TWI811222B - 用於減少肝臟脂肪的3-羥基丁酸酯化合物 - Google Patents
用於減少肝臟脂肪的3-羥基丁酸酯化合物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI811222B TWI811222B TW107121496A TW107121496A TWI811222B TW I811222 B TWI811222 B TW I811222B TW 107121496 A TW107121496 A TW 107121496A TW 107121496 A TW107121496 A TW 107121496A TW I811222 B TWI811222 B TW I811222B
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- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- liver
- hydroxybutyrate
- fat
- pharmaceutically acceptable
- compound
- Prior art date
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Abstract
本發明提供一種供用於減少受試者之肝臟脂肪之化合物,其中該化合物選自:(i)(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯;(ii)(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯之酯;及(iii)可藉由使(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯部分聚合所獲得之寡聚物;或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或溶劑合物。該化合物尤其適用於罹患脂肪肝之受試者。該化合物可用於治療非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)、非酒精性脂肪變性肝炎(NASH)、酒精性脂肪變性肝炎(ASH)或非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFL)。
Description
本發明係關於供用於減少受試者之肝臟脂肪之化合物,且係關於與脂肪肝,例如脂肪變性以及肝病相關聯的病況之治療。本發明亦關於對受試者之防治性治療,以避免或減小罹患與脂肪肝相關聯的疾病之風險。
脂肪肝或脂肪變性為描述脂肪在肝臟中積聚之術語。當脂肪按重量計佔肝臟之至少5%時受試者患有脂肪肝。
受試者之脂肪肝可由多種不同病因產生。肝臟脂肪與年齡增加、身體質量指數(BMI)較高、血壓升高及第2型糖尿病相關。升高的肝臟脂肪例如由於過度攝取酒精或脂肪食品而變得愈來愈普遍,尤其在發達國家及卡路里攝入較高的環境中。肝臟中脂肪沈積導致增大,且可接著發生纖維化從而產生疤痕組織,其導致肝臟硬化,功能減弱且最終衰竭。因此,升高的肝臟脂肪呈現為公眾健康的一個主要問題。
非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)為由肝臟中之過度脂肪積聚所引起的慢性肝病。其為開始於在無過度酒精攝取之情況下肝臟中之脂肪積聚的漸進性肝病。其很大程度上與代謝症候群(肥胖症、抗胰島素症及異常血脂症)相關。NAFLD涵蓋範圍介於簡單脂肪變性至非酒精性脂肪變性
肝炎、肝硬化及肝癌的一系列病理性病況。該疾病已達到流行病比例且為西方國家中慢性肝病之最常見原因。在西方國家中普通人群中大致20%至30%的成年人患有非酒精性脂肪肝病,且其發病率在肥胖或患有糖尿病的人中增加至70%至90%。NAFLD亦影響兒童群體。由於其與肥胖症之緊密關聯,此病況在美國兒童中已變成最常見肝病。
已注意到NAFLD與心血管疾病之致病率及死亡率的增加相關聯。實際上,越來越多的證據證明心血管疾病為患有晚期NAFLD之患者死亡的主要原因,且心血管疾病之此增加之風險與由傳統風險因素及與肥胖症相關聯之代謝症候群之組分帶來的風險無關。有可能NAFLD可與心血管疾病之致病機制有關。
通常懷疑具有肝功能異常測試或具有增大之肝臟的患者患有脂肪肝。脂肪肝可使用肝臟穿刺生檢來診斷。然而,由於此步驟有痛感且與併發症之風險相關,近十年間已研發出用於肝纖維化評估之無創方法。大體上,無創技術可分為基於纖維化之直接及間接血清標記物之彼等無創技術及基於成像或電子照相法之彼等無創技術。磁共振技術可提供有吸引力的用於肝臟評估之無創選項。
升高之肝臟脂肪亦可發現於未超重且未向外展示任何肝病跡象之受試者中。公眾健康可藉由將具有升高之肝臟脂肪之受試者之肝臟脂肪減少至正常水平來改善,無論其是否健康或是否患有與升高之肝臟脂肪相關聯的疾病或是否偏瘦或超重。
當前,不存在用於治療NAFLD之經批准之有效療法。通常,建議受試者減重,做運動,減少或避免酒精攝入且確保均衡及健康飲食。可針對代謝症候群之個別組分推薦治療劑,諸如用於糖尿病之胰島素
敏化劑。若受試者超重或肥胖,則體重減輕可改善肝臟測試,但通常需要受試者保持適當運動及膳食方案,其出於許多原因可證明有難度。
因此,需要新穎及有效的用於減少受試者,特定言之罹患脂肪肝之彼等受試者之肝臟脂肪的治療。
