US10888855B2 - Silicon-titanium dioxide-polypyrrole three-dimensional bionic composite material based on hierarchical assembly and use thereof - Google Patents

Silicon-titanium dioxide-polypyrrole three-dimensional bionic composite material based on hierarchical assembly and use thereof Download PDF

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US10888855B2
US10888855B2 US15/748,760 US201615748760A US10888855B2 US 10888855 B2 US10888855 B2 US 10888855B2 US 201615748760 A US201615748760 A US 201615748760A US 10888855 B2 US10888855 B2 US 10888855B2
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silicon wafer
silicon
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composite material
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US20190009261A1 (en
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Gang SHI
Ying Li
Caihua NI
Dawei Wang
Fei He
Lifeng Chi
Nan Lv
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Jiangnan University
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the technical field of photoelectric materials, and more particularly to a hierarchical-assembly-based ternary composite material, i.e., a silicon-titanium dioxide-polypyrrole composite material, such composite material can be used as photocatalytic and photoelectric conversion materials.
  • a hierarchical-assembly-based ternary composite material i.e., a silicon-titanium dioxide-polypyrrole composite material
  • such composite material can be used as photocatalytic and photoelectric conversion materials.
  • Titanium dioxide is an important photoelectric conversion material, which has the advantages of high catalytic activity, good stability, high yield of hydroxyl radicals and non-corroding by illumination, and has excellent application prospects in the fields of anticorrosive paint, sewage purification, antibiosis and disinfection.
  • the application of titanium dioxide the is limited due to the disadvantages of a wide forbidden band gap, easy compounding of photo-generated charges and a small effective wavelength range for utilizing sunlight.
  • the polypyrrole has good environmental stability and strong absorbability in a visible region, and is a strong electron donor and an excellent hole transport material. When the both are effectively compounded, a heterojunction will be formed on the contact interface, this not only can improve the separation efficiency of photo-generated charges, but also can enlarge the spectral response range of the composite material, and thus the utilization of the sunlight is improved.
  • Patent CN101955665A discloses a method for preparing a polypyrrole particles/titanium dioxide nanotube arrays composite.
  • Patent CN102350317A discloses a polypyrrole/titanium dioxide composite adsorbent, and methods for preparation, application and regeneration thereof.
  • Patent CN102600907A discloses a polypyrrole-sensitized titanium dioxide hollow nanosized photocatalyst and a preparation method thereof.
  • the above patents solve some problems such as the large width of forbidden band, small spectral response range, easy compounding of photogenerated electron hole pairs of titanium dioxide.
  • the polypyrrole/titanium dioxide composite still has the problems of poor ordering, easy agglomeration, low recycling rate, poor light absorptance etc., and thus the promotion and application of the polypyrrole/titanium dioxide composite are limited.
  • One object of the present invention is to provide a silicon-titanium dioxide-polypyrrole three-dimensional bionic composite material based on hierarchical assembly, for overcoming the defects of the conventional titanium dioxide/polypyrrole nanocomposite, such as disorder, easy agglomeration, recycling difficulty as well as low photoelectric conversion efficiency.
  • the composite material has good refection elimination performance and efficient photogenerated charge separation capability, improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency and presents excellent photocatalysis capability.
  • the composite material uses monocrystalline silicon as a carrier, and this is beneficial to recycling of material.
  • the invention provides a silicon-titanium dioxide-polypyrrole three-dimensional bionic composite material based on hierarchical assembly, namely silicon/titanium dioxide/polypyrrole (Si/TiO 2 /PPY).
  • Si is 100-type monocrystalline silicon with a tapered microstructure surface, and is a P-type semiconductor.
  • Si has a compactly arranged silicon cone structure of tetragonal pyramids with a height of 4-10 ⁇ m.
  • TiO 2 is TiO 2 nano-rods of rutile phase and is an N-type semiconductor, and is quadrangular with a height of 500-4000 nm and a diameter of 40-250 nm.
  • TiO 2 is orderly and vertically grown on the side walls of the silicon cones.
  • PPY is polypyrrole nano-particles with a diameter of 10-60 nm, and is a P-type semiconductor.
