US20010033878A1 - Porphyrin containing lactic acid bacterial cells and use thereof - Google Patents

Porphyrin containing lactic acid bacterial cells and use thereof Download PDF

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US20010033878A1
US20010033878A1 US09/767,680 US76768001A US2001033878A1 US 20010033878 A1 US20010033878 A1 US 20010033878A1 US 76768001 A US76768001 A US 76768001A US 2001033878 A1 US2001033878 A1 US 2001033878A1
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cell
lactic acid
cells
composition
acid bacterial
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Asger Geppel
Borge Kringelum
Ken Hansen
Stig Iversen
Claus Henriksen
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Chr Hansen AS
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Assigned to CHR. HANSEN A/S reassignment CHR. HANSEN A/S ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HENRIKSEN, CLAUS MAXEL, IVERSEN, STIG LYKKE, HANSEN, KEN FLEMMING, KRINGELUM, BORGE WINDEL, GEPPEL, ASGER
Publication of US20010033878A1 publication Critical patent/US20010033878A1/en
Priority to US11/979,166 priority patent/US8486468B2/en
Priority to US13/917,346 priority patent/US9410117B2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/20—Bacteria; Culture media therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C19/00—Cheese; Cheese preparations; Making thereof
    • A23C19/02—Making cheese curd
    • A23C19/032—Making cheese curd characterised by the use of specific microorganisms, or enzymes of microbial origin
    • A23C19/0323—Making cheese curd characterised by the use of specific microorganisms, or enzymes of microbial origin using only lactic acid bacteria, e.g. Pediococcus and Leuconostoc species; Bifidobacteria; Microbial starters in general
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
    • A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
    • A23C9/12—Fermented milk preparations; Treatment using microorganisms or enzymes
    • A23C9/123—Fermented milk preparations; Treatment using microorganisms or enzymes using only microorganisms of the genus lactobacteriaceae; Yoghurt
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
    • A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
    • A23K10/18—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions of live microorganisms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L29/065—Microorganisms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
    • A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
    • A23L3/3409—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of gases, e.g. fumigation; Compositions or apparatus therefor
    • A23L3/3418—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of gases, e.g. fumigation; Compositions or apparatus therefor in a controlled atmosphere, e.g. partial vacuum, comprising only CO2, N2, O2 or H2O
    • A23L3/3427—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of gases, e.g. fumigation; Compositions or apparatus therefor in a controlled atmosphere, e.g. partial vacuum, comprising only CO2, N2, O2 or H2O in which an absorbent is placed or used
    • A23L3/3436—Oxygen absorbent
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
    • A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
    • A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
    • A23L3/3463—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
    • A23L3/3571—Microorganisms; Enzymes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12G—WINE; PREPARATION THEREOF; ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES; PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES NOT PROVIDED FOR IN SUBCLASSES C12C OR C12H
    • C12G1/00—Preparation of wine or sparkling wine
    • C12G1/02—Preparation of must from grapes; Must treatment and fermentation
    • C12G1/0203—Preparation of must from grapes; Must treatment and fermentation by microbiological or enzymatic treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/20—Bacteria; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/205—Bacterial isolates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
    • C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
    • C12R2001/01—Bacteria or Actinomycetales ; using bacteria or Actinomycetales
    • C12R2001/225—Lactobacillus
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
    • C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
    • C12R2001/01—Bacteria or Actinomycetales ; using bacteria or Actinomycetales
    • C12R2001/46—Streptococcus ; Enterococcus; Lactococcus
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of lactic acid bacterial starter cultures and in particular to culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cells containing a porphyrin compound. More specifically, the invention provides a novel method of reducing the oxygen content in a food and feed product or starting material therefor and means of improving the shelf life and/or quality of such products by using the culturally modified bacterial cells. Thus, such cells are useful in the manufacturing and preservation of food and feed products.
  • Lactic acid bacteria are used extensively in the food and feed industry in the manufacturing of fermented products including most dairy products such as cheese, yoghurt and butter, meat products; bakery products; wine or vegetable products.
  • cultures of lactic acid bacteria are generally referred to as starter cultures and they impart specific features to various fermented products by performing a number of metabolic and other functions herein.
  • lactic acid bacteria designates a group of Gram positive, catalase negative, non-motile, microaerophilic or anaerobic bacteria which ferment sugar with the production of acids including lactic acid as the predominantly produced acid, acetic acid, formic acid and propionic acid.
  • the industrially most useful lactic acid bacteria are found among Lactococcus species, Lactobacillus species, Streptococcus species, Enterococcus species, Leuconostoc species, Oenococcus species and Pediococcus species.
  • lactic acid bacteria When lactic acid bacteria are cultivated in a medium like milk or any other starting material in the manufacturing of food and feed products, the medium becomes acidified as a natural consequence of the growth and metabolic activity of the lactic acid bacterial starter cultures.
