TWI838526B - 複合積層體及其製造方法 - Google Patents
複合積層體及其製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI838526B TWI838526B TW109116068A TW109116068A TWI838526B TW I838526 B TWI838526 B TW I838526B TW 109116068 A TW109116068 A TW 109116068A TW 109116068 A TW109116068 A TW 109116068A TW I838526 B TWI838526 B TW I838526B
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Abstract
本發明提供一種於製造步驟中自模具之脫模性優異且表面外觀(表面平滑性)及機械物性優異、進而加工性及塗裝密接性優異之複合積層體。
本發明之複合積層體1係具備A層2及B層3且A層2直接或間接地設置於B層3之單面上或兩面上者,A層2包含平均纖維長度為1 μm~300 μm之強化纖維(a1)、體積平均粒徑為0.01 μm~100 μm之球狀粒子(a11)、及熱塑性樹脂(a2),B層3包含平均纖維長度為1 mm以上之強化纖維(b1)、及熱塑性樹脂(b2)。
Description
本發明係關於一種經纖維強化之複合積層體及該複合積層體之製造方法。
纖維強化樹脂由於較輕較強,故而作為代替金屬之材料用於高爾夫球桿、網球球拍、航空器、汽車等各種領域。尤其是近年來為了達成低燃耗而要求汽車之輕量化,故而纖維強化樹脂於汽車領域中受到關注。然而,於將纖維強化樹脂用於汽車構件時存在各種課題。例如,包含熱硬化性樹脂之纖維強化樹脂於成形後必須進行熱處理(硬化反應),因此無法達成汽車構件之製造中所需之較高之生產性及較低之成本。因此,要求使用容易成形之熱塑性樹脂代替熱硬化性樹脂之纖維強化熱塑性樹脂(以下亦稱為「FRTP」)。
作為FRTP之成形方法,通常進行衝壓成形,其係將使熱塑性樹脂含浸於連續纖維中而成之片材積層,並利用壓製等進行加熱加壓,藉此賦形成目標形狀。藉此而獲得之構件由於使用連續纖維,故而能夠設計成優異之機械物性,機械物性之差異亦較小。然而,由於為連續之纖維,故而難以形成三維形狀等複雜之形狀,主要限定於接近平面形狀之構件。因此,於專利文獻1中提出:藉由於包含連續纖維及熱塑性樹脂之預浸體切出切口而可短時間成形,成形時顯示優異之賦形性,製成FRTP構件時可表現出優異之機械物性。於專利文獻2中提出使用包含非連續纖維及熱塑性纖維之預浸體(將使熱硬化性樹脂或熱塑性樹脂含浸於連續或不連續之強化纖維中而成之半硬化狀態之片狀成形中間材料稱為預浸體)。然而,於專利文獻1及專利文獻2中,於將預浸體積層而製作FRTP時,存在積層基材固接於皮帶或成形機之模具而無法穩定地獲得FRTP構件之問題。
作為防止材料固接於成形機之模具之方法,已知有使用脫模劑之方法,但存在因脫模劑轉印至FRTP構件表面而導致表面性變差(外觀不良)之情況。為了避免該情況而使用脫模膜。然而,因使用脫模膜而阻礙自加熱或冷卻之模具向積層基材之傳熱。若自模具向積層基材之傳熱受到阻礙,則熱塑性樹脂之熔融或冷卻固化變得不充分,所獲得之FRTP構件之強度或剛性等機械物性降低。若為了解決該情況而過度提高或過度降低模具之溫度,則存在模具反覆收縮、膨脹而受損之情況。於該情形時,無法穩定地製造表面外觀良好且品質優異之FRTP構件。
汽車外裝用之FRTP構件係受到使用者之視覺、感覺強烈影響之構件,故而表面性較差之FRTP構件之商品價值顯著降低,故而期待不僅需要機械物性及成形性,亦需要良好之表面外觀。因此,於專利文獻3中,提出使用將脫模膜之厚度設為預浸體之10倍以下或實施有脫模處理之板。
[先前技術文獻]
[專利文獻]
[專利文獻1]日本專利特開2009-286817號公報
[專利文獻2]日本專利特開2010-235779號公報
[專利文獻3]日本專利特開2015-51629號公報
[發明所欲解決之問題]
然而,於專利文獻3中,並未提出不使用脫模膜等方法而穩定地製造表面外觀良好且品質優異之FRTP構件之方法。又,亦未提出同時提高FRTP構件之強度或剛性等機械物性或加工性及塗裝密接性之方法。
本發明之目的在於提供一種於製造步驟中自模具之脫模性優異且表面外觀(表面平滑性)及機械物性優異、進而加工性及塗裝密接性優異之複合積層體及該複合積層體之製造方法。
[解決問題之技術手段]
本發明提供以下之複合積層體及其製造方法。
項1 一種複合積層體,其係具備A層及B層且上述A層直接或間接地設置於上述B層之單面上或兩面上者,上述A層包含平均纖維長度為1 μm~300 μm之強化纖維(a1)、體積平均粒徑為0.01 μm~100 μm之球狀粒子(a11)、及熱塑性樹脂(a2),上述B層包含平均纖維長度為1 mm以上之強化纖維(b1)、及熱塑性樹脂(b2)。
項2 如項1所記載之複合積層體,其中上述強化纖維(a1)係鈦酸鉀及矽灰石中之至少一者。
項3 如項1或項2所記載之複合積層體,其中上述球狀粒子(a11)係選自由二氧化矽、氧化鋁及玻璃珠粒所組成之群中之至少1種。
項4 如項1至項3中任一項所記載之複合積層體,其中上述熱塑性樹脂(a2)係選自由聚烯烴樹脂、聚苯乙烯系樹脂、聚酯系樹脂、脂肪族聚醯胺樹脂、半芳香族聚醯胺樹脂、聚苯硫醚樹脂、聚醚碸樹脂、聚醚芳香族酮樹脂、聚醚醯亞胺樹脂及熱塑性聚醯亞胺樹脂所組成之群中之至少1種。
項5 如項1至項4中任一項所記載之複合積層體,其中上述強化纖維(a1)之含量於上述A層中所包含之成分之總量100質量%中為0.5質量%~30質量%。
項6 如項1至項5中任一項所記載之複合積層體,其中上述球狀粒子(a11)之含量於上述A層中所包含之成分之總量100質量%中為0.5質量%~20質量%。
項7 如項1至項6中任一項所記載之複合積層體,其中上述A層之厚度未達500 μm。
項8 如項1至項7中任一項所記載之複合積層體,其中上述強化纖維(b1)係選自由碳纖維、玻璃纖維及芳香族聚醯胺纖維所組成之群中之至少1種。
項9 如項1至項8中任一項所記載之複合積層體,其中上述強化纖維(b1)之含量於上述B層中所包含之成分之總量100質量%中為10質量%~80質量%。
項10 如項1至項9中任一項所記載之複合積層體,其中上述熱塑性樹脂(b2)係選自由聚烯烴樹脂、聚苯乙烯系樹脂、聚酯系樹脂、脂肪族聚醯胺樹脂、半芳香族聚醯胺樹脂、聚苯硫醚樹脂、聚醚碸樹脂、聚醚芳香族酮樹脂、聚醚醯亞胺樹脂及熱塑性聚醯亞胺樹脂所組成之群中之至少1種。
項11 如項1至項10中任一項所記載之複合積層體,其中上述B層之厚度為0.3 mm以上。
項12 如項1至項11中任一項所記載之複合積層體,其係用於汽車構件或電氣/電子機器構件。
項13 一種如項1至項12中任一項所記載之複合積層體之製造方法,其於包含平均纖維長度為1 mm以上之強化纖維(b1)及熱塑性樹脂(b2)之片材(b3)之單面上或兩面上積層配置包含平均纖維長度為1 μm~300 μm之強化纖維(a1)、體積平均粒徑為0.01 μm~100 μm之球狀粒子(a11)、及熱塑性樹脂(a2)之膜(a3),並對上述積層配置所得之積層物進行加熱及加壓,藉此使片材(b3)及膜(a3)一體化。