  • PPY is uniformly grown on the surfaces of the TiO 2 nano-rods. Double P/N heterojunctions are formed on interfaces between Si and TiO 2 , and between TiO 2 and PPY in the Si/TiO 2 /PPY three-dimensional bionic composite material, and thus the composite material can efficiently separate photo-generated charges while having a three-dimensional bionic composite structure, and can effectively reduce the reflection of incident light on the surface.
  • the invention also provides a preparation method of the silicon-titanium dioxide-polypyrrole three-dimensional bionic composite material based on hierarchical assembly, the method includes the following steps:
  • step (1) performing hydrophilic treatment on the silicon wafer etched in the step (1), growing TiO 2 crystal seeds on the surface of the silicon wafer, and calcining the silicon wafer for a period of time in a muffle furnace, followed by naturally cooling the silicon wafer;
  • the alkaline solution in step (1) is potassium hydroxide, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia or EDP (a mixed solution of ethylenediamine, pyrocatechol and water).
  • the alkaline solution has a pH of 12-14.
  • the etching temperature is 50-90° C. and the etching time is 5-60 min.
  • the stirring manner is mechanical stirring or magnetic stirring.
  • the hydrophilic treatment in the step (2) comprises putting the silicon wafer obtained in the step (1) into a mixed solution of NH 3 H 2 O, H 2 O 2 and H 2 O in a volume ratio of 1:1:5.
  • the heating temperature is 90° C. and the heating time is 30 min.
  • growing TiO 2 crystal seeds in the step (2) comprises: submerging the silicon wafer after the hydrophilic treatment into a 0.05-1 mol/L solution of tetrabutyl titanate in isopropanol for pulling or spin coating, and calcining the resulting sample in the muffle furnace under 450-500° C. for 30-60 min.
  • the pulling has a speed of 1-10 mm/s, and is repeated 5-30 times.
  • the spin coating has a speed of 500-7000 revolutions per min.
  • the hydrothermal synthesis in the step (3) comprises: treating the silicon wafer in the reactor filled with 10-20 mL of deionized water, 6-17 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid (preferable a mass fraction of 37%) and 0.5-5 mL of tetrabutyl titanate at a temperature of 80-200° C. for 2-19 h, then taking the sample out and blow-drying it with nitrogen.
  • depositing conductive PPY nano-particles on the TiO 2 nano-rods in the step (4) comprises depositing PPY conductive polymer particles on the TiO 2 nano-rods by an in-situ oxidation method, and the reaction condition is as follows: putting 0.01-0.06 g FeCl 3 , 50-150 uL pyrrole, 5-10 mL ultrapure water into a beaker to obtain a reaction solution; putting a silicon wafer having an area of 1.5 cm ⁇ 1.0 cm and having the TiO 2 nano-rods grown on surface thereof into the reaction solution, and stirring for 10-30 min at room temperature, to obtain the Si/TiO 2 /PPY three-dimensional bionic composite material.
  • the present invention further provides use of the three-dimensional Si/TiO 2 /PPY composite material as a photo-catalyst for degrading an organic pollutant.
  • the three-dimensional Si/TiO 2 /PPY composite material having an area of 1.5 cm ⁇ 1.0 cm is put into 5 mL of 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 mol/L methylene blue solution, then the solution is put in dark for 1 h to achieve an adsorption-desorption balance, and then the solution is irradiated by a light source to degrade methylene blue.
  • the present invention further provides use of the silicon-titanium dioxide-polypyrrole three-dimensional bionic composite material based on hierarchical assembly in the fields of photocatalysis and photoelectric conversion devices.
  • the present invention further provides use of the silicon-titanium dioxide-polypyrrole three-dimensional bionic composite material based on hierarchical assembly in the field of solar cells.
  • the present invention has the following advantages:
  • the composite material of the invention has hierarchically and orderly assembled TiO 2 nano-rods and PPY nano-particles on the surface of silicon cones to form a three-dimensional bionic composite structure, and has excellent reflection elimination performance.
  • the three-dimensional Si/TiO 2 /PPY composite material has high specific surface area, increases the effective catalytic active sites on the surface, and has certain application value in photo-catalytic degradation of pollutants.