通常瞭解術語「酮體」涵蓋三種化合物:D-β-羥基丁酸酯、乙醯乙酸酯及丙酮。D-β-羥基丁酸酯另外已知為(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯,且將在下文中使用後一術語。酮體在食物攝入較低期間藉由肝臟自脂肪酸產生。
酮體及酮體酯已展示為降低血清膽固醇及/或三酸甘油酯含量。舉例而言,WO2009/089144揭示在投與後使血漿β-羥基丁酸酯濃度加倍之酮飲食。總血清膽固醇及HDL及LDL含量在飼喂此酮飲食之大鼠中顯著較低。
鑒於治療脂肪肝之困難,如上文所解釋,吾人將不預期化合物有效降低血清中之脂肪含量以在肝臟中具有相同效果。
在Kemper等人,Lipids(2015)50:1185-1193中,研究酮對膽固醇體內平衡之影響。與對照組相比,將酯R-3-羥基丁酸R-3-羥基丁酯給與大鼠,其展示甲羥戊酸前驅體乙醯乙醯基CoA及HMG-CoA在肝臟中之較低含量。肝臟羊毛固醇及脂肪酸合成前驅體丙二醯基-CoA之含量亦較低。然而此參考文獻不揭示或表明肝臟中之脂肪含量的任何影響。
WO 2014/153416揭示β-羥基丁酸酯礦物鹽在健康受試者中改良不同代謝生物標記之用途,包括降低血糖含量。該文獻尤其調查在膳食酮補充之後4週內大鼠重量增加之量。與對照動物相比,發現酮補充減少整體重量增加之效果。WO 2014/153416中之資料顯示用酮補充處理
之大鼠之肝臟重量與體重整體增加成比例地增加。WO 2014/153416未表明酮補充可在選擇性地靶向罹患例如脂肪變性之患者之經積聚肝臟脂肪中具有療效。
酮體及酮體酯亦已展示為具有多種其他用途,諸如治療肌肉損傷或疲勞,及保護免受輻射暴露。此等化合物中之一些亦已在肝臟中測試。舉例而言,已存在一些表明D-β-羥基丁酸酯可用以預防脂質過氧化誘發之肝臟損傷的研究(Mol Endocrinol,2015年8月,29(8):1134-1143)。然而,此等化合物尚未展示減少肝臟脂肪含量。
US2015/164855係關於用於保持或提高肌肉能量輸出之酮體及酮體酯。實例5使用特定酯R-3-羥基丁酸酯-R-1,3-丁二醇單酯,其展示與其他酮將血液R-3-羥基丁酸酯濃度升高至先前未報導之水準。未揭示肝臟脂肪減少。
US2007/208081係關於用於形成寡聚產酮化合物之方法。其在第[0029]段中揭示化合物可用於治療多種神經及精神病症。同樣,未揭示肝臟脂肪減少。
現已出人意料地發現無關於受試者是否患有與升高之肝臟脂肪相關聯的疾病均可減少受試者之肝臟脂肪。本發明化合物可用以治療健康受試者,以及罹患與升高之肝臟脂肪相關聯的疾病之受試者。投與本發明化合物亦可提供在降低受試者罹患與脂肪肝相關聯之疾病之風險中的預防性效果。本發明化合物提供針對脂肪肝病(包括非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)、非酒精性脂肪變性肝炎(NASH)、酒精性脂肪變性肝炎(ASH)及非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFL))、肝硬化及肝細胞癌之有效治療。如上文所詳述,迄今為止,在臨床上已極難以控制此等病況。因此,本發明提供針對
公眾健康之顯著優勢。
因此,在第一態樣中,本發明提供一種供用於減少受試者之肝臟脂肪之化合物,其中化合物選自:(i)(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯;(ii)(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯之酯;及(iii)可藉由使(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯部分聚合所獲得之寡聚物;或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或溶劑合物。
在本發明之第二態樣中,亦提供一種供用於減少肝臟脂肪之醫藥組合物,其包含如本發明之第一態樣中所定義之化合物,及一或多種醫藥學上可接受之賦形劑。
在本發明之第三態樣中,提供一種供用於減少肝臟脂肪之營養組合物,其包含如本發明之第一態樣中所定義之化合物,且視情況進一步包含水及調味劑、蛋白質、碳水化合物、糖、脂肪、纖維、維生素及礦物質中之一或多者。
在本發明之第四態樣中,提供如本發明之第一態樣中所定義之化合物或根據本發明之第二或第三態樣之組合物之用途,其用於製造供用於減少受試者的肝臟脂肪之藥劑。
在本發明之第五態樣中,提供一種減少受試者之肝臟脂肪的方法,其包含向受試者投與如本發明之第一態樣中所定義之化合物或根據本發明之第二或第三態樣之組合物。
圖1展示在每天3次飲用393mg/kg體重(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯-(R)-1,3-丁二醇單酯(△G®)持續5天之後7個偏瘦受試者(左側)及3個肥胖受試者(右側)之體重減輕相同;圖2a將在每天3次飲用393mg/kg體重(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯-(R)-1,3-丁二醇單酯(△G®)持續5天之後的7個偏瘦受試者之無肝臟脂肪減輕與3個肥胖受試者之肝臟脂肪減少進行比較(上部圖);圖2b各自用一圖展示正常肝臟及脂肪肝之組織學;圖3a展示正常肝臟之1H磁共振光譜(下部圖),其展示用於定量肝臟脂肪之光譜之擬合(上部3圖);以及圖3b展示脂肪肝之1H磁共振光譜(下部圖),其展示用於定量肝臟脂肪之光譜之擬合(上部3圖)。