[發明之效果]
根據本發明,可提供一種於製造步驟中自模具之脫模性優異、且表面外觀(表面平滑性)及機械物性優異、進而加工性及塗裝密接性優異之複合積層體及複合積層體之製造方法。
以下,對較佳之實施方式進行說明。但是,以下之實施方式僅為例示,本發明並不限定於以下之實施方式。又,於圖式中,存在具有實質上相同之功能之構件以相同符號進行參照之情形。
本發明之複合積層體具備A層及B層,且A層直接或間接地設置於B層之單面上或兩面上。較佳為A層直接設置於B層之單面上或兩面上。當然,亦可於B層之單面上或兩面上隔著其他層設置A層。於該情形時,其他層只要為與A層及B層不同之層即可。
A層包含平均纖維長度為1 μm~300 μm之強化纖維(a1)、體積平均粒徑為0.01 μm~100 μm之球狀粒子(a11)、及熱塑性樹脂(a2)。另一方面,B層包含平均纖維長度為1 mm以上之強化纖維(b1)及熱塑性樹脂(b2)。
更具體而言,圖1係表示本發明之第1實施方式之複合積層體之模式性剖視圖。如圖1所示,複合積層體1具備作為第1層之A層2及作為第2層之B層3。B層3具有相互對向之第1主面3a及第2主面3b。於B層3之第1主面3a上設置有A層2。A層2係由包含強化纖維(a1)、球狀粒子(a11)及熱塑性樹脂(a2)之膜(a3)形成。又,B層3係由包含強化纖維(b1)及熱塑性樹脂(b2)之片材(b3)形成。再者,膜(a3)及片材(b3)經一體化。具體而言,例如,如於下述製造方法中所說明,於片材(b3)之單面上或兩面上積層配置膜(a3),並對積層配置所得之積層物進行加熱及加壓,藉此進行一體化。
又,圖2係表示本發明之第2實施方式之複合積層體之模式性剖視圖。如圖2所示,於複合積層體21中,於B層3之第2主面3b上亦設置有A層2。其他方面與第1實施方式相同。
如第1實施方式及第2實施方式中所示,於本發明之複合積層體中,可僅於B層之單面上設置A層,亦可於B層之兩面上設置A層。
以下,對本發明之複合積層體之各構成要素等進行說明。
<A層>
構成本發明之複合積層體之A層係由包含平均纖維長度為1 μm~300 μm之強化纖維(a1)、體積平均粒徑為0.01 μm~100 μm之球狀粒子(a11)、及熱塑性樹脂(a2)之膜(a3)形成。A層存在於下述B層之單面上或兩面上。藉由使A層存在於本複合積層體之正面層、反面層或正反面層,成形時之脫模性、複合積層體之表面平滑性及機械物性優異,進而加工性及塗裝密接性亦優異。
A層之厚度較佳為小於B層之厚度,更佳為未達500 μm,進而較佳為30 μm~450 μm,尤佳為50 μm~300 μm,最佳為100 μm~200 μm。若A層之厚度過厚,則有複合積層體中之強化纖維(b1)之含量降低而導致強度降低之虞。另一方面,藉由使A層之厚度小於B層之厚度,可最大限度發揮B層之機械物性而獲得機械物性更優異之複合積層體。再者,所謂A層存在於B層之兩面之情形時之A層之厚度,係指兩面之A層之厚度之合計。
A層與B層之厚度之比(A層/B層)較佳為0.01以上,更佳為0.05以上,較佳為0.50以下,更佳為0.30以下。
(強化纖維(a1))
膜(a3)所使用之強化纖維(a1)係包含纖維狀粒子之粉末,平均纖維長度為1 μm~300 μm,較佳為1 μm~200 μm,更佳為3 μm~100 μm,進而較佳為5 μm~50 μm。
強化纖維(a1)之平均縱橫比較佳為3~200,更佳為3~100,進而較佳為5~50,尤佳為10~40。
本發明中所使用之強化纖維(a1)就複合積層體之滑動特性之觀點而言,莫氏硬度較佳為5以下,例如可例舉:鈦酸鉀、矽灰石、硼酸鋁、硼酸鎂、硬矽鈣石、氧化鋅、鹼性硫酸鎂等。就該等之機械物性之觀點而言,強化纖維(a1)較佳為鈦酸鉀及矽灰石中之至少一者。所謂莫氏硬度,係表示物質硬度之指標,礦物彼此摩擦而受損者為硬度較小之物質。
作為鈦酸鉀,可廣泛使用先前公知者,可例舉:四鈦酸鉀、六鈦酸鉀、八鈦酸鉀等。鈦酸鉀之尺寸只要為上述強化纖維(a1)之尺寸之範圍,則並無特別限制,平均纖維直徑較佳為0.01 μm~1 μm,更佳為0.05 μm~0.8 μm,進而較佳為0.1 μm~0.7 μm,平均纖維長度較佳為1 μm~50 μm,更佳為3 μm~30 μm,進而較佳為10 μm~20 μm,平均縱橫比較佳為10以上,更佳為10~100,進而較佳為15~35。本發明亦可使用市售品,例如可使用大塚化學公司製造之「TISMO D」(平均纖維長度15 μm、平均纖維直徑0.5 μm)、「TISMO N」(平均纖維長度15 μm、平均纖維直徑0.5 μm)等。
矽灰石係包含偏矽酸鈣之無機纖維。矽灰石之尺寸只要為上述強化纖維之尺寸之範圍,則並無特別限制,平均纖維直徑較佳為0.1 μm~15 μm,更佳為1 μm~10 μm,進而較佳為2 μm~7 μm,平均纖維長度較佳為3 μm~180 μm,更佳為10 μm~100 μm,進而較佳為20 μm~40 μm,平均縱橫比較佳為3以上,更佳為3~30,進而較佳為5~15。於本發明中亦可使用市售品,例如可使用大塚化學公司製造之「Baystal W」(平均纖維長度25 μm、平均纖維直徑3 μm)等。
上述平均纖維長度及平均纖維直徑可藉由掃描式電子顯微鏡之觀察進行測定,平均縱橫比(平均纖維長度/平均纖維直徑)可根據平均纖維長度及平均纖維直徑而算出。例如,可藉由掃描式電子顯微鏡對複數個強化纖維(a1)進行拍攝,自其觀察像中任意選擇300個強化纖維(a1),
測定其等之纖維長度及纖維直徑,將累計全部纖維長度並除以個數所得者設為平均纖維長度,將累計全部纖維直徑並除以個數所得者設為平均纖維直徑。
於本發明中,所謂纖維狀之粒子,係指於將與粒子外切之長方體中具有最小體積之長方體(外切長方體)之最長邊定義為長徑L,將第二長之邊定義為短徑B,將最短之邊定義為厚度T(B>T)時,L/B及L/T均為3以上之粒子,長徑L相當於纖維長度,短徑B相當於纖維直徑。所謂非纖維狀之粒子,係指L/B小於3之粒子,將非纖維狀之粒子中L/B小於3且L/T為3以上之粒子稱為板狀之粒子。
強化纖維(a1)為了提高與熱塑性樹脂(a2)之潤濕性、進一步提高所獲得之樹脂組合物之機械物性等物性,亦可於本發明中所使用之強化纖維(a1)之表面形成包含表面處理劑之處理層。
作為表面處理劑,可例舉矽烷偶合劑、鈦偶合劑等。該等之中,較佳為矽烷偶合劑,更佳為胺基系矽烷偶合劑、環氧系矽烷偶合劑、烷基系矽烷偶合劑。上述表面處理劑可單獨使用1種,亦可將2種以上混合使用。
作為胺基系矽烷偶合劑,例如可例舉:N-2-(胺基乙基)-3-胺基丙基甲基二甲氧基矽烷、N-2-(胺基乙基)-3-胺基丙基三甲氧基矽烷、3-胺基丙基三甲氧基矽烷、3-胺基丙基三乙氧基矽烷、3-乙氧基矽烷基-N-(1,3-二甲基亞丁基)丙基胺、N-苯基-3-胺基丙基三甲氧基矽烷、N-(乙烯基苄基)-2-胺基乙基-3-胺基丙基三甲氧基矽烷等。
作為環氧系矽烷偶合劑,例如可例舉:3-縮水甘油氧基丙基(二甲氧基)甲基矽烷、3-縮水甘油氧基丙基三甲氧基矽烷、二乙氧基(3-縮水甘油氧基丙基)甲基矽烷、三乙氧基(3-縮水甘油氧基丙基)矽烷、2-(3,4-環氧環己基)乙基三甲氧基矽烷等。