  • lactose or other sugars several other metabolites such as e.g. acetaldehyde, ⁇ -acetolactate, acetoin, acetate, ethanol, carbon dioxide, diacetyl and 2,3-butylene glycol (butanediol) are produced during the growth of the lactic acid bacteria.
  • the growth rate and the metabolic activity of lactic acid bacterial starter cultures can be controlled by selecting appropriate growth conditions for the strains of the specific starter culture used such as appropriate growth temperature, oxygen tension and content of nutrients.
  • milk is generally an ideal medium for the growth of lactic acid bacteria
  • a high content of oxygen in the milk affects the growth of the bacteria adversely and it is known in the dairy industry that a reduction of the oxygen content of the milk raw material may result in a more rapid growth of the added bacteria which in turn results in a more rapid acidification of the inoculated milk.
  • a reduction of the oxygen content is carried out by heating the milk in open systems, by deaerating the milk in vacuum or by a sparging treatments.
  • Alternative means of reducing the oxygen content include the addition of oxygen scavenging compounds or the use of mixed cultures comprising two or more lactic acid bacterial species, at least one of which is less sensitive to oxygen.
  • WO 98/54337 discloses a method of enhancing the growth rate of lactic acid bacteria by cultivating the lactic acid bacteria in association with a metabolically engineered lactic acid bacterial helper organism which has a defect in its pyruvate metabolism, resulting in an increased oxygen consumption by the helper organism.
  • this method of reducing the oxygen content in a medium is limited to the use of specific modified lactic acid bacterial strains and thus, there is a need to find a biological method of oxygen reduction in a food or feed starting material which does not involve the use of specifically mutated or metabolically modified lactic acid bacteria.
  • NADH peroxidase when grown anaerobically lactic acid bacterial cells ferment sugars principally to lactic acid/lactate via pyruvate. NADH produced in the cells during this catabolism is reoxidised via lactate dehydrogenase. Under aerobic conditions, however, NADH can partly become reoxidised by NADH peroxidase and oxidase. Thus, under aerobic conditions pyruvate can be converted into other end products than those produced under anaerobic conditions which in turn results in an increase in biomass yield. Most lactic acid bacteria are catalase negative when grown in a haeme or haematin free medium. NADH peroxidase may therefore act to remove H 2 O 2 produced by aerobic cultures of species unable to form a pseudo-catalase.
  • Kaneko et al. (1990) could not observe cytochromes when culturing a Citr + (i.e. citrate metabolising) strain of L. lactis under aerobic conditions and in the presence of haemin and/or Cu + . Furthermore, they did not observe any difference in NADH oxidase, diacetyl reductase or lactate dehydrogenase activity when culturing that strain under these culture conditions. However, they observed an increase in the production of diacetyl and acetoin due to an activation of diacetyl synthase by haemin and/or Cu + .
  • the present invention is based on the discovery that lactic acid bacterial strains, when cultured or fermented under aerobic conditions in the presence of haemin and other porphyrin compounds, are capable of maintaining their increased oxygen reducing activity/capability when inoculated into milk or any other media under appropriate conditions and without addition of a porphyrin compound. It is thus possible to provide a generally applicable biological method for reducing the oxygen content in milk or any other food or feed starting material, whereby the growth and metabolic activity of lactic acid bacterial starter cultures herein can be substantially enhanced. It is therefore a primary objective of the present invention to provide such a method and culturally modified cells, which are useful in such a method.
  • the present invention provides in a first aspect a culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cell that has, relative to the cell from which it is derived, an increased content of a porphyrin compound.
  • a starter culture composition comprising the culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cell according to the invention.
  • a method of reducing the oxygen content in a food or feed product or in a food or feed product starting material comprising adding to the product or to the starting material an effective amount of the culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cells according to the invention or the above starter culture composition.
  • a method of improving the shelf life and/or the quality of an edible product comprising adding to the product an effective amount of the culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cells according to the invention or the above starter culture composition.
  • the invention pertains to a method of preparing a fermented food or feed product, comprising adding an effective amount of the culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cell according to the invention or the above composition to a food or feed product starting material, wherein the cell or the composition is capable of fermenting said starting material to obtain the fermented food or feed.
  • the invention pertains in other aspects to the use of the above modified lactic acid bacterial cell or the composition comprising such cells for the production of a metabolite or for the production of a bacteriocin.
  • the expression “culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cell” relates to a cell of a lactic acid bacterium which has been cultured by fermentation in an appropriate nutrient medium in which an effective amount of at least one porphyrin compound is present.
