,897; 5,264,423; 5,276,019; 5,278,302; 5,286,717; 5,321,131; 5,399,676; 5,405,939; 5,453,496; 5,455,233; 5,466,677; 5,476,925; 5,519,126; 5,536,821; 5,541,306; 5,550,111; 5,563,253; 5,571,799; 5,587,361; 5,194,599; 5,565,555; 5,527,899; 5,721,218; 5,672,697 and 5,625,050, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
• Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages.
• morpholino linkages formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside
• siloxane backbones sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones
• formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones
• riboacetyl backbones alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH 2 component parts.
• Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonucleosides include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; 5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5,264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541,307; 5,561,225; 5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289; 5,618,704; 5,623,070; 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; 5,792,608; 5,646,269 and 5,677,439, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
• both the sugar and the internucleoside linkage, i.e., the backbone, of the nucleotide units are replaced with novel groups.
• the base units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target compound.
• an oligonucleotide mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA).
• PNA peptide nucleic acid
• the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone.
• the nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone.
• PNA compounds include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA compounds can be found in Nielsen et al., Science, 1991, 254, 1497-1500.
• Most preferred embodiments of the invention are oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and oligonucleosides with heteroatom backbones, and in particular —CH 2 —NH—O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—O—CH 2 — [known as a methylene(methylimino) or MMI backbone], —CH 2 —O—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —N(CH 3 )—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 — and —O—N(CH 3 )—CH 2 —CH 2 — [wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as —O—P—O—CH 2 —] of the above referenced U.S.
• Modified oligonucleotides may also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties.
• Preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: OH; F; O—, S—, or N-alkyl; O—, S—, or N-alkenyl; O—, S— or N-alkynyl; or O-alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C 1 to C 10 alkyl or C 2 to C 10 alkenyl and alkynyl.
• oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: C 1 to C 10 lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH 3 , OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF 3 , OCF 3 , SOCH 3 , SO 2 CH 3 , ONO 2 , NO 2 , N 3 , NH 2 , heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and other substituents having similar properties.
• a preferred modification includes 2′-methoxyethoxy (2-O—CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , also known as 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) or 2′-MOE) (Martin et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group.
• a further preferred modification includes 2′- dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i.e., a O(CH 2 ) 2 ON(CH 3 ) 2 group, also known as 2′-DMAOE, and 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (also known in the art as 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl or 2′-DMAEOE), i.e., 2′-O—CH 2 —O—CH 2 —N(CH 2 ) 2 .
• a further preferred modification includes Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs) in which the 2′-hydroxyl group is linked to the 3′ or 4′ carbon atom of the sugar ring thereby forming a bicyclic sugar moiety.
• the linkage is preferably a methelyne (—CH 2 —) n group bridging the 2′ oxygen atom and the 4′ carbon atom wherein n is 1 or 2.
• LNAs and preparation thereof are described in WO 98/39352 and WO 99/14226.
• Other preferred modifications include 2′-methoxy (2′-O—CH 3 ), 2′-aminopropoxy (2′-OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 ), 2′-allyl (2′-CH 2 —CH ⁇ CH 2 ), 2′-O-allyl (2′-O—CH 2 —CH ⁇ CH 2 ) and 2′-fluoro (2′-F).
• the 2′-modification may be in the arabino (up) position or ribo (down) position.
• a preferred 2′-arabino modification is 2′-F.
• Oligonucleotides may also have sugar munetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar.
• Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.
• Oligonucleotides may also include nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions.
• nucleobases include the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U).
• Modified nucleobases include other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me—C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl (—C C—CH 3 ) uracil and cytosine and other alkynyl derivatives of pyrirnidine bases, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and
• nucleobases include tricyclic pyrimidines such as phenoxazine cytidine (1H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]benzoxazin-2(3H)-one), phenothiazine cytidine (1H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]benzothiazin-2(3H)-one), G-clamps such as a substituted phenoxazine cytidine (e.g.
• nucleobases may also include those in which the purine or pyrimidine base is replaced with other heterocycles, for example 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deazaguanosine, 2-aminopyridine and 2-pyridone. Further nucleobases include those disclosed in U.S. Pat.
• 5-substituted pyrimidines 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and O-6 substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosine.
• 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2.degree. C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., eds., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are presently preferred base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) sugar modifications.
• Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide.
• the compounds of the invention can include conjugate groups covalently bound to functional groups such as primary or secondary hydroxyl groups.
• Conjugate groups of the invention include intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, polyethers, groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties of oligomers, and groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of oligomers.
• Typical conjugates groups include cholesterols, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, folate, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, and dyes.
• Groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties include groups that improve oligomer uptake, enhance oligomer resistance to degradation, and/or strengthen sequence- specific hybridization with RNA.
• Groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties include groups that improve oligomer uptake, distribution, metabolism or excretion. Representative conjugate groups are disclosed in International Patent Application PCT/US92/09196, filed Oct.
• Conjugate moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1994, 4, 1053-1060), a thioether, e.g., hexyl—S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem.
• lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1994, 4, 1053
• Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783 a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp.
• Oligonucleotides of the invention may also be conjugated to active drug substances, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fenbufen, ketoprofen, (S)-(+)-pranoprofen, carprofen, dansylsarcosine, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepine, indomethicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drug, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic. Oligonucleotide-drug conjugates and their preparation are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/334,130 (filed Jun. 15, 1999) which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotide conjugates include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,
• the present invention also includes antisense compounds which are chimeric compounds.
• “Chimeric” antisense compounds or “chimeras,” in the context of this invention, are antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, which contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e., a nucleotide in the case of an oligonucleotide compound.
• oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region wherein the oligonucleotide is modified so as to confer upon the oligonucleotide increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid.
• An additional region of the oligonucleotide may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids.
• RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex.
• RNA target Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of oligonucleotide inhibition of gene expression. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter oligonucleotides when chimeric oligonucleotides are used, compared to phosphorothioate deoxyoligonucleotides hybridizing to the same target region.
• Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art.
• Chimeric antisense compounds of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide mimetics as described above. Such compounds have also been referred to in the art as hybrids or gapmers. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos.
• the antisense compounds used in accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis.
• Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives.
• the antisense compounds of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents.
• prodrug indicates a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive form that is converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes or other chemicals and/or conditions.
• prodrug versions of the oligonucleotides of the invention are prepared as SATE [(S-acetyl-2-thioethyl) phosphate] derivatives according to the methods disclosed in WO 93/24510 to Gosselin et al., published Dec. 9, 1993 or in WO 94/26764 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,713 to Imbach et al.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not iinpart undesired toxicological effects thereto.
• the antisense compounds of the present invention can be utilized for diagnostics, therapeutics, prophylaxis and as research reagents and kits.
• an animal preferably a human, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of a protein is treated by administering antisense oligonucleotides in accordance with this invention.
• the specificity and sensitivity of antisense is particularly useful in therapeutic applications and antisense oligonucleotides have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals and man.
• Antisense oligonucleotide drugs, including ribozymes have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway.
• oligonucleotides can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.
• the compounds of the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of an antisense oligonucleotide to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
• Use of the antisense oligonucleotides and methods of the invention may also be useful prophylactically, e.g., to prevent or delay infection, inflammation or tumor formation, for example.
• the antisense oligonucleotides of the invention are useful for research and diagnostics, because these compounds hybridize to nucleic acids encoding a protein involved in a disease state, enabling sandwich and other assays to easily be constructed to exploit this fact.
• Hybridization of the antisense oligonucleotides of the invention with a nucleic acid encoding a protein involved in a disease state can be detected by means known in the art.
• Such means may include conjugation of an enzyme to the oligonucleotide, radiolabelling of the oligonucleotide or any other suitable detection means. Kits using such detection means for detecting the level of a protein involved in a disease state in a sample may also be prepared.
• the present invention will be used most widely with antisense oligonucleotides whose bioavailability and/or absorption properties can be enhanced by use of the permeation enhancer of the present invention. It is believed also that the present invention can be used to a particularly good effect by combining the permeation enhancer of the present invention with an antisense oligonucleotide that is ingested orally and absorbed relatively poorly in the gastrointestinal tract (“GIT”).
• GIT gastrointestinal tract
• the antisense oligonucleotide can be in any suitable form, for example, in crystalline or amorphous form and in solid, liquid, or gel form, for example, in the form of nano particles and micro particles or in larger particle-size form.
• the antisense oligonucleotide can be present in the composition in a time-release form.
• the composition of the present invention comprises a pharmaceutically effective amount of the antisense oligonucleotide, that is, an amount that is effective in achieving the desired prophylactic, therapeutic or diagnostic effect in the patient. It should be appreciated that the amount of antisense oligonucleotide comprising the composition will depend on various factors, including, for example, the particular antisense oligonucleotide used, the nature of the condition to be treated, and the nature of the patient.
• the enhancer compound contained in the composition of the present invention is present in an amount that is effective in increasing the bioavailability and/or absorption properties of the antisense oligonucleotide.
• the amount of enhancer in the composition will depend on various factors, including, for example, the presence of other enhancer compounds, the particular antisense oligonucleotide(s) used, the amount of antisense oligonucleotide(s) employed, the dosage form selected, the nature of the dosage form, the nature of the enhancer, the particular enhancer compound used, the optical purity of the enhancer compound used, that is whether it is used in the form of a pure isomer or as a partially or completely racemic mixture.
• the composition will comprise an antisense oligonucleotide: enhancer ratio of about 1:99 to about 99:1. Typically, the ratio will be between about 1:20 and about 20:1. This ratio range is given for guideline purposes, with the understanding that ratios of antisense oligonucleotide to enhancer outside of this range may be used depending on the various factors mentioned above.
• the composition of the present invention comprises optionally a vehicle, the nature of which will depend on the form of the composition.