本發明化合物提供受試者體內之(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯之來源。因此,化合物可為(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯自身或(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯之前驅體,諸如其酯或寡聚物,其可在體內分解以形成(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯。
(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯為酮體,如K N Frayn之「Metabolic Regulation:A Human Perspective」中所定義。
WO2004/108740揭示可直接向受試者投與酮體以達成較高含量之酮體。然而,直接投藥,在特定情形下可為困難的且有風險,且因此已提出酯之用途為較佳替代。酮酯之製造已揭示於例如WO2014/140308中,其描述產生(R)-3-羥基丁酸(R)-3-羥基丁酯之方法。
(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯之酯可經由乙基-(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯與醇之轉酯化反應產生。此反應可經酶催化。舉例而言,(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯之
乙酯與(R)-1,3-丁二醇可在固著脂肪酶存在下在輕度真空下一起反應以移除所得乙醇副產物。
其中-R1為C1-C6烷基,該烷基帶有至多五個-OR2取代基,-其中R2表示氫或C1-C6烷基或其中-OR2表示(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯部分;或-R1為衍生自醇HOR1之部分,其中該醇為糖。
通常,零、一或兩個-OR2基團表示(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯部分。較佳地,僅零或一個-OR2基團表示(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯部分。
本發明之較佳化合物為酯,特定言之為如上文式I中所概述之彼等酯。R1部分衍生自對應的醇HO-R1。醇HO-R1可為例如單醇、二醇、多元醇或糖。
較佳地,在式I中,R1為經0、1、2、3、4或5個-OR2取代基取代之C1-C6烷基。最佳地,R1為經1、2或3個-OR2取代基,典型地1或2個-OR2取代基取代之C1-C6烷基。
較佳地,R2為H。
較佳地,R1具有式-CH2-CH(OH)-CH2(OH)或-CH2-CH2-CH(OH)-CH3。在此等情況下,R1為衍生自分別對應於丁二醇及丙三醇之醇HO-R1的部分。丁二醇可為外消旋1,3丁二醇。最佳地,醇HO-R1對應
於R-1,3丁二醇。在此情況下,基團R1具有式:
較佳地,本發明化合物為單酯,亦即,在其中醇HO-R1包含大於一個側位羥基的情況下,此等側位羥基中之僅一者反應形成羥基丁酸酯部分。部分酯為其中醇HO-R1包含大於一個側位羥基,且並非所有此等側位羥基已反應形成羥基丁酸酯部分的化合物。
本發明之另一較佳化合物為(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯-丙三醇部分酯,亦即(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯-丙三醇單酯或(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯-丙三醇二酯。
在本發明之不同實施例中,R1衍生自醇HOR1,其中該醇為糖。糖可選自阿卓糖(altrose)、阿拉伯糖(arabinose)、右旋糖、赤藻糖、果糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、古洛糖(gulose)、艾杜糖(idose)、乳糖、來蘇糖(lyxose)、甘露糖、核糖、核酮糖、蔗糖、塔羅糖(talose)、蘇糖(threose)及木糖。
在其中R1衍生自為多元醇之醇HOR1的情況下,多元醇可選自丙三醇、核糖醇及木糖醇(xylitol)。
其中-R1如上文本發明之第一態樣中所定義;且-n為2至100之整數。
較佳地,n為2至50,例如2至20、2至10或2至5。寡聚物可例如包含僅2、3、4或5個重複單元(n=2、3、4或5)。寡聚物本質上可為線性或環狀的。
在本發明之一較佳實施例中,R1具有式-CH2-CH(OH)-CH2(OH)或-CH2-CH2-CH(OH)-CH3,亦即,用以形成酯之醇為丙三醇或1,3丁二醇。丁二醇可為外消旋1,3丁二醇或(R)-1,3丁二醇。較佳地,其為(R)-1,3丁二醇。
當本發明化合物除了上式中所描繪之中心以外尚含有對掌性中心時,化合物可以外消旋混合物或純對映異構形式存在。
本發明化合物可以生理相容之鹽形式存在。舉例而言,可採用其鈉鹽、鉀鹽、鈣鹽或鎂鹽。
