US20010006635A1 - Use of heparinase to decrease inflammatory responses - Google Patents

Use of heparinase to decrease inflammatory responses Download PDF

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Publication number
US20010006635A1
US20010006635A1 US08/722,659 US72265996A US2001006635A1 US 20010006635 A1 US20010006635 A1 US 20010006635A1 US 72265996 A US72265996 A US 72265996A US 2001006635 A1 US2001006635 A1 US 2001006635A1
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heparinase
heparin
endothelium
tissue
iii
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D. Clark Bennett
Elizabeth Cauchon
Dominique Fink
Brigette Grouix
Ariane Hsia
Pamela Danagher
Joseph Zimmermann
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Biomarin Pharmaceutical Inc
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Priority to US08/722,659 priority Critical patent/US20010006635A1/en
Priority to PT96936052T priority patent/PT852491E/pt
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to EP96936052A priority patent/EP0852491B1/fr
Priority to AT96936052T priority patent/ATE273020T1/de
Priority to PCT/US1996/015593 priority patent/WO1997011684A1/fr
Priority to DE69633127T priority patent/DE69633127T2/de
Priority to EP04076600A priority patent/EP1552846A3/fr
Priority to JP51372397A priority patent/JP3713276B2/ja
Priority to CA002233343A priority patent/CA2233343A1/fr
Priority to ES96936052T priority patent/ES2227611T3/es
Priority to DK96936052T priority patent/DK0852491T3/da
Priority to AU73791/96A priority patent/AU703394B2/en
Assigned to IBEX TECHNOLOGIES INC. reassignment IBEX TECHNOLOGIES INC. SEE RECORDING AT REEL 8857, FRAME 0657. (RE-RECORDED TO CORRECT SERIAL NUMBER) Assignors: GROUIX, BRIGETTE, HSIA, ARIANE, ZIMMERMANN, JOSEPH, DANAGHER, PAMELA, BENNETT, D. CLARK, CAUCHON, ELIZABETH, FINK, DOMINIQUE
Assigned to IBEX TECHNOLOGIES INC. reassignment IBEX TECHNOLOGIES INC. RECORD TO CORRECT SERIAL NUMBER PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 8623 FRAME 914. Assignors: GROUIX, BRIGETTE, HSIA, ARIANE, ZIMMERMANN, JOSEPH, DANANAGHER, PAMELA, BENNETT, D. CLARK, CAUCHON, ELIZABETH, FINK, DOMINIQUE
Publication of US20010006635A1 publication Critical patent/US20010006635A1/en
Assigned to BIOMARIN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. reassignment BIOMARIN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BIOMARIN ENZYMES, INC.
Assigned to BIOMARIN PHARMACEUTICAL INC. reassignment BIOMARIN PHARMACEUTICAL INC. CORRECT COVER SHEET TO CORRECT SERIAL NUMBER, PREVIOUSLY RECORDED AT REEL/FRAME 014405/0059 (ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST) Assignors: BIOMARIN ENZYMES, INC.
Priority to US11/118,477 priority patent/US20050191288A1/en
Priority to US11/357,967 priority patent/US7264799B2/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/43—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/51—Lyases (4)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/88—Lyases (4.)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S424/00—Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
    • Y10S424/81—Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions involving autoimmunity, allergy, immediate hypersensitivity, delayed hypersensitivity, immunosuppression, immunotolerance, or anergy

Definitions

  • This invention is in the field of medical treatments and is directed to the use of heparinase enzyme as a treatment or prophylactic for reducing localized inflammatory responses.
  • An inflammatory response is local response to cellular injury that is marked by capillary dilation, leukocytic infiltration, redness, heat, and pain and serves as a mechanism initiating the elimination of noxious agents and of damaged tissue.
  • a generalized inflammatory response within a tissue occurs by the recruitment of leukocytes to the tissue. Destruction of bacteria, foreign materials and/or damaged cells occurs through phagocytosis and/or extracellular degranulation (secretion of degradative enzymes, antimicrobial proteins and myeloperoxidase, which forms superoxides from secreted H 2 O 2 ). While most localized inflammatory responses are beneficial, harmful inflammatory responses can occur. Many harmful inflammatory responses also involve accumulation of leukocytes within a tissue. This accumulation results in the destruction of viable cells and tissue. In addition to damaging tissue, these responses are detrimental to, or debilitating for, the afflicted individual.
  • Examples of detrimental inflammatory responses can include the following; ischemia/reperfusion injury following myocardial infarction, shock, stroke, organ transplantation, cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, allograft rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, antigen-induced asthma, allergic rhinitis, and glomerulonephritis (see the review in; Harlan, et al., Immunol. Rev., 114:5-12, 1990; Carlos and Harlan, Blood, 84:2068-2101, 1994.)
  • Leukocyte recruitment involves a cascade of cellular events, beginning with activation of vascular endothelium by damaged or infected tissue adjacent to the endothelium. Activation of the endothelium results in enhanced adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial cells, and transendothelial migration (extravasation) by bound leukocytes into the damaged tissue. Endothelial activation is manifested by a short-term, rapid, and/or a long-term stimulation of the endothelial cells.
  • Activators such as thrombin, chemoattractant leukotrienes, B 4 , C 4 and D 4 (LTB 4 , LT C 4 & LT D 4 ), and histamine cause rapid, transient ( ⁇ 30 minutes) endothelial cell activation, independent of protein synthesis, and can increase endothelial cell surface levels of the chemoattractants such as platelet activating factor (PAF; a glycerophospholipid) and LTB 4 (shown for histamine), and adhesion molecules; ICAM-1 (shown for thrombin) and P-selectin (Zimmerman, et al., J.
  • PAF platelet activating factor
  • ICAM-1 shown for thrombin
  • P-selectin Zimmerman, et al., J.
  • IL-1b and TNF-a Long-term (hours in duration) protein synthesis dependent, endothelial cells activation is produced by cytokines, such as IL-1b and TNF-a, and by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and results in maintenance of increased surface levels of adhesion molecules: E-selectin, P-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 (reviewed by Carlos, and Harlan, Blood, 84:2068-2101, 1994).
  • IL-1b and TNF-a also increase the synthesis of PAF by endothelial cells (Kuijpers, et al., J. Cell Biol., 117:565-574, 1992).
  • IL-1b endothelial cell activation by IL-1b, TNF-a, LPS and histamine has been shown to increase the synthesis and secretion of the chemokine, IL-8 (Strieter, et al., Science, 243:1467-1469,1989; Jeannin, et al., Blood, 84:2229-2233, 1994).
  • Chemokines, IL-8 and MCP-1 have been shown to be produced by and to be present on the endothelial cells surface (Huber, et al., Science, 254:99-102, 1991; Springer, Nature, 346:425-434, 1990).
  • the chemokine, MIP-1b has been shown to be present on lymph node endothelium, in vivo (Taub, et al., Science, 260:355-359, 1993; Tanaka, et al., Nature, 361:79-82, 1993).
  • chemokines are all heparin binding proteins, which after being secreted, bind to cell surface and extracellular matrix proteoglycans possessing heparin and heparan sulfate moieties (reviewed by Miller, et al., Crit. Rev. Immunol., 12:17-46, 1992).
  • Heparin and heparan sulfate are similar glycosaminoglycan moieties found interspersed on the same unbranched carbohydrate chains. They are covalently attached to the protein backbones of proteoglycans. Despite what these two names imply, heparin is more highly sulfated than is heparan sulfate. Proteoglycans are present on cell surfaces and in extracellular matrices (e.g. in the basement membrane of endothelium).
  • chemokines Because of difficulty in distinguishing regions of heparin and heparan sulfate on the same carbohydrate chain, little data exists on the binding preference of chemokines for either heparin or heparan sulfate moieties. There is some indication that chemokines IL-8 and GRO bind with greater affinity to heparan sulfate than heparin, and that PF4 and NAP-2 bind with greater affinity to heparin moieties (Witt, and Lander, Curr. Biol., 4:394-400, 1994). Generally, chemokines are referred to as heparin binding proteins.
  • C-terminal regions of the chemokines IL-8, PF4, MCP-1 and NAP-2 have been shown to form an a-helix, and to bind to heparin/heparan sulfate (Webb, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:7158-7162, 1993; Zucker, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:7571-7574, 1989; Matsushima, et al., in Interleukins: Molec. Biol. Immunol., ed. Kistimoto, Karger, Basel, 236-265, 1992). This is likely to be a structure, common to all of the chemokines.
  • Adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium is thought to be a two step process (reviewed by Carlos, and Harlan, Blood, 84:2068-2101, 1994). Initially, leukocytes roll along the surface of blood vessels. Increased rolling is initially mediated on vascular endothelium (within the first 30 minutes) by interactions between Sialyl Lewisx structures on the leukocyte surface and P-selectin and E-selectin, which are increased on activated endothelial cells (Ley, et al., Blood, 85:3727-3735, 1995).
  • Increased rolling is also mediated (after 40 minutes) by interactions between L-selectin on leukocyte cellular membranes and heparin-like molecules on the vascular endothelium, which are cytokine-inducable (Karin. et al., Science, 261:480-483,1993), or between L-selectin on lymphocytes and vascular addressins; GlyCAM-1, CD34 and MAdCAM-1 on high endothelial venules (HEVs) in lymphoid tissue.
  • the second step, firm adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells is based on interactions between leukocyte integrins (e.g.
  • LFA-1, Mac-1, VLA-4) and endothelial cellular adhesion molecules CAMs; e.g. ICAM-1, ICAM-2, VCAM-1, MAdCAM-1).
  • Leukocytes flatten on the endothelial surface, and shed L-selectin, concomitant with firm adhesion (Kishimoto, et al., Science, 245:1238-1242, 1989; Jutila, et al., J. Immunol., 143:3318-3324, 1989; Smith, et al., Clin. Invest., 87:609-618, 1991).
  • PAF and E-selectin can activate integrins for endothelial cell adhesion (Lorant et al., J. Biol. Chem., 115:223-234,1991; Lo, J. Exp. Med., 173:1493-1500,1991).
  • the presence of MIP-1b, immobilized by binding to CD44 (possesses heparin/heparan sulfate moieties), or a heparin-BSA conjugate, has been shown to be required for CD8+T-cell binding to immobilized VCAM-1 molecules.
  • IL-8 activates neutrophils, eosinophils and T cells.
  • RANTES activates monocytes, eosinophils and T cells.
  • MCP-1 activates monocytes.
  • MIP-la activates CD4+ T cells, monocytes and B cells, while MIP-1b activates monocytes and CD8+ T cells (reviewed in Lasky, Current Biol., 3:366-378, 1993).
  • selectins, integrins, CAMs and chemokines are thought to select for the adhesion and migration of the leukocyte subtypes observed in different inflamed tissues (Butcher, Cell, 67:1033-1039, 1991).
  • VLA-4 is not expressed by neutrophils (Winn and Harlan, J. Clin. Invest., 92:1168-1174, 1993).
  • chemokines are important for activation and increased surface levels of integrins VLA-4 and CD18 on leukocytes.
  • IL-8 immobilized on a polycarbonate filter has been shown to be adequate for directing migration of neutrophils through the filter (Rot, Immunol. Today, 13:291-294). Huber, et al.
  • activated leukocytes Once activated leukocytes have begun to accumulate within a damaged tissue, they can augment the accumulation of additional leukocytes, by synthesis and secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and LTB 4 .
  • LPS has been shown to directly increase monocyte IL-1b expression (Porat, et al., FASEB J., 6:2482-2489, 1992).
  • IL-8, IL-1b and TNF-a are produced by neutrophils activated with GM-CSF, another cytokine produced by activated macrophages, endothelium and T-cells (McCain, et al., Am. J. Respir. Cell Molec.
  • IL-1b and TNF-a have been shown to stimulate monocytes, thereby increasing the expression of the chemokines, IL-8 and MIP-1a (Lukacs, et al., Blood, 82:3668-3674, 1993).
  • Activated neutrophils and monocytes have been shown to be a major source of LTB 4 production (Samuelsson, et al., Science, 237:1171-1176, 1987; Brach, et al., Eur. J.
  • LTB 4 is not directly involved in further recruitment of leukocytes, but because neutrophils stimulated with LTB 4 produce IL-8, the LTB 4 -stimulated neutrophils could promote further neutrophil recruitment, indirectly, through formation of an IL-8 gradient (McCain, et al., Am. J. Respir. Cell Molec. Biol., 10:651-657, 1994).
  • the continued recruitment of leukocytes by these leukocyte-derived activators would require using the vascular endothelium as an intermediate.
  • Endothelial cells and basement membranes would bind and display neutrophil-derived chemokines, forming a gradient, or leukocyte-derived cytokines would activate the endothelium, which would also cause the creation of a chemokine gradient.
  • the activated leukocytes would produce and secrete additional cytokines, chemokines, and LTB 4 into the blood. This increase in activator concentration could up-regulate unactivated cells and amplify the systemic response.
  • This invention is directed to the discovery that heparinase degrading enzymes, either separately or in combination, can be used to decrease localized inflammatory response.
  • the heparinases useful in this invention can be from a variety of sources: heparinases I, II, and III from the Gram negative bacterium Flavobacterium heparinum, heparinase from Bacteroides strains, heparinase from Flavobacterium Hp206, heparinase from Cytophagia species, and heparanases from mammalian cells. These enzymes, either singly or in combination, are referred to herein as heparinase or heparinase enzyme.
  • Heparin and heparan sulfate moieties are degraded on the surface of endothelial cells and from basement membranes by administration of heparinase. Removal of heparin and heparan sulfate moieties from up-regulated proteoglycans on activated endothelial cells prevents L-selectin, found on leukocytes, from interacting with the proteoglycans. By decreasing L-selectin-proteoglycan interactions, leukocyte rolling on activated endothelium can be inhibited.
  • chemokines which are bound to the heparin and heparan sulfate, are released from the cell surfaces and basement membrane.
  • the loss of bound chemokines decreases the localized concentration of chemokines and disrupts the chemokine gradient produced by activated endothelium, thereby inhibiting chemokine activation of rolling leukocytes, which is required for firm adhesion, and preventing extravasation of leukocytes along the chemokine gradient.
  • decreased leukocyte rolling, activation and extravasation can inhibit localized tissue inflammatory responses by interfering with fundamental mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment.
  • Heparinase enzyme can be targeted to specific cell types, tissues or organs by the selected method of administration, which deliver localized high concentrations of the enzymes or physically limit the dispersal of the enzymes. Additionally, according to this invention heparinase can be targeted by fusion of the enzymes to binding domains from antibodies, growth factors or adhesion molecules.
  • the fusion proteins are produced by construction and expression of gene fusions in recombinant organisms.
  • the binding domains can recognize cell surface molecules on activated endothelium (e.g., ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin), or on endothelial cell subtypes (e.g., GlyCAM-1).
  • Targeted fusion enzymes can increase the number and specificity of indications, while decreasing the amounts of enzyme required for efficacy and possible side-effects resulting from treatments.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph of the counts of 35S-heparin/heparan sulfate released from the surface of endothelial cells by 1.0 IU/ml of heparinase III, which were separated according to size on a gel filtration column.
  • the diamonds indicate counts released by a 5 minute digest
  • the squares indicate counts released by a 30 minute digest
  • the triangles indicate counts released by a 60 minute digest. Background counts from fractionation of mock digests have been subtracted from the fractions derived from the heparinase III digests.
  • FIG. 2A and 2B are graphs of the percent of heparin/heparan sulfate present on the unactivated (2A) and IL-1b activated (2B) human endothelial cell line at the indicated times after treatment with 0.1 IU/ml heparinase I, II or III for 1 hour. 125I-bFGF binding to cell surface heparin was used to determine the amount of heparin/heparan sulfate present. Results for heparinase I, II or III treated cells are indicated by diamonds, squares or triangles, respectively. The vertical lines indicate the standard error of the means.
  • FIG. 3A and 3B are graphs of the percent of heparin/heparan sulfate present on the unactivated ( 3 A) and IL-1b activated ( 3 B) human endothelial cell line at the indicated times after treatment with 1.0 IU/ml heparinase I. 125I-bFGF binding to cell surface heparin was used to determine the amount of heparin/heparan sulfate present. Results for 1, 3 or 5 hour treated cells are indicated by diamonds, squares or triangles, respectively. The vertical lines indicate the standard error of the means.
  • FIG. 4A and 4B are graphs of the percent of heparin/heparan sulfate present on the unactivated ( 4 A) and IL-1b activated ( 4 B) human endothelial cell line at the indicated times after treatment with 1.0 IU/ml heparinase III. 125I-bFGF binding to cell surface heparin was used to determine the amount of heparin/heparan sulfate present. Results for 1, 3 or 5 hour treated cells are indicated by diamonds, squares or triangles, respectively. The vertical lines indicate the standard error of the means.
