TWI751319B - 多孔質纖維及吸附管柱 - Google Patents
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- TWI751319B TWI751319B TW107111663A TW107111663A TWI751319B TW I751319 B TWI751319 B TW I751319B TW 107111663 A TW107111663 A TW 107111663A TW 107111663 A TW107111663 A TW 107111663A TW I751319 B TWI751319 B TW I751319B
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Abstract
本發明之目的在於提供一種兼顧粉粒體之露出或剝離之抑制與吸附性能之提昇的多孔質纖維、填充有該多孔質纖維之吸附管柱、及將吸附管柱與除水管柱連結而成之血液淨化系統。
為了達成上述目的,本發明之多孔質纖維具有以下之構成。即,其係具有由實心形狀之纖維所形成之三維細孔構造,且滿足以下所有必要條件之多孔質纖維:(1)含有直徑200μm以下之粉粒體,且上述直徑200μm以下之粉粒體於上述三維細孔構造之橫截面中之面積佔有率為3.0%以上;(2)於自最表面於深度方向1.0μm以內之區域中不含上述直徑200μm以下之粉粒體。
Description
本發明係關於一種多孔質纖維。又,本發明係關於一種填充有多孔質纖維之吸附管柱。進而,本發明係關於一種將吸附管柱與除水管柱連結而成之血液淨化系統。
習知以來,為了將被處理液中之去除對象物質吸附去除,使用粉粒體作為吸附劑。粉粒體於其單獨之情況下欠缺操作性,故而係擔載於纖維等而使用。於該情形時,為了提高粉粒體對去除對象物質之吸附性能,必須使被處理液與粉粒體之距離極力接近。然而,若被處理液與粉粒體直接接觸,則有流動被處理液時所產生之液流之應力導致粉粒體損傷,自擔載有粉粒體之纖維等中流出等之虞。進而,於使用血液作為被處理液之情形時,若粉粒體與血球成分直接接觸,則擔心導致血液之非預期之活化。因此,纖維內之粉粒體之位置、與用以將被處理液中之去除對象物質高效率地引導至纖維內之粉粒體之流路設計變得重要。
例如,於專利文獻1中揭示有關於使粉粒體包含於芯部及鞘部之衣料用纖維之發明。
同樣地,於專利文獻2中規定於鞘部亦包含粉粒體。又,有僅由粉粒體構成芯部等之記載。
另一方面,亦揭示有被處理液與粉粒體不直接接觸之 發明。於專利文獻3中,揭示有關於水處理用途中含有粉粒體之分離膜之發明。
[專利文獻1]日本專利特開2014-189937號公報
[專利文獻2]日本專利特表2008-510083號公報
[專利文獻3]日本專利特開2010-227757號公報
然而,如專利文獻1中所記載般之使粉粒體包含於芯部及鞘部之衣料用纖維,應抑制粉粒體於纖維表面露出,於此方面而言並未揭示其方法。
如專利文獻2中所記載般之於鞘部亦包含粉粒體、僅由粉粒體構成芯部等之構造,有纖維因外部壓力而破損時粉粒體自線截面剝離之虞。又,同樣地,於與抑制粉粒體於纖維表面之露出有關之方面而言並未揭示。
又,如專利文獻3中所記載般之於含有吸附體之層為球狀構造之情形時,擔心難以抑制被處理液之流路而流路徑之偏差變大。又,尤其亦擔心於球狀構造與球狀構造之間粉粒體之擔載性亦降低。
如上所述,習知提出之含有粉粒體之纖維係為了提高性能而將重點置於提高粉粒體之添加率及對纖維賦予機械強度,未發現關於抑制粉粒體於纖維表面之露出或自截面之剝離的方法之 記載。
因此,本發明提供一種兼顧粉粒體之露出或剝離之抑制與吸附性能之提昇的多孔質纖維。又,提供一種填充有該多孔質纖維之吸附管柱。進而,提供一種將吸附管柱與除水管柱連結而成之血液淨化系統。
本發明者等人為了解決上述課題而反覆努力研究,結果發現可獲得抑制粉粒體之露出且吸附性能優異、安全性較高之多孔質纖維。
進而,本發明之多孔質纖維係可將與內包之粉粒體所具有之吸附性能不同之高分子化合物吸附、去除。
即,本發明之多孔質纖維具有以下之構成。
一種多孔質纖維,其具有由實心形狀之纖維所形成之三維細孔構造,且滿足以下所有必要條件:(1)含有直徑200μm以下之粉粒體,且上述直徑200μm以下之粉粒體於上述三維細孔構造之橫截面中之面積佔有率為3.0%以上;(2)於自最表面於深度方向1.0μm以內之區域中不含上述直徑200μm以下之粉粒體。
根據本發明,可獲得兼顧粉粒體之露出或剝離之抑制與吸附性能之提昇的多孔質纖維。又,可獲得填充有該多孔質纖維之吸附管柱。進而,可獲得將吸附管柱與除水管柱連結而成之血液淨化系統。
以下,對本發明之多孔質纖維、吸附管柱及血液淨化系統具體地進行說明。
本發明之多孔質纖維具有由實心形狀之纖維所形成之三維細孔構造,且滿足以下所有必要條件:(1)含有直徑200μm以下之粉粒體,且上述直徑200μm以下之粉粒體於上述三維細孔構造之橫截面中之面積佔有率為3.0%以上;(2)於自最表面於深度方向1.0μm以內之區域中不含上述直徑200μm以下之粉粒體。
本發明中所謂之實心形狀之纖維,係指採取不具有中空部之纖維之形狀、形態之實心線。
又,於本發明中,多孔質纖維具有三維細孔構造。所謂三維細孔構造,係指具有三維地擴展且經分隔之細孔之構造。
於本發明中,多孔質纖維係於其外部及內部連續地具有無數個微細孔隙。此種細孔構造成為用以將被處理液中之去除對象物質高效率地引導至纖維內之粉粒體的流路。進而,於去除對象物質為高分子化合物之情形時,此種細孔構造可藉由使高分子化合物滯留於細孔內並吸附而去除。
因此,於本發明中,較佳為三維細孔構造之平均細孔半徑處於特定之範圍。即,於本發明之多孔質纖維中,上述三維細孔構造中之平均細孔半徑較佳為0.5nm以上且100nm以下之範圍內。作為上述三維細孔構造之平均細孔半徑之下限,較佳為0.5nm,更佳為1.5nm,尤佳為2.0nm,另一方面,作為上限,較佳 為100nm,更佳為40nm,尤佳為25nm。若平均細孔半徑較小,則去除對象物質無法進入至孔中,故而有吸附效率降低之情況。另一方面,即便細孔半徑過大,去除對象物質亦可未被固定於空隙部分而脫落,故反而有吸附效率降低之情況。於上述孔徑範圍內,與去除對象物質之大小相應地存在最佳孔徑。若平均細孔半徑為上述範圍內,則低分子化合物容易被高效率地引導至纖維內之粉粒體而被吸附去除,同時,高分子化合物容易滯留於多孔質纖維之細孔內而被吸附去除。