吾人已發現(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯-(R)-1,3-丁二醇單酯及(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯-丙三醇部分酯在血液中提供高循環量之(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯且減少肝臟脂肪。此外,此等酯在腸中提供出人意料高水準之吸收率,從而使得能夠在飲用飲品後即刻獲得高血液濃度之(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯。
因此,在一較佳實施例中,本發明提供用於減少受試者之
肝臟脂肪的羥基丁酸酯或部分酯,例如(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯丁烷-1,3-二醇單酯及(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯丙三醇部分酯。
尤其有利的為(R)-3-羥基丁基-(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯,此係由於其允許藉由經口攝取與外消旋酮相比較小體積之物質獲得血液(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯之較大上升。攝取該物質之受試者能夠更容易地攝取足夠酮以便提供生理學上有益之反應而無身體不適(由於例如攝取較大體積之液體或苦/其他厭惡味道)之風險。(R)-3-羥基丁基-(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯與酮鹽相比亦升高(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯濃度維持較長時間段。隨後需要較低頻率之給藥以保持升高之(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯含量。此亦促進受試者與給藥方案之順應性。
向受試者投與本發明化合物可減少受試者中肝臟脂肪之含量。有利地,此降低受試者罹患與升高之肝臟脂肪相關聯的疾病或傾向於罹患與升高之肝臟脂肪相關聯的疾病之風險。
對於肝臟脂肪,吾人意指儲存於肝細胞(liver cell/hepatocyte)內部之脂質。在此上下文中,術語「脂質」包括脂肪酸及其衍生物,包括三甘油酸酯、二甘油酸酯、單甘油酸酯及磷脂。術語肝臟脂肪在本發明中不涵蓋膽固醇或膽固醇生物合成中之前驅體,諸如羊毛固醇及甲羥戊酸;及甲羥戊酸前驅體乙醯乙醯基-CoA及HMG-CoA。術語肝臟脂肪亦不涵蓋脂肪酸合成前驅體,諸如丙二醯基-CoA。較佳地,術語肝臟脂肪僅係指三甘油酸酯、二甘油酸酯或單甘油酸酯,最典型地僅指三酸甘油酯。
本發明化合物尤其適用於肝臟中脂肪之靶向減少,特定言之肝臟中積聚脂肪之靶向減少。因此,本發明中之肝臟脂肪減少為治療之
預期結果,且不僅僅為大體上例如在治療肥胖症中身體脂肪之減少的不可避免的結果。在此靶向治療中,與大體上體內脂肪含量之減少相比,肝臟中脂肪之量可減少較大比例。
本發明化合物尤其適用於治療罹患脂肪肝之彼等受試者。肝臟中之脂肪含量可使用質子磁共振光譜分析(1H MRS)來量測以使用Pavlides M等人(J Hepatol 2016;64:308-315)及Thomas EL等人(Gut 2005;54:122-127)之論文中所描述的方法來測定肝臟脂肪百分比。使用此方法,脂肪之正常含量可為約2%且升高或較高肝臟脂肪可超過5%,在一些情況下可能高達20%至30%。在本發明中,對於「脂肪肝」,吾人意指脂肪含量大於5重量%之肝臟。
因此,本發明提供如上文所定義之用於具有脂肪含量至少5重量%之肝臟之受試者中以減少肝臟脂肪含量的化合物。
受試者將視其生理而定具有不同量之肝臟脂肪。舉例而言,不同受試者可視為健康的,但由於不同體質具有顯著不同BMI及不同量之肝臟脂肪。本發明提供在各情形下減少肝臟脂肪之益處。
適宜地,對於具有5重量%至10重量%肝臟脂肪之受試者而言,化合物以使得脂肪含量減少至少2個百分點的含量及方案給出,亦即,獲得在3%至8%或更少之範圍內之肝臟脂肪最終含量。當受試者具有10%至15%之肝臟脂肪含量時,脂肪含量減少至少5個百分點,亦即,獲得在5%至10%或更少之範圍內之肝臟脂肪最終含量。當受試者具有大於15%之肝臟脂肪含量時,脂肪含量減少至少5個百分點。所有百分比係根據肝臟之重量而給出。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供如本發明之第一態樣中所定義
之化合物(較佳為酯)或根據本發明之組合物治療受試者以減少肝臟脂肪,包含向受試者投與根據本發明之化合物或組合物持續5天,其中肝臟中之脂肪含量減少至少1個百分點,較佳減少至少3個百分點且理想地減少至少5個百分點。舉例而言,若肝臟中之脂肪含量開始為15重量%,則在治療之後肝臟中之脂肪含量小於14重量%,較佳小於12重量%,且理想地小於10重量%。
通常,受試者超重及/或罹患脂肪肝。
適宜地,以每天每公斤體重至少100mg酮之量攝取本發明化合物,較佳(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯-(R)-1,3-丁二醇單酯。理想地,以足以提供至少0.1mM,較佳至少0.2mM,更佳至少1mM且最佳地至少2mM之血漿酮含量之量攝取酮體或酮體酯。適宜地,以使得血漿酮含量不超過20mM,適宜地不超過10mM或8mM且可不超過5mM之量攝取酮體或酮體酯。