作為烷基系矽烷偶合劑,例如可例舉:甲基三甲氧基矽烷、二甲基二甲氧基矽烷、三甲基甲氧基矽烷、甲基三乙氧基矽烷、乙基三甲氧基矽烷、正丙基三甲氧基矽烷、異丁基三甲氧基矽烷、異丁基三乙氧基矽烷、正己基三甲氧基矽烷、正己基三乙氧基矽烷、環己基甲基二甲氧基矽烷、正辛基三乙氧基矽烷、正癸基三甲氧基矽烷等。
作為於強化纖維(a1)之表面形成包含表面處理劑之處理層之方法,可使用公知之表面處理方法,例如利用將表面處理劑溶解於促進水解之溶劑(例如水、醇或該等之混合溶劑)中而製成溶液並將該溶液噴霧至強化纖維(a1)之濕式法、於樹脂組合物中調配強化纖維(a1)及表面處理劑之整體摻合法等進行。
用表面處理劑對本發明中所使用之強化纖維(a1)之表面進行處理時之該表面處理劑之量並無特別限定,於濕式法之情形時,例如以相對於強化纖維(a1)100質量份,表面處理劑成為0.1質量份~20質量份之方式噴霧表面處理劑之溶液即可。又,於整體摻合法之情形時,以相對於強化纖維(a1)100質量份,表面處理劑較佳為成為1質量份~50質量份、更佳為成為10質量份~40質量份之方式將表面處理劑調配於樹脂組合物中即可。藉由將表面處理劑之量設為上述範圍內,與熱塑性樹脂(a2)之密接性進一步提高,可進一步提高強化纖維(a1)之分散性。
強化纖維(a1)之含量於膜(a3)中所含有之成分之總量100質量%中較佳為0.5質量%~30質量%,更佳為1質量%~20質量%,進而較佳為5質量%~15質量%。
藉由將強化纖維(a1)設為0.5質量%以上,可進一步提高成形時之脫模性、複合積層體之表面平滑性、機械物性及加工性,藉由設為30質量%以下,下述膜之製膜性進一步提高。
(球狀粒子(a11))
膜(a3)所使用之球狀粒子(a11)可例舉:二氧化矽、玻璃珠粒、玻璃中空球、氧化鋁、碳酸鈣、碳酸鎂等;較佳為選自由二氧化矽、氧化鋁及玻璃珠粒所組成之群中之至少1種。
於本說明書中,所謂「球狀」,不僅包含真球狀,亦包含橢圓狀等大致球狀、該等之表面存在凹凸者等。球狀二氧化矽之縱橫比(長徑與短徑之比)例如較佳為2以下,更佳為1.5以下。縱橫比例如可使用掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)對任意50個粒子之形狀進行觀察,並作為對該等粒子之縱橫比進行平均所得之值求出。
作為二氧化矽,並非僅表示狹義之二氧化矽,而是意指矽酸系填充材,可自先前之用作樹脂填充材者中適當選擇使用,較佳為非晶質二氧化矽。
作為非晶質二氧化矽,例如可例舉乾式二氧化矽(無水二氧化矽)及濕式二氧化矽(水合矽酸)。乾式二氧化矽例如係利用使四氯化矽於氧氣/氫氣焰中燃燒之燃燒法而獲得。濕式二氧化矽例如係利用使用無機酸對矽酸鈉進行中和之沈澱法或者凝膠法或使烷氧基矽烷水解之溶膠凝膠法等而獲得。
球狀粒子(a11)之體積平均粒徑為0.01 μm~100 μm,較佳為0.01 μm~10 μm,更佳為0.05 μm~6 μm,進而較佳為0.1 μm~4 μm,尤佳為0.3 μm~2 μm。藉由將體積平均粒徑設為上述範圍,可在不降低複合積層體之機械物性下提高複合積層體之塗裝密接性。
所謂體積平均粒徑,係指將粒子之總體積設為100%求出基於粒徑之累積頻率分佈曲線時相當於體積50%之點之粒徑,可利用使用雷射繞射散射法之粒度分佈測定裝置等進行測定。
球狀粒子(a11)之比表面積(BET法)較佳為1 m2
/g~30 m2
/g,更佳為2 m2
/g~20 m2
/g,進而較佳為3 m2
/g~10 m2
/g。
比表面積(BET法)可依據JIS Z8830進行測定。所謂BET法,係使已知佔有面積之氮氣吸附於試樣粉體粒子之表面上,並根據其吸附量求出試樣粉體粒子之比表面積之方法,將利用該方法求出之比表面積稱為「BET比表面積」。
球狀粒子(a11)為了提高與熱塑性樹脂(a2)之潤濕性、進一步提高所獲得之樹脂組合物之機械物性等物性,亦可於本發明中所使用之球狀粒子(a11)之表面形成包含表面處理劑之處理層。
作為表面處理劑,可例舉矽烷偶合劑、鈦偶合劑等。該等之中,較佳為矽烷偶合劑,更佳為胺基系矽烷偶合劑、環氧系矽烷偶合劑、烷基系矽烷偶合劑。上述表面處理劑可單獨使用1種,亦可將2種以上混合使用。
作為胺基系矽烷偶合劑,例如可例舉:N-2-(胺基乙基)-3-胺基丙基甲基二甲氧基矽烷、N-2-(胺基乙基)-3-胺基丙基三甲氧基矽烷、3-胺基丙基三甲氧基矽烷、3-胺基丙基三乙氧基矽烷、3-乙氧基矽烷基-N-(1,3-二甲基亞丁基)丙基胺、N-苯基-3-胺基丙基三甲氧基矽烷、N-(乙烯基苄基)-2-胺基乙基-3-胺基丙基三甲氧基矽烷等。
作為環氧系矽烷偶合劑,例如可例舉:3-縮水甘油氧基丙基(二甲氧基)甲基矽烷、3-縮水甘油氧基丙基三甲氧基矽烷、二乙氧基(3-縮水甘油氧基丙基)甲基矽烷、三乙氧基(3-縮水甘油氧基丙基)矽烷、2-(3,4-環氧環己基)乙基三甲氧基矽烷等。
作為烷基系矽烷偶合劑,例如可例舉:甲基三甲氧基矽烷、二甲基二甲氧基矽烷、三甲基甲氧基矽烷、甲基三乙氧基矽烷、乙基三甲氧基矽烷、正丙基三甲氧基矽烷、異丁基三甲氧基矽烷、異丁基三乙氧基矽烷、正己基三甲氧基矽烷、正己基三乙氧基矽烷、環己基甲基二甲氧基矽烷、正辛基三乙氧基矽烷、正癸基三甲氧基矽烷等。
作為於球狀粒子(a11)之表面形成包含表面處理劑之處理層之方法,可使用公知之表面處理方法,例如利用將表面處理劑溶解於促進水解之溶劑(例如水、醇或該等之混合溶劑)中而製成溶液並將該溶液噴霧至球狀粒子(a11)之濕式法、於樹脂組合物中調配球狀粒子(a11)與表面處理劑之整體摻合法等進行。
用表面處理劑對本發明中所使用之球狀粒子(a11)之表面進行處理時之該表面處理劑之量並無特別限定,於濕式法之情形時,例如以相對於球狀粒子(a11)100質量份,表面處理劑成為0.1質量份~20質量份之方式噴霧表面處理劑之溶液即可。又,於整體摻合法之情形時,以相對於球狀粒子(a11)100質量份,表面處理劑較佳為成為1質量份~50質量份、更佳為成為10質量份~40質量份之方式將表面處理劑調配於樹脂組合物中即可。藉由將表面處理劑之量設為上述範圍內,與熱塑性樹脂(a2)之密接性進一步提高,可進一步提高球狀粒子(a11)之分散性。
球狀粒子(a11)之含量於膜(a3)所含有之成分之總量100質量%中較佳為0.5質量%~20質量%,更佳為1質量%~15質量%,進而較佳為3質量%~10質量%。
藉由將球狀粒子(a11)設為0.5質量%以上,可在不降低複合積層體之機械物性下進一步提高複合積層體之塗裝密接性,藉由設為20質量%以下,下述膜之製膜性進一步提高。
(熱塑性樹脂(a2))