本發明之多孔質纖維較佳為上述三維細孔構造中之細孔選擇性地吸附分子量1000以上之高分子化合物。作為被選擇性地吸附之高分子化合物之分子量,更佳為分子量2000以上,進而較佳為分子量3000以上,進而更佳為分子量5000以上。另一方面,藉由增大細孔,可選擇性地吸附分子量較高之化合物,但若細孔過大,則多孔質纖維之強度不足,故而作為上限,較佳為100萬,更佳為80萬,進而較佳為50萬,進而更佳為20萬。此處,所謂選擇性地吸附分子量1000以上之高分子化合物,係指於透析患者之血中濃度範圍內,相較於分子量未滿1000之低分子化合物而更多地吸附分子量1000以上之高分子化合物。作為是否選擇性地吸附分子量1000以上之高分子化合物之判定方法,利用切片機將多孔質纖維於纖維長度方向製作厚度1μm之切片,製作不含粉粒體之樣品與含有粉粒體之樣品。將不含粉粒體之樣品50mg及含有粉粒體之樣品50rmg浸漬於牛血漿50mL,於37℃浸漬4小時後,根據浸漬前後之濃度差求出每1g之吸附性能(每1g之吸附質量)。於不含粉粒體之樣品相較於含有粉粒體之樣品而更多地吸附分子量 1000以上之高分子化合物之情形時,視為選擇性地吸附分子量1000以上之高分子化合物。求出每1g之吸附質量之方法係根據吸附對象物而不同,例如於分子量1000以下之低分子化合物為脲、尿酸、肌酸酐之情形時,可利用酵素法求出每1g之吸附質量。又,於無機磷之情形時,可利用鉬酸直接法求出每1g之吸附質量。另一方面,於分子量1kDa以上之化合物為β2-MG之情形時,可利用乳膠免疫凝集方法求出吸附量。再者,於本說明書中,有時將分子量1000簡單地記載為1kD。為了選擇性地吸附分子量1kDa以上之高分子化合物,較佳為具有上述範圍內之平均細孔半徑。
此處,作為去除對象物質之高分子化合物並無特別限定。
本發明之多孔質纖維較佳為用於醫療用途。所謂將本發明之多孔質纖維用於醫療用途,係指用於例如以下所示之醫療裝置。即,並無特別限定,例如可列舉:人工透析中所使用之透析膜、或直接與血液接觸而吸附血液中之有害物質之用途中所使用的吸附管柱等。於用於醫療用途之情形時,可列舉:存在於血液內之物質且物質之性質本身為有害之物質、及因存在過剩量而顯示有害作用之物質。作為有害或顯示有害作用之高分子化合物,例如可列舉:細胞激素、高遷移率族蛋白1(HMGB1,High Mobility Group Box-1 protein)、腫瘤產生蛋白質、β2微球蛋白(β2MG)、α1微球蛋白(α1MG)、抗A抗體、抗B抗體、抗乙醯膽鹼受體抗體、抗心磷脂抗體、抗DNA抗體、免疫複合體、膽汁酸、昏睡物質、藥劑、及類風濕因子等。另一方面,較佳為儘量不吸附屬於營養蛋白質之白蛋白(分子量66kDa)。即,作為去除對象物質,可列舉:細胞激 素(分子量8~30kDa)、β2MG(分子量12kDa)、HMGB1(分子量30kDa)、α1MG(分子量33kDa)。尤其可列舉於體外循環中被指出去除不足之β2MG。
於本發明中,所謂細胞激素,係指作用於細胞之增殖、分化、功能表達之蛋白質。例如可列舉:介白素-1β、介白素-2、介白素-3、介白素-4、介白素-6、介白素-8、腫瘤壞死因子α(TNFα,Tumor Necrosis Factor α)、巨噬細胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF,Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor)、粒細胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF,Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor)、粒細胞-巨噬細胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF,Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor)、干擾素α、干擾素β、干擾素γ、轉形生長因子β(TGF-β,Transforming Growth Factor-β)、幹細胞因子(SCF,Stem Cell Factor)、骨成形性蛋白質(BMP,Bone Morphogenetic Protein)、表皮生長因子(EGF,Epidermal Growth Factor)、角質細胞生長因子(KGF,Keratinocyte Growth Factor)、纖維母細胞生長因子(FGF,Fibroblast Growth Factor)、類胰島素生長因子(IGF,Insulin-like Growth Factor)、血小板衍生生長因子(PDGF,Platelet Derived Growth Factor)、肝細胞生長因子(HGF,Hepatocyte Growth Factor)、血管內皮生長因子(VEGF,Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)等。所謂本發明中之細胞激素,係指炎症性細胞激素,尤其可列舉介白素-1β、介白素-6、介白素-8、TNFα。
關於該等去除對象物質,只要三維細孔構造之平均細孔半徑為上述範圍內,則可高效率地吸附於本發明之多孔質纖維。
本發明之多孔質纖維之平均細孔半徑係藉由使用示 差掃描熱量計(DSC,Differential Scanning Calorimeter)之示差掃描熱量(DSC)測定而求出。具體而言,藉由測量細孔內之水由毛細凝集導致之冰點下降度而以一次平均細孔半徑之形式求出。將吸附材料急冷至-55℃,以0.3℃/min升溫至5℃並測定,將所獲得之曲線之峰頂溫度作為熔點,由下式1算出細孔之一次平均細孔半徑。關於測定、算出方法,參照文獻(Kazuhiko Ishikiriyama et al.;JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE,VOL.171,103-111(1995))之p104之記載。
式1 一次平均細孔半徑[nm]=(33.30-0.3181×熔點下降量[℃])/熔點下降量[℃]
為了吸附去除對象物質,本發明之多孔質纖維可藉由增大細孔之比表面積而進一步提高吸附性能。因此,於本發明之多孔質纖維中,較佳為上述三維細孔構造中之細孔之比表面積為10m2/g以上。作為上述細孔之比表面積之下限,較佳為10m2/g,更佳為20m2/g,進而較佳為30m2/g,進而更佳為40m2/g,尤佳為50m2/g。另一方面,若細孔比表面積過大,則多孔質纖維之機械強度不足,故而作為細孔之比表面積之上限,較佳為1000m2/g,更佳為800m2/g,進而較佳為650m2/g,進而更佳為500m2/g。
細孔之比表面積之測定係與平均細孔半徑之測定方法同樣地使用DSC進行。細孔之比表面積之算出方法係如上述文獻之p104中記載般。
又,本發明之多孔質纖維係含有直徑200μm以下之粉粒體。關於上述直徑,較佳為儘可能小之粉粒體,故而為200μm 以下,更佳為100μm以下,尤佳為50μm以下。若上述直徑為200μm以下,則例如於使粉粒體擔載於多孔質纖維之內部而使用之情形時,於紡絲時噴頭不易堵塞,紡絲性能不易降低,故而較佳。又,上述直徑越小則比表面積越大,吸附效率越容易增高。然而,於上述直徑小於多孔質纖維之細孔之情形時,有粉粒體通過細孔而於血液等被處理液中溶出之可能性,故而較佳為較細孔徑更大者,具體而言,可謂較佳為上述直徑超過100nm。然而,於粉粒體為一次粒子之凝集體之情形時,只要一次粒子之凝集體處於上述直徑之範圍內即可,一次粒徑無需處於上述直徑之範圍內。