酮之血漿含量將視個體之身體質量而定,且吾人已發現經口投與每公斤體重至少300mg之(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯-(R)-1,3-丁二醇單酯得到約1.5mM之(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯的血漿濃度,且以500mg/kg投與得到至少3mM(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯。在1g/kg受試者體重之劑量下,血液(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯濃度適宜地為至少4mM,較佳5mM。在經口投與1.5g/kg受試者體重之單酯後,血液(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯濃度適宜地為至少7mM,較佳至少8mM,尤其至少9mM。給藥方案包含分開飲用之多種飲品。
(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯之血液含量可藉由市售測試套組測定,例如,(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯可使用手持監測器及反應劑條帶(Precision Xtra,Abbott Diabetes Care,UK)對全血量測。
本發明化合物適用於治療患有脂肪肝之受試者,無論其是否偏瘦、超重、肥胖或嚴重肥胖,亦即,具有分別為低於25、25至29.9之BMI、30至39之BMI及40或大於40之BMI的受試者,以減少肝臟脂肪。化合物適用於治療患有糖尿病或前期糖尿病之受試者以減少肝臟脂肪。
本發明化合物可用於治療健康受試者以減少肝臟脂肪含量或用於治療患有肝病(例如脂肪肝病)之受試者,包括治療非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)、非酒精性脂肪變性肝炎(NASH)、酒精性脂肪變性肝炎(ASH)及/或非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFL)。
因此,本發明之一個態樣提供一種用於治療或防止非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)、非酒精性脂肪變性肝炎(NASH)、酒精性脂肪變性肝炎(ASH)及非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFL)之化合物,其中化合物選自:(i)(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯;(ii)(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯之酯;及(iii)可藉由使(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯部分聚合所獲得之寡聚物;或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或溶劑合物。
通常,患有脂肪肝或脂肪肝病之受試者超重、肥胖或嚴重肥胖,例如,其中受試者之BMI為25至29.9(超重),BMI為30至39.9(肥胖)且BMI為40或大於40(嚴重肥胖)。本發明尤其適用於腰圍為94cm(37吋)之男性受試者及腰圍為80cm(約31.5吋)或更大之女性受試者。
本發明化合物可包括於營養組合物內。適宜地,營養組合物包含水及(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯之來源。較佳地,組合物包含(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯之酯、調味劑及視情況蛋白質、碳水化合物、糖、脂肪、纖維、維生素及礦物質中之一或多者。適宜地,調味劑可包含水果類調味劑。在一個
實施例中,調味劑宜為苦的,例如咖啡、巧克力及蔓越橘。苦味調味劑可與其他調味劑組合,諸如水果類調味劑,例如葡萄柚、樹莓及蔓越橘。
適用於本發明之組合物可包含上文所提及之化合物之異構體之混合物。
組合物適宜為器官感覺上可接受的。對於「器官感覺上可接受的」,吾人意指組合物必須具有味覺、色彩、觸覺及氣味之可接受的感官特性。
組合物可包含中鏈三酸甘油酯(MCT)。若存在,中鏈三酸甘油酯較佳包含具有式CH2Ra-CH2Rb-CH2Rc之中鏈三酸甘油酯,其中Ra、Rb及Rc為具有5至12個碳原子之脂肪酸。適宜地,Ra、Rb及Rc為含有六碳主鏈之脂肪酸(三-C6:0),此係由於三-C6:0 MCT經報導為由胃腸道極快速吸收。
本發明之組合物可包含L-肉鹼或L-肉鹼之衍生物。L-肉鹼之衍生物之實例包括癸醯肉鹼、己醯肉鹼(hexanoylcarnitine)、己醯基肉鹼(caproylcarnitine)、月桂醯肉鹼、辛醯肉鹼、硬脂醯肉鹼、肉豆蔻醯肉鹼、乙醯基-L-肉鹼、O-乙醯基-L-肉鹼及棕櫚醯基-L-肉鹼。當採用肉鹼時,本發明之組合物適宜包含i)酮體,較佳酮單酯,更佳(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯單酯及ii)L-肉鹼或L-肉鹼之衍生物及視情況MCT。