作為膜(a3)所使用之熱塑性樹脂(a2),只要為可膜化之熱塑性樹脂,則並無特別限定,例如可例示:聚丙烯(PP)樹脂、聚乙烯(PE)樹脂、環狀聚烯烴(COP)樹脂、環狀烯烴共聚物(COC)樹脂等聚烯烴樹脂;聚苯乙烯(PS)樹脂、對排聚苯乙烯(SPS)樹脂、耐衝擊性聚苯乙烯(HIPS)樹脂、丙烯腈-丁烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)樹脂、甲基丙烯酸甲酯/苯乙烯共聚物(MS)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯/苯乙烯/丁二烯共聚物(MBS)、苯乙烯/丁二烯共聚物(SBR)、苯乙烯/異戊二烯共聚物(SIR)、苯乙烯/異戊二烯/丁二烯共聚物(SIBR)、苯乙烯/丁二烯/苯乙烯共聚物(SBS)、苯乙烯/異戊二烯/苯乙烯共聚物(SIS)、苯乙烯/乙烯/丁烯/苯乙烯共聚物(SEBS)、苯乙烯/乙烯/丙烯/苯乙烯共聚物(SEPS)等聚苯乙烯系樹脂;聚乳酸(PLA)樹脂、聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)樹脂、聚對苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT)樹脂、聚伸環己烯基二亞甲基對苯二甲酸酯(PCT)樹脂等聚酯系樹脂;聚縮醛(POM)樹脂;聚碳酸酯(PC)樹脂;聚醯胺6樹脂、聚醯胺66樹脂、聚醯胺11樹脂、聚醯胺12樹脂、聚醯胺46樹脂、聚醯胺6C樹脂、聚醯胺9C樹脂、聚醯胺6樹脂與聚醯胺66樹脂之共聚物(聚醯胺6/66樹脂)、聚醯胺6樹脂與聚醯胺12樹脂之共聚物(聚醯胺6/12樹脂)等脂肪族聚醯胺(PA)樹脂;聚醯胺MXD6樹脂、聚醯胺MXD10樹脂、聚醯胺6T樹脂、聚醯胺9T樹脂、聚醯胺10T樹脂等包含具有芳香環之結構單元及不具有芳香環之結構單元之半芳香族聚醯胺(PA)樹脂;聚苯硫醚(PPS)樹脂;聚醚碸(PES)樹脂;液晶聚酯(LCP)樹脂;聚醚酮(PEK)樹脂、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)樹脂、聚醚酮酮(PEKK)樹脂、聚醚醚酮酮(PEEKK)等聚醚芳香族酮樹脂;聚醚醯亞胺(PEI)樹脂;聚醯胺醯亞胺(PAI)樹脂;熱塑性聚醯亞胺(TPI)樹脂;聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚氟乙烯(PVF)、乙烯/四氟乙烯共聚物(ETFE)等氟系樹脂等。亦可使用選自上述熱塑性樹脂中之具有相溶性之2種以上之熱塑性樹脂彼此之混合物、即聚合物合金等。
該等之中,作為熱塑性樹脂(a2),較佳為選自由聚烯烴樹脂、聚苯乙烯系樹脂、聚酯系樹脂、脂肪族聚醯胺(PA)樹脂、半芳香族聚醯胺(PA)樹脂、聚苯硫醚(PPS)樹脂、聚醚碸(PES)樹脂、聚醚芳香族酮樹脂、聚醚醯亞胺(PEI)樹脂及熱塑性聚醯亞胺(TPI)樹脂所組成之群中之至少1種。
就進一步提高與B層之密接性之觀點而言,熱塑性樹脂(a2)較佳為與下述熱塑性樹脂(b2)為相同種類。例如,於熱塑性樹脂(b2)為脂肪族聚醯胺(PA)之情形時,熱塑性樹脂(a2)較佳為脂肪族聚醯胺(PA)樹脂或半芳香族聚醯胺(PA)。
熱塑性樹脂(a2)之形狀只要可進行熔融混練,則並無特別限制,例如可使用粉末狀、顆粒狀、團粒狀之任一者。
熱塑性樹脂(a2)之含量於膜(a3)中所含有之成分之總量100質量%中,較佳為50質量%~99質量%,更佳為65質量%~98質量%,進而較佳為70質量%~92質量%。
(其他添加劑)
膜(a3)可於無損其較佳之物性之範圍內含有其他添加劑。作為其他添加劑,可例舉:芳香族聚醯胺纖維、聚伸苯基苯并㗁唑(PBO)纖維、玻璃纖維、碳纖維、氧化鋁纖維、硼纖維、碳化矽纖維、碳酸鈣、雲母、Mica、絹雲母、伊利石、滑石、高嶺石、蒙脫石、軟水鋁石、膨潤石、蛭石、二氧化鈦、鈦酸鉀、鈦酸鋰鉀、軟水鋁石等上述強化纖維(a1)及上述球狀粒子(a11)以外之填充材;聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、低密度聚乙烯、直鏈狀低密度聚乙烯、中密度聚乙烯、高密度聚乙烯、超高分子量聚乙烯等聚烯烴樹脂、石墨、二硫化鉬、二硫化鎢、氮化硼等固體潤滑劑;銅化合物等熱穩定劑;受阻酚系光穩定劑等光穩定劑;成核劑;陰離子性抗靜電劑、陽離子性抗靜電劑、非離子系抗靜電劑等抗靜電劑;抗老化劑(抗氧化劑);耐候劑;耐光劑;金屬減活劑;二苯甲酮系紫外線吸收劑、苯并三唑系紫外線吸收劑、三𠯤系紫外線吸收劑、水楊酸酯系紫外線吸收劑等紫外線吸收劑;防菌/防黴劑;防臭劑;碳系導電劑、金屬系導電劑、金屬氧化物系導電劑、界面活性劑等導電性賦予劑;分散劑;聚酯系塑化劑、甘油系塑化劑、多元羧酸酯系塑化劑、磷酸酯系塑化劑、聚伸烷基二醇系塑化劑、環氧系塑化劑等軟化劑(塑化劑);碳黑、氧化鈦等顏料、染料等著色劑;磷腈系化合物、磷酸酯、縮合磷酸酯、無機磷系阻燃劑、鹵素系阻燃劑、聚矽氧系阻燃劑、金屬氧化物系阻燃劑、金屬氫氧化物系阻燃劑、有機金屬鹽系阻燃劑、氮系阻燃劑、硼化合物系阻燃劑等阻燃劑;抗滴落劑;制振劑;中和劑;抗黏連劑;流動性改良劑;脂肪酸、脂肪酸金屬鹽等脫模劑;潤滑劑;耐衝擊性改良劑等;可含有該等之1種或2種以上。
於膜(a3)中包含其他添加劑之情形時,其調配量只要為無損本發明之較佳物性之範圍,則並無特別限制,較佳為於膜(a3)所含有之成分之總量100質量%中為5質量%以下,更佳為1質量%以下。
(A層之製造方法)
本發明之複合積層體如下所述,係藉由如下方式而獲得:分別製作構成A層之膜(a3)、及形成B層之片材(b3),將膜(a3)積層配置於片材(b3)之單面上或兩面上,並藉由成形機對所獲得之積層物進行加熱及加壓,藉此使膜(a3)及片材(b3)一體化。
作為形成A層之膜(a3)之製造方法,並無特別限定,例如可採用T字模澆鑄法、壓光法、壓製法等公知之熔融成膜方法。
更具體而言,可例舉:以成為上述含量之方式將強化纖維(a1)、球狀粒子(a11)、熱塑性樹脂(a2)、及視需要之其他添加劑直接混合進行熔融製膜之方法;以成為上述含量之方式將強化纖維(a1)、球狀粒子(a11)、熱塑性樹脂(a2)、及視需要之其他添加劑預先進行熔融混練而製作混合物之顆粒,並使用其進行熔融製膜之方法等。
膜(a3)可使用延伸膜、未延伸膜之任一者,延伸膜可防止因加熱熔融時之收縮而皺褶或鬆弛,成形品之外觀進一步提高,故而較佳。延伸倍率較佳為2倍~15倍。於本發明中,延伸倍率係將膜製膜時之流延輥所形成之膜尺寸作為基準,將橫向之延伸倍率乘以縱向之延伸倍率所得之面積倍率作為延伸倍率。
製造本發明之複合積層體前之形成A層之膜(a3)之厚度較佳為未達500 μm,更佳為30 μm~450 μm,進而較佳為50 μm~300 μm,最佳為100 μm~200 μm。若形成A層之膜(a3)之厚度未達500 μm,則無損複合積層體之機械物性便可進一步提高衝壓成形後之複合積層體表面之表面平滑性。
<B層>
構成本發明之複合積層體之B層係由含有平均纖維長度為1 mm以上之強化纖維(b1)及熱塑性樹脂(b2)之片材(b3)形成之層,係複合積層體之核心層。藉由將強化纖維(b1)之平均纖維長度設為1 mm以上,可獲得機械物性優異之複合積層體。
B層之厚度可根據目標構件之形狀任意選擇,就機械物性之觀點而言,較佳為0.3 mm~15 mm,更佳為1 mm~10 mm,進而較佳為1.5 mm~5 mm。
(強化纖維(b1))