擔載於多孔質纖維之粉粒體之直徑係利用掃描式電子顯微鏡(例如日立先端科技股份有限公司製造之S-5500)進行觀察。首先,將多孔質纖維充分濕潤後浸漬於液態氮中,利用液態氮使細孔內之水分瞬間冷凍。其後,迅速將多孔質纖維折斷,於使多孔質纖維截面露出之狀態下,於0.1torr以下之真空乾燥機內將經冷凍之水分去除而獲得乾燥試樣。其後,藉由濺鍍而於多孔質纖維表面形成鉑(Pt)或鉑-鈀(Pt-Pd)等之薄膜,製成觀察試樣。利用掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察該試樣之截面。利用掃描式電子顯微鏡(1000倍)拍攝含有粉粒體之視野之纖維截面之電子顯微鏡像,測定任意30個粉粒體之直徑,進行數量平均而求出。於形狀為圓以外之情形時,若將內接於該形狀之圓之直徑設為a,將外接之圓之直徑設為b,則求出(a×b)0.5作為等效圓直徑。又,於粉粒體凝集之情形時,將內接於凝集體之圓之直徑設為a,將外接之圓之直徑設為b,與上述同樣地求出等效圓直徑。
此處,所謂內接圓係設為以下之圓:於至少2點與形 成纖維橫截面之輪廓的曲線內接,僅存在於纖維之內部,具有於內接圓之圓周與形成纖維輪廓之曲線不交叉之範圍內可取之最大直徑之圓。又,所謂外接圓係設為於纖維橫截面輪廓中通過任意2點之圓中具有最大直徑之圓。
又,多孔質纖維重要的是降低以下風險:於因被施加來自外部之物理力而破損之情形時,粉粒體自破損之纖維截面剝離而向外部流出。因此,本發明中所使用之粉粒體較佳為擔載於多孔質纖維之內部而使用。所謂將粉粒體擔載於內部之狀態,主要係指將粉粒體以不損及其功能之方式與多孔質纖維物理混合,附著於多孔質纖維內部並保持之狀態。然而,未必限定於與多孔質纖維物理混合之狀態,只要不損及粉粒體之功能,則與多孔質纖維內部之構成分子進行化學鍵結而成者亦可謂將粉粒體擔載於內部之狀態。
於本發明中,擔載於多孔質纖維內部之粉粒體係於三維細孔構造之橫截面中之面積佔有率為3.0%以上。上述面積佔有率之下限較佳為5.0%,更佳為10%,進而較佳為20%。又,作為上述面積佔有率之上限,較佳為80%,更佳為70%以下,進而較佳為60%以下。若粉粒體之面積佔有率為3.0%以上,則經管柱化時,容易減少為了發揮充分之吸附性能所必需之多孔質纖維之量,容易減小管柱體積。另一方面,粉粒體於多孔質纖維橫截面中之面積佔有率較佳為80%以下,其原因在於:容易獲得充分之多孔質纖維之纖維強度,紡絲性容易變得良好。又,由於粉粒體係擔載於纖維素材,故而於纖維因外部壓力而破損時,容易抑制粉粒體自線截面剝離。
粉粒體於多孔質纖維橫截面中之面積佔有率可利用 以下之方法進行測定。
首先,將多孔質纖維充分濕潤後浸漬於液態氮中,利用液態氮使細孔內之水分瞬間冷凍。其後,迅速將多孔質纖維折斷,於使多孔質纖維截面露出之狀態下,於0.1torr以下之真空乾燥機內將經冷凍之水分去除而獲得乾燥試樣。其後,藉由濺鍍而於多孔質纖維表面形成鉑(Pt)或鉑-鈀(Pt-Pd)等之薄膜,製成觀察試樣。藉由掃描式電子顯微鏡(例如日立先端科技股份有限公司製造之S-5500)觀察該試樣之截面。於利用掃描式電子顯微鏡(400倍)印刷有任意纖維截面之電子顯微鏡像者上重疊透明片,使用黑色筆等將粉粒體塗黑。又,使用標尺與黑色筆亦準確地描繪比例尺。其後,藉由將透明片複製至白紙,可明確地將粉粒體區分為黑色,將非粉粒體部分區分為白色。其後,可使用圖像解析軟體求出粉粒體之面積佔有率(%)。作為圖像解析軟體,例如可使用「Image J」(開發商Wayne Rasband(NIH))之「Analyze Particles」進行測量及求出粉粒體之總面積。粉粒體所占之面積比率、即面積佔有率(%)係藉由以下式2而求出。再者,多孔質纖維截面之電子顯微鏡像係拍攝30個任意之多孔質纖維截面並以平均值算出。
式2 粉粒體之面積佔有率(%)=粉粒體總面積/纖維截面積×100%
又,本發明之多孔質纖維重要的是於自最表面於深度方向1.0μm以內之區域中不含上述直徑200μm以下之粉粒體。
此處,所謂「自最表面於深度方向」,係指自多孔質纖維之表面具有垂直之角度而朝向深度方向、即多孔質纖維之中心。又,所謂「1.0μm以內之區域」,係指深度1.0μm及更靠外表 面側總體。因此,係指於上述一定之外表面側「不含粉粒體」。
藉由減少於多孔纖維之最表面露出之粉粒體,而容易抑制粉粒體於被處理液中露出,容易防止由液流之應力所致的粉粒體之損傷。此種構造於使用血液作為被處理液之情形時,抑制粉粒體與血球成分之直接接觸,藉此容易降低血液之活化,故而尤佳。
所謂本發明中之「不含粉粒體」係定義如下。即,係指於多孔質纖維橫截面中自最表面於深度方向1.0μm以內之區域中所含之粉粒體為多孔質纖維橫截面所含之粉粒體總量之3%以下。更佳為2%以下,進而較佳為1%以下,進而更佳為0.5%以下。
此處,於纖維截面為圓形以外之情形時,將通過纖維截面之外接圓之中心點的半徑以30度間隔選擇12個,於各半徑將距外表面1μm之點連結而設為距外表面1μm以內之區域。再者,於多孔質纖維橫截面中,粉粒體於自最表面於深度方向1.0μm以內之區域中所含之比率可利用以下之方法進行測定。
首先,與面積佔有率測定時同樣地製作觀察試樣,藉由掃描式電子顯微鏡(例如日立先端科技股份有限公司製造之S-5500)觀察該試樣之截面。於利用掃描式電子顯微鏡(400倍)印刷有任意纖維截面之電子顯微鏡像者上重疊透明片,使用黑色筆等將粉粒體塗黑。其後,將透明片複製至白紙,藉此明確地將粉粒體區分為黑色,將非粉粒體部分區分為白色,藉由圖像解析軟體求出整個纖維截面所含之粉粒體面積(A1)及1μm以內所含之粉粒體所占之面積(A2),以A2/A1×100%而求出。再者,多孔質纖維截面之電子顯微鏡像係拍攝30個任意之多孔質纖維截面,並以平均值算出。
作為使多孔質纖維於自最表面於深度方向1.0μm以 內之區域中不含上述直徑200μm以下之粉粒體之方法,例如可列舉:於將下述芯鞘型構造之多孔質纖維進行紡絲時,使用含有粉粒體之芯液與不含粉粒體之鞘液之方法。
於本發明中,作為可擔載於纖維內部之粉粒體,例如可列舉:木炭、竹炭、活性碳、碳纖維、分子篩碳、碳奈米管、石墨烯、石墨、氧化石墨烯、中孔碳等碳系粉粒體,矽膠、大孔二氧化矽、活性氧化鋁、沸石、膨潤石、氫氧磷灰石、金屬氫氧化物、金屬含水氧化物、金屬碳酸鹽等無機粒子,離子交換樹脂、螯合樹脂、有機金屬錯合物、聚葡萄胺糖、纖維素等有機粒子,無機中孔體、有機無機混合中孔物質、碳凝膠等,可將該等使用一種或一種以上。
