US12077708B2 - Heat transfer liquid for cooling lithium storage batteries - Google Patents

Heat transfer liquid for cooling lithium storage batteries Download PDF

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US12077708B2
US12077708B2 US17/288,255 US201917288255A US12077708B2 US 12077708 B2 US12077708 B2 US 12077708B2 US 201917288255 A US201917288255 A US 201917288255A US 12077708 B2 US12077708 B2 US 12077708B2
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lithium
heat
transfer liquid
rechargeable battery
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Harald DIETL
Roger SIEG
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BASF SE
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/08—Materials not undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/10—Liquid materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/20—Antifreeze additives therefor, e.g. for radiator liquids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
    • H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
    • H01M10/655—Solid structures for heat exchange or heat conduction
    • H01M10/6556—Solid parts with flow channel passages or pipes for heat exchange
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
    • H01M10/655—Solid structures for heat exchange or heat conduction
    • H01M10/6556—Solid parts with flow channel passages or pipes for heat exchange
    • H01M10/6557—Solid parts with flow channel passages or pipes for heat exchange arranged between the cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
    • H01M10/656—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells characterised by the type of heat-exchange fluid
    • H01M10/6567—Liquids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04029—Heat exchange using liquids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
    • H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel, substantially water-free antifreezes and coolants for cooling lithium rechargeable batteries, preferably in motor vehicles, particularly preferably in passenger and utility vehicles (so-called light and heavy duty vehicles).
  • a frost-protected coolant circuit is therefore indispensable.
  • temperatures of up to above 100° C. are reached during rapid charging of batteries and so the heat must be removed in order not to damage the particular component.
  • certain rechargeable batteries for example those comprising cobalt oxides, lithium cobalt(III) oxide, nickel dioxide or mixed oxides, such as lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides, exhibit thermal runaway behavior where the employed oxides decompose and liberate oxygen which can lead to exothermic reactions within the cell, for example reaction with hydrogen which can result in fires or destruction of the cell.
  • the electrolyte material further has a tendency to decompose at high temperatures.
  • the operational capability of the rechargeable batteries is limited by various effects at low temperatures, for example freezing or precipitation of the electrolyte, increased viscosity of the electrolyte material, reduced ion migration or elevated internal resistance of the cell.
  • Manufacturers therefore often recommend a temperature range of about 0° C. to +40° C., optimally 18° C. to 25° C., for the use of the rechargeable batteries during discharging.
  • Charging at particularly low temperatures can also result in severe aging and irreversible damage to the electrode material, and so 0° C. is typically recommended as the lower temperature limit for charging.
  • a coolant is thus that of keeping the rechargeable batteries in a temperature range in which they are optimally functional and there is no risk of damage both during charging and during discharging.
  • the salts used as electrolytes react with water by undergoing hydrolysis.
  • hydrolysis it is known for example from A. V. Plakhotnyk et al., Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, 126 (2005) 27-31 that in the case of LiPF 6 dissolved in aprotic organic solvents even at a water content of 0.5 wt % a total of about 10 mol % of the employed LiPF 6 is hydrolyzed over about 23 days.
  • the hydrolysis of the electrolyte LiPF 6 alters the composition of the electrolyte and thus results in an undefined alteration to the functionality of the rechargeable battery.
  • the hydrolysis further results in formation of toxic hydrofluoric acid.
  • WO 95/07323 discloses water-free coolants having a water content below 0.5 wt % based on propylene glycol and optionally ethylene glycol, but only for internal combustion engines. Usage for cooling of electrical components is not proposed.
  • coolants It is also necessary for the coolants to maintain their initially usually low electrical conductivity over a long period of time and not increase in conductivity due to various decomposition processes, usually to form ions.
  • Water-free coolant concentrates in which an antifreeze component, usually monoethylene glycol, is mixed with various additives, for example corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, antifoams, bitterants and dyes, are widely described in the prior art, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 8,394,287.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 8,394,287 additionally describes the presence of at least one further antifreeze component, for example monopropylene glycol, higher ethylene glycol homologs or glycerol, in the concentrate.
  • superconcentrates which are essentially highly concentrated formulations of the above additives in relatively little antifreeze component, usually monoethylene glycol or else monopropylene glycol.
  • the coolant should furthermore exhibit a low conductivity and also retain this in operation, thus especially necessitating low corrosion since corrosion entails introduction of ions into the coolant which would increase electrical conductivity
  • compositions according to the invention that the employed components (A) do not undergo significant reaction with the electrolytes (E) employed in the lithium-ion rechargeable batteries should these come into contact with one another due to mechanical damage to the cell for example.