片材(b3)所使用之強化纖維(b1)只要平均纖維長度為1 mm以上,則並無特別限定,可使用無機纖維、有機纖維、金屬纖維、或將該等之2種以上組合使用。作為無機纖維,可例舉:碳纖維、石墨纖維、碳化矽纖維、氧化鋁纖維、碳化鎢纖維、硼纖維、玻璃纖維等。作為有機纖維,可例舉:芳香族聚醯胺纖維、聚對伸苯基苯并㗁唑(PBO)纖維、高密度聚乙烯纖維、其他一般之聚醯胺纖維、聚酯等。作為金屬纖維,可例舉不鏽鋼、鐵等之纖維,又,亦可為被覆金屬之碳纖維。該等之中,較佳為選自由碳纖維、玻璃纖維及芳香族聚醯胺纖維所組成之群中之至少1種。就進一步提高最終成形物之強度等機械物性之觀點而言,進而較佳為碳纖維。所謂碳纖維,係將丙烯酸系纖維或瀝青(石油、煤、煤焦油等副產物)等作為原料於高溫下碳化而製造之纖維,於JIS標準中定義為對有機纖維之前驅物進行加熱碳化處理而獲得之以質量比計90%以上由碳構成之纖維。使用丙烯酸系纖維之碳纖維稱為PAN(Polyacrylonitrile,聚丙烯腈)系碳纖維,使用瀝青之碳纖維稱為瀝青系碳纖維。
強化纖維(b1)存在當纖維長度過長時衝壓成形時之流動性降低之情形,且存在當纖維長度過短時強化纖維之抄紙之製造變得困難之情形,就進一步提高成形性之觀點而言,較佳為非連續纖維,平均纖維長度更佳為1 mm~100 mm,進而較佳為2 mm~50 mm。強化纖維(b1)之平均纖維直徑較佳為1 μm~50 μm,更佳為5 μm~20 μm。強化纖維(b1)只要為上述平均纖維直徑,則亦可成為利用收斂劑等凝聚而成之強化纖維之束。
強化纖維(b1)之含量於片材(b3)所含有之成分之總量100質量%中,較佳為10質量%~80質量%,更佳為20質量%~70質量%,進而較佳為30質量%~60質量%。
藉由將強化纖維(b1)設為10質量%以上,可獲得纖維所帶來之進一步之補強效果,藉由設為80質量%以下,下述片材之製造性進一步提高。
(熱塑性樹脂(b2))
作為片材(b3)所使用之熱塑性樹脂(b2),只要為可纖維化或膜化之熱塑性樹脂,則並無特別限定,例如可例示:聚丙烯(PP)樹脂、聚乙烯(PE)樹脂、環狀聚烯烴(COP)樹脂、環狀烯烴共聚物(COC)樹脂等聚烯烴樹脂;聚苯乙烯(PS)樹脂、對排聚苯乙烯(SPS)樹脂、耐衝擊性聚苯乙烯(HIPS)樹脂、丙烯腈-丁烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)樹脂、甲基丙烯酸甲酯/苯乙烯共聚物(MS)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯/苯乙烯/丁二烯共聚物(MBS)、苯乙烯/丁二烯共聚物(SBR)、苯乙烯/異戊二烯共聚物(SIR)、苯乙烯/異戊二烯/丁二烯共聚物(SIBR)、苯乙烯/丁二烯/苯乙烯共聚物(SBS)、苯乙烯/異戊二烯/苯乙烯共聚物(SIS)、苯乙烯/乙烯/丁烯/苯乙烯共聚物(SEBS)、苯乙烯/乙烯/丙烯/苯乙烯共聚物(SEPS)等聚苯乙烯系樹脂;聚乳酸(PLA)樹脂、聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)樹脂、聚對苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT)樹脂、聚伸環己烯基二亞甲基對苯二甲酸酯(PCT)樹脂等聚酯系樹脂;聚縮醛(POM)樹脂;聚碳酸酯(PC)樹脂;聚醯胺6樹脂、聚醯胺66樹脂、聚醯胺11樹脂、聚醯胺12樹脂、聚醯胺46樹脂、聚醯胺6C樹脂、聚醯胺9C樹脂、聚醯胺6樹脂與聚醯胺66樹脂之共聚物(聚醯胺6/66樹脂)、聚醯胺6樹脂與聚醯胺12樹脂之共聚物(聚醯胺6/12樹脂)等脂肪族聚醯胺(PA)樹脂;聚醯胺MXD6樹脂、聚醯胺MXD10樹脂、聚醯胺6T樹脂、聚醯胺9T樹脂、聚醯胺10T樹脂等包含具有芳香環之結構單元與不具有芳香環之結構單元之半芳香族聚醯胺(PA)樹脂;聚苯硫醚(PPS)樹脂;聚醚碸(PES)樹脂;液晶聚酯(LCP)樹脂;聚醚酮(PEK)樹脂、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)樹脂、聚醚酮酮(PEKK)樹脂、聚醚醚酮酮(PEEKK)等聚醚芳香族酮樹脂;聚醚醯亞胺(PEI)樹脂;聚醯胺醯亞胺(PAI)樹脂;熱塑性聚醯亞胺(TPI)樹脂;聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚氟乙烯(PVF)、乙烯/四氟乙烯共聚物(ETFE)等氟系樹脂等。亦可使用選自上述熱塑性樹脂中之具有相溶性之2種以上之熱塑性樹脂彼此之混合物、即聚合物合金等。
該等之中,作為熱塑性樹脂(b2),較佳為選自由聚烯烴樹脂、聚苯乙烯系樹脂、聚酯系樹脂、脂肪族聚醯胺(PA)樹脂、半芳香族聚醯胺(PA)樹脂、聚苯硫醚(PPS)樹脂、聚醚碸(PES)樹脂、聚醚芳香族酮樹脂、聚醚醯亞胺(PEI)樹脂及熱塑性聚醯亞胺(TPI)樹脂所組成之群中之至少1種。
熱塑性樹脂(b2)之形狀只要可進行熔融混練,則並無特別限制,例如可使用粉末狀、顆粒狀、團粒狀之任一者。
熱塑性樹脂(b2)之含量於片材(b3)所含有之成分之總量100質量%中較佳為20質量%~90質量%,更佳為30質量%~80質量%,進而較佳為40質量%~70質量%。
考慮到順利地進行本發明之複合積層體之成形加工,片材(b3)之單位面積重量較佳為100 g/m2
~1500 g/m2
。
(B層之製造方法)
本發明之複合積層體係藉由如下方式而獲得:分別製作形成A層之膜(a3)、及形成B層之片材(b3),將膜(a3)積層配置於片材(b3)之單面上或兩面上,藉由成形機對所獲得之積層物進行加熱及加壓,藉此使膜(a3)及片材(b3)一體化。
作為形成B層之片材(b3),係藉由如下方式而獲得:將以成為上述含量之方式使熱塑性樹脂(b2)含浸於強化纖維(b1)而成之複數個預浸體積層,藉由成形機對所獲得之積層物進行加熱及加壓,藉此進行一體化。又,亦可直接使用使熱塑性樹脂(b2)含浸於強化纖維(b1)中而成之預浸體。即,亦可將使熱塑性樹脂(b2)含浸於強化纖維(b1)中而成之預浸體直接用作片材(b3)。
作為預浸體之製造方法,可例舉如下方法:準備膜、不織布、纖維氈、製成編織物狀等片狀之熱塑性樹脂(b2)2片,將使強化纖維(b1)呈片狀排列之片材或將強化纖維(b1)切斷並藉由抄紙法而製作之片材(不織材料)夾入該2片之間,並進行加熱及加壓,藉此而獲得。更具體而言,一面自送出2片包含熱塑性樹脂之片材之2個輥將2片片材送出,一面將由強化纖維之片材之輥供給之強化纖維之片材夾入至2片包含熱塑性樹脂之片材之間,然後進行加熱及加壓。作為進行加熱及加壓之機構,可使用公知者,亦可為利用2個以上之熱輥或使用複數預熱裝置與熱輥之對等需要多階段之步驟者。此處,構成片材之熱塑性樹脂無須為1種,亦可使用如上所述之裝置使包含其他種類之熱塑性樹脂之片材進而積層。
作為預浸體之其他製造方法,可例舉如下方法:將使強化纖維(b1)之纖維束開纖所得之強化纖維(b1)與製成纖維狀之熱塑性樹脂(b2)以所需質量比進行混棉並製成片狀,進而積層而獲得不織布後,對該不織布進行加熱及加壓,藉此而獲得。混棉可使用市售之混合機。關於片材化及積層化,可使用梳棉方式,可使用市售之梳棉機。又,作為進行加熱及加壓之機構,可使用公知者。不織布之製造所使用之纖維狀之熱塑性樹脂(b2)之平均纖維長度可使用與進行混棉之強化纖維(b1)相同程度者,纖度較佳為2.2 dtex~22 dtex。藉由將纖度設為2.2 dtex~22 dtex,強化纖維(b1)與製成纖維狀之熱塑性樹脂(b2)之分散性變好,容易形成更均勻之不織布。又,就進一步抑制使用預浸體獲得成形體時片材向厚度方向膨脹之現象之觀點而言,預浸體於混棉中因通常使用之針軋機而產生之痕跡較佳為5個/cm2