  • FIG. 5 contains graphs displaying the levels of IL-8 released from IL-1b activated human endothelial cell layers by treatment with 1.0 IU/ml of heparinases; I ( 5 A), II ( 5 B), I+III (bars containing diagonal lines; 5 B), and III ( 5 C).
  • the bars represent the percent difference in the concentration of IL-8 found in; supernatants from activated endothelial layers treated with heparinases, versus untreated supernatants from activated endothelial layers (containing only secreted IL-8). Standard errors for these percentage differences are indicated by vertical lines.
  • the lines overlaid on the bars indicate the concentration of IL-8 in the supernatants from the heparinase treated cell layers. The standard errors of these measurements are also indicated by vertical lines (not always visible).
  • FIG. 6 is a graph of the level of neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells, which were unactivated, IL-1b activated, or treated with 0.1 IU/ml of heparinases I, II or III after IL-1b activation. The level of adhesion is expressed as the percent of added neutrophils, which are adhering.
  • FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7 C are graphs of the percent inhibition of neutrophil extravasation through IL-1b activated endothelial cell layers, which were treated with heparinases I, II or III, respectively.
  • the bars containing diagonal lines represent results of one hour treatments with 1.0 IU/ml of heparinase.
  • the white bars represent results of one hour treatments with 0.1 IU/ml of heparinase.
  • the black bars represent results of 15 minute treatments with 0.1 IU/ml of heparinase I or III, and the bar containing vertical lines represents results of 15 minute treatments with 1.0 IU/ml of heparinase II.
  • the standard deviations for the percent inhibitions are indicated by vertical lines.
  • the small asterisks indicate results of one hour treatments that were significantly different from the results of the 15 minute treatment with the same heparinase (P ⁇ 0.05).
  • the large asterisks indicate the results of one hour treatments with 1.0 IU/ml of heparinase that were significantly different from the results of one hour treatments with 0.1 IU/ml of the same heparinase.
  • the numbers in parentheses under the bars indicate the number of experiments included in each data set.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing the activity of human heparinase (b-thromboglobulin) on ECM at pH 5.8 and 7.
  • the solid bars represent the percent difference in 35 SO 4 released from ECM treated with 1 ug of human heparinase versus that released from untreated ECM.
  • the bars containing diagonal lines represent the percent difference in 35 SO 4 released from ECM treated with 5 ug of human heparinase versus that released from untreated ECM.
  • the standard deviation of the means are indicated by vertical lines.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph which displays the change in the level of neutrophil extravasation upon activation of HUVEC layers with IL-1b, and after treatment of activated HUVEC layers with human heparinase (hhep). The standard deviation of the means are indicated by vertical lines.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph of rat plasma heparinase III concentrations over a five hour infusion period. Time points in the protocol are indicated by the arrows, with descriptions above the arrows. The vertical lines indicate the standard error of the means.
  • FIG. 11 is a graph of the level of leukocyte rolling in the rat microvasculature after 3 hours of ischemia, during reperfusion.
  • the circles indicate the levels in naive rats, the squares indicate the levels in sham treated rats which underwent ischemia, and the triangles indicate the levels in heparinase treated rats which underwent ischemia.
  • the vertical lines indicate the standard error of the means.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph of the level of leukocyte adhesion in the rat microvasculature after 3 hours of ischemia, during reperfusion.
  • the circles indicate the levels in naive rats, the squares indicate the levels in sham treated rats which underwent ischemia, and the triangles indicate the levels in heparinase treated rats which underwent ischemia.
  • the vertical lines indicate the standard error of the means.
  • FIG. 13 is a graph of the level of leukocyte extravasation in the rat microvasculature after 3 hours of ischemia, during reperfusion.
  • the circles indicate the levels in heparinase treated rats which underwent ischemia.
  • the vertical lines indicate the standard error of the means.
  • FIG. 14 is a graph of the level of leukocyte extravasation in the rat microvasculature after 2 hours of ischemia, during reperfusion.
  • the open bars are the percent difference in the levels in sham treated rats versus the levels in naive rats.
  • the bars containing diagonal lines are the percent difference in the levels in heparinase treated rats versus the levels in naive rats.
  • the vertical lines indicate the standard error of the means.
  • FIG. 15 is a graph of the level of perfusion in rat postcapillary venules after 3 hours of ischemia, during reperfusion.
  • the circles indicate the levels in naive rats, the squares indicate the levels in sham treated rats which underwent ischemia, and the triangles indicate the levels in heparinase treated rats which underwent ischemia.
  • the vertical lines indicate the standard error of the means.
  • FIG. 16 is a graph of the heart rate-blood pressure product for rabbits during ischemia and reperfusion with or without heparinase treatment.
  • the open circles and squares are data for saline pretreated and reperfusion treated rats, respectively.
  • the open pyramids and solid circles are data for heparinase pretreated and reperfusion treated rabbits, respectively (25 ug/ml target plasma levels for heparinase III).
  • the solid squares, pyramids and diamonds are data for heparinase reperfusion treated rabbits with 5, 1.25 and 0.25 ug/ml target plasma levels of heparinase III, respectively.
  • BASE indicates baseline levels.
  • 30I indicates the level at 30 minutes of ischemia.
  • 30R, 60R, 120R and 180R indicates the levels at 30, 60 120 and 180 minutes of reperfusion.
  • the vertical lines indicate the standard deviation of the means.
  • FIG. 17 is a graph of the percent of the infarct size vs. risk zone after ischemia and reperfusion in rabbit hearts, which underwent different heparinase treatments.
  • the solid circles indicate the average levels for each treatment group.
  • the open shapes indicate the levels for individual rabbits.
  • CPT and CRT indicate saline pretreated and reperfusion treated rabbits, respectively.
  • DPT and DRT indicate heparinase pretreated and reperfusion treated rabbits, respectively.
  • the numbers below DPT and DRT indicate the target level of heparinase III in the plasma (in ug/ml).
  • the vertical lines indicate the standard deviation of the means.
  • FIG. 18 is a graph of the concentration of heparinase III which was infused into the heparinase treated rabbits (in IU/ml).
  • DPT and DRT indicate heparinase pretreated and reperfusion treated rabbits, respectively.
  • the numbers below DPT and DRT indicate the target level of heparinase III in the plasma (in ug/ml).
  • Con indicates control rabbits infused with saline.
  • the vertical lines indicate the standard deviation of the means.
  • FIG. 19 is a graph of the concentrations of heparinase III measured in the rabbit plasma during pretreatment and reperfusion.
  • the circles indicate the actual concentrations measured in heparinase pretreated rabbits targeted for 25 ug/ml plasma concentrations of heparinase III.
  • the squares, pyramids, triangles and diamonds indicate the actual concentrations measured in heparinase reperfusion treated rabbits targeted for 25, 5, 1.25 and 0.25 ug/ml plasma concentrations of heparinase III, respectively.
  • BASE indicates baseline concentrations.
  • 30P and 60P indicate concentrations at 30 and 60 minutes of pretreatment.
  • 15R, 30R, 60R, 120R and 180R indicate concentrations at 15, 30, 60 120 and 180 minutes of reperfusion, respectively.
  • the vertical lines indicate the standard deviation of the means.
  • Interactions between leukocytes and endothelium are critical to the progress of localized inflammatory responses. These critical interactions include functional contacts between endothelium bound chemokines and leukocyte chemokine receptors, and between leukocyte L-selectin and heparin/heparan sulfate proteoglycans on endothelium.
  • This invention is based on the discovery and is directed to the use of heparinase enzyme and heparinase fusion protein to decrease leukocyte-chemokine and leukocyte-endothelial cells proteoglycan interactions, and thereby inhibiting localized inflammation.
  • Heparin and heparan sulfate are glycosaminoglycan moieties of proteoglycans located on the surface of many different cell types and also found in the extracellular matrices produced by many cells. Endothelial cells produce extracellular matrix, primarily on their abluminal side, referred to as basement membrane. Endothelial cells, activated by certain cytokines or by other inflammatory response stimulators, increase their surface levels of heparin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (excluding high endothelial venules), which act as inflammatory adhesion molecules, and interact with L-selectin on rolling leukocytes.
  • chemokines This interaction increases contacts of leukocytes with the endothelium (increased rolling of leukocytes), which are necessary for subsequent steps in leukocyte recruitment.
  • Activated endothelium also increases it's synthesis and secretion of chemokines.
  • the secretion of chemokines in turn increases the localized concentration of the same chemokines, because the chemokines bind to the heparin and heparan sulfate moieties of proteoglycans on the endothelial cells surfaces and in the basement membranes. This localized concentration gradient is required for activation of leukocytes for firm adhesion and extravasation, and results in leukocyte recruitment to inflammatory sites.