當採用MCT及L-肉鹼或其衍生物時,MCT適宜用肉鹼進行乳化。較佳地,將10g至500g經乳化MCT與10mg至2000mg肉鹼組合,例如將用50g單甘油酯及二甘油酯乳化之50g MCT(95%三C8:0)與500mg L-肉鹼組合。較佳地,(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯之來源之含量大於MCT之含量。
根據本發明之組合物可以任何適合之形式提供,包括固體,例如粉末、錠劑、條形物、糖果產物或顆粒;液體,例如飲料、凝膠、膠囊或任何其他習知產物形式。組合物可為食品產品、食品增補劑、膳食增補劑、功能性食品或類藥劑營養品,或其組分。
組合物可併入其中作為添加劑之食品產品之實例包括點心棒、穀類、糖果及益生菌調配物,包括酸乳飲料。飲料之實例包括軟性飲料、酒精性飲料、能量飲料、乾飲品混合物、營養飲料及用於輸注之草本茶或用於在水中煎煮之草本摻合物。
類藥劑營養品為食品配料、食品增補劑或食品產品,其據認為提供醫療或保健益處,包括預防及治療疾病。大體而言,類藥劑營養品特定適於為消費者帶來保健益處。類藥劑營養品通常包含與將在對應普通食品產品中發現之含量相比更高含量的微量養分,諸如維生素、礦物質、草本植物或植物化學成分。通常選擇彼含量以優化類藥劑營養品在以單份食物形式或以營養療法之一部分飲食方案或療程服用時之預期保健益處。
本發明化合物通常經調配為類藥劑營養品。
當呈固體形式時,組合物適宜包含至少5重量%之較佳為酯之本發明化合物,更佳組合物之至少10重量%且至多95重量%。儘管乾組合物之15至30重量%之含量可為適合的,但例如當組合物為意欲與液體共同使用以產生液體組合物之乾燥粉末時,固體棒或產品形式適宜包含組合物之30至95重量%,尤其50至95重量%。
當組合物呈固體形式時,組合物可進一步包含以下組分中之一或多者:
-稀釋劑,例如乳糖、右旋糖、蔗糖、纖維素、玉米澱粉或馬鈴薯澱粉;-潤滑劑,例如二氧化矽、滑石、硬脂酸、硬脂酸鎂或硬脂酸鈣及/或聚乙二醇;-黏合劑,例如澱粉、阿拉伯膠、明膠、甲基纖維素、羧基甲基纖維素或聚乙烯吡咯啶酮;-崩解劑,諸如澱粉、褐藻酸、褐藻酸鹽或乙醇酸澱粉鈉;-起泡劑;-染料;-調味劑;-濕潤劑,例如卵磷脂、聚山梨醇酯、硫酸月桂酯;及/或-載劑。
當組合物呈液體形式時,組合物適宜包含呈液體組合物之至少1重量%,例如3至40重量%之量的本發明化合物,但視組合物是否意欲以單次劑量或以多次較小劑量服用以達到所要血液酮含量而定可為較高,例如高達組合物之50重量%。
呈液體形式之組合物可包含適宜一起摻合之若干液體組分或可包含適當時與液體組分混合或溶解於其中之液體及固體組分。在一個實施例中,包含酮之乾組合物用適合之液體(例如水、果汁、酸乳飲料或牛乳)較佳以1:1至1:10,更佳1:3至1:7的乾組合物與液體之比率稀釋。
可視需要將組合物提供為呈準備用於食用之形式的液體產品或為適用於在使用時稀釋之濃縮物或糊狀物。用於與液體組合物一起使用的稀釋劑較佳為牛乳、果汁或水。
視需要,組合物亦可以囊封形式提供,其限制條件為其中所使用之囊封材料及數量適合於供人類安全食用。
在其他態樣中,本發明提供一種包含以下之套組:根據本發明之第一態樣之化合物,較佳為酯或根據本發明之組合物,及酮監測器及視情況關於每單位體重消耗的產品含量之說明書及用以減少肝臟脂肪之給藥方案。適宜地,使用者消耗產品且隨後可定期測試其血漿酮含量以判定是否需要進一步攝取酮,從而達到或保持所要血漿酮含量。
本發明之一個態樣提供醫藥組合物中之如上文所定義之本發明化合物,以及一或多種醫藥學上可接受之賦形劑。
本發明化合物可以醫藥學上可接受之鹽的形式存在。如本文所用,醫藥學上可接受之鹽為具有醫藥學上可接受之酸或鹼的鹽。醫藥學上可接受之酸包括無機酸(諸如鹽酸、硫酸、磷酸、二磷酸、氫溴酸或硝酸)及有機酸(諸如檸檬酸、反丁烯二酸、順丁烯二酸、蘋果酸、抗壞血酸、丁二酸、酒石酸、苯甲酸、乙酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、苯磺酸或對甲苯磺酸)兩者。醫藥學上可接受之鹼包括鹼金屬(例如鈉或鉀)及鹼土金屬(例如鈣或鎂)氫氧化物及有機鹼,諸如烷基胺、芳烷基胺及雜環胺。
本發明化合物可以溶劑合物形式存在。術語「溶劑合物」係指由一或多個溶質分子(亦即,本發明化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽)及一或多個溶劑分子形成之複合物或聚集物。此類溶劑合物通常為具有實質上固定之溶質與溶劑莫耳比的結晶固體。代表性溶劑包括例如水、甲醇、乙醇、異丙醇、乙酸及其類似物。當溶劑為水時,所形成溶劑合物為水合物。
本發明化合物含有對掌性中心。因此,其可以外消旋混合
物、對映異構體或富集於一或多個立體異構體中之混合物形式使用。如所描述及主張之本發明之範疇涵蓋本發明化合物之外消旋形式以及個別對映異構體,及立體異構體富集之混合物。
應瞭解,術語「或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽或溶劑合物」意欲包括鹽及溶劑合物之所有置換,諸如本發明化合物之醫藥學上可接受之鹽的溶劑合物。
本發明之醫藥組合物包含與一或多種醫藥學上可接受之稀釋劑、賦形劑或載劑摻合的本發明化合物。儘管本發明化合物(包括其醫藥學上可接受之鹽、酯及醫藥學上可接受之溶劑合物)可單獨投與,但其通常將與醫藥載劑、賦形劑或稀釋劑混合投與,特定言之用於人類治療。醫藥組合物可在人類及獸醫學中用於人類或動物。
此類用於多種不同形式之本文中所描述的醫藥組合物之適合賦形劑之實例可發現於由A Wade及PJ Weller編輯之「Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients」,第2版,(1994)中。