  • an effective amount means an amount that is sufficient to cause the lactic acid bacterium to become modified as defined herein. It will be understood from the discussion above, that the presence of the porphyrin compound causes the cells cultured under such conditions to have a modified aerobic breakdown of carbohydrates, such as lactose, glucose or galactose.
  • the bacterial cells are harvested using conventional procedures and subsequently used as a starter culture for the inoculation of a milk medium or any another starting material for food or feed manufacturing wherein the cells are capable of replicating, with or without the addition of a porphyrin compound to the medium.
  • the term “fermentation” refers to a process of propagating or cultivating a lactic acid bacterial cell under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
  • the expression “relative to the cells from which they are derived” relates to similar lactic acid bacterial cells, which, in contrast to the culturally modified bacterial cells according to the invention, were not cultured in a medium containing a porphyrin compound.
  • the cell according to the invention contains at least 0.1 ppm on a dry matter basis of a porphyrin compound, including at least 0.2 ppm, such as at least 0.5 ppm, including at least 1 ppm, e.g. at least 2 ppm, such as at least 5 ppm, including such as 10 ppm, such as at least 20 ppm, e.g. at least 30 ppm, such as at least 40 ppm, e.g. at least 50 ppm, such as at least 60 ppm, e.g. at least 70 ppm, such as at least 80 ppm, e.g. at least 90 ppm, such as at least 100 ppm on a dry matter basis of a porphyin compound.
  • a porphyrin compound including at least 0.2 ppm, such as at least 0.5 ppm, including at least 1 ppm, e.g. at least 2 ppm, such as at least 5 ppm, including such as 10 pp
  • Porphyrin compounds refers in the present context to cyclic tetrapyrrole derivatives, whose structures are derived from that of porphyrin by substitution at the carbon atoms located at the apices of the pyrrole core, with various functional groups. It also refers to complexes of said derivatives with a metal atom that forms coordinate bonds with two of the four nitrogens of the porphyrin ring.
  • the definition encompasses also, but is not limited to, uroporphyrins, coproporphyrins, protoporphyrins and haematoporphyrins including their salts and esters and their complexes with a metal atom, preferably an iron atom, the dihydrochloride of coproporphyrin I, the tetraethyl ester of coproporphyrin III, the disodium salt of protoporphyrin IX, the dichloride of haematoporphyrin IX, the tetraisopropyl ester or the tetramethyl ester of coproporphyrin, the tetraisopropyl ester or the tetramethyl ester of coproporphyrin III, haematoporphyrin IX, haemoglobin, protoporphyrin IX, the dimethyl ester of protoporphyrin IX, zinc protoporphyrin IX, ha
  • Particularly preferred porphyrin compounds are protoporphyrin IX and its complexes with an iron atom, in particular haeme and haemin.
  • the definition encompasses various chlorophylls, such as chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, their derivatives such as chlorophyllins and also their salts and esters, and their complexes with a metal atom, such as an iron, copper or magnesium atom.
  • a porphyrin compound is present in the culture medium under aerobic conditions the bacterial cells produce cytochromes and, due to the cytochrome dependent respiration, oxygen is reduced to water with the formation of metabolically usable energy, such as ATP and NAD + .
  • cytochromes in lactic acid bacterial cells is induced by the presence of a porphyrin compound
  • cytochrome relates to a group of electron-transporting proteins containing a haeme prosthestic group and thus to components of the respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport chains, in which the haeme iron exits in oxidised or reduced state.
  • the definition encompasses, but is not limited to, cytochromes of a-, b-, c-, d- or o-types and combinations of these cytochrome types as e.g. mentioned in Wachenfeldt & Hederstedt (1992).
  • the respiratory electron transport chain refers to either an aerobic respiratory electron transport chain functioning with molecular oxygen as terminal electron acceptor, or an anaerobic respiratory electron transport chain functioning with other terminal electron acceptors than molecular oxygen such as nitrate, sulphate, fumarate or trimethylamine oxide.
  • the cells according to the invention contain at least 0.1 ppm on a dry matter basis of a cytochrome, including at least 0.2 ppm, such as at least 0.5 ppm, including at least 1 ppm, e.g. at least 2 ppm, such as at least 5 ppm, including such as 10 ppm, such as at least 20 ppm, e.g. at least 30 ppm, such as at least 40 ppm, e.g. at least 50 ppm, such as at least 60 ppm, e.g. at least 70 ppm, such as at least 80 ppm, e.g. at least 90 ppm, such as at least 100 ppm on a dry matter basis of a cytochrome.
  • a cytochrome including at least 0.2 ppm, such as at least 0.5 ppm, including at least 1 ppm, e.g. at least 2 ppm, such as at least 5 ppm, including such as 10 ppm,
  • any starter culture organisms which are of use in the food or feed industry, including the dairy industry can be used.
  • the cells can be selected from a lactic acid bacterial species including Lactococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., Pediococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Propionibacterium spp., Bifidobacterium spp. and Oenococcus spp.