以下。進而,於預浸體之剖面中,強化纖維(b1)之一部分與另一部分於厚度方向上位移1 mm以上者之條數較佳為80條/cm2
以下。
上述加熱溫度取決於熱塑性樹脂(b2)之種類,通常較佳為100℃~400℃。另一方面,加壓時之壓力通常較佳為0.1 MPa~10 MPa。若為該範圍,則可使熱塑性樹脂(b2)進一步含浸於預浸體所包含之強化纖維(b1)之間,因此較佳。
於包含強化纖維(b1)與熱塑性樹脂(b2)之預浸體中,於強化纖維(b1)沿一方向配向之連續纖維之情形時,可用於本發明之複合積層體之預浸體較佳為藉由利用雷射標記機、切割標繪器或沖切模具等切出切口而獲得。藉由切口將強化纖維(b1)切斷,就機械物性與流動性之觀點而言,作為切斷之強化纖維(b1)之長度,較佳為設為5 mm~100 mm,更佳為設為10 mm~50 mm。
亦可將以如上方式獲得之預浸體以強化纖維(b1)之方向成為準各向同性或交替積層之方式將2片以上積層而製作積層基材。上述積層基材較佳為將預浸體以成為4層~96層之方式積層。預浸體之層數之更佳範圍為8層~32層。藉由將預浸體之層數設為8層以上,可將強化纖維之方向準各向同性地積層,藉由設為32層以下,可進一步降低積層步驟之作業負荷,因此較佳。
亦可藉由使對以如上方式獲得之積層基材進行加熱及加壓而一體化之積層基材成形而製造片材(b3)。此時,亦能夠藉由使膜(a3)配置於積層基材與壓機之模具之間,而於製造片材(b3)之同時製造本發明之複合積層體。較佳為加熱步驟之後實施冷卻步驟。藉由進行冷卻,熱塑性樹脂固化,因此片材(b3)之操作變得更容易。
於上述加熱中,雖取決於預浸體中所包含之熱塑性樹脂(b2)之種類,但較佳為以100℃~400℃進行加熱,更佳為以150℃~350℃進行加熱。又,亦可於上述加熱之前進行預加熱。關於預加熱,理想為通常以150℃~400℃、較佳為以200℃~380℃進行加熱。
作為於上述加壓中施加至積層基材之壓力,較佳為0.1 MPa~10 MPa,更佳為0.2 MPa~2 MPa。關於該壓力,設為壓製力除以積層基材之面積所得之值。
上述加熱及加壓之時間較佳為0.1分鐘~30分鐘,更佳為0.5分鐘~20分鐘。又,設於加熱及加壓之後之冷卻時間較佳為0.5分鐘~30分鐘。
經由上述成形而一體化而成之片材(b3)之厚度可根據目標構件之形狀任意選擇,就成形性與機械物性之觀點而言,較佳為0.3 mm~15 mm,更佳為1 mm~12 mm。
<複合積層體之製造方法>
本發明之複合積層體可藉由如下方式製造:以將膜(a3)配置於片材(b3)與模具之間之方式將膜(a3)積層配置於片材(b3)之單面上或兩面上,並藉由成形機對所獲得之積層物進行加熱及加壓,藉此使膜(a3)及片材(b3)一體化。又,亦可將2片以上(較佳為2片~5片)之膜(a3)積層配置於片材(b3)之單面上或兩面上。較佳為於加熱步驟之後實施冷卻步驟。藉由進行冷卻,熱塑性樹脂固化,因此複合積層體之操作變得容易。
於上述積層物之加熱中,雖取決於膜(a3)中所包含之熱塑性樹脂(a2)、片材(b3)中所包含之熱塑性樹脂(b2)之種類,但較佳為以100℃~400℃進行加熱,更佳為以150℃~350℃進行加熱。又,亦可於上述加熱之前進行預加熱。關於預加熱,較佳為通常以150℃~400℃、較佳為以200℃~380℃進行加熱。
作為於上述加壓中施加至積層物之壓力,較佳為0.1 MPa~10 MPa,更佳為0.2 MPa~2 MPa。關於該壓力,設為壓製力除以積層物之面積所得之值。
上述加熱及加壓之時間較佳為0.1分鐘~30分鐘,更佳為0.5分鐘~20分鐘。又,設於加熱及加壓之後之冷卻時間較佳為0.5分鐘~30分鐘。
上述加熱中之成形機之模具溫度(Th)於上述積層物中所包含之熱塑性樹脂具有熔點(Tm)之情形時,較佳為設為Tm≦Th≦(Tm+100)(℃),更佳為設為(Tm+10)≦Th≦(Tm+80)(℃)。上述加熱中之成形機之模具溫度(Th)於上述積層物中所包含之熱塑性樹脂不具有熔點(Tm)而具有玻璃轉移溫度(Tg)之情形時,較佳為設為Tg≦Th≦(Tg+100)(℃),更佳為設為(Tg+10)≦Th≦(Tg+80)(℃)。藉由將成形機之模具溫度(Th)設為上述範圍,可防止模具之膨脹,且可抑制樹脂之劣化,並且可使上述積層物一體化。
上述加熱中之成形機之模具溫度(Th)與使積層物冷卻時之成形機之模具溫度(Tc)之差(Th-Tc)較佳為設為10≦(Th-Tc)≦250(℃),更佳為設為30≦(Th-Tc)≦200(℃)。藉由將模具溫度之差設為上述範圍,可實現熱塑性樹脂之更均勻之熔融、固化,從而可進一步提高所獲得之複合積層體之耐久性。
如本發明之複合積層體之B層般含有尺寸較大之強化纖維之熱塑性樹脂通常會因加壓成形而產生凹痕,但於本發明之複合積層體中,認為藉由於表面形成含有作為微纖維之強化纖維之A層,強化纖維(a1)對強化纖維(b1)間進行微補強並將間隙填埋,藉此表面平滑性與機械物性提高。
認為本發明之複合積層體藉由於表面形成含有強化纖維(a1)之A層,藉由強化纖維(a1)所帶來之熱塑性樹脂(a2)之成核劑效果、強化纖維(a1)與模具之低接著性、強化纖維(a1)所帶來之熱時剛性提高等效果,自模具之脫模性提高。
本發明之複合積層體具有藉由於表面形成含有強化纖維(a1)之A層,切削加工後之切削剖面不易產生毛邊之效果。
本發明之複合積層體藉由於表面形成含有強化纖維(a1)之A層,藉由強化纖維(a1)表面之羥基等之存在而對複合積層體之塗裝密接性提高。進而,已知非纖維狀物與纖維狀物相比提高機械物性之作用較低,但本發明之複合積層體藉由將強化纖維(a1)之一部分替換成球狀粒子(a11),可在不降低複合積層體之機械物性下使複合積層體之塗裝密接性進一步提高。
期待本發明之複合積層體藉由A層之強化纖維(a1)與B層之強化纖維(b1)之交纏(錨固效應)所帶來之A層與B層之密接力提高。
根據上述特性,本發明之複合積層體可用作可藉由衝壓成形等壓製成形賦形成任意形狀之成形用中間材料,可賦形成汽車、電氣/電子機器(電腦殼體、平板等)等之各種零件/構件。
[實施例]
以下基於實施例及比較例具體地進行說明,但本發明並不受此任何限定。再者,本實施例及比較例中所使用之原材料具體如下。
(強化纖維(a1))
鈦酸鉀(商品名:TISMO D101、大塚化學公司製造、平均纖維長度:15 μm、平均纖維直徑:0.5 μm、平均縱橫比:30)
矽灰石(商品名:Baystal W、大塚化學公司製造、平均纖維長度:25 μm、平均纖維直徑:3 μm、平均縱橫比:8)
(球狀粒子(a11))
球狀二氧化矽(商品名:SC2500-SEJ、Admatechs公司製造、非晶質二氧化矽、球狀粒子、體積平均粒徑0.6 μm、比表面積6.0 m2
/g、表面處理劑:3-縮水甘油氧基丙基三甲氧基矽烷)
(熱塑性樹脂(a2))
聚醯胺MXD10樹脂(商品名:LEXTER8500、三菱瓦斯化學公司製造)
聚醯胺6樹脂(商品名:Amilan CM1017、Toray公司製造)
(其他)
板狀滑石(商品名:TALC GH7、林化成公司製造、平均長徑:5.8 μm、厚度:0.1 μm)