  • Heparinase enzymes have been found in microorganisms including Flavobacterium heparinum (Lohse and Linhardt, J. Biol. Chem. 267:2437-24355, 1992), Bacteroides strains (Saylers, et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:319-322, 1977; Nakamura, et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:1070-1071, 1988), Flavobacterium Hp206 (Yoshida, et al., 10th Annual Symposium of Glycoconjugates, Jerusalem 1989) and Cytophagia species (Bohn, et al., Drug Res. 41(I), Nr.
  • Heparanases from mammalian cells have also been described (Fuks, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,641, 1994; Hoogewerf et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270:3268-3277, 1995).
  • the heparinases from Flavobacterium heparinum, heparinase I (EC 4.2.2.7), and heparinase II degrade heparin, while heparinase II also degrades heparan sulfate, as does heparinase III (EC 4.2.2.8).
  • the products of complete digestion by these enzymes are mainly disaccharides, though small quantities of tetrasaccharides and oligosaccharides may persist.
  • These enzymes can be used to remove cell surface and basement membrane glycosaminoglycans, heparin and heparan sulfate.
  • Heparinases or a combination thereof, that may be used in this invention can be prepared from a variety of sources.
  • Heparinase may be prepared by isolation from bacterial or mammalian cells, either those which naturally produce the enzymes or have been genetically engineered to produce the enzymes as described in by known methods.
  • mammalian heparanases from human cells may be isolated according to procedures for purification described by Fuks, et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,641, 1994).
  • Heparinase enzymes can be purified from cultures of Flavobacterium heparinum as follows.
  • F. heparinum is cultured in 15 L computer controlled fermenters, in a variation of the defined nutrient medium described by Galliher et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41(2):360-365, 1981.
  • semi-purified heparin (Celsus Laboratories) is included in the media at a concentration of 1.0 g/L as the inducer of heparinase synthesis.
  • the cells are harvested by centrifugation and the desired enzymes released from the periplasmic space by a variation of the osmotic shock procedure described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,169,772 to Zimmermann, et al. (1992).
  • Proteins from the crude osmolate are adsorbed onto cation exchange resin (CBX, J. T. Baker) at a conductivity of between one and seven mhos. Unbound proteins from the extract are discarded and the resin packed into a chromatography column (5.0 cm i.d. ⁇ 100 cm). The bound proteins elute at a linear flow rate of 3.75 cm ⁇ min ⁇ 1 with step gradients of 0.01 M phosphate, 0.01 M phosphate/0.1 M sodium chloride, 0.01 M phosphate/0.25 M sodium chloride and 0.01 M phosphate/ 1.0 M. sodium chloride, all at pH, 7.0 ⁇ 0.1.
  • Heparinase II elutes in the 0.1 M NaCl fraction while heparinases, I and III, elute in the 0.25 M fraction.
  • the 0.1 M sodium chloride step is eliminated and the three heparinases co-eluted with 0.25 M sodium chloride.
  • the heparinase fractions are loaded directly onto a column containing cellufine sulfate (5.0 cm i.d. ⁇ 30 cm, Amicon) and eluted at a linear flow rate of 2.50 cm ⁇ min ⁇ 1 with step gradients of 0.01 M phosphate, 0.01 M phosphate/0.2 M sodium chloride, 0.01 M phosphate/0.4 M sodium chloride and 0.01 M phosphate/ 1.0 M.
  • the solution is further purified by loading the material onto a hydroxyapatite column (2.6 cm i.d. ⁇ 20 cm) and eluting the bound protein at a linear flow rate of 1.0 cm ⁇ min ⁇ 1 with step gradients of 0.01 M phosphate, 0.01 M phosphate/0.35 M sodium chloride, 0.01 M phosphate/0.45 M sodium chloride, 0.01 M phosphate/0.65 M sodium chloride and 0.01 M phosphate/ 1.0 M. sodium chloride, all at pH, 7.0 ⁇ 0.1. Heparinase II elutes in a single protein peak in the 0.45 M sodium chloride fraction while heparinase III elutes in a single protein peak in the 0.65 M sodium chloride fraction.
  • Heparinase I is further purified by loading material from the cellufine sulfate column, diluted to a conductivity less than 5 mhos, onto a hydroxyapatite column (2.6 cm i.d. ⁇ 20 cm) and eluting the bound protein at a linear flow rate of 1.0 cm ⁇ min ⁇ 1 with a linear gradient of phosphate (0.01 to 0.25 M) and sodium chloride (0.0 to 0.5 M). Heparinase I elutes in a single protein peak approximately mid-way through the gradient.
  • heparinase enzymes obtained by this method are greater than 98.5% pure as estimated by reverse phase HPLC analysis (BioCad, POROS II). Purification results for the heparinase enzymes are shown in Table A.
  • Glycosaminoglycan degrading enzymes also can be isolated from recombinant expression systems such as the heparinase I expression system described by Sasisekharan, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:8660-8664, 1993; the heparinase, II and III, expression systems described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/258,639, “Nucleic Acid Sequences and Expression Systems for Heparinase II and Heparinase III Derived From Flavobacterium heparinum” by Su, et al., filed Jun. 10, 1994, the teachings of which are incorporated herein. In these expression systems, the F.
  • heparinum genes are isolated and cloned into plasmids downstream from an inducable promoter.
  • the plasmids are introduced into E. coli and the expression of the desired enzyme directed by a suitable induction method such as temperature shift or addition of IPTG to the medium.
  • the enzymes can be recovered in a purified form by a modification of the methods described herein.
  • Cell disruption is achieved by homogenization, sonication or enzymatic treatment to break the cell wall and release cytoplasmic components. If enzyme synthesis results in aggregation, the aggregate can then be dissolved by a denaturing agent, 3 to 6 M guanidine HCl or 4 to 8 M urea and the protein refolded by removal of the denaturing agent through dialysis or dilution.
  • the refolded enzyme can be further purified using the liquid chromatographic methods described above.
  • Fusion proteins incorporating heparinase enzyme fused to proteins with specific binding properties can be created by recombinant molecular biology techniques. By choosing an appropriate binding protein, heparinase activity can be targeted to specific sites, in vivo. ICAM-1 has been shown to be preferentially expressed on the surface of activated endothelial cells (Dustin, et al., J. Immunol., 137:245-254, 1986).
  • fusion proteins an antibody, Fab fragment or variable region, specific for ICAM-1, VCAM-1 or P-selectin, when fused to heparinase enzyme or an active portion thereof, localizes heparinase activity near the luminal and abluminal surfaces of activated endothelium. Heparin and heparan sulfate moieties are removed in this area, causing breakdown of the chemokine gradient produced by the endothelium.
  • fusion of heparinase enzyme, or an active portion thereof, to the I-domain of LFA-1 or Mac-1 targets activated endothelium for removal of heparin and heparan sulfate, inhibiting leukocyte rolling and chemokine gradient formation.
  • Receptors for cytokines such as IL-1b, are up-regulated on activated endothelium and provide another target for binding of fusion proteins.
  • IL-1b or the receptor binding domain of IL-1b to heparinase targeting can also be achieved.
  • the fusion proteins can decrease inflammatory responses at lower blood concentrations than is required for comparable decreases using unfused heparinase.
  • other cells in the vascular system will be less affected by the enzyme activity of the fusion protein, reducing possible side effects of treatments.
  • Heparinase fusion proteins created by genetic engineering retain the binding and catalytic properties of heparinase and of the protein to which it is fused.
  • Three heparinases have been purified to homogeneity from Flavobacterium heparinum, and have been produced in a recombinant form in Escherichia coli.
  • Fusion proteins consisting of heparinase enzyme combined with binding domains from antibodies or adhesion molecules can be produced with a gene fusion in a recombinant host, while retaining the functionalities of binding and the enzymatic activity of the separate proteins.
  • These molecules can also be purified to homogeneity by procedures normally used for purification of the individual parts of the fusion protein (e.g.
  • the recombinant enzyme may not contain amino-terminal pyroglutamate or carbohydrate moieties. All recombinant heparinase may contain deletions, additional and/or altered amino acids, which modify the enzymatic activity of the natural enzyme or the functioning of the binding domains. Heparinase and fusion heparinase can be stabilized for in vivo use, by complexing with polyethylene glycol, cross linking agents, and by microencapsulation.