  • Preferred alkylene glycol derivatives (A) are:
  • the ethylene glycol ethers are preferred over the propylene glycol ethers.
  • the monoalkyl ethers are preferred over the dialkyl ethers.
  • n is on arithmetic average preferably from 3.0 to 3.6, particularly preferably from 3.0 to 3.5, very particularly preferably from 3.05 to 3.4, in particular from 3.1 to 3.3 and especially from 3.15 to 3.25.
  • radicals R 1 and R 2 may be identical or different, preferably they are identical.
  • Preferred components (A) comprising substantially pure compounds are
  • Preferred components (A) comprising mixtures of compounds of formula (I)
  • n R 3 may independently of one another be identical or different, i.e. tri- and tetraalkylene glycol derivatives of formula (I) from mixtures of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide.
  • the ratio is preferably from 100:0 to 40:60, particularly preferably 95:5 to 50:50, very particularly preferably 90:10 to 60:40, in particular from 85:15 to 70:30 and especially 85:15 to 75:25.
  • Component (B) is at least one corrosion inhibitor selected from the group consisting of
  • the orthosilicate esters (Ba) are compounds of formula Si(OR 5 ) 4 where
  • alkoxyalkylsilanes less preferred than the orthosilicate esters are preferably triethoxymethylsilane, diethoxydimethylsilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane, trimethoxymethylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane and methoxytrimethylsilane.
  • azole derivatives (Bb) are to be understood as meaning five-membered heterocyclic compounds having 2 or 3 heteroatoms from the group of nitrogen and sulfur which comprise no sulfur atoms or at most one sulfur atom incorporated in the ring and which may optionally bear an aromatic or saturated six-membered annelation.
  • These five-membered heterocyclic compounds typically comprise as heteroatoms two N atoms and no S atom, 3 N atoms and no S atom or one N atom and one S atom.
  • Preferred groups of the recited azole derivatives are annelated imidazoles and annelated 1,2,3-triazoles of general formula
  • a further preferred group of the recited azole derivatives are benzothiazoles of general formula (V)
  • non-annelated azole derivatives of general formula (VI) are also preferred.
  • azole derivatives for the present invention are benzimidazole, benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, hydrogenated tolyltriazole or mixtures thereof, in particular benzotriazole or tolyltriazole, especially tolyltriazole.
  • azole derivatives are commercially available or are producible by common methods.
  • Hydrogenated benzotriazoles such as hydrogenated tolyltriazole are likewise obtainable according to DE-A 1 948 794 and also commercially available.
  • the structural element R 4 —N ⁇ is preferably derived from fatty amines which are preferably obtainable by hydrogenation and amination of fatty acids and esters, particularly preferably by hydrogenation and amination of the abovementioned fatty acids or amination of fatty alcohols.
  • Alkyl radicals are preferred over alkenyl radicals as radicals R 4 .
  • p and q are independently of one another 1, 2 or 3, particularly preferably 1 or 2 and very particularly preferably 1.
  • the fatty amines are n-hexylamine, 2-methylpentylamine, n-heptylamine, 2-heptylamine, iso-heptylamine, 1-methylhexylamine, n-octylamine, 2-ethylhexylamine, 2-aminooctane, 6-methyl-2-heptylamine, n-nonylamine, iso-nonylamine, n-decylamine and 2-propylheptylamine or mixtures thereof.
  • n-Hexylamine, n-octylamine, 2-ethylhexylamine and n-decylamine are particularly preferred and n-octylamine and 2-ethylhexylamine, and in particular n-octylamine, are very particularly preferred.
  • di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa-ethoxylated n-octylamine and mixtures thereof di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa-ethoxylated n-hexylamine and mixtures thereof.
  • the degree of alkoxylation relates to the sum of (p+q), i.e. to the average total number of alkoxylation units per molecule of amine.
  • the compounds (II) are preferably obtainable by reacting the corresponding amines R 4 —NH 2 with alkylene oxides up to the desired average statistical degree of alkoxylation, preferably under basic conditions. This is particularly preferred when the structural unit X i is derived from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, preferably from ethylene oxide.
  • compositions according to the invention generally comprise
  • Component (C) Fluther Optional Corrosion Inhibitors
  • composition according to the invention may optionally also comprise at least one further corrosion inhibitor distinct from those specified under (B).
  • the composition comprises no further corrosion inhibitors (C) in addition to the abovementioned components (B).
  • components (C) are aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic amines having 2 to 15 carbon atoms which may additionally comprise ether oxygen atoms or hydroxyl groups and which are distinct from the compounds (Bc) of formula (II).