玻璃纖維(商品名:ECS 03T-289P/W、日本電氣硝子公司製造、平均纖維長度:3 mm、平均纖維直徑:13 μm)
<試驗例1~試驗例7>
以表1所示之調配比率使用雙軸擠出機進行熔融混練,製造顆粒物。再者,關於雙軸擠出機之缸體溫度,試驗例1~試驗例5為240℃,試驗例6及試驗例7為230℃。
針對所獲得之顆粒物,利用射出成形製作JIS試片(彎曲試片)。再者,射出成形機之缸體溫度為240℃,模具溫度係試驗例1~試驗例5為110℃,試驗例6及試驗例7為85℃。關於所製作之彎曲試片,依據JIS K7171,使用Autograph AG-5000(島津製作所公司製造)進行支點間距離60 mm之三點彎曲試驗,測定彎曲強度、彎曲彈性模數。將結果示於表1。
對所獲得之顆粒物進行乾燥後,使用膜擠出機(東洋精機公司製造,將單軸擠出機D2020(L/D=20)連接於Laboplastomill 4C150-01),試驗例1~試驗例5以缸體溫度240℃、試驗例6及試驗例7以缸體溫度230℃自T字模(寬度150 mm、厚度0.2 mm)擠出熔融樹脂,經由膜捲取裝置以膜成為目標厚度之方式進行一軸延伸而獲得膜。膜之厚度設為100 μm。
[表1]
試驗例1 | 試驗例2 | 試驗例3 | 試驗例4 | 試驗例5 | 試驗例6 | 試驗例7 | |||
調配材含量 (質量%) | 強化纖維(a1) | 鈦酸鉀纖維 | 10 | 15 | |||||
矽灰石纖維 | 10 | 15 | |||||||
球狀粒子(a11) | 球狀二氧化矽 | 5 | 5 | ||||||
熱塑性樹脂(a2) | 聚醯胺MXD10樹脂 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 100 | |||
聚醯胺6樹脂 | 90 | 90 | |||||||
其他 | 板狀滑石 | 10 | |||||||
玻璃纖維 | 10 | ||||||||
機械物性 | 彎曲強度(MPa) | 162 | 146 | 172 | 154 | 111 | 106 | 129 | |
彎曲彈性模數(GPa) | 4.6 | 4.2 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 2.5 | 3.4 | 4.1 |
<實施例1、實施例2、比較例1~比較例4>
(模具脫模性)
於金屬板(鋼材 SS400 #2000精加工)上,關於上述所獲得之試驗例1~試驗例5之膜各者,依序積層膜3片、使聚醯胺6樹脂含浸於碳纖維(平均纖維長度70 mm、平均纖維直徑7 μm)中而成之碳纖維片材(片材之厚度3 mm、碳纖維含量51質量%)10片、膜3片、金屬板(鋼材 SS400 #600精加工),利用壓機(放電精密加工研究所公司製造,商品名:ZENFormer 75t 雙滑動機)於頂板溫度270℃、預熱時間15分鐘、壓力7 MPa、加壓時間1分鐘之條件下進行壓製。壓製後冷卻至室溫,然後使頂板上升,與金屬板剝離。再者,將未插入膜且於相同條件下壓製而成者作為比較例4。
將複合積層體自金屬板(鋼材SS400 #2000精加工)完全剝離者設為「A」,將複合積層體之一部分殘存於金屬板者設為「B」,將複合積層體未自金屬板剝離者設為「C」。將結果示於表2。
(最大高度(Sz)之評價)
關於上述所獲得之試驗例1~試驗例5之膜各者,將膜及使聚醯胺6樹脂含浸於碳纖維(平均纖維長度70 mm、平均纖維直徑7 μm)中而成之碳纖維片材(片材之厚度3 mm、碳纖維含量51質量%)以成為膜/碳纖維片材/膜之構成之方式夾入壓機,利用壓機(放電精密加工研究所公司製造,商品名:ZENFormer 75t 雙滑動機)於頂板溫度270℃、預熱時間15分鐘、壓力7 MPa、加壓時間1分鐘之條件下進行壓製,壓製後冷卻至室溫,然後使頂板上升,與金屬板剝離,藉此製造複合積層體。所獲得之複合積層體之A層整體之厚度為163 μm,B層之厚度為1.81 mm。再者,將未插入膜且於相同條件下壓製而成者作為比較例4。
針對所獲得之複合積層體之表面(A層側),依據ISO 25178並使用雷射顯微鏡(基恩士公司製造,商品名:VK-X250)測定表面之最大高度(Sz)。將最大高度(Sz)未達70 μm者設為「A」,將70 μm以上且未達100 μm者設為「B」,將100 μm以上者設為「C」。將結果示於表2。
(切削加工性)
藉由磨料水射流裝置將用於最大高度(Sz)之評價之上述複合積層體切削成縱90 mm×橫50 mm(平板)之形狀。切削條件設為噴嘴直徑0.76 mm、水壓400 MPa、速度200 mm/min、水量約2.5 L/min、研磨劑使用量:garnet(石榴石)#80 400 g/min。
對加工後來自切削剖面之毛邊之情況進行評價,將未確認到毛邊者設為「A」,將毛邊程度較小者(可用手簡單地去除之等級)設為「B」,將毛邊程度較大者(必須使用工具才能去除之等級)設為「C」。將評價中之結果示於表2。
(塗裝密接性)
將用於最大高度(Sz)之評價之上述複合積層體藉由磨料水射流裝置切削成縱90 mm×橫50 mm(平板)之形狀。切削條件設為噴嘴直徑0.76 mm、水壓400 MPa、速度200 mm/min、水量約2.5 L/min、研磨劑使用量:garnet(石榴石)#80 400g/min。
針對所獲得之平板,將2液丙烯酸胺基甲酸酯系塗料(藤倉化成股份有限公司製造,商品名:Recrack #110)以膜厚成為18 μm之方式塗裝於藉由溶劑使表面脫脂後之表面,進而將透明塗裝以膜厚成為13 μm之方式塗裝於該塗裝面。塗裝後,藉由切割機進行切割試驗,測定切割部之槽寬。將槽寬未達30 μm者設為「A」,將30 μm以上且未達50 μm者設為「B」,將50 μm以上且未達80 μm者設為「C」,將80 μm以上者設為「D」。示於表2。
(機械物性)
對用於最大高度(Sz)之評價之上述複合積層體藉由磨料水射流裝置切削成JIS試片(彎曲試片)之形狀。切削條件設為噴嘴直徑0.76 mm、水壓400 MPa、速度200 mm/min、水量約2.5 L/min、研磨劑使用量:garnet(石榴石)#80 400g/min。再者,以彎曲試片之長度方向與試驗例1~試驗例5中之膜之抽出方向一致之方式進行切削。
針對所獲得之彎曲試片,依據JIS K7171,使用Autograph AG-5000(島津製作所公司製造)進行支點間距離60 mm之三點彎曲試驗,測定彎曲強度、彎曲彈性模數。將結果示於表2。
[表2]
實施例1 | 實施例2 | 比較例1 | 比較例2 | 比較例3 | 比較例4 | ||||
A層 | 原料膜 | 試驗例1 | 試驗例2 | 試驗例3 | 試驗例4 | 試驗例5 | - | ||
調配材含量 (質量%) | 強化纖維(a1) | 鈦酸鉀纖維 | 10 | 15 | |||||
矽灰石纖維 | 10 | 15 | |||||||
球狀粒子(a11) | 球狀二氧化矽 | 5 | 5 | ||||||
熱塑性樹脂(a2) | 聚醯胺MXD10樹脂 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 100 | |||
其他 | 板狀滑石 | ||||||||
玻璃纖維 | |||||||||