  • the gene for heparinase I was isolated from F. heparinum as described by Sasisekharan, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:3660-3664, 1993, and an EcoR I restriction site was inserted 5′ to the codon encoding the glutamine-21 residue by polymerase chain reaction.
  • a fragment containing the heparinase I gene was prepared by digestion with restriction endonucleases; EcoR I and BamH I, and ligated to the EcoR I/BamH I cleaved pMALc2 plasmid (New England Biolabs).
  • the resulting plasmid contained a hybrid gene encoding a 82,000-85,000 Dalton protein incorporating the maltose binding protein (Ma1B) fused 5′ to the heparinase I gene.
  • This plasmid was inserted into Escherichia coli HB101 cells using the calcium chloride mediated method described by Cohen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 69:2110-211. These cells exhibited heparinase activity under the control of the tac promoter, allowing synthesis of the fusion protein by addition of 0.1 mM of the inducing agent IPTG to the growth medium.
  • the HB101(pMALc2-HEP1Q21) cells were grown to a cell density of 1.0 g/L dry cell weight in 500 ml, M9 medium containing 0.1 mM IPTG at 37 ⁇ C. and concentrated by centrifugation, 10,000 g ⁇ 10 minutes.
  • the cell pellet was suspended in 10 ml 0.025 M Tris, pH 7.7, and the cells disrupted by sonication using a Heat Systems Model XL2020, 4.5 minutes, power level 3, 30 second on 30 second off cycles. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation, 10,000 g ⁇ 10 minutes, and the supernatant applied to an amylose affinity resin column (1.0 i.d. ⁇ 2 cm, New England Biolabs).
  • the bound protein was eluted with a step gradient of 0.025 M Tris containing 0.01 M maltose at pH 7.5.
  • the fusion protein eluted in a protein peak which displayed a heparinase specific activity of 23.77 IU/mg.
  • the heparinase-maltose binding fusion protein also can be purified by standard protein separation techniques based on heparinase properties.
  • Cell sonicates were fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation.
  • Non-specific proteins were removed with a precipitation step at 1.7 M ammonium sulfate and the supernatant precipitated by raising the ammonium sulfate concentration to 3.2 M.
  • the precipitated material contained the fusion protein and was resuspended in 0.025 M sodium phosphate, pH 6.5. The material was applied to a weak cation exchange column (1.6 i.d. ⁇ 10 cm, CBX, J. T.
  • a BamH I/Sal I restriction fragment from pGBH3, which contains the heparinase III gene from Flavobacterium heparinum was inserted into pMALc2 to form a gene for fusion of a maltose binding protein with heparinase II.
  • Extracts of the E. coli strain DH5a containing the fusion gene plasmid were produced as described in the last example, and these extracts contained 18.7 IU/ml/O.D. of heparinase III activity.
  • the extract was also combined with amylose affinity resin and the resin was then separated from the extract by centrifugation.
  • the resin was washed once with 0.025M Tris (pH 7.5) solution and proteins bound to the resin were resuspended in SDS-PAGE sample buffer and separated according to size on a 7.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gel.
  • Western blot analysis of the gel with anti-heparinase III specific antibody identified a 116,000 Da. protein, which corresponds to the expected size of the fusion protein. This analysis indicates that the fusion protein has a functional maltose binding domain.
  • This example demonstrates that the heparinase III protein can also be fused to a binding domain to produce a bifunctional fusion enzyme.
  • Glutaraldehyde is one type of bifunctional cross-linking agent.
  • PCT WO95/00171, by Novo Nordisk A/S contains a listing of other useful bifunctional cross-linking agents, and teaches the use of these, which is incorporated herein.
  • Heparinase enzyme can be administered either locally or systemically. Local administration can provide greater control. Heparinase is mixed with an appropriate pharmaceutical or veterinary carrier, then administered in an effective amount to produce the desired effect on the treated cells using methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, for local application, use of perfusion, injection or a catheter.
  • Targeting and effective concentration dosages can be achieved by preparation of targeted enzymes as described above, or by the use of targeting vehicles, such as a catheter or localized injection, to achieve controlled site specific delivery of enzyme.
  • Heparinase enzyme can be formulated in a carrier for administration by injection, for example, in saline or an aqueous buffer, using standard methodology, or encapsulated in a polymeric matrix.
  • Encapsulation of heparinase in controlled release formulations is well known; materials include but not limited to liposomes, lipospheres, biodegradable polymeric matrices, and vesicles. These encapsulants are typically microparticles having a diameter from 60 nm to 100 microns, but preferably less than ten microns, and more preferably one micron or less in diameter.
  • Proteosomes are prepared from outer membrane proteins of the Meningococcal bacteria and been reported to bind proteins containing hydrophobic anchors by Lowell, et al., Science, 240:800 (1988). Proteosome proteins are highly hydrophobic, reflecting their role as transmembrane proteins and porins. When isolated, their hydrophobic protein-protein interactions cause them to form naturally multimolecular, membranous 60 to 1000 nm vesicles or membrane vesicle fragments, depending on the strength of the detergent used in their isolation. Heparinase can also be encapsulated within a proteoliposome as described by Miller et al., J. Exp. Med.
  • heparinase can be encapsulated in lipid vesicles such as NovasomeTM lipid vesicles (Micro Vescular Systems, Inc., Nashua, N.H.).
  • lipid vesicles such as NovasomeTM lipid vesicles (Micro Vescular Systems, Inc., Nashua, N.H.).
  • Another carrier is described in PCT US90/06590 by Nova Pharmaceuticals, the teachings of which are incorporated herein, which is referred to as a liposphere, having a solid core and an outer shell layer formed of phospholipid.
  • the carrier may also be a polymeric delayed release system.
  • Biodegradable synthetic polymers are particularly useful to effect the controlled release of heparinase. Microencapsulation has been applied to the injection of microencapsulated pharmaceuticals to give a controlled release. A number of factors contribute to the selection of a particular polymer for microencapsulation. The reproducibility of polymer synthesis and the microencapsulation process, the cost of the microencapsulation materials and process, the toxicological profile, the requirements for variable release kinetics and the physicochemical compatibility of the polymer and the antigens are all factors that must be considered. Examples of useful polymers are polycarbonates, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyorthoesters and polyamides, particularly those that are biodegradable.
  • PLGA poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)
  • PLGA poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)
  • This is a biodegradable polyester that has a long history of medical use in erodible sutures, bone plates and other temporary prostheses, where it has not exhibited any toxicity.
  • a wide variety of pharmaceuticals including peptides and antigens have been formulated into PLGA microcapsules.
  • the PLGA microencapsulation process uses a phase separation of a water-in-oil emulsion. Heparinase is prepared as an aqueous solution and the PLGA is dissolved in a suitable organic solvents such as methylene chloride and ethyl acetate.
  • Heparinase enzyme can be administered by injection, infusion or perfusion. Typically, injection is performed using either a syringe or catheter. Either a syringe or a catheter can be used to apply heparinase locally to areas of blood vessels, tissues or organs. Patients diagnosed with localized inflammations can be treated by introduction of heparinase into their vascular system by these means. Heparinase can also be administered before or simultaneously with surgery, to reduce resulting inflammatory responses. In addition, preceding transplant surgery, the donor organ can be perfused with a heparinase preparation to reduce inflammation upon reperfusion after transplantation.
  • Example 1 Treatment of Endothelial Cells with Heparinase to Release Heparin/Heparan Sulfate
  • Heparinase alters the cell surface and basement membrane by cleaving the heparin and heparan sulfate moieties from the cell surface and extracellular matrix proteoglycans. Removal of these glycosaminoglycans will decrease leukocyte-endothelium interactions (leukocyte rolling) by decreasing binding of L-selectin on leukocytes to endothelium proteoglycans. In addition, the removal of heparin and heparan sulfate will decrease binding of chemokines to the endothelium, which will reduce leukocyte activation, sticking and extravasation.
  • 35 S-sulfate containing endothelial cell layers were produced by seeding 24 well dishes with primary bovine corneal endothelial cells. These were grown until 1 day prior to confluence in DMEM with 10% fetal calf serum and 5% calf serum. One day prior to confluence the cells were diluted 10- fold into Fisher medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 5% calf serum, 4% dextran, and 25 mCi/ml Na 2 35SO 4 and cultured for 3 days with the addition of 0.5 ng/ml per day bFGF. Incorporation of label by near-confluent cells localizes the label in and on the cell and minimizes the 35 S-label incorporated into the basement membrane.
  • Endothelial cell layers containing 35 S-sulfate were treated with 600 ul phosphate buffered saline or heparinases III, in phosphate buffered saline, at a concentration of 1.0 IU/ml, in duplicate wells.