  • the cells are of Lactococcus lactis , including Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strain CHCC373 deposited under the accession number DSM12015.
  • the modified bacteria of the invention may also be a previously genetically modified strain of one of the above lactic acid bacterial strains or any other starter culture strain.
  • the expression “genetically modified bacterium” is used in the conventional meaning of that term i.e.
  • strains obtained by subjecting a lactic acid bacterial strain to any conventionally used mutagenization treatment including treatment with a chemical mutagen such as ethanemethane sulphonate (EMS) or N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitroguanidine (NTG), UV light or to spontaneously occurring mutants.
  • EMS ethanemethane sulphonate
  • NTG N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitroguanidine
  • the culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cells are cells which, when they are inoculated at a concentration of about 10 7 cells/ml into low pasteurised skimmed milk having 8 ppm of dissolved oxygen and leaving the milk to stand for about 2 hours at a temperature of about 30° C. consumes at least 25% of the oxygen.
  • the culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cells according to the invention may be particularly useful when the cells under the above conditions consumes at least 30% of the oxygen present in the milk, including at least 40%, such as at least 50%, e.g. at least 60%, such as at least 70%, e.g. at least 80%, such as at least 90%, e.g. at least 95% of the dissolved oxygen.
  • a culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cell according to the invention has, relative to the cell from which it is derived, an altered NADH oxidase, i.e. NOX activity, and/or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity.
  • NADH oxidase i.e. NOX activity
  • LDH lactate dehydrogenase
  • cells grown under aerobic condition may be capable of regenerating the required energy from other systems induced during aerobic fermentation and maintained during the inoculation of the cells into milk or any other non-porphyrin-containing or low-porphyrin-containing starter material.
  • the culturally modified cell is a cell which, relative to the cell from which it is derived, has a decreased NOX activity and/or a decreased LDH activity.
  • NOX enzyme which is encoded by the nox gene, is one example of an H 2 O forming NADH oxidase.
  • This enzyme regenerates two equivalents of NAD + under consumption of molecular oxygen.
  • NADH oxidases which could be present in a cell according to the invention are non-haeme flavoproteins where two types have been reported, one which catalyses the reduction of O 2 to H 2 O 2 , the other one the reduction of O 2 to H 2 O.
  • the culturally modified cell has a NOX activity which is decreased by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 75%, or 95% relative to the cell from which it is derived.
  • the modified cell has a NOX activity which is decreased by about 100% relative to the cell from which it is derived, i.e. the NOX activity is essentially absent in that modified cell.
  • the culturally modified cell has a LDH activity which is decreased by at least 10%, including at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 75% or 95% relative to the cell from which it is derived.
  • the modified cell has a LDH activity which is decreased by about 100% relative to the cell from which it is derived, i.e. the LDH activity is essentially absent in that modified cell.
  • the culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cells according to the invention are useful as starter cultures in the production of food and feed products. Accordingly, in a further aspect, the invention relates to a starter culture composition comprising the culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cell according to the invention having, relative to the cell from which it is derived, an increased content of a porphyrin compound.
  • the starter culture composition according to the invention may have a content of viable cells (colony forming units, CFUs) which is at least 10 4 CFU/g including at least 10 5 CFU/g, such as at least 10 6 CFU/g, e.g. at least 10 7 CFU/g, 10 8 CFU/g, 10 9 CFU/g, 10 10 CFU/g or 10 11 CFU/g of the composition.
  • viable cells colony forming units, CFUs
  • the starter culture composition according to the invention can be provided as a liquid, frozen or dried, such as e.g. freeze-dried or spray-dried, starter culture composition.
  • the composition according to the invention comprises in certain embodiments a multiplicity of strains either belonging to the same species or belonging to different species.
  • the starter culture composition comprises cells of two or more different lactic acid bacterial strains.
  • a typical example of such a useful combination of lactic acid bacterial cells in a starter culture composition is a mixture of the culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cell according to the invention and one or more Lactococcus spp. such as L. lactis subsp. lactis or L. lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis or Leuconostoc spp.
  • Such a mixed culture can be used in the manufacturing of fermented milk products such as buttermilk and cheese.
  • Another example is a mixture of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus.
  • the composition according to the invention is a composition which further comprises at least one component that enhances the viability of the bacterial cell during storage, including a bacterial nutrient, a vitamin and/or a cryoprotectant.
  • a suitable cryoprotectant is selected from the group consisting of glucose, lactose, raffinose, sucrose, trehalose, adonitol, glycerol, mannitol, methanol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ribitol, alginate, bovine serum albumin, carnitine, citrate, cysteine, dextran, dimethyl sulphoxide, sodium glutamate, glycine betaine, glycogen, hypotaurine, peptone, polyvinyl pyrrolidine and taurine.