本發明之組合物(醫藥組合物及營養組合物兩者)可包含醫藥學上可接受之吸附劑。吸附劑適宜吸附該吸附劑中或上之本發明化合物。有利的是,使用者體驗與將在無吸附劑的情況下攝取相同組合物時所體驗的相比較低程度之化合物味道(其對口味而言可為厭惡的)。較佳地,吸附劑包含能夠固定本發明化合物之網格或空隙。可採用所用或已知用於食品產品中之任何吸附劑。適合吸附劑之實例包括聚合物水凝膠(例如,交聯聚羧酸酯均聚物或共聚物之聚合物)、晶籠化合物、環狀寡醣(例如環糊精)及乳粉。吸附劑可根據特定調配物以任何所需含量存在,且可為組合物之5%至80重量%,例如10%至50%。
典型地,本發明之受試者為哺乳動物,例如人類。
典型地,本發明之使用涉及經口、非經腸或靜脈內投與化合物。經口投與較佳。
本發明亦提供一種如本文所定義之化合物,其為實質上純淨形式或與一或多種醫藥學上可接受之稀釋劑或載劑結合以用於用以減少受試者之肝臟脂肪的方法。
如本文所用,術語「實質上純淨形式」通常係指純度為50%或更大,較佳75%或更大,更佳90%或更大,甚至更佳95%或更大,且最佳99%或更大之化合物。
以下實例說明本發明。
參考以下非限制性實例描述本發明。
年齡、性別、糖尿病持續時間、治療及HBA1c符合之三個肥胖受試者(BMI 33±3kg/m2)及七個偏瘦受試者(BMI 23±2kg/m2)進行1H-MRS掃描以定量肝臟脂肪變性。
所有受試者均進行稱量且經受治療方案持續五天,其中各受試者每天消耗三種含有0.393g/kg體重(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯-R-1,3-丁二醇單酯之飲品,達至3.3ml/kg體重之最終體積。下表1展示飲品調配物。
不要求受試者改變其正常飲食,但要求保存飲食日記。受試者歷經五天時間段減掉1.3kg,與其起始體重無關。體重減輕結果展示於圖1中。在每天3次飲用393mg/kg體重(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯-(R)-1,3-丁二醇單酯(△G®)持續5天之後,7個偏瘦受試者(圖1a)及3個肥胖受試者(圖1b)之體重減輕相同,均為1.3kg。
在5天開始及結束時對受試者中之各者執行肝臟1H-MRS以測定肝臟脂肪之變化。使用全身線圈及用於接收信號之6-通道前部外加24-通道後部相位陣列線圈在3 T Siemens Tim Trio上執行1H-MRS量測。為獲得肝1H-MRS,將8-ml立體像素(2×2×2)定位於肝臟中,避免粗大血管、膽結構及脂肪組織堆積。在存在及不存在水抑制的情況下,獲取光譜以計算相對於水之以百分比為單位之肝三酸甘油酯含量(三酸甘油酯/水×100)。實施校準脈衝序列以評估最佳水抑制脈衝比例因子。個別線圈信號使用專門寫入模組在Matlab內組合。建設性地對水抑制掃描求平均,包括頻率校正。使用精確、穩定及有效光譜學之進階方法(Advanced Method
of Accurate,Robust and Efficient Spectroscopic;AMARES)擬合演算法定量光譜。分析代謝物峰值(包括脂質/三酸甘油酯)並藉由使用軟限制將先驗知識用於所有峰值位置。使用勞侖茲線形(Lorentzian lineshape)擬合所有峰值。
體重減輕結果(圖1)表明本發明使得健康及肥胖受試者皆減輕重量。在偏瘦受試者中,未觀測到肝臟脂肪減少(2.3%及2.5%)。肥胖受試者中之肝臟三酸甘油酯含量在5天內已下降大致3.4%(17.5%至14.1%)。結果繪製於圖2中,連同正常/偏瘦肝臟及脂肪肝之影像。將觀測到脂肪島狀物存在於脂肪肝之影像中。
圖2a展示在每天3次飲用393mg/kg體重(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯-(R)-1,3-丁二醇單酯(△G®)持續5天之後,3個肥胖受試者之肝臟脂肪減少3.4%,而7個偏瘦受試者無肝臟脂肪減輕。圖2b各自用一圖說明正常肝臟及脂肪肝之組織學。此等樣品之組織學中存在明顯差異。
偏瘦及肥胖受試者中1H-MRS光譜之代表性實例分別展示於圖3a及圖3b中。圖3a展示具有2.6%之肝三酸甘油酯含量之偏瘦受試者之1H-MR光譜。此為正常肝臟之1H磁共振光譜(下部圖),其展示用於定量肝臟脂肪的光譜擬合(上部3圖)。
圖3b展示具有16.1%之肝三酸甘油酯含量之肥胖受試者之1H-MR光譜。此為脂肪肝之1H磁共振光譜(下部圖),其展示用於定量肝臟脂肪的光譜擬合(上部3圖)。
如可看出,1H-MR可用於診斷罹患脂肪肝之受試者。
Claims (23)
- 一種化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽之用途,其係用以製備用於減少受試者之肝臟脂肪以預防或治療脂肪肝病症之藥物,其中該化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽係選自:(i)(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯;及(ii)(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯之酯;或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