  • the digestions were allowed to proceed for 5, 30 or 60 minutes at 37 ⁇ C.
  • 400 ul of digestion solution was removed from each well and fractionated on a Bio-sil SEC 125-5 gel filtration column controlled by a Beckman System Gold HPLC, equipped with an autosampler. The flow rate was 1 ml/minute and 1 ml fractions were collected.
  • the amount of 35S- sulfate present in each fraction was determined by measuring an aliquot of each fraction on a Packard 1600 TR liquid scintillation counter.
  • the labeled, untreated control solutions were fractionated and measured in the same manner, and the quantity of radioactive material in each fraction (background) was subtracted from the amount present in fractions from the heparinase digested samples.
  • the amount of cell surface 35 S-labeled heparin/heparan sulfate in each fraction released by heparinase III treatment is shown in FIG. 1.
  • Example 2 Determination of the Extent of Removal and the Rate of Replacement of Heparin/Heparan Sulfate Moieties on Endothelial Cells and in Basement Membranes Treated with Heparinase
  • the growth factor basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF)
  • bFGF basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
  • bFGF basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
  • Binding of 125 I-labeled bFGF to cell surface and basement membrane proteoglycans was used to access the amount of heparin/heparan sulfate removed from unactivated and IL-1b activated endothelial cell layers and their basement membranes by heparinases I, II or III.
  • heparinase 70 to 90%; FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 ). This demonstrates that the endothelium can be almost completely depleted of heparin/heparan sulfate moieties by use of heparinase. With a 1 hour heparinase treatment the rate of replacement of the heparin/heparan sulfate is generally biphasic in nature. Replacement of 40 to 50% of the digested heparin/heparan sulfate occurs within a few hours.
  • a human endothelial cell line was grown to confluency in 48 well dishes in 0.25 ml/well of RPMI medium, containing; 1% penicillin /streptomycin, and 20% fetal serum. Cells in half of the wells were activated for 4 hours with 10 ul of 50 ng/ml IL-1b.
  • Incubation Medium RPMI medium, 25 mM Tris HCL pH 8, 25 mM HEPES pH 7.4, and 0.1% BSA
  • 0.1 IU/ml of heparinase I, II or III diluted in Incubation Medium at 37° C., in 5% CO 2 , for 60 min for experimental results depicted in FIG. 2, or for the results depicted in FIGS. 3 and 4, 1.0 IU/ml heparinase I or III diluted in Incubation Medium, at 37° C., in 5% CO 2 , for 60 min with none, 3 or 5 replacements of the enzymes every hour.
  • the wells were washed 3 times with HBSS and incubated with RPMI medium, containing; 1% penicillin /streptomycin and 20% fetal serum, ⁇ IL-1b, at 37° C., in 5% CO 2 , for the times indicated in FIG. 2.
  • the wells were again washed 3 times with HBSS and 0.1 ml of Incubation Medium was added to each well, and the plates were cooled on ice for 5 min. To all of the wells was added 20 ul of 125 ng/ml 125 I-bFGF, and 20 ul of 20 ug/ml unlabeled bFGF.
  • Example 3 Treatment of Activated Endothelial Cell Layers and Basement Membranes with Heparinase to Release Heparin/Heparan Sulfate Bound Chemokine, IL-8
  • IL-8 is produced by endothelium activated by IL-1b and other cytokines and chemoattractants, which are secreted by inflamed tissues. If IL-8 bound to endothelium can be solubilized by treatment with heparinase, then it would be removed from the area of inflammation by blood flow and the localized inflammatory response would be inhibited.
  • the in vitro removal and solubilization of 0.5 to 3 fold more endogenous, immobilized IL-8 (vs. secreted IL-8) from activated endothelium by heparinases I, II or III, or by heparinases I and III demonstrates that the bound chemokine gradient can be destroyed by heparinase treatment.
  • the cells were grown until confluent, at 37° C., in 5% CO 2 .
  • the culture medium was changed every other day during the growth period.
  • the day before the chemokine assay the medium was exchanged for 1 ml of RPMI medium without heparin.
  • HBSS Hanks Balanced Salt Solution
  • 0.5 ml of RPMI medium (minus fetal serum, epidermal growth factor, endothelial cell growth supplement and heparin) and 2% BSA was added to the wells for the times indicated in FIG. 3. After the indicated times, the wells were emptied and washed once with 1 ml of HBSS. 0.5 ml of HBSS with or without 1 IU/ml of heparinase I, II or III; or heparinases I and III were added to the wells. The plates were incubated at 37° C. on a heat block for 15 minutes with occasional agitation. After 15 minutes, the supernatants were collected and assayed for IL-8.
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • endothelial cell surface molecules activate rolling neutrophils for tight binding to the walls of postcapillary venules.
  • Chemokines bound to heparin/heparan sulfate have been identified as important signal molecules for activation of neutrophils for tight binding in the microcapillaries.
  • the in vitro neutrophil adhesion assay system described below is commonly used to analyze conditions affecting neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells.
  • Treatment of the activated human endothelial cell layers used in this assay with either heparinase I, II or III resulted in significant reductions in the level of neutrophil adhesion to the endothelium.
  • venous blood was drawn from a healthy donor into ⁇ fraction (1/10) ⁇ volume of 0.1M sodium citrate, pH 7.4, and was diluted with 25 ml of Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline containing calcium chloride and magnesium chloride (D-PBS). 10 ml aliquots of diluted blood were layered on 10 ml of Ficoll-Paque in 50 ml tubes. The tubes were centrifuged at 400 x g for 30 minutes at 20° C., and were allowed to stop, without braking.
  • D-PBS Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline containing calcium chloride and magnesium chloride
  • the upper layers were removed and the pellets were resuspended in 3 volumes of a solution of 155 mM NH 4 Cl, 10 mM KHCO 3 and 0.1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4 at 4° C., to lyse the erythrocytes.
  • the tubes were inverted after a few minutes and the contents turn black after 7 to 8 minutes. After 10 minutes, the tubes were centrifuged again at 400 x g for 5 minutes at 4° C. The supernatants were aspirated and the pellets were resuspended in the NH 4 Cl solution containing 0.5% human albumin. The suspensions were pooled and the volume was brought to 50 ml.
  • the cell suspension was incubated on ice for 15 minutes and centrifuged at 400 x g for 5 minutes at 4° C. The supernatant was removed and if the pellet was still red, it was washed again with NH 4 Cl solution containing 0.5% human albumin. Finally, the cells were resuspended in D-PBS with 5 mg/ml human albumin and refrigerated, until needed. A 10 ⁇ l aliquot of suspension was diluted with 10 ⁇ l of trypan blue and the cells were counted on a hemacytometer to determine the number of viable cells per volume of suspension.
  • a suspension of 10 ⁇ 106 neutrophils was made in 2 ml of PBS (no Ca, no Mg) with 5 mg/ml human albumin.
  • BCECF-AM (Molecular Probes) was added to the suspension for a final concentration of 46 uM.
  • the neutrophils were incubated in a water bath at a set temperature of 37° C. for 30 minutes after which they were centrifuged and rinsed twice with PBS (no Ca, no Mg) with 5 mg/ml human albumin. They were finally resuspended in 10 ml of RPMI+20% bovine fetal serum at 37° C.
  • HUVEC at passage number 3 were trypsinized and counted.
  • the cells were plated in RPMI+20 % bovine fetal serum+95 ug/ml heparin+ECGS+EGF at 5 ⁇ 104 cells per well in 96 well plates. They were grown at 37° C., 5% CO2 for 18 hours. At that point the growth medium was replaced with RPMI+20% bovine fetal serum ( 2 ng/ml IL-1b for 4 hours.
  • the cells were then rinsed with HBSS and treated with heparinase I, II or III at 0.1 IU/ml in HBSS for 1 hour at 37° C., 5% CO2.
  • HUVEC were rinsed once with HBSS.
  • 200 ul of the neutrophil suspension (which corresponds to 200,000 neutrophils) was added to each well of treated or control HUVEC.
  • the plate was put at 37° C., 5% CO2 for 30 minutes.
  • the adhesion period was stopped by centrifuging the plate upside down at 250 x g for 5 minutes.
  • 200 ul of PBS (no Ca, no Mg)+5 mg/ml human albumin was added to each well and the plate was read with a Fluorolite 1000 fluorescence plate reader at a voltage of 2.5 V.
  • the emission filter was at 535 nm ⁇ 35 and the excitation filter at 485 ⁇ 22.