於本發明中,較佳為粉粒體選擇性地吸附分子量未滿1000之低分子化合物。此處,所謂選擇性地吸附分子量未滿1000之低分子化合物,係指於透析患者之血中濃度範圍內,相較於分子量1000以上之高分子化合物而更多地吸附分子量未滿1000之低分子化合物。關於是否選擇性地吸附分子量未滿1000之低分子化合物之判定方法,係與是否選擇性地吸附上述分子量1000以上之高分子化合物之判定方法同樣地製備樣品,浸漬於牛血漿之情形時,若含有粉粒體之樣品相較於不含粉粒體之樣品而對低分子化合物之每1g之吸附性能高,則視為選擇性地吸附分子量未滿1kDa之低分子化合物。求出每1g之吸附性能之方法亦與是否選擇性地吸附上述分子量1000以上之高分子化合物之判定方法相同。
作為分子量未滿1kDa之低分子化合物,並無特別限定,例如可列舉:磷酸、脲、尿酸、肌酸酐、硫酸吲哚酚、同型半 胱胺酸等。此種低分子化合物由於係沈積於透析患者體內之老舊廢物,故而為體外循環之去除對象物質。
作為一例,於將磷酸等離子性之低分子化合物設為去除對象物質之情形時,於本發明之多孔質纖維中,上述粉粒體較佳為無機粒子。又,於本發明之多孔質纖維中,較佳為上述粉粒體為無機粒子且具有磷吸附性能。作為該無機粒子,較佳為氧化鈦複合體、稀土類元素氫氧化物、稀土類元素含水氧化物、稀土類元素碳酸鹽。此處,所謂稀土類元素,係指週期表之位置中原子編號21號之鈧(Sc)、原子編號39之釔(Y)此2個元素,與原子編號57號之鑭(La)至71號之鎦(Lu)的La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu此15個元素之共計17個元素。其中,稀土類元素之碳酸鹽於水中之溶解性較低,進而生理食鹽中之pH變化較小,故而可尤佳地用於醫療用途。
進而,於上述無機粒子中,最佳為上述稀土類元素為選自由鑭、鈰、鐠、釤及釹所構成之群組中。於該情形時,稀土類元素之碳酸鹽為碳酸鑭、碳酸鈰、碳酸鐠、碳酸釤及碳酸釹。該等稀土類元素之碳酸鹽於水中之溶解性較低,pH變化較小,進而離子性之低分子化合物之吸附性能較高,故而尤其適於體外循環。
此處,所謂本發明中之體外循環,係指將活體內之血液誘導至體外,進行特定物質之去除等後,再次返回體內。
又,作為另一例,於將屬於低分子化合物之尿毒素設為去除對象物質之情形時,於本發明之多孔質纖維中,上述粉粒體較佳為包含選自由活性碳、碳奈米管、石墨烯、石墨及氧化石墨烯所構成之群組中之1種以上。該粉粒體之比表面積較佳為100~ 2500m2/g,更佳為200~2000m2/g,最佳為300~1500m2/g。若比表面積為上述範圍內,則良好地發揮該等碳系粉粒體所具有之吸附去除性能。又,所謂尿毒素,係指脲、尿酸、肌酸酐、硫酸吲哚酚、同型半胱胺酸等。
本發明之粉粒體較佳為水難溶性較高。即,較佳為於水中之溶解性較低。此處,所謂水難溶性,係指於水100g中之溶解度為1mg以下,更佳為上述溶解度為0.1mg以下,最佳為上述溶解度為0.01mg以下。
於上述溶解度之測定中,將經恆溫槽調整為20℃之水100g與轉子放入至燒瓶中,投入進行測定之粉粒體1mg,攪拌12小時以上。其後,使用No.5A之濾紙進行過濾,於60度下進行乾燥直至連同濾紙一起成為恆量為止,稱量不溶成分之重量。將投入量1mg與不溶成分重量之差量設為於水100g中之溶解度。於無法過濾分離不溶成分之情形時,視為溶解度超過1mg。
本發明之多孔質纖維較佳為pH變化為-1以上且+1以下。
又,本發明之多孔質纖維更佳為pH變化為-1.0以上且+1.0以下。進而較佳為-0.8以上且+0.8以下(±0.8以內),進而更佳為±0.6以內,尤佳為pH幾乎無變化,即±0.1以內。
通常,環境及活體內之pH平衡非常重要,尤其若活體內之平衡混亂則會導致各種疾病。本發明之多孔質纖維與血液接觸時,生理學上血液之pH變化較小,故而對血液等體液之pH之影響較少。此處,於本發明中,將生理食鹽水中之pH變化作為活體內pH平衡是否優異之指標。具體而言,測定將多孔質纖維放入 至生理食鹽水中並以200rpm攪拌4小時前後之pH變化。
作為pH測定方法,使用屬於通常最多被採用之測定法的玻璃電極法。其係使用玻璃電極與比較電極此2根電極,藉由獲知該兩個電極之間所產生之電壓(電位差)而測定對象溶液之Ph的方法。具體而言,可使用堀場製作所製造之小型pH計LAQUAtwin等。於該機器中,首先使用已知之標準緩衝液(pH4.01及6.86)進行pH刻度之校正。測定生理食鹽水之pH作為pH(起始)。其後,稱量測定用纖維0.1g,添加與上述相同之生理食鹽水10mL,於室溫下攪拌4小時。取樣1mL,以9000rpm進行5分鐘離心分離,將上清液500μL添加至測定腔中,測定pH作為pH(4H)。pH變化可藉由式3而求出。
式3 pH變化=pH(4H)-pH(起始)
本發明之多孔質纖維較佳為表面開孔率為0.5%以上且30.0%以下之範圍內。多孔質纖維之表面開孔率較佳為0.5%以上,更佳為1.5%以上,尤佳為2.0%以上。若開孔率變高,則處理液中之去除對象物質容易擴散至纖維內部之吸附點,故而較佳。另一方面,作為上限,較佳為30%,更佳為16%,進而較佳為12%。若開孔率為30%以下,則可提高纖維強度,又,可抑制表面粗糙度之增大,故而較佳。又,容易抑制細孔內部產生之微粒子向纖維外部流出。
作為表面開孔率測定方法,利用掃描式電子顯微鏡對利用與測定上述粉粒體之面積佔有率時所製作之觀察試樣相同之方法所得之纖維截面進行觀察,藉由(日立先端科技股份有限公司製造之S-5500)以50000倍進行觀察,將像取入至電腦中。所取入之圖像之尺寸640像素×480像素為佳。將SEM像於任意位置切取 6μm×6μm之範圍,藉由圖像處理軟體進行圖像解析。藉由二值化處理以使構造體部分成為明亮度且使其以外之部分成為暗亮度之方式決定閥值,獲得使明亮度部分為白色且使暗亮度部分為黑色之圖像。於因圖像內之對比度之差較小而無法區分構造體部分與其以外之部分之情形時,於對比度之範圍為相同程度之部分切分圖像並分別進行二值化處理後,如原本般結合而還原成一張圖像。或,亦可將構造體部分以外塗黑而進行圖像解析。關於在圖像中包含雜訊而連續之像素數為5個以下之暗亮度部分,由於無法區分雜訊與孔,故而作為構造體而以明亮度部分之形式處理。作為消除雜訊之方法,於像素數之測量時將連續之像素數為5以下之暗亮度部分除外。或,亦可將雜訊部分塗白。測量暗亮度部分之像素數,算出相對於解析圖像之總像素數之百分率作為開孔率。以30張圖像進行相同測定,並算出平均值。
作為本發明之多孔質纖維之形態,為實心線。於實心線之情形時,線截面之形狀未必限定於正圓,亦可為異形截面。作為異形截面形狀,可列舉橢圓形、三角形、多葉形等。藉由設為異形截面,可提高每實心線體積之表面積,預計吸附性能提高。
又,本發明之多孔質纖維較佳為纖維之機械安全性、紡絲性、及粉粒體之剝離之風險較少。因此,本發明之多孔質纖維較佳為芯鞘型構造或海島型構造。又,只要內包之粉粒體不剝離且可多孔化與控制細孔,則亦可利用將內包粉粒體之聚合物之外表面進而以相同或不同聚合物進行塗佈的方法而達成。
於芯鞘型構造之多孔質纖維之情形時,可為同芯型、偏芯型中之任一種,就多孔質纖維之穩定性或防止粉粒體露出之觀 點而言,較適宜使用同芯型。