  • the cryoprotectant used is advantageously selected from alginate, glycerol, glycine betaine, treha
  • a method of reducing the oxygen content in a food or feed product or in a food or feed product starting material comprises adding to the product or to the starting material an effective amount, e.g. in the form of a suspension, of the culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cells according to the invention or a starter culture composition according to the invention.
  • Industrial production of edible products typically includes process steps such as mixing, pumping or cooling whereby the degree of oxygen saturation of the edible product is increased and, as a result, the edible product starting material may have a relatively high initial oxygen content (high degree of oxygen saturation) which is unfavourable for lactic acid bacterial starter cultures.
  • a suspension of the culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cells according to the invention or a starter culture composition of this invention is cultivated in an edible food or feed product starting material having an initial degree of oxygen saturation of at least 8%, e.g. 10% or higher such as 20% or higher, the starter culture is capable of reducing the oxygen content in the starting material to a content, which is favourable for lactic acid bacterial starter cultures.
  • the expression “reducing the oxygen content” refers to the capability of the suspension of the culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cells containing a porphyrin compound or the starter culture composition according to the invention to reduce the initial content of the oxygen in a medium not supplemented with porphyrin compound.
  • the culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cells or the starter culture composition according to the invention is one, which is capable of reducing the amount of oxygen present in the medium by at least 1% per hour including by at least 10% per hour, such as by at least 20% per hour, e.g. by at least 30% per hour.
  • the reduction may even be by at least 40% per hour including by at least 50% per hour, such as by at least 60% per hour, e.g. by at least 70% per hour, such as by at least 80% or by at least 90% per hour.
  • the lactic acid bacterial starter culture is a mixed strain culture comprising at least two strains of lactic acid bacteria. Examples of such mixed strain cultures are described above.
  • the culturally modified cells when inoculated as a mixed culture comprising cells of at least one further culture strain which was not cultivated under aerobic conditions in the presence of a porphyrin compound, are capable of enhancing the growth rate of that further lactic acid bacterial culture strain. Growth conditions, which are in all respects optimal for all strains of such lactic acid bacterial mixed strain cultures, may not be found.
  • the metabolic activity of a mixed strain culture may be controlled selectively by choosing a temperature which favours an increased production of desired metabolites by one or more strains, but which on the other hand may result in a decreased production of other metabolites by other strains.
  • the overall result of cultivating a lactic acid bacterial mixed strain culture with the culturally modified cell according to the invention as compared to the lactic acid bacterial mixed strain culture being cultivated alone is an increased number of cells, an increased production of one or more metabolites, including acids and aroma compounds and/or a decreased production of one or more metabolites.
  • the above-mentioned enhanced production of acids of the lactic acid bacterial starter culture will result in a pH decrease of the medium inoculated with the culturally modified cells of the invention which exceeds that obtained in the same medium inoculated with the starter culture alone.
  • the difference in pH of the medium inoculated with the starter culture alone and the medium inoculated with the starter culture in association with a suspension of the cell according to the invention is referred to herein as ⁇ pH.
  • the enhanced acid production results in a ⁇ pH of at least 0.05 after 3 hours or more of cultivation, such as a ⁇ pH of at least 0.1 after 3 hours or more of cultivation, e.g.
  • a ⁇ pH of at least 0.5 after 3 hours or more of cultivation such as a ⁇ pH of at least 0.8 after 3 hours or more of cultivation, e.g. a ⁇ pH of at least 1.0 after 3 hours or more of cultivation.
  • the ratio between culturally modified cells and non-modified lactic acid bacterial starter culture cells is in the range of 1000:1 to 1:1000 such as 500:1 to 1:500, e.g. 100:1 to 1:100, such as in the range of 50:1 to 1:50, e.g in the range of 20:1 to 1:20, such as in the range of 10:1 to 1:10 or in the range of 5:1 to 1:5 such as in the range of 2:1 to 1:2.
  • the amount of culturally modified cells is in the range of 10 3 to 10 12 CFU per g starting material. Accordingly, the modified cells are added in amounts which result in a number of viable cells which is at least 10 3 colony forming units (CFU) per g of the edible product starting material, such as at least 10 4 CFU/g including at least 10 5 CFU/g, such as at least 10 6 CFU/g, e.g. at least 10 7 CFU/g, such as at least 10 8 CFU/g, e.g at least 10 9 CFU/g, such as at least 10 10 CFU/g, e.g. at least 10 11 CFU/g of the starting material.
  • CFU colony forming units
  • the starting material is a starting material for an edible food product including milk, a vegetable material, a meat product, a must, a fruit juice, a wine, a dough and a batter.