  • a standard curve was generated by putting known amounts of BCECF-AM-stained neutrophils, resuspended in PBS (no Ca, no Mg)+5 mg/ml human albumin in wells of another 96 well plate which contained confluent HUVEC layers. The fluorescence units were plotted against the quantity of neutrophils and a slope was calculated. The standard curve was used to determine the number of bound neutrophils in the control and heparinase treated wells. The percent differences between IL-1b activated HUVEC layers and comparable HUVEC layers treated with heparinases I, II and III are shown in FIG. 6.
  • Leukocytes from the blood accumulate in inflamed tissues by transmigration across the adjacent endothelium (extravasation).
  • the endothelial cell layer is activated by the inflamed tissue (via cytokines and chemoattractants), and the affected endothelium directs and localizes the accumulation of leukocytes in the inflamed tissue.
  • the activated endothelium forms an immobilized chemokine gradient on its cell surface and in its basement membrane.
  • the in vitro neutrophil transmigration assay system described below is commonly used to analyze conditions affecting neutrophil extravasation.
  • Neutrophils were isolated as described in example 4. Human fibronectin was dissolved at 0.4 mg/ml in RPMI medium without serum. Filter inserts (6.25 mm) of pore size, 3 ⁇ m or 8 ⁇ m, were coated with 4 ⁇ g/cm2 of human fibronectin for one hour, at room temperature, and were rinsed with distilled water. Wells of a 24 well plate were filled with 0.3 ml of RPMI medium with 20% fetal bovine serum, 95 ⁇ g/ml heparin, 200 ⁇ g/ml ECGS and 10 ng/ml EGF.
  • the coated filter inserts were seated in the wells, and 8 ⁇ 104 human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVEC; used at passages 1 to 7) in 0.3 ml of complete RPMI medium, were plated on the coated filter inserts.
  • the cells were allowed to grow for 48 to 65 hours, at 37° C., in 5% CO 2 .
  • the culture medium from the filter inserts and the wells was changed once during the growth period for RPMI medium lacking heparin. After the growth period, the culture medium underneath all inserts, except negative control inserts, was removed and replaced with fresh culture medium lacking heparin and growth factors, but containing 2 ng/ml of human recombinant IL-1b.
  • the culture medium under negative control inserts was replaced with fresh culture medium.
  • the multiwell plates were incubated at 37° C., in 5% CO 2 , for 4 hours.
  • the medium was removed from the inserts and wells and the cells were rinsed once with Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS).
  • HBSS Hank's Balanced Salt Solution
  • the filters and wells were filled with 0.3 ml of a solution of HBSS; treated inserts received HBSS containing heparinase I, II or III instead of HBSS. This treatment was performed for the times indicated in FIG. 1, at 37° C., in 5% CO 2 .
  • the solution was removed and the cells were rinsed once with HBSS.
  • the rate changes obtained from the standards were used to produce a curve of the rate of increase in absorbance versus numbers of neutrophils. This curve was used to quantitate the number of neutrophils in each sample, which had migrated through, either a treated, or an untreated endothelial layer. The number of migrating neutrophils was divided by 1.5 ⁇ 106 to determine the percentage of neutrophil migration.
  • the effectiveness of the heparinase treatment in this assay depended on the extent to which the HUVEC were covering the filter surface. The extent of coverage was based on dye exclusion analysis performed after an extravasation experiment, and it varied somewhat from filter to filter in a single experiment. Generally, if the filter was densely covered with a tightly packed HUVEC layer, the percentage of extravasating neutrophils was low ( ⁇ 10%), and the differences between treated and untreated wells were not statistically significant (large well to well variability).
  • b-thromboglobulin are a mixture of the chemokines CTAP-III and NAP-2. At non-physiological pH (pH 5.8-6), these chemokines have heparinase activity, while at pH 7, they bind heparin and act as chemotactic cytokines for leukocytes.
  • the heparinase activity of commercial b-thromboglobulin preparations were analyzed at pH 5.8 and pH 7, by digestion of radioactive 35SO 4 -labeled ECM. These preparations showed significant human heparinase activity only at pH 5.8.
  • Bovine corneal endothelial cells at passage 1 to 8 were split 1:10 form a confluent plate and seeded in 4 well plates in DMEM low glucose with 10% fetal bovine serum, 5% calf serum and 4% Dextran added. The dishes received 1 ng/ml bFGF 3 times a week prior to reaching confluency.
  • b-thromboglobulin from Wellmark (product #41705) or Calbiochem (product #605165) were used for digestion of the labeled ECM.
  • 100 ug of enzyme was dissolved in 1 ml of water (Wellmark) or PBS (Calbiochem). A further dilution was done in PBS at pH 5.8 or 7.
  • the matrices were covered with 250 ul of PBS alone or PBS with 1 or 5 ug of ⁇ -thromboglobulin.
  • the matrices were incubated in a CO 2 incubator for 3 hours. Aliquots of 100 ul were taken from every well and counted. The amount of radioactivity released from each enzyme-treated matrix was compared to an untreated matrix, and the results are displayed in FIG. 8.
  • HUVEC were grown on filter inserts and activated as described in example 5.
  • Five ug of ⁇ -thromboglobulin in PBS at pH 5.8 or PBS alone were applied to the HUVEC layer for one hour.
  • Neutrophils were added above the filters and the number of extravasating neutrophils were quantitated as described in example 5.
  • the effect of the human heparinase treatments on neutrophil extravasation are shown in FIG. 9.
  • Example 7 Treatment of Rats with Heparinase Inhibits Leukocyte-Endothelial Cell Interactions Following Ischemia/Reperfusion
  • This example illustrates the effect of heparinase III on leukocyte behavior in vivo.
  • This example demonstrates that heparinase treatment of vasculature would inhibit neutrophil accumulation in microcapillaries and in the surrounding tissues. In vivo heparinase treatment would result in decreased inflammatory responses.
  • heparinase treatment significantly increased microvascular perfusion within reperfused muscle following ischemia.
  • increased microvascular perfusion would positively affect the recovery of muscle tissue and positively affect the outcome of ischemia/reperfusion (i.e. inflammatory) events.
  • Plasma levels of heparinase III are measured using a heparinase III ELISA.
  • the heparinase III ELISA is a quantitative two-antibody sandwich assay. Affinity purified anti-heparinase III rabbit antibodies are coated onto a microtiter plate. Wells are washed and incubated for 2 hours at 37(C with blocking buffer (TBS, 1% BSA+1% Tween 20). After 3 washes, standards and samples are added to the wells and any heparinase III present is bound by the immobilized antibody. Any unbound substance is then washed away and biotin labeled anti- heparinase III rabbit antibodies are added to the wells.
  • a plasma concentration of approximately 1 IU/ml ( adjusted for activity) was achieved during infusion, and in spite of a trend toward increased plasma levels during the last 2 hours of infusion, the plasma concentration remained constant (FIG. 10).
  • Prolonged infusion of heparinase III appeared to have no adverse side-effects at least in terms of blood pressure, or rate of respiration.
  • Ischemia produces a significant degree of damage at the level of myocytes and endothelial cells within the coronary vascular bed; this can lead to extravasation of plasma and other blood and cellular components into the interstitial space.
  • Polymorphonuclear leukocytes can migrate through the endothelial cell layer; this migration of neutrophils across the connective tissue barrier is dependent on the actions of neutrophil-derived proteolytic enzymes even in the presence of plasma antiproteases. Restoration of blood flow allows rapid access of inflammatory cells to jeopardized myocardium.
  • Neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells is stimulated by endotoxin IL-1b (activates vascular endothelium to produce adherence molecules for leukocytes) or tumor necrosis factor.
  • endotoxin IL-1b activates vascular endothelium to produce adherence molecules for leukocytes
  • tumor necrosis factor IL-1b
  • monoclonal antibodies to prevent neutrophil adhesion to vascular or myocardial cells particularly during the reperfusion phase Interfering with neutrophil-cellular interactions (neutrophil rolling, adhesion and extravasation) has been shown to significantly reduce the extent of cellular injury following ischemia-reperfusion.
  • inflammatory cells play an important role in the pathophysiology of ischemia-induced cellular injury; inflammatory cells may also play a role in extending myocyte injury beyond that which occurs during the ischemic insult (i.e., reperfusion injury).
  • heparinase treatment is effective for inhibition of neutrophil-endothelium interactions (see examples above)
  • prevention of reperfusion injury to rabbit myocardium by treatment with heparinase was investigated in the experiments described in this example. Heparinase III was found to attenuate the extent of tissue necrosis when administered at a target dose of 25 ug/ml either before the onset of coronary occlusion or at the onset of reperfusion.