於芯鞘型構造之多孔質纖維中,較佳為鞘部之厚度為0.1μm以上且50μm以下。若鞘之厚度過薄則紡絲性較差,有粉粒體之溶出風險。另一方面,若過厚則被處理液中所含之去除對象物質無法向纖維之內部擴散,有無法充分發揮粉粒體之吸附性能之可能性。
又,於芯鞘型構造之多孔質纖維中,芯部與鞘部之素材可為相同組成亦可為不同組成,黏度以相近為佳。於黏度差較相近之情形時,於芯鞘界面不易發生剝離,故而較佳。
於本發明中,所謂海島型構造,係具有數個島成分之多芯海島型構造,就減少粉粒體露出之觀點而言,粉粒體較佳為包含於島成分。又,藉由增大島數,可提高內包於島成分之粉粒體之吸附效率。作為該海島型構造之島之數,較佳為2個以上且300個以下。尤其若考慮紡絲噴頭設計、紡絲操作性、纖維物性、吸附材之加工性及性能,則更佳為5~50個。
本發明之多孔質纖維並非僅限於芯鞘型構造之多孔質纖維或海島型構造之多孔質纖維,亦可使用通常之單纖維或雙金屬型纖維、多層構造型纖維等多孔質纖維。
本發明之多孔質纖維較佳為上述實心形狀之纖維之線徑為20μm以上且1000μm以下之範圍內。上述實心形狀之纖維之線徑之下限較佳為20μm,更佳為50μm,進而較佳為100μm。又,作為上限,較佳為1000μm,更佳為800μm,進而較佳為500μm。於上述實心形狀之纖維之線徑為20μm以上之情形時,即便提高粒子添加率,纖維強度亦不易降低,容易提高生產性。另一方 面,於上述纖維之線徑為1000μm以下之情形時,填充至吸附管柱內之多孔質纖維之填充率容易增大,吸附性能容易提高。
作為纖維之線徑之測定方法,自填充至吸附管柱內之線(纖維)中任意抽出50條。將所抽出之線(纖維)洗淨後,以純水完全置換洗淨液,夾持於載玻片與蓋玻片之間。使用投影機(例如Nikon公司製造之V-10A)對同一線任意於2處各測定線之外徑(最外周之直徑)並取其平均值,將小數點以後第1位四捨五入。再者,於所填充之線條數未滿50條之情形時,測定其所有線,同樣地取平均值。
作為本發明之多孔質纖維之素材,並無特別限定,就成形加工之容易性或成本等觀點而言,較適宜使用有機物,可使用:聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(以下稱為PMMA)、聚丙烯腈(以下稱為PAN)、聚碸、聚醚碸、聚芳醚碸、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚碳酸酯、纖維素、纖維素三乙酸酯、乙烯-乙烯醇共聚合體等。其中,較佳為包含非晶性之高分子且具有可吸附蛋白質之特性之素材,例如可列舉PMMA、PAN等。PMMA、PAN由於容易獲得孔徑分佈狹窄之構造,故而較佳。本發明之多孔質纖維尤佳為由聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)構成。PMMA由於成形加工性或成本優異,又,透明性亦較高,故而多孔質纖維之內部狀態亦相對容易觀察,容易評價污染狀態。然而,不排除微量包含其他成分。
又,多孔質纖維亦可具有陰性電荷。藉由使素材之至少一部分中包含具有陰性電荷之官能基,有親水性增加而進行微分散(即,大量形成細微之孔)之傾向。
作為具有陰性電荷之官能基,可列舉:具有磺基、羧 基、酯基、亞硫酸基、次亞硫酸基、硫醚基、酚基、羥基矽烷基等取代基之素材。其中,較佳為選自磺基、羧基、酯基中之至少1種。
作為具有磺基者,可列舉:乙烯基磺酸、丙烯酸磺酸、甲基丙烯酸磺酸、對苯乙烯磺酸、3-甲基丙烯醯氧基丙磺酸、3-丙烯醯氧基丙磺酸、2-丙烯醯胺-2-甲基丙磺酸及其等之鈉鹽、鉀鹽、銨鹽、吡啶鹽、喹啉鹽、四甲基銨鹽等。
作為陰性電荷量,較佳為每1g乾燥之纖維為5μeq以上且30μeq以下。
陰性電荷量例如可使用滴定法進行測定。
以下,關於本發明之吸附管柱之製作例,例示使用線形狀為芯鞘型構造之多孔質纖維者之一例,但本發明並不限定於此。
尤其作為其一例,已知於醫療用途之血液淨化領域中,產生因無機磷之去除不足導致之高磷血症、因β2MG之去除不足導致之透析類澱粉變性症等各種透析併發症。目前,高磷血症之治療係使用經口磷吸附藥,透析類澱粉變性症係使用內藏有多孔性之纖維素顆粒之β2MG去除管柱。然而,若可將無機磷與β2MG同時吸附、去除,則改善患者之生活品質(QOL,Quality Of Life)。
因此,於評價本發明之多孔質纖維之吸附性能時,作為未滿1kDa之低分子化合物,係將無機磷作為去除對象物質,作為1kDa以上之高分子化合物,係將β2MG作為去除對象物質進行評價。
於吸附纖維之每表面積之吸附性能較低之情形時,作為吸附材料而欠佳,即便填充於吸附管柱等中亦未顯示良好之吸附 性能。為了確保吸附性能,必需增多所填充之纖維數,因此導致管柱體積之增大,而產生成本上升、操作性之降低。尤其於將血液作為被處理液之情形時,向體外之血液帶出量增大,故而有引起血壓降低等嚴重之副作用之可能性。因此,作為纖維吸附性能,於去除對象物質為無機磷之情形時,較佳為1.0mg/cm3以上,更佳為2.0mg/cm3以上,進而較佳為3.0mg/cm3以上,尤佳為4.0mg/cm3以上。於本發明中,所謂粉粒體具有磷吸附性能,係指無機磷之纖維吸附性能為1.0mg/cm3以上。
另一方面,於將去除對象物設為β2MG之情形時,較佳為0.010mg/cm2以上,更佳為0.015mg/cm2以上,進而較佳為0.020mg/cm2以上,尤佳為0.030mg/cm2以上。
將成為芯部之原料的聚合物溶解於適當之溶劑中後,添加既定量之所選定之粉粒體,製備芯液。溶劑係根據聚合物種類而不同,通常可使用二甲基甲醯胺、二甲基亞碸、己酮、二甲苯、四氫萘、環己酮、四氯化碳等。例如於使用PMMA作為聚合物之情形時,可較佳地採用二甲基亞碸(DMSO)。
為了製造多孔質纖維,紡絲原液之黏度較為重要。即,若黏度過低,則原液之流動性較高而難以維持目標形狀。因此,作為原液黏度之下限,係成為10poise,更佳為90poise,進而較佳為400poise,尤佳為600poise。另一方面,於黏度過高之情形時,有因原液噴出時之壓力損失增大導致噴出之穩定性降低之情形、或原液之混合變得困難之情形。因此,作為紡絲噴頭部之溫度 下之原液黏度之上限,係成為100000poise,更佳為50000poise。
成為鞘液之原料的聚合物較佳為原液黏度與芯液較接近,更佳為相同之原液組成。
作為用以獲得本發明之纖維之紡絲方法,可為熔融紡絲、溶液紡絲中之任一種,溶液紡絲係自利用溶劑使支持成分均勻地溶解之狀態僅將溶劑迅速去除,藉此容易獲得具有相對均勻之構造之多孔質纖維,故而較佳。因此,作為紡絲原液,較佳為由聚合物等基質成分與可將其溶解之溶劑構成。
以下,以利用溶液紡絲之芯鞘型構造之多孔質纖維為例而描述紡絲方法。紡絲原液係自噴頭噴出,並於凝固浴中凝固成實心線形狀。作為噴頭,於獲得芯鞘型構造之多孔質纖維之情形時,可列舉具有環狀狹縫之雙重管形狀或三重管形狀等,尤佳為雙重管形狀,自內側噴出芯液,自外側噴出鞘液。芯液及鞘液之噴出量可利用一個齒輪泵進行控制,更佳為分別連接齒輪泵而進行控制。藉由利用兩台之齒輪泵進行控制,芯與鞘之噴出量比率之變更較為容易。例如,可藉由將芯之噴出量設為一定且降低鞘之噴出量,而獲得鞘較薄之纖維。