  • milk is intended to mean any type of milk or milk component including e.g. cow's milk, human milk, buffalo milk, goat's milk, sheep's milk, dairy products made from such milk, or whey.
  • the starting material is a starting material for an animal feed such as silage e.g. grass, cereal material, peas, alfalfa or sugar-beet leaf, where bacterial cultures are inoculated in the feed crop to be ensiled in order to obtain a preservation hereof, or in protein rich animal waste products such as slaughtering offal and fish offal, also with the aims of preserving this offal for animal feeding purposes.
  • silage e.g. grass, cereal material, peas, alfalfa or sugar-beet leaf
  • bacterial cultures are inoculated in the feed crop to be ensiled in order to obtain a preservation hereof, or in protein rich animal waste products such as slaughtering offal and fish offal, also with the aims of preserving this offal for animal feeding purposes.
  • the culturally modified bacterial cells is derived from a bacterial culture generally referred to as a probiotic culture.
  • a probiotic culture is in the present context understood a microbial culture which, when ingested in the form of viable cells by humans or animals, confers an improved health condition, e.g. by suppressing harmful microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract, by enhancing the immune system or by contributing to the digestion of nutrients.
  • the culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cells containing a porphyrin compound or the starter culture composition according to the invention are capable of reducing the amount of oxygen in a medium. It has been found that such strains can improve the shelf life of edible products, due to their oxygen reducing ability.
  • shelf life indicates the period of time in which the edible product is acceptable for consumption.
  • the above shelf life improving effect can be obtained in a variety of edible product components or ingredients such as milk including non-pasteurised (raw) milk, meat, flour dough, wine and plant materials, such as vegetables, fruits or the above mentioned fodder crops.
  • milk including non-pasteurised (raw) milk, meat, flour dough, wine and plant materials, such as vegetables, fruits or the above mentioned fodder crops.
  • such method comprises that an effective amount of the culturally modified lactic acid bacterial cells according to the invention or a composition comprising the modified cells are added to a food or feed product starting material, wherein the cells or the composition is capable of fermenting said starting material to obtain the fermented food or feed.
  • one or more strains of non-metabolically modified lactic acid bacteria can be used in addition to the modified lactic acid bacteria.
  • Useful food product starting materials include any material which is conventionally subjected to a lactic acid bacterial fermentation step such as milk, vegetable materials, meat products, fruit juices, must, wines, doughs and batters.
  • the resulting fermented food product in the method of the invention is a dairy product such as cheese and buttermilk.
  • the starting material is a starting material for an animal feed such as silage e.g. grass, cereal material, peas, alfalfa or sugarbeet leaf.
  • produced by the cell or the composition implies that the metabolite can be one that is naturally produced by the cells or that the metabolite is produced recombinantly by the modified cells.
  • the production of the metabolite is achieved by co-cultivating a modified cell of the invention with at least one non-modified organism capable of producing the metabolite.
  • Typical examples of metabolites that is produced by the cells include lactic acid, acetaldehyde, ⁇ -acetolactate, acetoin, acetate, ethanol, diacetyl and 2,3-butylene glycol.
  • the cells of the invention and compositions comprising such cells are useful for the production of bacteriocins produced naturally or recombinantly by the cells or another, non-modified cell that is co-cultivated with the modified cell of the invention, such as e.g. nisin, reuterin and pediocin.
  • FIG. 1 a shows the chromatogram of a haemin (ferriprotoporphyrin IX chloride) standard 10 ⁇ g/ml. Haemin is eluting after 33.3 min;
  • FIG. 1 b shows the spectrum of the haemin peak after 33.3 min.
  • FIG. 2 a shows the chromatogram of the cell debris sample of fermentation A of the below Experiment 1;
  • FIG. 2 b shows the spectrum of the peak at time 33.3 min in FIG. 2 a .
  • the molecular ion of haemin is not seen at m/z 616.3;
  • FIG. 3 a shows the chromatogram of the cell debris sample of fermentation B of the below Experiment 1;
  • FIG. 3 b shows the spectrum of the peak at time 33.3 min in FIG. 3 a .
  • the molecular ion of haemin is seen at m/z 616.3;
  • FIG. 4 a shows the chromatogram of the cell debris sample of fermentation C of Experiment 1;
  • FIG. 4 b shows the spectrum of the peak at time 33.3 min in FIG. 4 a .
  • the molecular ion of haemin is not seen at m/z 616.3;
  • FIG. 5 a shows the chromatogram of the cell debris sample of fermentation D of Experiment 1;
  • FIG. 5 b shows the spectrum of the peak at time 33.3 min in FIG. 5 a .
  • the molecular ion of haemin is seen at m/z 616.3;
  • FIG. 6 a shows the chromatogram of a Cytochrome c standard 100 ⁇ g/ml. Cytochrome c is eluting after 23.4 min;
  • FIG. 6 b shows the spectrum of the peak at time 23.4 min in FIG. 6 a .