B層 | 調配材含量 (質量%) | 強化纖維(b1) | 碳纖維 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 |
熱塑性樹脂(b2) | PA6樹脂 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | ||
模具脫模性 | A | B | A | B | C | C | |||
最大高度Sz | A | A | A | A | B | C | |||
切削加工性 | A | B | A | B | C | C | |||
塗裝密接性 | A | B | C | C | D | D | |||
機械物性 | 彎曲強度(MPa) | 316 | 274 | 310 | 274 | 257 | 255 | ||
彎曲彈性模數(GPa) | 13.5 | 11.7 | 13.1 | 11.3 | 10.9 | 10.4 |
<比較例5及比較例6>
(模具脫模性)
於金屬板(鋼材 SS400)上,關於上述所獲得之試驗例6~試驗例7之膜各者,依序積層膜、使聚醯胺6樹脂含浸於碳纖維(平均纖維長度30 mm、平均纖維直徑7 μm)中而成之碳纖維片材(片材之厚度10 mm、碳纖維含量50質量%)、醯亞胺膜(商品名:UPILEX 75S、宇部興產公司製造),利用壓機(東洋精機公司製造,商品名:Mini Test Press MP-WCH)於頂板溫度220℃、預熱時間1分鐘、壓力2 MPa、加壓時間1分鐘之條件下進行壓製。壓製後,將醯亞胺膜向金屬板之90°上方上提而將醯亞胺膜自金屬板剝離。將醯亞胺膜剝離時,複合積層體與醯亞胺膜一併自金屬板完全剝離者設為「A」,將複合積層體之一部分殘存於金屬板者設為「B」,將複合積層體未自金屬板剝離而僅醯亞胺膜剝離者設為「C」。將結果示於表3。
(最大高度(Sz)之評價)
針對上述所獲得之試驗例6~試驗例7之膜各者,將膜與使聚醯胺6樹脂含浸於碳纖維(平均纖維長度30 mm、平均纖維直徑7 μm)中而成之碳纖維片材(片材之厚度10 mm、碳纖維含量50質量%)以成為膜/碳纖維片材之構成之方式夾入2片醯亞胺膜(商品名:UPILEX 75S,宇部興產公司製造),利用壓機(東洋精機公司製造,商品名:Mini Test Press MP-WCH)於頂板溫度220℃、預熱時間1分鐘、壓力2 MPa、加壓時間1分鐘之條件下進行壓製,壓製後將醯亞胺膜剝離,藉此製造複合積層體。所獲得之複合積層體之A層整體之厚度為65 μm,B層之厚度為0.375 mm。針對所獲得之複合積層體之表面(A層側),依據ISO 25178並使用雷射顯微鏡(基恩士公司製造,商品名:VK-X250)測定表面之最大高度(Sz)。將最大高度(Sz)未達70 μm者設為「A」,將70 μm以上且未達100 μm者設為「B」,將100 μm以上者設為「C」。將結果示於表3。
[表3]
比較例5 | 比較例6 | ||||
A層 | 原料膜 | 試驗例6 | 試驗例7 | ||
調配材含量 (質量%) | 強化纖維(a1) | 鈦酸鉀纖維 | |||
矽灰石纖維 | |||||
球狀粒子(a11) | 球狀二氧化矽 | ||||
熱塑性樹脂(a2) | 聚醯胺6樹脂 | 90 | 90 | ||
其他 | 板狀滑石 | 10 | |||
玻璃纖維 | 10 | ||||
B層 | 調配材含量 (質量%) | 強化纖維(b1) | 碳纖維 | 50 | 50 |
熱塑性樹脂(b2) | 聚醯胺6樹脂 | 50 | 50 | ||
模具脫模性 | A | C | |||
最大高度Sz | C | A |
根據與僅A層為相同組成之試驗例3得知,藉由鈦酸鉀纖維,機械物性提高,但相較於僅有B層之比較例4,機械物性較低。又,A層整體之厚度與B層之厚度相比極小,為1/10以下,因此預想複合積層體之機械物性不會藉由A層而提高,但作為包含調配有鈦酸鉀纖維之A層與B層之複合積層體之比較例1相較於作為包含未調配鈦酸鉀纖維之A層與B層之複合積層體之比較例3,機械物性提高。進而,根據與僅A層為相同組成之試驗例1得知,機械物性會因將鈦酸鉀纖維之一部分替換成球狀二氧化矽而降低,但作為將試驗例1之膜用於A層之複合積層體之實施例1獲得機械物性相對於比較例1提高之意外效果。
1:複合積層體
2:A層
3:B層
3a:第1主面
3b:第2主面
21:複合積層體
圖1係表示本發明之第1實施方式之複合積層體之模式性剖視圖。
圖2係表示本發明之第2實施方式之複合積層體之模式性剖視圖。
Claims (13)
- 一種複合積層體,其係具備A層與B層、且上述A層直接或間接地設置於上述B層之單面上或兩面上者,上述A層包含平均纖維長度為1μm~300μm之強化纖維(a1)、體積平均粒徑為0.01μm~100μm之球狀粒子(a11)、及熱塑性樹脂(a2),上述B層包含平均纖維長度為1mm以上之強化纖維(b1)、及熱塑性樹脂(b2)。
- 如請求項1之複合積層體,其中上述強化纖維(a1)係鈦酸鉀及矽灰石中之至少一者。
- 如請求項1或2之複合積層體,其中上述球狀粒子(a11)係選自由二氧化矽、氧化鋁及玻璃珠粒所組成之群中之至少1種。
- 如請求項1或2之複合積層體,其中上述熱塑性樹脂(a2)係選自由聚烯烴樹脂、聚苯乙烯系樹脂、聚酯系樹脂、脂肪族聚醯胺樹脂、半芳香族聚醯胺樹脂、聚苯硫醚樹脂、聚醚碸樹脂、聚醚芳香族酮樹脂、聚醚醯亞胺樹脂及熱塑性聚醯亞胺樹脂所組成之群中之至少1種。
- 如請求項1或2之複合積層體,其中上述強化纖維(a1)之含量於上述A層中所包含之成分之總量100質量%中為0.5質量%~30質量%。
- 如請求項1或2之複合積層體,其中上述球狀粒子(a11)之含量於上述A層中所包含之成分之總量100質量%中為0.5質量%~20質量%。
- 如請求項1或2之複合積層體,其中上述A層之厚度未達500μm。
- 如請求項1或2之複合積層體,其中上述強化纖維(b1)係選自由碳纖維、玻璃纖維及芳香族聚醯胺纖維所組成之群中之至少1種。
- 如請求項1或2之複合積層體,其中上述強化纖維(b1)之含量於上述B層中所包含之成分之總量100質量%中為10質量%~80質量%。
- 如請求項1或2之複合積層體,其中上述熱塑性樹脂(b2)係選自由聚烯烴樹脂、聚苯乙烯系樹脂、聚酯系樹脂、脂肪族聚醯胺樹脂、半芳香族聚醯胺樹脂、聚苯硫醚樹脂、聚醚碸樹脂、聚醚芳香族酮樹脂、聚醚醯亞胺樹脂及熱塑性聚醯亞胺樹脂所組成之群中之至少1種。
- 如請求項1或2之複合積層體,其中上述B層之厚度為0.3mm以上。
- 如請求項1或2之複合積層體,其用於汽車構件或電氣/電子機器構件。
- 一種如請求項1至12中任一項之複合積層體之製造方法,其於包含平均纖維長度為1mm以上之強化纖維(b1)及熱塑性樹脂(b2)之片材(b3)之單 面上或兩面上積層配置包含平均纖維長度為1μm~300μm之強化纖維(a1)、體積平均粒徑為0.01μm~100μm之球狀粒子(a11)、及熱塑性樹脂(a2)之膜(a3),並對上述積層配置所得之積層物進行加熱及加壓,藉此使片材(b3)及膜(a3)一體化。
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