再者,於海島型構造之多孔質纖維之情形時,可使用通常之海島型纖維紡絲噴頭,作為噴頭形狀,較佳為均勻地配置島部分之設計。凝固浴通常係由水或醇等凝固劑、或構成紡絲原液之溶劑與凝固劑之混合物所構成。又,藉由控制凝固浴之溫度,可使纖維之空隙率變化。空隙率可能受到紡絲原液之種類等之影響,故而凝固浴之溫度亦係適宜選擇,通常可藉由提高凝固浴溫度而提高空隙率。其機制雖未準確地闡明,但可認為其原因在於:於自原液 之脫溶劑與凝固收縮之競爭反應中,於高溫浴中脫溶劑較快,於收縮之前進行凝固固定。然而,若凝固浴溫度變得過高,則細孔徑變得過大,故而例如包含PMMA作為基材之實心線且於內管中加入氣體時之凝固浴溫度較佳為20℃以上。
繼而,通過將附著於凝固之實心線之溶劑洗浄的步驟。將實心線洗浄之手段並無特別限定,可較佳地使用:使實心線於多段之沖刷水之浴(稱為水洗浴)中通過之方法。水洗浴中之水之溫度只要根據構成線之聚合體之性質決定即可。例如於包含PMMA之線之情形時,使用30~50℃。
又,為了保持通過水洗浴後之實心線之細孔徑,亦可加入賦予保濕成分之步驟。此處所謂之保濕成分,係指可保持實心線之濕度之成分、或可於空氣中防止實心線之濕度降低之成分。作為保濕成分之代表例,有甘油或其水溶液等。
於水洗或保濕成分賦予結束後,為了提高收縮性較高之實心線之尺寸穩定性,亦可通過充滿經加熱之保濕成分之水溶液之浴(稱為熱處理浴)的步驟。於熱處理浴中充滿經加熱之保濕成分之水溶液,實心線藉由通過該熱處理浴而受到熱作用發生收縮,於後續步驟中變得不易收縮,可使線構造穩定。此時之熱處理溫度係根據線素材而不同,於包含PMMA之線之情形時,較佳為75℃以上,更佳為82℃以上。又,設定為較佳為90℃以下、更佳為86℃以下之溫度。依此紡絲而成之纖維係藉由捲取於繞線軸而集束。
本發明之吸附管柱係填充有本發明之多孔質纖維之吸附管柱。
若例示使用以上方式製造之芯鞘型構造之多孔質纖維製成本發明之吸附管柱的手段之一例,則如下所述。
作為吸附管柱之套管形狀,兩端為開放端,例如可列舉四角筒體、六角筒體等角筒體或圓筒體,其中,較佳為圓筒體,尤佳為截面為正圓狀之筒體。其原因在於:藉由使套管不具有角,可抑制被處理液之血液於角部滯留。又,藉由將兩側設為開放端,可使被處理液之流動不易成為亂流而容易將壓力損失抑制於最小限度。
又,套管較佳為由塑膠或金屬等構成之器具。於前者之情形時,藉由利用模具之射出成形、或對素材進行切削加工而製作。又,於後者之情形時,藉由對素材進行切削加工而製作器具。其中,就成本或成型性、重量、血液適合性之觀點而言,較適宜使用塑膠。
於塑膠之情形時,例如可使用機械強度、熱穩定性優異之熱可塑性樹脂。作為此種熱可塑性樹脂之具體例,可列舉:聚碳酸酯系樹脂、聚乙烯醇系樹脂、纖維素系樹脂、聚酯系樹脂、聚芳酯系樹脂、聚醯亞胺系樹脂、環狀聚烯烴系樹脂、聚碸系樹脂、聚醚碸系樹脂、聚烯烴系樹脂、聚苯乙烯樹脂、聚乙烯醇系樹脂、及該等之混合物。該等中,就套管所要求之成形性、透明性、放射線耐性之方面而言,較佳為聚苯乙烯、聚碳酸酯及該等之衍生物。其原因在於:透明性優異之樹脂係於血液灌流時可確認內部之情況,故而於確保安全性之方面良好,放射線耐性優異之樹脂係於滅菌時進行放射性照射之情形時較佳。
本發明之吸附管柱之套管長度較佳為1cm以上且 500cm以下,更佳為3cm以上且50cm以下。此處,所謂套管長度,係指設置有間隔壁之情形、或安裝蓋之前的筒狀套管於軸方向之長度。可認為若吸附管柱之套管長度為500cm以下,更佳為50cm以下,則多孔質纖維向吸附管柱內之插入性容易變得良好,作為吸附管柱實際使用時之操作易變得容易。又,若為1cm以上,更佳為3cm以上,則例如於形成間隔壁部之情形等時易變得有利,吸附管柱化時之操作性易變得良好。
作為內藏於吸附管柱時之多孔質纖維之形狀,較佳為直線形狀,較佳為將直線形狀之纖維相對於吸附管柱殼體之長邊方向平行地插入。直線形狀之多孔質纖維容易確保被處理液之流路,故而容易於吸附管柱內均勻地分配被處理液,又,容易抑制流路阻抗,對於由被處理液中之溶質附著等所致之壓力損失增大亦有利。因此,於將黏性較高之血液作為被處理液之情形時,亦容易將套管內之凝固等風險抑制為較小。亦可將多孔質纖維加工成針織物、梭織物、不織布等。然而,由於在加工時對線施加較大之張力,故而產生無法提高多孔質纖維之孔隙率等之限制。進而,有因對多孔質纖維進行加工而導致步驟數增加或成本增大之情形。
內藏於本發明之吸附管柱的多孔質纖維之線條數較佳為1000條~500000條左右。
作為吸附管柱之套管內之多孔質纖維之填充率之上限,較佳為70%,更佳為63%。作為多孔質纖維之填充率之下限,較佳為13%,更佳為30%,尤佳為45%。藉由將多孔質纖維之填充率設為13%以上,血液淨化所需之血液量減少,故而容易減輕患者之負擔。又,若將多孔質纖維之填充率設為70%以下,則排氣性容 易變得良好。進而,容易填充多孔質纖維,故而作業效率容易提高。再者,此處所謂之填充率,係多孔質纖維體積於設置有淨化前之血流所流入之入口部與淨化後之血流排出之出口部的套管體積中所占之比率,不包含集管部等。
填充率係由套管之截面積與長度所計算之套管體積(Vc)與由纖維截面積及套管長度、纖維條數所計算之纖維體積(Vf)之比率,依以下之方式求出。
Vc(cm3)=套管主體部之截面積(cm2)×有效長度(cm)
Vf(cm3)=纖維截面積(cm2)×纖維條數×有效長度(cm)
填充率=Vf(cm3)/Vc(cm3)×100(%)
再者,關於套管主體部之截面積,於套管具有錐面之情形時,設為套管中央之截面積。
此處所謂之Vc,係指不含如下構件之體積:不含多孔質纖維之構件,例如被稱為集管、集管蓋般之成為被處理液之出入口埠的構件。又,關於Vf,於使用用以防止於殼體內多孔質纖維彼此密接之間隔纖維等之情形時,亦包含其體積。所謂多孔質纖維之有效長度,係指由套管長度減去間隔壁之長度所得之長度,作為多孔質纖維之有效長度之上限,就纖維不易彎曲、於管柱化時容易降低壓力損失等觀點而言,較佳為成為5000mm,更佳為成為500mm,尤佳為成為210mm。又,作為多孔質纖維之有效長度之下限,就可減少為了使線之長度一致而將自吸附管柱突出之多餘線切斷時等廢棄之線量,容易提高生產性,又,纖維束之操作易變得容易等觀點而言,較佳為成為5mm,更佳為成為20mm,尤佳為成為30mm。作為纖維之有效長度之測定方法,於賦予有捲曲等捲縮之 線之情形時,以將線兩端拉伸之直線形狀之狀態測定線長度。具體而言,利用膠帶等將自吸附管柱取出之纖維之一端固定,垂直地下垂,於另一端賦予線之每截面積(mm2)8g左右之配重,迅速測定纖維成為直線狀時之總長。對吸附管柱等內任意選擇之30條纖維進行該測定,以mm單位算出30條之平均值,將小數點以後第1位四捨五入。
又,於用於醫療用具等時,較佳為殺菌或滅菌而使用。作為殺菌、滅菌方法,可例示各種殺菌、滅菌方法,例如高壓蒸汽滅菌、伽瑪射線滅菌、環氧乙烷氣體滅菌、藥劑殺菌、紫外線殺菌等。該等方法中,伽瑪射線滅菌、高壓蒸汽滅菌、環氧乙烷氣體滅菌對滅菌效率與材料之影響較少而較佳。