  • the molecular ion of ironporphyrin IX is seen at m/z 617.3 as well as the multiple charged intact protein (m/z 1031; 1124; 1237; 1374; 1546; 1766) with an estimated molecular weight of 12356 Da; and
  • FIG. 7 shows the CN-Ox (thin line), the CN/Red-CN (dashed line) and the Red-Ox (thick line) spectra for cells harvested from fermentation E described in Experiment 2 below.
  • the fermentation medium had the following composition: Casein peptone, 30 g/l; Primatone, 30 g/l; soy peptone, 30 g/l; yeast peptone, 15 g/l; MgSO 4 , 1.5 g/l; Na-ascorbate, 3 g/l; and lactose, 30 g/l.
  • Antifoam (Dow Corning 1510) was added at a concentration of 0.25 g/l.
  • the medium was sterilised by UHT-treatment.
  • the finished medium had a pH of 6.5.
  • haemin A fresh solution of haemin was prepared as follows: 1 gram of haemin (Fluka prod. no. 51280, molecular weight 651.96 g/mol) was dissolved in 1 ml 6.7 N NH 4 OH and water was added to a final volume of 1 liter. The solution was subsequently autoclaved at 121° C. for 20 min. The haemin was added to fermentations B and D as described in the following at a final concentration of 10 mg/I.
  • Fermentation B Alaerobic fermentation with haemin addition
  • Fermentation D Alobic fermentation with haemin addition
  • each of the four fermentation broths A-D were concentrated by centrifugation and subsequently frozen as pellets in liquid nitrogen.
  • the frozen pellets were stored at ⁇ 80° C. until further analysis.
  • the cells were resuspended in 20 ml cold 0.05 M Na-phosphate buffer (pH 6.1).
  • the suspensions were sonicated on ice using a Branson Sonifier 250 at the following parameters: timer, 4 cycles of each 5 min (each cycle followed by cooling to prevent excessive heating of the suspensions); output control, 2; and duty cycle, 30%).
  • the resulting sonicated cell material was centrifuged at 6,000 rpm (Sorvall centrifuge with SS-34 rotor) for 25 min at 4° C.
  • the supernatants (cell-free extracts) and pellets (cell debris) were separated and stored at ⁇ 20° C. until enzymatic characterisation and analysis for presence of intracellular haemin.
  • NADH oxidase activity of the cell-free extracts was measured by monitoring the oxidation of NADH at 340 nm in a reaction mixture having the following composition: 50 mM Tris-acetate buffer (pH 6.0), 0.5 mM fructose-1,6-diphosphate and 0.5 mM NADH.
  • Lactate dehydrogenase activity of the cell-free extracts was measured by monitoring the oxidation of NADH at 340 nm in a reaction mixture having the following composition: 50 mM Tris-acetate buffer (pH 6.0), 0.5 mM fructose-1,6-diphosphate, 25 mM pyruvate and 0.5 mM NADH.
  • lactate dehydrogenase activity was subsequently corrected for NADH oxidase activity.
  • One unit of enzyme activity (U) is defined as the activity required for oxidising 1 ⁇ mol of NADH per minute.
  • BCA Bicinchoninic acid
  • the oxygen content of the milk was measured regularly by a M0128 Dissolved Oxygen Meter (Mettler Toledo) following inoculation.
  • the initial oxygen concentration of the milk was 8.3 mg/kg.
  • the dry-matter content of the cell debris was determined using a Mettler PM480 Delta Range balance equipped with a Mettler LP-16 drying device (mode: 120 sec.; calc.: %; temp.: 105° C.). Approximately 300 mg cell debris was placed on 500 mg pumice granules.
  • Mobile phase B 0.008% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid+0.1% (v/v) acetic acid in acetonitrile.
  • step size was 0.500 amu, dwell time 5 ms, pause time 5 ms
  • haemin is eluting at a retention time of 33.3 min and is detected as the molecular ion at m/z 616.3 (FIGS. 1 a and 1 b ).
  • haemin was detected in any of the cell-free extracts from the four fermentations, whereas haemin was detected in the cell pellets (cell debris) when haemin had been present in the fermentation medium (FIGS. 3 a , 3 b , 5 a , and 5 b ).
  • No haemin was detected in cell pellets (cell debris) from fermentations performed in the absence of haemin (FIGS. 2 a , 2 b , 4 a and 4 b ).
  • cytochrome c is eluting at a retention time of 23.4 min (FIGS. 6 a and 6 b ) and is detected as the multiply charged intact protein (m/z 1031; 1124; 1237; 1374; 1546; 1766) as well as the iron-porphyrin IX ion at m/z 617.3.
  • the method can be applied for detection of other cytochromes than cytochrome c.