  • the amines (C) preferably comprise 2 to 9, in particular 4 to 8, carbon atoms.
  • the amines (C) are preferably tertiary amines.
  • the amines (C) preferably comprise 0 to 3 ether oxygen atoms or 0 to 3, preferably 0 to 2, hydroxyl groups.
  • Typical examples of the amines (C) are ethylamine, propylamine, iso-propylamine, n-butylamine, iso-butylamine, sec-butylamine, tert-butylamine, n-pentylamine, n-hexylamine, n-heptylamine, n-octylamine, 2-ethylhexylamine, n-nonylamine, iso-nonylamine, di-n-propylamine, diisopropylamine, di-n-butylamine, mono-, di- and triethanolamine, mono-, di- and triisopropanolamine, piperidine, morpholine, cyclohexylamine, aniline and benzylamine. Aliphatic and cycloaliphatic amines (C) are generally saturated.
  • Component (C) is optional and may be present in the compositions according to the invention in amounts of 0 to 2 wt %, preferably 0 to 1.5 wt %, particularly preferably 0 to 1 wt %, very particularly preferably 0 to 0.7 wt %.
  • composition according to the invention may optionally also comprise at least one further additive selected from the group consisting of
  • One function of the employed emulsifiers (De) in the compositions according to the invention is that they can emulsify any contaminants and/or assembly fluids originating from the cooling system, for example polyalkylene glycols or oligomers of glycerol, in the compositions.
  • Components (D) are in each case optional and may each independently of one another be present in the compositions according to the invention in amounts of 0 to 0.5 wt %, preferably 0.001 to 0.3 wt % and particularly preferably 0.002 to 0.2 wt %.
  • the purpose of the electrolyte is to ensure movement of the lithium cations between the cathode and the anode during charging or discharging for charge equalization, and so lithium salts (Ea) are suitable therefor.
  • the electrolytes employed in the lithium ion rechargeable batteries to be cooled according to the invention are selected from the group consisting of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4 ), lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ) and lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), preferably selected from the group consisting of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ) and lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4 ), particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), and very particularly preferably are lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ).
  • electrolyte salts are typically dissolved in aprotic organic solvents (Eb) to keep the electrolyte salt (Ea) liquid and thus to ensure the mobility of the lithium ions in the rechargeable battery.
  • the content of component (Ea) in the electrolyte liquid i.e. the sum of (Ea) and (Eb), may be for example 5 to 50 wt %, preferably 10 to 40 and especially preferably 15 to 30 wt %.
  • aprotic solvents are open-chain or cyclic carbonates, ethers, for example cyclic or open-chain ethers, such as alkylene glycol dialkyl ethers, or acetonitrile; open-chain or cyclic carbonates are preferred.
  • Open-chain carbonates are preferably dialkyl carbonates, preferably di-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl carbonates, particularly preferably dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate or di-n-butyl carbonate.
  • Cyclic carbonates are preferably ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate.
  • Cyclic ethers are for example tetrahydrofuran
  • alkylene glycol dialkyl ethers are preferably ethylene glycol dialkyl ethers, particularly preferably ethylene glycol di-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl ether, very particularly preferably ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether and ethylene glycol di-n-butyl ether, in particular ethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
  • the carbonates of component (A) may be employed as solvent (Eb) for the electrolytes either alone or preferably in conjunction with the other abovementioned aprotic solvents.
  • solvent (Eb) for the electrolytes either alone or preferably in conjunction with the other abovementioned aprotic solvents.
  • the use of these carbonates in the heat-transfer liquid is also conceivable.
  • the carbonates of the ethylene glycol ethers are preferred over those of the propylene glycol ethers.
  • the carbonates are generally in the form of mixtures of the respective homologs, the following mixtures being preferred:
  • radicals R 2 and R 3 in the employed component (A) and the carbonate (Eb) are identical.
  • compositions according to the invention are subject to the following provisos:
  • They comprise less than 1 wt % of water, preferably less than 0.75, particularly preferably less than 0.5, very particularly preferably less than 0.4, in particular less than 0.3 and especially less than 0.2 wt %. It may be advantageous to establish a water content below 0.15 wt %, preferably below 0.1 wt % and even below 0.05 wt %.
  • the low water content according to the invention ensures that only a low level of hydrolysis of the employed electrolyte (Ea) results, even in the long term, should the heat-transfer liquid and the electrolyte salt (Ea) come into contact.