本發明之吸附管柱之使用用途亦多種多樣,可用作水處理、精製、血液淨化等用途。於血液淨化用途之情形時,處理方法中有將全血直接灌流之方法、與將血漿自血液分離後使血漿通過吸附管柱之方法,本發明之吸附管柱可用於任一方法。
又,於用作血液淨化器之情形時,就1次處理量或操作之簡便性等觀點而言,較佳為組入至體外循環迴路而以線上方式進行吸附去除之方法。於該情形時,可將本發明之吸附管柱單獨使用,亦可於透析時等與人工腎臟串聯而使用。藉由使用此種方法,可於透析之同時將僅人工腎臟之情況下去除不充分之物質去除。尤其藉由使用本發明之吸附管柱將人工腎臟之情況下去除不足之無機磷或β2MG吸附去除,可彌補人工腎臟之功能。
又,於與人工腎臟同時使用之情形時,於迴路內可連接於人工腎臟之前,亦可連接於人工腎臟之後。作為連接於人工腎 臟之前之優點,因不易受到人工腎臟對透析之影響,故而有容易發揮吸附管柱原本之性能之情況。另一方面,作為連接於人工腎臟之後之優點,因對經人工腎臟進行除水後之血液等進行處理,故而溶質濃度較高,可期待無機磷之吸附去除效率之增加。
紡絲性係依以下方式進行評價。
1:進行5hr之連續紡絲,未發生任何紡絲時之斷線,紡絲性極為良好
2:進行5hr之連續紡絲,紡絲時之斷線發生多於3次、或噴嘴壓力成為20kPa以上等,紡絲性極為不良。
本發明之血液淨化系統係將本發明之吸附管柱與除水管柱連結而成之血液淨化系統。
作為本發明之血液淨化系統,例如可將本發明之吸附管柱與除水管柱串列連結並進行體外循環。所謂除水管柱,係將血液中之水分去除之管柱,可使用人工腎臟。此時,屬於中空線之內側之B側係與透析同樣地流動血液,但屬於中空線之外側之D側係不流動透析液,藉由過濾而將水分去除。藉由使用此種方法,可不使用透析液而與人工透析同樣地將水分及水分以外之老舊廢物去除。人工透析係利用擴散原理去除老舊廢物,但於本發明中,水分係藉由過濾而去除,水分以外之老舊廢物係藉由吸附而去除。
目前之人工透析係一次需要使用100L以上之透析液,但本方法可不使用透析液而期待與人工透析相同之效果。
作為用於除水之人工腎臟之血液容量,作為上限,較 佳為60mL,更佳為50mL,尤佳為40mL,另一方面,作為下限,較佳為10mL,更佳為20mL,尤佳為30mL。若血液容量較多,則一次自體內帶出之血液量增多,故而有引起血圧降低之情況。另一方面,若血液容量較少,則有無法充分發揮除水效果之可能性。
又,除水管柱內雖然內藏有中空線,但中空線材料並無特別限定,可使用已於臨床中使用之聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯腈、聚碸、聚醚碸、聚芳醚碸、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚碳酸酯、纖維素、纖維素三乙酸酯、乙烯-乙烯醇共聚合體等。
以下,列舉實施例對本發明進行說明。
於實施例中,使用各種粒子作為粉粒體。又,於去除對象物質中,選擇無機磷作為低分子化合物之模型物質,選擇β2MG作為高分子化合物之模型物質。然而,本發明並不限定於該等例。
首先,進行21質量%PMMA原液之製備。將質量平均分子量為40萬之對排-PMMA(syn-PMMA,三菱麗陽股份有限公司製造之「Dianal」BR-85)31.7質量份、質量平均分子量為140萬之syn-PMMA(住友化學股份有限公司製造之「Sumipex」AK-150)31.7質量份、質量平均分子量為50萬之同排-PMMA(iso-PMMA,東麗股份有限公司製造)16.7質量份、包含對苯乙烯磺酸鈉1.5mol%之分子量30萬之PMMA共聚合體(東麗股份有限公司製)20質量份與二甲基亞碸(DMSO)376質量份混合,於110℃攪拌8小時而製備紡 絲原液。
此處,於實施例1中,於上述所獲得之紡絲原液476g中,添加二甲基亞碸190g、作為粉粒體之成為磷吸附劑之氧化鈦粒子100g,製備含有該粉粒體50質量%之氧化鈦/PMMA原液,於110℃攪拌5小時而製成芯液。所獲得之原液之黏度為750poise。
另一方面,於實施例2中,於上述所獲得之紡絲原液476g中,添加作為粉粒體之成為磷吸附劑之碳酸釹50g,製備含有該粉粒體50質量%之碳酸釹/PMMA原液,於110℃攪拌5小時而製成芯液。所獲得之原液之黏度為1200poise。
將質量平均分子量為40萬之syn-PMMA 32.4質量份、質量平均分子量為140萬之syn-PMMA 32.4質量份、質量平均分子量為50萬之iso-PMMA 16.7質量份與二甲基亞碸355質量份混合,於110℃攪拌8小時而製備紡絲原液。所獲得之原液之黏度為2650poise。
使用外徑/內徑=2.1/1.95mmΦ之環狀狹縫型噴頭。噴頭係加溫至100℃,自狹縫部以0.673g/min之比率噴出鞘液,自中心部以0.735g/min之比率噴出芯液。關於所噴出之原液,使中空部分移動500mm後,導入至凝固浴。凝固浴係使用水,水溫(凝固浴溫度)係42℃。線係利用水洗浴進行洗淨,導入至由包含甘油70質量%作為保濕劑之水溶液所構成之浴槽後,通過將溫度設為84℃之熱處理浴內並以16m/min捲取於繞線軸。
將所獲得之芯鞘型構造之多孔質纖維洗淨後,以純水完全置換洗淨液,夾持於載玻片與蓋玻片之間,使用投影機(例如Nikon公司製造之V-10A)對同一線任意於2處各測定線之外徑(最外周之直徑)並取其平均值,將小數點以後第1位四捨五入作為線徑。
以與實施例1相同之原液組成及噴頭進行紡絲。此時,將自噴頭狹縫部噴出之鞘之噴出量設為0g/min。
以與實施例2相同之原液組成及噴頭進行紡絲。此時,將自噴頭狹縫部噴出之鞘之噴出量設為0g/min。
使用屬於非多孔質纖維之尼龍代替多孔質纖維。
將實施例1~2、比較例1~3之多孔質纖維及非多孔質纖維之無機磷及β2MG吸附性能之評價結果示於表1、2。
被處理液係依以下方式將牛血液進行處理而使用。
首先,將對牛血100mL添加檸檬酸(TERUMO股份有限公司製造之ACD-A液)15mL並採血之牛血液以3000rpm離心 分離30分鐘,藉此獲得牛血漿。針對該牛血漿,以總蛋白量(TP)成為6.5±0.5g/dL之方式進行調整。再者,牛血漿係使用採血後5天以內者。
繼而,以於上述牛血漿每100mL中無機磷濃度成為6mg/dL之方式添加7.85mg之磷酸一氫鈉(Na2HPO4)及3.45mg之磷酸二氫鉀(KH2PO4)。
進而,以於上述牛血漿每100mL中β2MG濃度成為1mg/L之方式添加β2MG,製成被處理液。
被處理液之無機磷濃度測定係藉由以下之方法而進行。即,將被處理液200μL於-20℃以下之冷凍庫中保存後,交付至Oriental酵母工業股份有限公司之長浜生命科學實驗室,藉由使用Determiher L IPII之酵素法測定無機磷濃度,並作為C1(mg/dL)。