  • this example demonstrates that heparinase treatment before or at the time of the inflammatory event can reduce tissue injury.
  • this example indicates that tissue damage resulting from leukocyte accumulation during any inflammatory event can be reduced by heparinase treatment or pretreatment.
  • mice Male New Zealand White rabbits (2.2-3.0 Kg body weight) were used for these studies. Rabbits were cared for in accordance with the Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals ( vol. 1 and 2) of the Canadian Council on Animal Care. They were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine maleate (5 mg/Kg; Austin Laboratories) and anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (25 mg/Kg; i.v.; MTC Pharmaceuticals). Additional anesthetic was administered hourly. The trachea was cannulated and rabbits were mechanically ventilated with room air.
  • the right jugular vein was cannulated for administration of drugs (Heparinase III or vehicle); the left jugular vein was cannulated to permit withdrawal of blood for determinations of plasma heparinase levels.
  • a cannula PE-90 was placed in the left carotid artery for withdrawal of reference arterial blood during injection of radiolabeled microspheres.
  • the heart was exposed via a left thoracotomy and a snare (4-0 silk) placed around the first anterolateral branch of the left circumflex coronary artery midway between the atrioventricular groove and the apex.
  • the silk suture was passed through a length of Tygon tubing to provide a snare for coronary occlusion.
  • Left ventricular chamber pressure was obtained with a fluid-filled catheter positioned via the apex. Cardiac hemodynamics were allowed to stabilize for 20 minutes.
  • Rabbits were assigned to seven different treatment groups; Group 1 rabbits were given saline (i.v.) for 60 minutes prior to onset of ischemia; Group 2 rabbits were given saline (i.v.) at the onset of coronary reperfusion; Group 3 rabbits were given heparinase III (25 ug/ml target level, i.v.) for 60 minutes prior to onset of ischemia; Group 4 rabbits were given heparinase III (25 ug/ml target level, i.v.) at the onset of coronary reperfusion; Groups 5, 6 and 7 rabbits were given target levels of either 0.25, 1.25, or 5.0 (g/ml heparinase III, respectively at the onset of coronary reperfusion.
  • Drug or saline was infused intravenously (4.0 ml/hr) for 60 minutes prior to onset of myocardial ischemia in two treatment groups (Groups 1 and 3) and then continuously for 2 hours using a Harvard infusion pump (Ealing Scientific, Montreal, Canada). In the remaining experimental groups vehicle or drug infusion was initiated at the time of reperfusion and continued for 3 hours during reperfusion. Rabbits were assigned to a particular group by rotating drug treatment on succeeding experiments through the seven treatment protocols. All rabbits were subjected to 45 minutes of regional coronary occlusion followed by 180 minutes of reperfusion.
  • Blood samples were obtained from the right jugular vein at baseline, 30 and 60 minutes after vehicle or drug infusion in Group 1 and 3 rabbits; blood was also obtained at 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes of coronary reperfusion. In the remaining experimental groups blood was obtained at baseline and 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes of coronary reperfusion. Blood samples were centrifuged for 15 minutes at 1500 rpm at 4° C.; plasma was frozen and stored at ⁇ 20° C. for later analysis. Heparinase III plasma levels were determined as described in example
  • Reference arterial blood samples from the carotid artery were collected beginning 10 seconds before the injection of microspheres and continuing for 2 minutes thereafter at a rate of 2.6 ml/min.
  • Myocardial blood flow distribution was assessed at; 1-baseline, 2-30 minutes after onset of coronary reperfusion and 3-180 minutes coronary reperfusion.
  • Tissue and reference blood radioactivity is measured using a multichannel pulse-height analyzer (Cobra II, Canberra Packard) with correction for overlap of isotope spectra.
  • infarct size normalized to anatomic risk zone size
  • Hearts were sectioned into 2 mm slices and the outline of the LV slices and the tetrazolium-negative (i.e., infarct) areas were traced onto clear acetate sheets.
  • Anatomic risk zone was delineated by the absence of Monastral blue dye and traced onto clear acetate sheets. Infarcts were normalized to anatomic risk zone size for each heart.
  • Total LV cross-sectional area, risk area, infarct area were determined from enlarged tracings (1.5 ⁇ ) by computerized planimetry (Sigma Scan; Jandel Scientific Inc., Calif.) using a Summagraphics Summasketch Plus Bitpad connected to an IBM PS/2 computer. Risk volume, infarct volume, and LV volume for each slice was calculated as the sum of the area obtained by computerized planimetry and the thickness of each ventricular slice. The values from the sequential slices were summed to provide the total volume of the LV, risk zone and infarct zone.
  • Heart rate, left ventricular systolic and diastolic pressures and heart rate-blood pressure product (indicator of myocardial oxygen demand) before the onset of coronary occlusion were comparable for all of the treatment groups.
  • Heart rate-blood pressure product (FIG. 16) appeared to be higher at 60 minutes reperfusion in rabbits treated with heparinase III (25 ug/ml target level) at the time of reperfusion (Group 4); however, cardiac hemodynamics were similar for all animals at the end of the study.
  • Treatment with heparinase III at 0.25, 1.25 or 5.0 ug/ml target levels did not limit infarct size; they were 42.8 ⁇ 6.5, 39.1 ⁇ 5.4, and 37.9 ⁇ 4.6 per cent respectively. There was a slight trend to smaller infarcts in the 5.0 (g/ml treatment group with a p value of 0.066.
  • Heparinase III injectate levels which were administered to the respective treatment groups are shown in FIG. 18.
  • the initial heparinase III target dose i.e., therapeutic dose
  • the respective drug dilutions 1:5, 1:20 and 1:100; dilutions were made with saline.
  • a time-course of actual plasma heparinase III concentrations is shown in FIG. 19; pre-treatment with heparinase III and treatment at the time of reperfusion provided similar plasma drug concentrations in Groups 3 and 4.
  • Plasma heparinase III concentrations were considerably lower after 3 hours coronary reperfusion in rabbits which were initially pre-treated (drug only administered during first 3 hours of experimental protocol); most importantly, the drug was on board at the time of coronary reperfusion. This may account for the similar results obtained in Groups 3 and 4 with respect to infarct size.
  • compositions containing heparinase for diminishing localized inflammatory responses.

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DK96936052T DK0852491T3 (da) 1995-09-29 1996-09-27 Anvendelse af heparinaser til at mindske inflammatoriske responser
ES96936052T ES2227611T3 (es) 1995-09-29 1996-09-27 Uso de heparinas para disminuir repuestas inflamatorias.
AU73791/96A AU703394B2 (en) 1995-09-29 1996-09-27 Use of heparinases to decrease inflammatory responses
PT96936052T PT852491E (pt) 1995-09-29 1996-09-27 Utilizacao de heparinases para diminuir respostas inflamatorias
PCT/US1996/015593 WO1997011684A1 (fr) 1995-09-29 1996-09-27 Utilisation d'heparinase pour diminuer les reactions inflammatoires
DE69633127T DE69633127T2 (de) 1995-09-29 1996-09-27 Verwendung von heparinasen zur verminderung von entzündungsreaktionen
EP04076600A EP1552846A3 (fr) 1995-09-29 1996-09-27 Utilisation d'heparinase pour diminuer les réactions inflammatoires
JP51372397A JP3713276B2 (ja) 1995-09-29 1996-09-27 炎症反応の軽減のためのヘパリナーゼの使用
CA002233343A CA2233343A1 (fr) 1995-09-29 1996-09-27 Utilisation d'heparinase pour diminuer les reactions inflammatoires
US08/722,659 US20010006635A1 (en) 1995-09-29 1996-09-27 Use of heparinase to decrease inflammatory responses
AT96936052T ATE273020T1 (de) 1995-09-29 1996-09-27 Verwendung von heparinasen zur verminderung von entzündungsreaktionen
EP96936052A EP0852491B1 (fr) 1995-09-29 1996-09-27 Utilisation d'heparinase pour diminuer les reactions inflammatoires
US11/118,477 US20050191288A1 (en) 1995-09-29 2005-05-02 Use of heparinase to decrease inflammatory responses
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US20070134226A1 (en) * 2005-11-03 2007-06-14 James Myette Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan lyase and uses thereof
US20080171367A1 (en) * 2006-11-03 2008-07-17 Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Heparan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycan Lyase and Uses Thereof
US20080241118A1 (en) * 2001-10-16 2008-10-02 Zystor Therapeutics, Inc. Methods and Compositions for Targeting Proteins Across the Blood Brain Barrier
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