  • the preparation method of the three-dimensional Si/TiO 2 /PPY composite material is simple, mild and controllable, and has low requirement for reaction equipment. Furthermore, the composite material is easy to recycle and reuse, and can meet the requirement for large-scale production.
  • FIG. 1 is a scanning electron microscope image of monocrystalline silicon anisotropically etched with an alkaline solution according to embodiment 2;
  • FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope image of the silicon wafer according to embodiment 2, wherein TiO 2 nano-rods are assembled on the surfaces of silicon cones;
  • FIG. 3 is a scanning electron microscope image of a three-dimensional Si/TiO 2 /PPY composite material obtained by hierarchically assembling on the surface of silicon cones in embodiment 2.
  • Step 2 Growing of TiO 2 Crystal Seeds on the Side Walls of the Silicon Cones
  • the silicon wafer with a silicon cone structure obtained in the step 1 was put into a mixed solution of NH 3 H 2 O, H 2 O 2 and H 2 O in a volume ratio of 1:1:5 and heated.
  • the heating temperature was 80° C. and the heating time was 30 min.
  • the silicon wafer was submerged into a 0.075 mol/L solution of tetrabutyl titanate in isopropanol, and the silicon wafer was pulled 20 times at a speed of 2 mm/s. Finally the sample was calcined for about 30 min in a muffle furnace under 450° C.
  • Step 3 Preparation of TiO 2 Nano-Rods Induced by TiO 2 Crystal Seeds
  • TiO 2 nano-rods were grown on the silicon wafer carrying TiO 2 crystal seeds on surface thereof obtained in the step 2 under a hydrothermal synthesis condition.
  • the hydrothermal synthesis condition was as follows: the silicon wafer was treated under the temperature of 130° C. for 8 h in a reaction kettle filled with 10 mL of deionized water, 10 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid (a mass fraction of 37%) and 0.5 mL of tetrabutyl titanate, then the sample was taken out and blow-dried with nitrogen.
  • Step 4 In situ Preparation of PPY Nano-Particles on the Surfaces of the TiO 2 Nano-Rods
  • PPY nano-particles were deposited on the TiO 2 nano-rods obtained in the step 3 by an in-situ oxidation method.
  • the reaction condition was as follows: putting 0.03 g FeCl 3 , 112.8 uL pyrrole, 6 mL ultrapure water into a beaker to obtain a reaction solution.
  • a silicon wafer having an area of 1.5 cm ⁇ 1.0 cm with TiO 2 nano-rods grown on surface thereof was put into the reaction solution, and stirring was performed for 25 min at room temperature. After the end of reaction, a sample was took out and flushed with a large excess of water, and then a three-dimensional Si/TiO 2 /PPY composite material was obtained.
  • the average diameter of the PPY nano-particles was 35 nm
  • the average diameter of the TiO 2 nano-rods was 83 nm
  • the average height was 818 nm
  • the average height of the silicon cones was 4.1 ⁇ m.
  • the Si/TiO 2 /PPY hierarchical composite material can photo-catalytically degrade methylene blue. Furthermore, the change of concentration of the methylene blue with time was observed in combination with an ultraviolet spectrophotometer, it is known that the methylene blue dye was completely degraded within 6.5 h, and the degradation efficiency was higher than those of pure TiO 2 nano-rods and pure PPY.
  • Step 2 Growing of TiO 2 Crystal Seeds on the Side Walls of the Silicon Cones
  • the silicon wafer with a silicon cone structure obtained in the step 1 was put into a mixed solution of NH 3 H 2 O, H 2 O 2 and H 2 O in a volume ratio of 1:1:5 and heated.
  • the heating temperature was 80° C. and the heating time was 30 min.
  • the silicon wafer was submerged into a 0.075 mol/L solution of tetrabutyl titanate in isopropanol, and the silicon wafer was pulled 20 times at a speed of 2 mm/s. Finally the sample was calcined for about 30 min in a muffle furnace under 450° C.
  • Step 3 Preparation of TiO 2 Nano-Rods Induced by TiO 2 Crystal Seeds
  • TiO 2 nano-rods were grown on the silicon wafer carrying TiO 2 crystal seeds on surface thereof obtained in the step 2 under a hydrothermal synthesis condition.