另一方面,被處理液中之β2MG濃度測定係藉由以下之方法而進行。即,將被處理液1mL於-20℃以下之冷凍庫中保存後,交付至SRL股份有限公司,利用乳膠凝集法測定β2MG濃度,並作為C2(mg/mL)。
將實施例1~2、比較例1~2中所獲得之多孔質纖維及比較例3之尼龍切斷為長度8cm之束,以纖維之體積成為0.0905cm3之方式放入至Greiner公司製造之15mL之離心管中。向其中加入上述被處理液12mL,使用蹺板式振盪器等、本實施例中為TAITEC公司製造之Wave-SI,設定為刻度38、角度最大(以1.7秒往返1次),於室溫(20~25℃)攪拌1h。為了測定攪拌後之無機磷之濃度 C3(mg/dL)、β2MG濃度C4(mg/mL),分別取樣1.5mL,以9000rpm離心分離5分鐘,回收上清液。攪拌前、攪拌後之樣品係於-20℃以下之冷凍庫中保存。無機磷濃度係交付至Oriental酵母工業股份有限公司之長浜生命科學實驗室,測定上清液中之無機磷濃度。又,β2MG濃度係交付至SRL股份有限公司,利用乳膠凝集法進行測定,由式4算出每纖維體積之無機磷之吸附量,由式5算出每纖維表面積之β2MG吸附量。
式4 每纖維體積之吸附量[mg/g]=[(C1-C2)×0.12(dL)]/多孔質纖維總體積(cm3)
式5 每纖維表面積之吸附量(jug/cm2)=(C3-C4)×12/纖維之總表面積(cm2)×1000多孔質纖維
將實施例1~2、比較例1~2中所獲得之多孔質纖維及比較例3之尼龍切斷為10cm長度,將250條放入至Greiner公司製造之50mL之離心管中,首先利用大塚注射用水40mL洗淨5次,將第5次洗淨液取樣作為攪拌前(N1)。其後,進而加入40mL之注射用水,使用蹺板式振盪器等、例如TAITEC公司製造之Wave-SI,設定為刻度38、角度最大(以1.7秒往返1次),於室溫(20~25℃)攪拌1h,作為攪拌後之溶出液(N2)。洗淨液及溶出液係使用微粒子計數器(RION公司製造之KL-04)進行測定,由式6計算所溶出之粉粒體數。
式6 所溶出之微粒子數=N2-N1
夾持於載玻片與蓋玻片之間,使用Nikon公司製造之V-10進行測定。
藉由示差掃描熱量計(DSC)進行測定。
利用如上所述之方法,藉由電子顯微鏡(SEM)(日立先端科技股份有限公司製造之S-5500)進行測定並計算。
將實施例1中所獲得之多孔質纖維數條分別填充至內徑10mm、軸方向長度17.8mm之聚碳酸酯製之圓筒狀套管內。
更具體而言,填充將實施例1中所獲得之線徑290μm之線切斷為長度17.8mm而得者合計655條,獲得填充率為55.1%之管柱。繼而,於管柱之兩側端面之被處理液之流出入口,安裝經切割為與套管內徑同等之直徑的網眼相當直徑84μm、開口率36%之聚丙烯製篩網過濾器。最後,於套管端部安裝具備被處理液之流入口、流出口之被稱為集管之蓋而獲得吸附管柱。針對所獲得之吸附管柱,基於下述<吸附管柱之磷吸附性能測定>進行評價。將結果示於表3。
於與實施例3相同之吸附管柱中,填充將實施例2中所獲得之線徑170μm之線切斷為長度17.8mm而得者合計760條,獲得填 充率為22.2%之吸附管柱。針對所獲得之吸附管柱,基於下述<吸附管柱之磷吸附性能測定>進行評價。將結果示於表3。
作為吸附性能評價,測定吸附管柱之磷吸附性能。以與上述實施例1~2、比較例1~3之吸附性能評價相同之方式獲得牛血漿。針對該牛血漿,以總蛋白量成為6.5±0.5g/dL之方式進行調整。再者,牛血漿係使用採血後5天以內者。繼而,於上述牛血漿每100mL中,溶解7.85mg之磷酸一氫鈉(Na2HPO4)及3.45mg之磷酸二氫鉀(KH2PO4),製作模仿高磷血症之被處理液。
於吸附管柱之入口、出口安裝聚矽氧管,入口、出口均浸漬於被處理液中而設為循環系。被處理液係以流速2.5mL/min流動,自吸附管柱入口於吸附管柱中進行通液後,自出口使經淨化液返回被處理液。將被處理液及出口之經淨化液取樣,測定樣品中之無機磷濃度。
Claims (15)
- 一種多孔質纖維,其係具有由實心形狀之纖維所形成之三維細孔構造,且滿足以下所有必要條件:(1)含有直徑200μm以下之粉粒體,且上述直徑200μm以下之粉粒體於上述三維細孔構造之橫截面中之面積佔有率為3.0%以上,上述三維細孔構造中之平均細孔半徑為0.5nm以上且100nm以下之範圍內;及(2)於自表面具有垂直之角度而於深度方向1.0μm以內之區域中不含上述直徑200μm以下之粉粒體。
- 一種多孔質纖維,其係具有由實心形狀之纖維所形成之三維細孔構造,表面開孔率為0.5%以上且30.0%以下之範圍內,且滿足以下所有必要條件:(1)含有直徑200μm以下之粉粒體,且上述直徑200μm以下之粉粒體於上述三維細孔構造之橫截面中之面積佔有率為3.0%以上;及(2)於自表面具有垂直之角度而於深度方向1.0μm以內之區域中不含上述直徑200μm以下之粉粒體。
- 如請求項1或2之多孔質纖維,其中,上述三維細孔構造中之細孔之比表面積為10m2/g以上。
- 如請求項1或2之多孔質纖維,其係芯鞘型構造或海島型構造。
- 如請求項1或2之多孔質纖維,其中,上述實心形狀之纖維之線徑為20μm以上且1000μm以下之範圍內。
- 如請求項1或2之多孔質纖維,其中,上述粉粒體為無機粒子。
- 如請求項1或2之多孔質纖維,其中,上述粉粒體包含選自由 活性碳、碳奈米管、石墨烯、石墨及氧化石墨烯所構成之群組中之1種以上。
- 如請求項1或2之多孔質纖維,其中,上述粉粒體選擇性地吸附分子量未滿1000之低分子化合物。
- 如請求項1或2之多孔質纖維,其中,上述粉粒體為無機粒子且具有磷吸附性能。
- 如請求項1或2之多孔質纖維,其中,上述三維細孔構造中之細孔選擇性地吸附分子量1000以上之高分子化合物。
- 如請求項1或2之多孔質纖維,其係由聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯構成。
- 如請求項1或2之多孔質纖維,其於生理食鹽水中之pH變化為-1以上且+1以下。
- 如請求項1或2之多孔質纖維,其係用於醫療用途。
- 一種吸附管柱,其係填充有請求項1至13中任一項之多孔質纖維。
- 一種血液淨化系統,其係將請求項14之吸附管柱與除水管柱連結而成。
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KR20190129875A (ko) | 2019-11-20 |
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JPWO2018186210A1 (ja) | 2020-02-13 |
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KR102455401B1 (ko) | 2022-10-17 |
CN110506138A (zh) | 2019-11-26 |
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