  • composition When using the composition as coolant for cooling systems in fuel cells, rechargeable batteries and/or batteries, water, having significant electrical conductivity, can moreover result in electrolysis of the composition and undesired hydrogen evolution which entails an elevated risk of accidents.
  • compositions according to the invention comprise a proportion of alkylene glycol derivatives of formula (I) where n ⁇ 2 of not more than 10 wt %, preferably not more than 8, particularly preferably not more than 6, very particularly preferably not more than 5, in particular not more than 4 and especially not more than 3 wt %.
  • a higher content of alkylene glycol derivatives of formula (I) where n ⁇ 2 would likewise result in an unwanted lowering of the boiling point and would also result in excessive reduction of the viscosity of the composition.
  • An excessively low viscosity may be undesired in certain applications since low-viscosity liquids easily defeat seals and thus cause leaks.
  • compositions according to the invention comprise a proportion of alkylene glycol derivatives of formula (I) where n ⁇ 5 of not more than 5 wt %, preferably not more than 4, particularly preferably not more than 3, very particularly preferably not more than 2.5 and especially not more than 2 wt %.
  • higher homologs bring about a high viscosity of the composition and thus impede the pumpability of the composition.
  • a high viscosity entails elevated pump power output and thus elevated energy consumption of the pumps.
  • the higher homologs additionally have an elevated melting point, so that at low temperatures there is a risk that they may precipitate out of the composition.
  • compositions according to the invention comprise a proportion of monoethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, monopropylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol and glycerol of in each case not more than 20 wt %, preferably not more than 15, particularly preferably not more than 10, very particularly preferably not more than 8 and especially not more than 5 wt %.
  • compositions according to the invention preferably have a specific heat capacity at 50° C. of at least 2.0 kJ/kg ⁇ K, particularly preferably of at least 2.1, very particularly preferably at least 2.2 and in particular of at least 2.3 kJ/kg ⁇ K.
  • compositions according to the invention preferably have a thermal conductivity of at least 0.15 W/m ⁇ K.
  • components (A) are compounds having a polarizability of not more than 50 C ⁇ m 2 /V, particularly preferably not more than 45, very particularly preferably not more than 40, in particular not more than 35 and especially not more than 30.
  • compositions may be used as heat-transfer liquids for cooling, preferably for at-cell cooling, of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. This allows thermostatting of rechargeable batteries in an optimal temperature range both against low temperatures and against high temperatures and removal of limitations on their operation.
  • the coolants according to the invention are particularly suitable for at-cell cooling of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, wherein in the context of the present specification this is to be understood as meaning that a rechargeable battery cell is in heat-conducting contact with the heat exchanger containing the coolant via a portion of the wall of the cell. It is even conceivable for the wall of the cell to be immediately surrounded by coolant flow and thus be in direct contact with the coolant.
  • cooling is to be understood as referring not only to removal of heat but also to supply of heat at low temperatures of the rechargeable batteries.
  • coolant is to be understood as being synonymous with “heat-transfer liquid” and “cooling” as being synonymous with “temperature control”.
  • the heat-transfer liquids according to the invention are especially suitable for temperature-control of those lithium-ion rechargeable batteries not employing metallic lithium, particularly preferably lithium cobalt dioxide rechargeable batteries, lithium titanate rechargeable batteries, lithium manganese rechargeable batteries, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum rechargeable batteries and lithium iron phosphate rechargeable batteries, each of which may also be configured as lithium polymer rechargeable batteries.
  • metallic lithium particularly preferably lithium cobalt dioxide rechargeable batteries, lithium titanate rechargeable batteries, lithium manganese rechargeable batteries, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum rechargeable batteries and lithium iron phosphate rechargeable batteries, each of which may also be configured as lithium polymer rechargeable batteries.
  • lithium cobalt dioxide rechargeable batteries, lithium manganese rechargeable batteries and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum rechargeable batteries very particularly preferably in lithium manganese rechargeable batteries and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum rechargeable batteries.
  • battery and “rechargeable battery” are used here in such a way that rechargeable batteries are to be understood as rechargeable individual or interconnected storage means for chemical energy and “battery” is used as an umbrella term for rechargeable and nonrechargeable storage means.
  • rechargeable battery is thus a subset of “battery”.
  • compositions according to the invention are compatible with the most important typically employed sealing materials.
  • EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene (monomer) rubbers, preferably according to EN 13956
  • SBR styrene-butadiene rubbers
  • FKM fluorocarbon rubbers, preferably according to DIN ISO 1629 or ASTM D 1418, for example Viton®
  • NBR acrylonitrile butadiene rubbers
  • HNBR hydrochogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubbers
  • compositions according to the invention are compatible with the most important typically employed wall materials for battery cells. This applies, for example, to polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene copolymers (ABS), polycarbonates (PC) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
  • PE polyethylene
  • PP polypropylene
  • PS polystyrene
  • ABS acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene copolymers
  • PC polycarbonates
  • PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
  • compositions according to the invention are stable to thermal stress and oxidation and their initially low electrical conductivity is retained even in the longer term since the formation of electrically conductive products as a result of decomposition or oxidation is reduced.
  • compositions according to the invention preferably have a boiling point at 1013 hPa (standard pressure) of at least 200° C., preferably at least 210° C., particularly preferably at least 220° C., very particularly preferably at least 230° C. and in particular at least 250° C.
  • compositions according to the invention may therefore be employed in open systems even at high temperatures.
  • compositions according to the invention have an advantageous viscosity which is not too low and not too high.
  • They preferably have a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. according to ASTM D445 of at most 4 mm 2 /s, particularly preferably of at most 3 and very particularly preferably of at most 2 mm 2 /s.
  • They moreover preferably exhibit a kinematic viscosity at minus 40° C. according to ASTM D445 of not more than 600 mm 2 /s, particularly preferably of not more than 500, very particularly preferably of not more than 400 and in particular of not more than 350 mm 2 /s.
  • compositions according to the invention that over a wide temperature range, preferably from minus 40° C. to plus 100° C., they exhibit not only a lower viscosity but also a smaller change in viscosity than conventional coolants based on water and monoethylene glycol:
  • a mixture of 50 wt % water and 50 wt % monoethylene glycol already solidifies at about minus 37° C. and is thus not employable in the abovementioned preferred temperature range.
  • the kinematic viscosity of such a mixture is about 300 mm 2 /s at minus 20° C.
  • typical mixtures according to the present invention are not solid at minus 40° C. and have a kinematic viscosity at minus 40° C. of about 250 to 500 mm 2 /s and at minus 20° C. of not more than about 100 mm 2 /s.
  • the change in kinematic viscosity in the temperature range from minus 40° C. to plus 100° C. is not more than about 500 mm 2 /s and thus varies to a lesser extent than the abovementioned mixture of water and monoethylene glycol.
  • the cooling system may employ pumps having a lower conveying power output, so that less energy is required for conveying the coolant in the cooling system.
  • Amounts reported in percent, ppm or parts in this specification relate to wt %, ppmw or parts by weight unless otherwise stated.
  • the electrolyte liquid employed was Selectylite® LP 57 which, according to WO 2016/149442 A1, is a 1 M solution of LiPF 6 in 30:70 (w/w) ethylene carbonate:ethyl methyl carbonate.
  • the component (A) employed was the following additized mixture of triethylene glycol monomethyl ether and tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether:
  • the components employed in the additive mixture have the following activity: *Tolyltriazole as an inhibitor against non-ferrous metal corrosion **Antioxidant for preventing/reducing oxidation of the alkylene glycol ethers ***Mixture of fatty alcohol ethoxylates
  • the 31 P-NMR showed a heptet at ⁇ 144 ppm of LiPF 6 and weak signals at ⁇ 19 and ⁇ 34 ppm which indicate traces of difluorophosphoric acid and phosphoryl fluoride.
  • the 19 F-NMR spectrum showed a doublet at ⁇ 74 ppm and weak doublets at ⁇ 85 and ⁇ 90 ppm which indicate traces of difluorophosphoric acid and phosphoryl fluoride.
  • the electrolyte solution and the above-described mixture of components (A) were mixed at ambient temperature in a ratio of about 50:50 (v/v) and stored at this temperature for 7 days before NMR spectra were recorded at 298 K and 333 K.
  • the 1 H-NMR showed not only the signals of the solvent mixture from example 1 but also the signals of the components (A).
  • the 31 P-NMR showed no further signals relative to the spectrum from example 1.
  • the weak signals at ⁇ 19 and ⁇ 34 ppm visible in example 1 were no longer detectable, presumably due to dilution with the component (A).
  • the electrolyte solution and the above-described mixture of the components (A) were mixed in the volume ratio indicated in the table at ambient temperature (about 20° C.) and stored at this temperature for 7 days before 31 P- and 19 F-NMR spectra were recorded at 298 K and 333 K.
  • Electrolyte Component Monoethylene Diethylene Triethylene Example liquid (E) (A) Water glycol glycol glycol Glycerol 1 100 2 50 50 3 50 40 10 4 50 40 10 5 50 40 10 6 50 40 10 7 50 40 10

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