• the composition can be used in any suitable form, for example, in the form of a granulate, solid, semi- solid, solution, suspension, tablet, capsule, inhalant, suppository, or enema.
• the tablets and capsules can be in the form, for example, of delayed release, sustained release, or immediate release systems. It is believed that the composition of the present invention will be used most widely in solid or semi-solid oral dosage form.
• vehicle is used broadly to include various types of pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients that can comprise the composition other than the drug and enhancer constituents of the composition.
• vehicles include fillers, diluents, excipients and materials, which have an effect on the release properties of the antisense oligonucleotide or on the enhancer compound(s), that is, control-release materials.
• fillers and diluents include lactose, mannitol, dextrose, vegetable oils, glycerides, and microcrystalline cellulose.
• excipients include phosphate and citrate salts, magnesium stearate, silica, and binders such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and starch.
• control-release materials include enteric polymers, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.
• the amount of the various classes of constituents that comprise the carrier can be selected by the user to achieve the desired effects.
• Antisense oligonucleotides were synthesized by solid phase organic synthesis using appropriately protected synthons. Reversed phase chromatography is used to purify the antisense oligonucleotide, which is then deprotected and lyophilized.
• An example of a formulation containing an enhancer of the present development and an antisense oligonucleotide is a composition comprising sodium 2-n-octyl-dodecanoate, sodium caprate and an antisense oligonucleotide, which targets TNF ⁇ .
• This antisense oligonucleotide is a 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) modified phosphorothioate oligonucleotide containing a 10-base 2′ deoxy gap, also referred to as a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer, with 2′ MOE modification of only the five nucleotides at the 3′ and 5′ termini of the oligonucleotide wherein each of the 19 inter-nucleotide linkages is an O,O-linked phosphorothioate.
• all cytosines are modified to 5-methylcytosines.
• the 2′ MOE modification makes an oligonucleotide more resistant to nuclease degradation, thereby improving both its RNA binding affinity and increasing its half life.
• This antisense oligonucleotide targets human TNF- ⁇ and can be used to treat inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
• the antisense oligonucleotide has a sequence of:
• Each of the inter-nucleotide linkages is an O,O-linked phosphorothioate.
• An antisense oligonucleotide treatment composition will be prepared comprising sodium 2-n-octyl-dodecanoate, sodium caprate and an antisense oligonucleotide which targets the intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) and can be used to treat inflammatory disorders, for example, inflammatory bowel disorders, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis.
• the antisense oligonucleotide has a sequence of:
• composition including Sodium 2-n-octyl-dodecanoate
• the antisense oligonucleotide used was a 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) modified phosphorothioate oligonucleotide containing a 10-base 2′ deoxy gap, also referred to as a 5-10-5 MOE gapmer, with 2′ MOE modification of only the five nucleotides at the 3′ and 5′ termini of the oligonucleotide wherein each of the 19 inter-nucleotide linkages is an O,O-linked phosphorothioate.
• all cytosines are modified to be 5-methylcytosines.
• the 2′ MOE modification makes an oligonucleotide more resistant to nuclease degradation, thereby improving both its RNA binding affinity and increasing its half life.
• This antisense oligonucleotide targets human TNF- ⁇ to treat inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
• This antisense oligonculeotide has a sequence of:
• compositions were compared by administering them in solution form through a catheter to test subjects.
• a jejunal catheter is surgically implanted in six male rhesus monkeys (3-5 years, 3-5Kg) under anesthesia.
• the catheters are attached to a subcutaneous access port to allow dosing through the port into the jejunum.
• the animals are allowed to recover at least 7 days prior to dosing. Animals were fasted overnight prior to dosing and fed 2 hours post-dosing.
• Test formulations are prepared in water and are dosed to animals as a bolus (0.5 ml/kg) in a cross-over study design with a one week wash out period between each dose.
• Whole blood samples are taken from the femoral vein (other than the dosing site for intravenous administration) at the following time intervals: 0 (pre-dose) 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes for intravenous dose and at 0 (pre-dose), 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 360 and 480 minutes for intrajejunal doses.
• the samples are collected in EDTA-containing tubes and centrifuged in a refrigerated centrifuge (2-8° C.) to obtain plasma that is stored at ⁇ 70° C. until analysis.
• the antisense oligonucleotide is detected by anion-exchange chromatography.
• the antisense oligonucleotide has poor permeability when administered to monkeys orally or intra-intestinally without any permeation enhancer systems. This bioavailability is significantly improved when the drug is dosed with a permeation enhancer. The highest bioavailability is observed with compositions including the permeation enhancer sodium 2-n-octyl-dodecanoate, in which bioavailability ranged from 5.2% to 18.2%.
• the enhancement of bioavailability with the branched chain enhancer compound relative to the straight chain sodium caprate alone is not only related to the increase in plasma peak but also to a significant increase in the overall area under the curve.
• the bioavailability achieved with compositions containing only the straight chain carboxylic acid salt, sodium caprate ranged from 1.0% to 6.2 %, a significantly reduced permeation enhancing effect.

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