  • the hydrothermal synthesis condition was as follows: the silicon wafer was treated under the temperature of 130° C. for 8 h in a reaction kettle filled with 10 mL of deionized water, 10 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid (a mass fraction of 37%) and 0.5 mL of tetrabutyl titanate, then the sample was taken out and blow-dried with nitrogen.
  • Step 4 In situ Preparation of PPY Nano-Particles on the Surfaces of the TiO 2 Nano-Rods
  • PPY nano-particles were deposited on the TiO 2 nano-rods obtained in the step 3 by an in-situ oxidation method.
  • the reaction condition was as follows: putting 0.03 g FeCl 3 , 112.8 uL pyrrole, 6 mL ultrapure water into a beaker to obtain a reaction solution.
  • a silicon wafer having an area of 1.5 cm ⁇ 1.0 cm with TiO 2 nano-rods grown on surface thereof was put into the reaction solution, and stirring was performed for 15 min at room temperature. After the end of reaction, a sample was took out and flushed with a large excess of water, and then a three-dimensional Si/TiO 2 /PPY composite material was obtained.
  • the average diameter of the PPY nano-particles was 19 nm
  • the average diameter of the TiO 2 nano-rods was 83 nm
  • the average height was 818 nm
  • the average height of the silicon cones was 4.1 ⁇ m.
  • the Si/TiO 2 /PPY hierarchical composite material can photo-catalytically degrade methylene blue. Furthermore, the change of concentration of the methylene blue with time was observed in combination with an ultraviolet spectrophotometer, it is known that the methylene blue dye was completely degraded within 5.5 h, and the degradation efficiency was higher than those of pure TiO 2 nano-rods and pure PPY.
  • Step 2 Growing of TiO 2 Crystal Seeds on the Side Walls of the Silicon Cones
  • the silicon wafer with a silicon cone structure obtained in the step 1 was put into a mixed solution of NH 3 H 2 O, H 2 O 2 and H 2 O in a volume ratio of 1:1:5 and heated.
  • the heating temperature was 90° C. and the heating time was 30 min.
  • the silicon wafer was submerged into a 0.1 mol/L solution of tetrabutyl titanate in isopropanol, and the silicon wafer was pulled 10 times at a speed of 2 mm/s. Finally the sample was calcined for about 30 min in a muffle furnace under 500° C.
  • Step 3 Preparation of TiO 2 Nano-Rods Induced by TiO 2 Crystal Seeds
  • TiO 2 nano-rods were grown on the silicon wafer carrying TiO 2 crystal seeds on surface thereof obtained in the step 2 under a hydrothermal synthesis condition.
  • the hydrothermal synthesis condition was as follows: the silicon wafer was treated under the temperature of 120° C. for 8 h in a reaction kettle filled with 10 mL of deionized water, 10 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid (a mass fraction of 37%) and 0.5 mL of tetrabutyl titanate, then the sample was taken out and blow-dried with nitrogen.
  • Step 4 In situ Preparation of PPY Nano-Particles on the Surfaces of the TiO 2 Nano-Rods
  • PPY nano-particles were deposited on the TiO 2 nano-rods obtained in the step 3 by an in-situ oxidation method.
  • the reaction condition was as follows: putting 0.03 g FeCl 3 , 112.8 uL pyrrole, 6 mL ultrapure water into a beaker to obtain a reaction solution.
  • a silicon wafer having an area of 1.5 cm ⁇ 1.0 cm with TiO 2 nano-rods grown on surface thereof was put into the reaction solution, and stirring was performed for 10 min at room temperature. After the end of reaction, a sample was took out and flushed with a large excess of water, and then a three-dimensional Si/TiO 2 /PPY composite material was obtained.
  • the average diameter of the PPY nano-particles was 12 nm
  • the average diameter of the TiO 2 nano-rods was 83 nm
  • the average height was 818 nm
  • the average height of the silicon cones was 3.3 ⁇ m.
  • the Si/TiO 2 /PPY hierarchical composite material can photo-catalytically degrade methylene blue. Furthermore, the change of concentration of the methylene blue with time was observed in combination with an ultraviolet spectrophotometer, it is known that the methylene blue dye was completely degraded within 5 h, and the degradation efficiency was higher than those of pure TiO 2 nano-rods and pure PPY.

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