  • haemin Using purified haemin as standard, the cellular content of haemin was quantified for each of the fermentation A, B, C and D by HPLC-MS using standard addition (Table 4). The dry-matter content of cell debris was quantified to 18.5% (w/w).
  • Fermentation E was likewise performed using a conventional complex fermentation medium containing lactose as the carbon source. Haemin was added to a final concentration of 10 mg/l.
  • the fermentation was inoculated with a concentrated cell suspension of the Lactococcus lactis culture. Air was sparged through the fermentation broth at a rate sufficient to maintain the dissolved oxygen concentration above 50% of saturation level. The fermentation was run at a temperature of 30° C. The culture was allowed to acidify to pH 6.2, whereafter pH was maintained at 6.2 by controlled addition of 13.4 N NH4OH.
  • the cells were resuspended in 10 ml cold MOPS buffer (20 mM, pH 7.4) containing 0.5 mM phenylmethylsulfonylflouride and 5 mM MgSO4 as described in Winstedt et al. (2000).
  • the suspension was then passed through a French Press five times and subsequently centrifuged on the Sorvall centrifuge (4° C., 4,000 rpm, 30 min.). The supernatant was separated and stored at ⁇ 20° C. until further analysis.
  • a Shimadzu UVPC 2101 spectrophotometer was applied (1 nm step; 5 nm slit; “very slow” speed).
  • the recorded difference spectra for cells from fermentation E are shown in FIG. 7.
  • the CN-Ox spectrum (thin line) is without any characteristics in the 500 to 700 nm range.
  • the CN/Red-CN spectrum (dashed line) exhibit a peak at 630 nm—a peak that is smaller than the corresponding peak on the Red-Ox spectrum (thick line), i.e. cyanide “protects” the cytochrome from reduction with dithionite.
  • the height of the 630 nm peak is 0.0008 AU.
  • an extinction coefficient of 18.8 mM ⁇ 1 cm ⁇ 1 (Kita et al., 1984)
  • this corresponds to a cytochrome d concentration of 0.04 ⁇ M.
  • the concentration of cytochrome d is 4 mg/l. Since the initial 20 grams of frozen pellets from fermentation E contained 15.7% (w/w) of dry-matter, the cellular cytochrome d concentration is 13 ppm (mg per kg dry-matter).

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US20070212458A1 (en) * 2002-02-01 2007-09-13 Itoham Foods Inc. Natural red pigment and food product and food material containing the pigment
US20070212461A1 (en) * 2005-11-21 2007-09-13 Lillevang Soren K Microbial oxygen absorber

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CA2594378C (en) * 2005-01-05 2015-02-24 Chr. Hansen A/S Use of compounds involved in biosynthesis of nucleic acids to increase yield of bacterial cultures
CN102747026A (zh) * 2005-01-05 2012-10-24 科·汉森有限公司 化合物在生物合成核酸以增加细菌培养物的产率中的应用
BRPI0714410B1 (pt) 2006-07-14 2016-09-13 Jens Hoffner Legarth método para a preparação de alimento misto fermentado
US20110081699A1 (en) * 2007-07-12 2011-04-07 Jeroen Hugenholtz Nitrate reduction by a probiotic in the presence of a heme
CN101776665B (zh) * 2009-01-13 2013-09-11 上海医药工业研究院 一种乳酸链球菌素的hplc检测方法
DE102010021027A1 (de) 2010-05-19 2011-11-24 Multivac Sepp Haggenmüller Gmbh & Co. Kg Verfahren und Verpackungsmaschine zum Herstellen einer Verpackung
FR3005663B1 (fr) * 2013-05-16 2016-02-26 Hemarina Lyophilisat de ver marin et ses utilisations
US20180228189A1 (en) 2017-02-14 2018-08-16 Kraft Foods Group Brands Llc Process for maintaining freshness of vegetable pieces
CN107085054A (zh) * 2017-04-28 2017-08-22 河南出入境检验检疫局检验检疫技术中心 肉蛋白多肽标志物用于牛肉的掺伪鉴别方法
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US20080057156A1 (en) * 2000-01-21 2008-03-06 Chr. Hansen A/S Porphyrin containing lactic acid bacterial cells and use thereof
US8486468B2 (en) 2000-01-21 2013-07-16 Chr. Hansen A/S Porphyrin containing lactic acid bacterial cells and use thereof
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US20070212458A1 (en) * 2002-02-01 2007-09-13 Itoham Foods Inc. Natural red pigment and food product and food material containing the pigment
US7507428B2 (en) * 2002-02-01 2009-03-24 Itoham Foods Inc. Natural red pigment and food product and food material containing the pigment
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US10226061B2 (en) 2005-11-21 2019-03-12 Arla Foods Amba Microbial oxygen absorber

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