- 如請求項2之用途,其中R1為經1、2或3個-OR2取代基取代之C1-C6烷基。
- 如請求項2之用途,其中R2為H。
- 如請求項2之用途,其中R1具有式-CH2-CH(OH)-CH2(OH)或-CH2- CH2-CH(OH)-CH3。
- 如請求項2之用途,其中R1為衍生自醇HOR1之部分,其中該醇為選自以下之糖:阿卓糖(altrose)、阿拉伯糖(arabinose)、右旋糖、赤藻糖、果糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、古洛糖(gulose)、艾杜糖(idose)、乳糖、來蘇糖(lyxose)、甘露糖、核糖、核酮糖、蔗糖、塔羅糖(talose)、蘇糖(threose)及木糖。
- 如請求項1至7中任一項之用途,其中該藥物係用於治療罹患脂肪肝之受試者。
- 如請求項8之用途,其中該受試者具有使用1H磁共振光譜分析(MRS)所量測大於5重量%之肝臟脂肪。
- 如請求項1至7中任一項之用途,其中向該受試者投與該藥物至少一天一次,且與第一次治療之前肝臟中之脂肪含量相比,在第一次治療之後五天,肝臟中之脂肪含量按肝臟之重量計減少至少1個百分點。
- 如請求項10之用途,其中與第一次治療之前肝臟中之脂肪含量相比,在第一次治療之後五天,肝臟中之脂肪含量按肝臟之重量計減少至少3個百分點。
- 如請求項11之用途,其中與第一次治療之前肝臟中之脂肪含量相比,在第一次治療之後五天,肝臟中之脂肪含量按肝臟之重量計減少至少5個百分點。
- 如請求項1至7中任一項之用途,其中該病症為脂肪肝病。
- 如請求項13之用途,其中該病症為非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)、非酒精性脂肪變性肝炎(NASH)、酒精性脂肪變性肝炎(ASH)或非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFL)。
- 如請求項1至7中任一項之用途,其中該藥物係用於治療超重(BMI在25至小於30之範圍內)、肥胖(BMI在30至小於40之範圍內)或嚴重肥胖(BMI為40或大於40)之受試者。
- 如請求項1至7中任一項之用途,其中該受試者為糖尿病患者或前期糖尿病患者。
- 如請求項1至7中任一項之用途,其中投予該受試者的該藥物之劑量係大於每天100mg/kg。
- 如請求項17之用途,其中投予該受試者的該藥物之劑量係大於每天300mg/kg。
- 一種醫藥組合物之用途,其係用以製備用於減少肝臟脂肪以預防或治療脂肪肝病症之藥物,其中該醫藥組合物包含一種化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,其係選自:(i)(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯;及(ii)(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯之酯;或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽;以及一或多種醫藥學上可接受之賦形劑。
- 一種營養組合物之用途,其係用以製備用於減少肝臟脂肪以預防或治療脂肪肝病症之藥物,其中該營養組合物包含一種化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,其係選自:(i)(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯;及(ii)(R)-3-羥基丁酸酯之酯;或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
- 如請求項20之用途,其中該營養組合物進一步包含水及調味劑、蛋白質、碳水化合物、糖、脂肪、纖維、維生素及礦物質中之一或多者。
- 如請求項20或21之用途,其中該營養組合物進一步包含中鏈三酸甘油酯。
- 如請求項22之用途,其中該中鏈三酸甘油酯具有式CH2Ra-CH2Rb-CH2Rc,其中Ra、Rb及Rc為具有5至12個碳原子之脂肪酸。
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TW201904568A (zh) | 2019-02-01 |
CA3066948A1 (en) | 2019-01-03 |
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JP2020527547A (ja) | 2020-09-10 |
JP2023120442A (ja) | 2023-08-29 |
GB2567273A (en) | 2019-04-10 |
GB2567273B (en) | 2020-10-07 |
EP4215189A1 (en) | 2023-07-26 |
CN110869012B (zh) | 2024-06-11 |
JP7374000B2 (ja) | 2023-11-06 |
DK3644982T3 (da) | 2023-07-17 |
ES2945964T3 (es) | 2023-07-11 |
GB201710229D0 (en) | 2017-08-09 |
EP3644982B1 (en) | 2023-04-12 |
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